1
|
Fu J, Yao Y, Huang Z, Huang J, Zhang D, Li X, Xu J, Xiao Q, Lu S. Prenatal exposure to benzophenone-type UV filters and the associations with neonatal birth outcomes and maternal health in south China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108797. [PMID: 38838486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP)-type UV filters are commonly added to sunscreens and cosmetics to protect against UV radiation for human skin and hair. As a result, BPs are ubiquitous in the environment and human body, and their endocrine-disrupting characteristics have been a hot topic of discussion. However, our knowledge regarding the detrimental effects of prenatal exposure to BPs on pregnant women and their offspring remains limited. To fill this gap, we determined five BP derivatives in 600 serum samples obtained from pregnant women. All the target analytes, except 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), have achieved a 100 % detection rate. The most prevalent compound was 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), with a median concentration of 0.545 ng/mL. Significant and positive correlations were observed among BP derivatives, indicating both endogenous metabolism and common external sources. Utilizing Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation (QGC) models, we found relationships between BP exposure and reduced neonatal birth weight (BW) and birth chest circumference (BC) during the third trimester. Notably, the adverse effect of BPs on birth size was sex-specific. Moreover, triglyceride (TG) was identified as a potential mediator of the effect of BPs on blood pressure, and co-exposure to BPs was linked to disruptions in thyroid hormone levels and glucose regulation. Further research is warranted to unravel the toxicity of BPs and their detrimental effects on pregnant women and fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Breakell T, Kowalski I, Foerster Y, Kramer R, Erdmann M, Berking C, Heppt MV. Ultraviolet Filters: Dissecting Current Facts and Myths. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2986. [PMID: 38792526 PMCID: PMC11121922 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is a global and increasingly prevalent issue, causing significant individual and economic damage. UV filters in sunscreens play a major role in mitigating the risks that solar ultraviolet ra-diation poses to the human organism. While empirically effective, multiple adverse effects of these compounds are discussed in the media and in scientific research. UV filters are blamed for the dis-ruