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Szilágyi Z, Pintér B, Szabó E, Kubinyi G, Le Drean Y, Thuróczy G. Investigation of genotoxicity induced by intermediate frequency magnetic field combined with ionizing radiation: In vitro study on human fibroblast cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 899:503817. [PMID: 39326937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
These days, exposure to electromagnetic fields has become omnipresent in modern society. Not only the extremely-low frequency and radiofrequency, but also intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field (MF) might be absorbed in the human body resulting in an ever-growing concern about their possible health effects. Devices, such as induction cooktops, chargers, compact fluorescent lamps, touchscreens and electric vehicles emit a wide range of intermediate frequency fields. We investigated the effects of 22 kHz or 250 kHz intermediate frequency magnetic field exposure on the human skin cells. We also examined the adaptive response phenomenon; whether IF MF exposure could possibly reduce the harmful genotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. To get answers to these questions, in vitro studies were carried out on fibroblast cells to investigate the effects on oxidative stress, DNA damage and micronucleus formation. We found a decreased micronucleus formation due to the 22 kHz IF MF exposure and significantly increased oxidative stress in fibroblast cells, which were exposed only to 250 kHz IF MF. We were unable to detect the protective or co-genotoxic effects of intermediate frequency magnetic field exposure combined with ionizing radiation, thus we found no evidence for the adaptive response phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szilágyi
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Pintér
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| | - Erika Szabó
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Kubinyi
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
| | - Yves Le Drean
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes I, 2 Rue du Thabor, Rennes 35000, France
| | - György Thuróczy
- Non-ionizing Unit, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Anna Street 5., Budapest 1221, Hungary
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Kewcharoen J, Shah K, Bhardwaj R, Contractor T, Turagam MK, Mandapati R, Lakkireddy D, Garg J. New-generation electronic appliances and cardiac implantable electronic devices: a systematic literature review of mechanisms and in vivo studies. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2024:10.1007/s10840-024-01777-z. [PMID: 38443707 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-024-01777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) functions are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) from electromagnetic fields (EMF). Data on EMI risks from new-generation electronic appliances (EA) are limited. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic literature review on the mechanisms of EMI, current evidence, and recently published trials evaluating the effect of EMF on CIEDs from electric vehicles (EV), smartphone, and smartwatch technology and summarize its safety data. METHODS Electronic databases, including PubMed and EMBASE, were searched for in vivo studies evaluating EMF strength and incidence between CIEDs and commercial EVs, new-generation smartphones, and new-generation smartwatches. RESULTS A total of ten studies (three on EVs, five on smartphones, one on smartphones, one on smartphones and smartwatches) were included in our systematic review. There was no report of EMI incidence associated with EVs or smartwatches. Magnet-containing smartphones (iPhone 12) can cause EMI when placed directly over CIEDs - thereby triggering the magnet mode; otherwise, no report of EMI was observed with other positions or smartphone models. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests CIED recipients are safe from general interaction with EVs/HEVs, smartphones, and smartwatches. Strictly, results may only be applied to commercial brands or models tested in the published studies. There is limited data on EMI risk from EVs wireless charging and smartphones with MagSafe technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakrin Kewcharoen
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Kuldeep Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, MercyOne Siouxland Heart and Vascular Center, Sioux City, IA, USA
| | - Rahul Bhardwaj
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Tahmeed Contractor
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Mohit K Turagam
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Mandapati
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | | | - Jalaj Garg
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Sato Y, Taki M, Kojimahara N. Association Between the Use of Induction Heating Cookers and Delivery Outcomes in Pregnant Women: An Internet-Based Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231211114. [PMID: 38021105 PMCID: PMC10655672 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231211114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The number of devices that generate intermediate-frequency electromagnetic fields (IF-EMFs) in the living environment has been increasing. As the public has vague concerns about new devices, it is necessary to clarify the safety of IF-EMFs. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the possible health effects of IF-EMFs by clarifying the relationship between the use of induction heating (IH) cookers and delivery outcomes. The study participants were pregnant women over the age of 20 years who were registered in panels with an Internet research firm. A total of 8920 pregnant women participated in the baseline survey. Of those who responded to the follow-up survey, 5022 who had a singleton birth were included in the analysis. We then examined the relationship between the use of IH cookers and gestational week at delivery (<37th/⩾37th week) or birth weight (<2500/⩾2500 g) using logistic regression models. No association was found between the use of IH cookers and birth weight, but weak associations were found between the use of stationary- and tabletop-type IH cookers and gestational week at delivery. After all considerations, we determined that the observed increased odds ratio did not indicate an increased risk of premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Sato
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public health, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Taki
- Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public health, Shizuoka, Japan
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Liu TF, Ding CH. Lead helix winding tricuspid chordae tendineae: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:7393-7397. [PMID: 37969462 PMCID: PMC10643082 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i30.7393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) is more like physiological pacing, LBBP has emerged as a novel pacing strategy that uses the native conduction system to improve ventricular synchronization with stable pacing parameters. LBBP has been revealed associated with a significantly reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation and heart failure compared with conventional permanent pacemaker implantation. CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old man was admitted with a 24-h history of chest distress and shortness of breath, which continued unabated. The patient had no symptoms of chest pain, dizziness, syncope, nausea nor vomiting. There were no abnormalities found in routine examinations after admission. Twelve-lead electrocardiogram presented a result of 2:1 atrioventricular block. Coronary angiography was performed the next day and no abnormality was found. Finally, the patient agreed to received LBBP and signed the informed consent. During the process of withdrawing the Medtronic Model 3830 lead into sheath, we found the lead helix was wrapped around the chordae tendineae of the septal valve of tricuspid. Attempts to rotate the 3830 lead failed to release the lead helix from the chordae tendineae, and ultimately we used radiofrequency ablation to ablate the wrapped chordae tendineae. CONCLUSION Radiofrequency ablation effectively solved this problem without complications. It is an effective and reliable method to resolve lead winding chordae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Liu
- Cardiac Department, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Hua Ding
- Cardiac Department, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, China
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da L A Silva J, de Sousa VA, Rodrigues MEC, Pinheiro FSR, da Silva GS, Mendonça HB, de F H Silva RQ, da Silva JVL, Galdino FES, de Carvalho VFC, Medeiros LIC. Human Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation from Indoor Distributed Antenna System: Shopping Mall Measurement Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4579. [PMID: 37430493 DOI: 10.3390/s23104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to monitor the levels of Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) to which the general population may be exposed and compare them to the limits defined in the current standards, in view of the rapid rise of communication services and the prospects of a connected society. A high number of people visits shopping malls and since these locations usually have several indoor antennas close to the public, it is therefore a kind of place that must be evaluated. Thus, this work presents measurements of the electric field in a shopping mall located in Natal, Brazil. We proposed a set of six measurement points, following two criteria: places with great the flow of people and the presence of one or more Distributed Antenna System (DAS), co-sited or not with WiFi access points. Results are presented and discussed in terms of the distance to DAS (conditions: near and far) and flow density of people in the mall (scenarios: low and high number of people). The highest peaks of electric field measured were 1.96 and 3.26 V/m, respectively corresponding to 5% and 8% of the limits defined by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Brazilian National Telecommunication Agency (ANATEL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia da L A Silva
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (PPgEEC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Vicente A de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (PPgEEC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Marcio E C Rodrigues
- Department of Communications Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - Gutembergue Soares da Silva
- Department of Communications Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Q de F H Silva
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - João V L da Silva
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda E S Galdino
- Department of Communications Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Vitor F C de Carvalho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Lucas I C Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (PPgEEC), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
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Ramirez-Vazquez R, Escobar I, Martinez-Plaza A, Arribas E. Comparison of personal exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wi-Fi in a Spanish university over three years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160008. [PMID: 36368387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present the personal exposure levels to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) from Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) 2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz bands in a Spanish university, specifically, at the Faculty of Computer Science Engineering at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Albacete, Spain). We present results from three years, 2017, 2018 and 2019 in the same study place and points; and measurements carried out in 2022 inside a classroom and inside a professor's office, with the aim to compare the measurements and verify compliance with reference levels established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The minimum average was 0.0900 μW/m2 in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, in 2019, and the maximum average was 211 μW/m2 in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi in 2017, around the building. Comparing the measurements carried out inside the classroom with students and without students, we identified that the maximum value was 278 μW/m2 (classroom with students, in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band) and the minimum value was 37.9 μW/m2 (classroom without students, in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band). Finally, comparing the results of all the measurements (average values) inside the classroom and inside a professor's office, the maximum value was 205 μW/m2 (in the 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band) inside the classroom with students, and the minimum value was 0.217 μW/m2 inside a professor's office (in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band). These values in no case exceed the limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, 10 W/m2 for general public exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramirez-Vazquez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, Avda. de España s/n, University campus, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Isabel Escobar
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, Avda. de España s/n, University campus, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez-Plaza
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Mathematics Department, School of Industrial Engineering, Avda. de España s/n, University campus, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Enrique Arribas
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, Avda. de España s/n, University campus, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
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Effects of 150 kHz intermediate frequency electromagnetic radiation on fertility indicators in male rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12228. [PMID: 36578412 PMCID: PMC9791864 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of whole-body exposure to 150 kHz Intermediate-frequency electromagnetic radiation (IF EMR) on fertility indicators of male rats since human exposure to this frequency has increased in recent years. Fourteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into a control and an EMR group (n = 7/group). The EMR group was continuously irradiated with 150 kHz EMR for 8 weeks. Male fertility indicators, body mass, testicular mass, rectal temperature, testicular histology, histometry, sperm analysis, and serum gonadotrophic hormone levels were evaluated. Results The study showed no negative effect on body mass (grams) (323.78 ± 37.09 to 305.09 ± 26.36; p = 0.72), rectal temperature (Control: 34.5 °C-35.8 °C; EMR: 34.4 °C-36.1 °C; p < 0.05), and testicular histology. There were significant reductions in left and right testicular mass (1.04 ± 0.10 to 0.96 ± 0.32: p = 0.03 and 1.02 ± 0.08 to 0.96 ± 0.35 p = 0.04, respectively), interstitial cell count/1000 μm2 (5.33 ± 0.56 to 4.47 ± 0.48; p = 0.01), sperm motility trajectories (p = 0.05) and sperm distal cytoplasmic droplet (%) (2.27 ± 2.28 to 6.84 ± 5.01; p = 0.05). A significant increase in follicle-stimulating hormone levels was observed (13.44 ± 6.38 IU/ml to 26.96 ± 8.07 IU/ml; p = 0.01). Conclusions Most male fertility parameters of rats in the present study were not affected by 8 weeks of whole-body exposure to 150 kHz EMR. However, significant decreases in testicular mass, interstitial cell count/1000 μm2, sperm motility trajectories, and distal cytoplasmic droplets were observed, as well as an increase in FSH level.
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Kitajima T, Schüz J, Morita A, Ikeda W, Tanaka H, Togawa K, Gabazza EC, Taki M, Toriyabe K, Ikeda T, Sokejima S. Measurement of Intermediate Frequency Magnetic Fields Generated by Household Induction Cookers for Epidemiological Studies and Development of an Exposure Estimation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11912. [PMID: 36231220 PMCID: PMC9565691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure assessment of intermediate frequency (IF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is difficult and epidemiological studies are limited. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the exposure of pregnant women to IF-EMFs generated by induction cookers in the household using a questionnaire and discussed its applicability to epidemiological studies. METHOD Two main home-visit surveys were conducted: a Phase 1 survey to develop an estimation model and a Phase 2 survey to validate the model. The estimation model included the following variables: wattage, cookware diameter, and distance from the hob center (center of the stove). Four models were constructed to determine the importance of each variable and the general applicability for epidemiological studies. In addition, estimated exposure values were calculated based on the Phase 2 survey questionnaire responses and compared with the actual measured values using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. RESULT The average value of the magnetic field measured in the Phase 1 survey was 0.23 μT (variance: 0.13) at a horizontal distance of 30 cm at the height of the cooking table. The highest validity model was inputted distance from the hob center to the body surface that is variable (correlation coefficient = 0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.75). No clear differences were identified in the correlation coefficients for each model (z-value: 0.09-0.18, p-value: 0.86-0.93). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS No differences were found in the validity of the four models. This could be due to the biased wattage of the validation population, and for versatility it would be preferable to use three variables (distance, wattage, and estimation using the diameter of the cookware) whenever possible. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic measurement of magnetic fields generated by more than 70 induction cookers in a real household environment. This study will contribute to finding dose-response relationships in epidemiological studies of intermediate-frequency exposure without the use of instrumentation. One of the limitations of this study is it estimates instantaneous exposure in place during cooking only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kitajima
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), WHO, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Akemi Morita
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Wakaha Ikeda
- Epidemiology Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Mie University Hospital, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Division of Surveillance and Policy Evaluation, National Cancer Center Japan Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kayo Togawa
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), WHO, 69372 Lyon, France
- Division of Surveillance and Policy Evaluation, National Cancer Center Japan Institute for Cancer Control, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Esteban C. Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Division of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei 184-0015, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Toriyabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sokejima
- Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Epidemiology Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Mie University Hospital, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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Yamaguchi-Sekino S, Taki M, Ikuyo M, Esaki K, Aimoto A, Wake K, Kojimahara N. Assessment of combined exposure to intermediate-frequency electromagnetic fields and pulsed electromagnetic fields among library workers in Japan. Front Public Health 2022; 10:870784. [PMID: 35968480 PMCID: PMC9366663 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.870784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess exposure levels to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) among library workers in Japan, focusing on co-exposure to intermediate-frequency EMF (IF-EMF) and pulsed EMF, to propose a new epidemiological research methodology. Methods The evaluated exposure sources were an electromagnetic type-electronic article surveillance gate (EM-EAS, IF-EMF (operating frequency 220 Hz-14 kHz)) and an activator/deactivator of anti-theft tags termed as “book check unit” (BCU, pulsed EMF). Short-term exposures were: (E1) whole-body exposure from the EAS gate when sitting within 3 m; (E2) local exposure to transient IF-EMF while passing through or beside the EAS gate; and (E3) local exposure to a pulsed magnetic field on BCU use. E1–E3 were evaluated based on exposure levels relative to magnetic flux density at the occupational reference level (RL; E1) or as per occupational basic restrictions (BR; E2 and E3) delineated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 2010 guidelines. Exposure indices based on mid-term exposure (D1–D3), assuming exposure according to employment on a weekly basis, were used to assess exposure in actual working conditions. D1 represents continuous exposure from an EAS gate when sitting within 3 m of the gate. D2 and D3 represent repeated transient exposures occurring during gate pass or on the operation of a BCU. A link to a web-based questionnaire was distributed to librarians working at all libraries where the authors had mailed institutional questionnaires (4,073 libraries). Four exposure patterns were defined according to various exposure scenarios. Results We obtained information on exposure parameters and working conditions from the 548 completed questionnaires. The ICNIRP guideline levels were not exceeded in any of the E1–E3 scenarios. Median of the D1 (% ICNIRP RL × hour/week) was 1, and >85% respondents had values <10. However, the maximum value was 513. Altogether, these results indicate that continuous exposure was low in most cases. The same tendency was observed regarding repeated transient exposure from EM-EAS gates (i.e., the median value for D2 (% ICNIRP BR × gate pass) was 5). However, there were several cases in which D1 and D2 values were >10 times the median. The median of D3 (% ICNIRP BR × BCU operation) was 10, and most respondents' D3 values were greater than their D2 values, although the derived results depended on the assumptions made for the estimation. Conclusion We conducted an assessment of combined exposures to IF-EMF and pulsed EMF among library workers in Japan by evaluating both short-term exposures (E1–E3) and exposure indices based on mid-term exposures (D1–D3) assuming actual working conditions per questionnaire results. These results provide useful information for future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamaguchi-Sekino
- Work Environment Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Sachiko Yamaguchi-Sekino
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Miwa Ikuyo
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Kaoru Esaki
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Atsuko Aimoto
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Strategic Planning Office, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Department of Epidemiology, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
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Pan D, Liu S, Huang D, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Pang Q, Wu H, Tan HJJ, Liang J, Sheng Y, Qiu X. Effects of household environmental exposure and ventilation in association with adverse birth outcomes: A prospective cohort study in rural China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153519. [PMID: 35101501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to outdoor air pollution have been associated with birth outcomes. However, there is limited evidence on the adverse effects of household indoor air pollution worldwide, much less in rural areas of China. This study aimed to explore the associations of household environmental factors (primary cooking fuel, housing renovation, and home ventilation) with four adverse birth outcomes (preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), and term low birth weight (T-LBW)). We conducted a cohort study involving 10,324 pregnancies in women who delivered a live-born infant from 2015 to 2018 in Guangxi, China. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with control for reproductive history, lifestyle, home environmental confounders, and other potential confounders. A total of 5.4% of the infants were PTB, 10.7% were SGA, 5.5% had LBW, and 3.0% had T-LBW. Household-use induction cookers as the primary cooking fuel during pregnancy was associated with SGA (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.60), LBW (1.41, 1.09-1.82), and T-LBW(1.62, 1.16-2.26), as compared with household-use gas as the primary cooking fuel. Housing renovation within one year before pregnancy was associated with PTB (1.45, 1.06-1.98) and LBW (1.56, 1.17-2.09), while housing renovation during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of SGA only in moderate home ventilation conditions (3.74, 1.69-8.28). Our findings suggested that household-use induction cookers as the primary cooking fuel increased the risks of SGA, LBW, and T-LBW. In addition, housing renovation within one year before pregnancy increased the risks of PTB and LBW. Proper home ventilation may reduce the effect on the association between housing renovation during pregnancy and SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health & Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanxiao Zhang
- Obstetrical Department, Pingguo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Pingguo 531400, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiang Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Debao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Debao 533700, Guangxi, China
| | - Huiping Wu
- Obstetrical Department, Jingxi People's Hospital, Jingxi 533800, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Juan Jennifer Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonghong Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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11
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Ikuyo M, Esaki K, Aimoto A, Wake K, Yamaguchi-Sekino S, Kojimahara N, Suzuki Y, Taki M. Measurement and Exposure Assessment of Intermediate Frequency Magnetic Fields From Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) Gates in Libraries. Front Public Health 2022; 10:871134. [PMID: 35646792 PMCID: PMC9133885 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.871134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to magnetic fields from the electronic article surveillance (EAS) gate was evaluated in consideration of the application to epidemiological studies of library workers who are exposed continually to intermediate frequency magnetic fields from the EAS gate. Two types of exposures were investigated. One was transient exposure due to passing through or beside the gate and another was chronic exposure in the room. We measured magnetic fields from five EAS gate models which were commonly used in libraries in Japan. Detailed measurements were performed for two of them in consideration of the phase difference of vector components of magnetic flux density. The polarization of the magnetic field in the gate was investigated with the index of ellipticity. The induced electric field in a human body was numerically calculated for exposures to magnetic fields of the two gate models. The results provide a quantitative understanding of exposures during passing through or by the EAS gate. Magnetic field distribution was measured in a large room for one gate model to quantify the chronic exposure of library workers during the work at the desk. It was found that the magnetic field was distributed as a function of the horizontal distance to the nearest gatepost. The 45-point average value BIEC defined by the IEC standard was suggested to be a useful quantity to characterize the magnitude of the magnetic field from the EAS gate. Exposures to different EAS gates are expected to be compared through this quantity without detailed measurements. These results are expected to provide useful means for exposure assessment of epidemiological studies on the association between the IF-EMF exposure and possible health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Ikuyo
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Kaoru Esaki
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Atsuko Aimoto
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaguchi-Sekino
- Work Environment Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Epidemiology, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Suzuki
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
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12
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Mitigation of Electro Magnetic Interference by Using C-Shaped Composite Cylindrical Device. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The extremely low-frequency (ELF) and its corresponding electromagnetic field influences the yield of CMOS processes in the foundry, especially for high-end equipment such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) systems, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) systems, focused ion beam (FIB) systems, and electron beam lithography (E-Beam) systems. There are several techniques to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI), among which active shielding systems and passive shielding methods are widely used. An active shielding system is used to generate an internal electromagnetic field to reduce the detected external electromagnetic field in electric coils with the help of the current. Although the active shielding system reduces the EMI impact, it induces an internal electromagnetic field that could affect the function of nearby tools and/or high-performance probes. Therefore, in this study, we have used a C-shaped cylindrical device combined with an active shielding system and passive shielding techniques to reduce EMI for online monitoring and to overcome the aforementioned issues. In this study, the active shielding system was wrapped with a permalloy composite material (i.e., a composite of nickel and iron alloy) as a tubular device. A C-shaped opening was made on the tubular structure vertically or horizontally to guide the propagation of the electromagnetic field. This C-shaped cylindrical device further reduced electromagnetic noise up to −5.06 dB and redirected the electromagnetic field toward the opening direction on the cylindrical device. The results demonstrated a practical reduction of the electromagnetic field.
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13
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Uche UI, Naidenko OV. Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach. Environ Health 2021; 20:84. [PMID: 34273995 PMCID: PMC8286570 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies and research on laboratory animals link radiofrequency radiation (RFR) with impacts on the heart, brain, and other organs. Data from the large-scale animal studies conducted by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the Ramazzini Institute support the need for updated health-based guidelines for general population RFR exposure. OBJECTIVES The development of RFR exposure limits expressed in whole-body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), a metric of RFR energy absorbed by biological tissues. METHODS Using frequentist and Bayesian averaging modeling of non-neoplastic lesion incidence data from the NTP study, we calculated the benchmark doses (BMD) that elicited a 10% response above background (BMD10) and the lower confidence limits on the BMD at 10% extra risk (BMDL10). Incidence data for individual neoplasms and combined tumor incidence were modeled for 5% and 10% response above background. RESULTS Cardiomyopathy and increased risk of neoplasms in male rats were the most sensitive health outcomes following RFR exposures at 900 MHz frequency with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modulations. BMDL10 for all sites cardiomyopathy in male rats following 19 weeks of exposure, calculated with Bayesian model averaging, corresponded to 0.27-0.42 W/kg whole-body SAR for CDMA and 0.20-0.29 W/kg for GSM modulation. BMDL10 for right ventricle cardiomyopathy in female rats following 2 years of exposure corresponded to 2.7-5.16 W/kg whole-body SAR for CDMA and 1.91-2.18 W/kg for GSM modulation. For multi-site tumor modeling using the multistage cancer model with a 5% extra risk, BMDL5 in male rats corresponded to 0.31 W/kg for CDMA and 0.21 W/kg for GSM modulation. CONCLUSION BMDL10 range of 0.2-0.4 W/kg for all sites cardiomyopathy in male rats was selected as a point of departure. Applying two ten-fold safety factors for interspecies and intraspecies variability, we derived a whole-body SAR limit of 2 to 4 mW/kg, an exposure level that is 20-40-fold lower than the legally permissible level of 0.08 W/kg for whole-body SAR under the current U.S. regulations. Use of an additional ten-fold children's health safety factor points to a whole-body SAR limit of 0.2-0.4 mW/kg for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma Igara Uche
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.
| | - Olga V Naidenko
- Environmental Working Group, 1250 I Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
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14
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Ramirez-Vazquez R, Gonzalez-Rubio J, Escobar I, Suarez Rodriguez CDP, Arribas E. Personal Exposure Assessment to Wi-Fi Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Mexican Microenvironments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041857. [PMID: 33673014 PMCID: PMC7918906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, personal exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) has substantially increased, and most studies about RF-EMF with volunteers have been developed in Europe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study carried out in Mexico with personal exposimeters. The main objective was to measure personal exposure to RF-EMF from Wireless Fidelity or wireless Internet connection (Wi-Fi) frequency bands in Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, to compare results with maximum levels permitted by international recommendations and to find if there are differences in the microenvironments subject to measurements. The study was conducted with 63 volunteers in different microenvironments: home, workplace, outside, schools, travel, and shopping. The mean minimum values registered were 146.5 μW/m2 in travel from the Wi-Fi 2G band and 116.8 μW/m2 at home from the Wi-Fi 5G band, and the maximum values registered were 499.7 μW/m2 and 264.9 μW/m2 at the workplace for the Wi-Fi 2G band and the Wi-Fi 5G band, respectively. In addition, by time period and type of day, minimum values were registered at nighttime, these values being 129.4 μW/m2 and 93.9 μW/m2, and maximum values were registered in the daytime, these values being 303.1 μW/m2 and 168.3 μW/m2 for the Wi-Fi 2G and Wi-Fi 5G bands, respectively. In no case, values exceeded limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Of the study participants (n = 63), a subgroup (n = 35) answered a survey on risk perception. According to these results, the Tamazunchale (Mexico) population is worried about this situation in comparison with several European cities; however, the risk perception changes when they are informed about the results for the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramirez-Vazquez
- Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.E.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jesus Gonzalez-Rubio
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 14, 02071 Albacete, Spain;
| | - Isabel Escobar
- Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.E.); (E.A.)
| | - Carmen del Pilar Suarez Rodriguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Academic Coordination of the Huasteca South Region, Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi 79960, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Arribas
- Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de España s/n, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.E.); (E.A.)
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15
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Zhao D, Guo L, Zhang R, Zhu Q, Wang H, Liu R, Yan H, Dang S. Risk of congenital heart disease due to exposure to common electrical appliances during early pregnancy: a case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4739-4748. [PMID: 32949363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To examine the association between exposure to common electrical appliances in early pregnancy and congenital heart disease (CHD). A case-control study of 2339 participants was conducted in six hospitals in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Northwest China from 2014 to 2016. All infants with CHD were diagnosed according to ICD-10 classification. Selected controls consisted of newborns from the same hospital, without any birth defects, and 1:3 matched by birthdate. We conducted personal interviews with the mothers to gather information on any exposure to electrical appliances during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of exposure to common electrical appliances on CHD. We observed that the mothers exposed to computers (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.71), induction cookers (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 2.19, 3.55), and microwave ovens (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.31) during early pregnancy were more likely to give birth to infants with CHD. Mothers who wore radiation protection suits (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.87) during early pregnancy decreased the risk of CHD in their neonate. There was an interaction for induction cooker exposure with wore radiation protection suits on CHD (RERI: - 1.44, 95% CI: - 2.48, - 0.39; S: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.84; AP: - 0.79, 95% CI: - 1.53, - 0.05). Our study confirmed that exposure to some electrical appliances was associated with a higher risk of CHD, and wearing a radiation protection suit was associated with a lower risk of CHD. Women should therefore reduce the usage of electrical appliances before and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leqian Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qixia Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Sato Y, Kiyohara K, Takehara S, Kojimahara N. Ecological study on the penetration of induction heating cookers and birth outcomes in Japan. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:336-343. [PMID: 32617360 PMCID: PMC7327398 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, equipment that generates intermediate-frequency electromagnetic fields (IF-EMFs) has become increasingly prevalent, and the influence of IF-EMFs on human health is thus attracting increasing attention. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing whether there is a relationship between the penetration of induction heating cookers and birth outcomes using an ecological study design at the prefectural level. We created data sets for all 47 prefectures in Japan using previously published statistics. Spontaneous fetal death rate, fetal death rate after 22 weeks of pregnancy, perinatal mortality rate, and proportion of newborns weighing less than 2500 g were used as birth outcomes in correlation analysis. A weak positive association was observed between the penetration of induction heating cookers and the fetal death rate after the 22nd week of pregnancy (r = 0.27, p = 0.07), but it was not statistically significant. In addition, a weak negative association was observed between the penetration of induction heating cookers and the spontaneous fetal death rate (r = -0.27, p = 0.07), but it was not statistically significant. In the present ecological study, no statistically significant association were shown between the penetration of induction heating cookers and birth outcomes. To demonstrate further the safety of induction heating cooker use, observations in epidemiological studies of other designs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Sato
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Otsuma Women's University, 12 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan
| | - Sachiko Takehara
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Noriko Kojimahara
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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17
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Brech A, Kubinyi G, Németh Z, Bakos J, Fiocchi S, Thuróczy G. Genotoxic effects of intermediate frequency magnetic fields on blood leukocytes in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:403060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Herrala M, Naarala J, Juutilainen J. Assessment of induced genomic instability in rat primary astrocytes exposed to intermediate frequency magnetic fields. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:112-116. [PMID: 30903815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether exposure to intermediate frequency magnetic fields (IF MFs) could induce or enhance genomic instability in primary astrocytes. Rat primary astrocytes were exposed to vertical or horizontal 7.5 kHz, 300 μT MF for 24 h. To study possible combined effects with known genotoxic agents, the cells were exposed for 3 h to menadione or methyl methanesulfonate after the MF treatment. Induced genomic instability was evaluated 36 days after exposures using the Comet assay and flow cytometric scoring of micronuclei. Exposure to 7.5 kHz, 300 μT MF did not induce genomic instability alone or in combination with chemicals in measurements performed several cell generations after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Herrala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jonne Naarala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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19
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Nishimura I, Doi Y, Imai N, Kawabe M, Mera Y, Shiina T. Carcinogenicity of intermediate frequency magnetic field in Tg.rasH2 mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:160-169. [PMID: 30875092 PMCID: PMC6594107 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the likelihood of exposure to leaking intermediate frequency magnetic fields (MFs) from electronic devices, such as induction-heating and wireless power transfer systems, has increased, biological data assessing the health risks associated with human exposure remain insufficient. We examined the carcinogenicity of a 20 kHz MF, a typical frequency produced by induction-heating cookers, using a transgenic rasH2 mouse model. Twenty-five male and female CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic mice were exposed to a 0.20 mT, 20 kHz MF (22 h/day) or sham-exposed for 26 weeks. As a positive control, 10 male and female rasH2 mice from the same batch were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. A blinded histopathological evaluation was performed, and the same experiments were conducted twice, independently, to confirm the reproducibility of the results. Histopathological examination revealed that spontaneous neoplastic lesions, such as splenic hemangiosarcomas and gastric squamous cell papillomas, were less (1-3 per group) in the MF- and sham-exposed groups. The frequency of the neoplastic lesions was not significantly different between the groups. Eight to ten mice in each positive-control group exhibited malignant lymphoma. The outcomes were consistent between duplicated experiments, which indicates lack of carcinogenicity of 20 kHz MF in the rasH2 mouse model. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2019 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Nishimura
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power IndustryAbikoJapan
| | - Yuko Doi
- DIMS Institute of Medical ScienceIchinomiyaJapan
| | - Norio Imai
- DIMS Institute of Medical ScienceIchinomiyaJapan
| | | | | | - Takeo Shiina
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power IndustryYokosukaJapan
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20
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Bodewein L, Schmiedchen K, Dechent D, Stunder D, Graefrath D, Winter L, Kraus T, Driessen S. Systematic review on the biological effects of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range (300 Hz to 1 MHz). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:247-259. [PMID: 30690271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many novel technologies, including induction cookers or wireless power transfer, produce electric fields (EF), magnetic fields (MF) or electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range. The effects of such fields on biological systems, however, have been poorly investigated. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an update of the state of research and to evaluate the potential for adverse effects of EF, MF and EMF in the IF range (300 Hz to 1 MHz) on biological systems. METHODS The review was prepared in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Methodical limitations in individual studies were assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. RESULTS Fifty-six studies exposing humans, animals or in vitro systems were eligible for this review. In these studies, many different endpoints were examined and most of the findings were obtained in studies with exposure to MF. For most endpoints, however, the reviewed studies yielded inconsistent results, with some studies indicating no effect and some linking IF exposure with adverse effects. In the majority of the included studies, the applied field strengths were above the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels for the general public and the applied frequencies were mainly below 100 kHz. Furthermore, many of the reviewed studies suffered from methodical limitations which lowered the credibility of the reported results. CONCLUSION Due to the large heterogeneity in study designs, endpoints and exposed systems, as well as the inconsistent results and methodical limitations in many studies, the quality of evidence for adverse effects remains inadequate for drawing a conclusion on investigated biological effects of IF fields for most endpoints. We recommend that in future studies, effects of EF, MF and EMF in the IF range should be investigated more systematically, i.e., studies should consider various frequencies to identify potential frequency-dependent effects and apply different field strengths, especially if threshold-dependent effects are expected. Priority should be given to the investigation of acute effects, like induction of phosphenes, perception, excitation of nerves or muscles and thermal effects. This would be an important step towards the validation of the reference levels recommended by ICNIRP. Furthermore, we recommend that any new studies aim at implementing high quality dosimetry and minimizing sources of risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Bodewein
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristina Schmiedchen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Dechent
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Stunder
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - David Graefrath
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lukas Winter
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Driessen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Herrala M, Kumari K, Koivisto H, Luukkonen J, Tanila H, Naarala J, Juutilainen J. Genotoxicity of intermediate frequency magnetic fields in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:759-769. [PMID: 30243651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed genotoxic effects of intermediate frequency magnetic fields (MF) in vitro and in vivo. Rat primary astrocytes were exposed for 24 h to a 7.5 kHz MF at a magnetic flux density of 30 or 300 µT. Male C57BL/6 J mice were exposed continuously for 5 weeks to a 7.5 kHz MF at 12 or 120 μT, and blood samples were collected for the genotoxicity assays. To evaluate possible co-genotoxicity, the in vitro experiments included combined exposure with menadione (an agent that induces mitochondrial superoxide production and DNA damage) and methyl methanesulfonate (an alkylating agent). DNA damage and DNA repair (in vitro) were measured using the alkaline Comet assay and formation of micronuclei was assessed microscopically (in vivo) or using flow cytometry (in vitro). The results did not support genotoxicity or co-genotoxicity of 7.5 kHz MFs at magnetic flux densities up to 300 µT in vitro or in vivo. On the contrary, there was some evidence that exposure to 7.5 kHz MFs might reduce the level of genetic damage. Strongest indication of any biological effects was obtained from measurements of relative cell number, which was significantly and consistently increased after MF exposure in all in vitro experiments. Health implications of this finding are unclear, but it suggests that 7.5 kHz MFs may stimulate cell proliferation or suppress cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Herrala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kajal Kumari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Portelli LA, Falldorf K, Thuróczy G, Cuppen J. Retrospective estimation of the electric and magnetic field exposure conditions in in vitro experimental reports reveal considerable potential for uncertainty. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 39:231-243. [PMID: 29171034 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on cell cultures exposed to extremely low frequency (ELF, 3-300 Hz) magnetic fields are often subject to multiple sources of uncertainty associated with specific electric and magnetic field exposure conditions. Here we systemically quantify these uncertainties based on exposure conditions described in a group of bioelectromagnetic experimental reports for a representative sampling of the existing literature. The resulting uncertainties, stemming from insufficient, ambiguous, or erroneous description, design, implementation, or validation of the experimental methods and systems, were often substantial enough to potentially make any successful reproduction of the original experimental conditions difficult or impossible. Without making any assumption about the true biological relevance of ELF electric and magnetic fields, these findings suggest another contributing factor which may add to the overall variability and irreproducibility traditionally associated with experimental results of in vitro exposures to low-level ELF magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:231-243, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Portelli
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - György Thuróczy
- National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Cuppen
- Immunent B.V. and Neiding B.V., Veldhoven, The Netherlands
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23
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Gallastegi M, Jiménez-Zabala A, Santa-Marina L, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Ayerdi M, Ibarluzea J, Kromhout H, González J, Huss A. Exposure to extremely low and intermediate-frequency magnetic and electric fields among children from the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 157:190-197. [PMID: 28575784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detailed assessment of exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) and intermediate frequency (IF) fields is essential in order to conduct informative epidemiological studies of the health effects from exposure to these fields. There is limited information available regarding ELF electric fields and on both magnetic and electric field exposures of children in the IF range. The aim of this study was to characterize ELF and IF exposure of children in the Spanish INMA cohort. A combination of spot and fixed measurements was carried out in 104 homes, 26 schools and their playgrounds and 105 parks. Low levels of ELF magnetic fields (ELF-MF) were observed (with the highest 24-h time-weighted average (TWA) exposure being 0.15μT in one home). The interquartile range (IQR) of ELF electric fields (ELF-EF) ranged from 1 to 15V/m indoors and from 0.3 to 1.1V/m outdoors and a maximum value observed was 55.5V/m in one school playground. IQR ranges for IF magnetic and electric fields were between 0.02 and 0.23μT and 0.2 and 0.5V/m respectively and maximum values were 0.03μT and 1.51V/m in homes. Correlations between magnetic and electric fields were weak for ELF (Spearman 0.04-0.36 in different settings) and moderate for IF (between 0.28 and 0.75). Children of INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort were exposed to very low levels of ELF-MF in all settings and to similar levels of ELF-EF compared to the range of previously reported levels, although somewhat higher exposures occurred at home. Children enrolled to our study were similarly exposed to IF in all settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gallastegi
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Preventative Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Leioa 48940, Spain.
| | - Ana Jiménez-Zabala
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 4 Av. de Navarra, San Sebastian 20013, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 4 Av. de Navarra, San Sebastian 20013, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Aurrekoetxea
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Preventative Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Leioa 48940, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 4 Av. de Navarra, San Sebastian 20013, Spain
| | - Mikel Ayerdi
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 4 Av. de Navarra, San Sebastian 20013, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Dr. Begiristain Pasealekua, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 4 Av. de Navarra, San Sebastian 20013, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julián González
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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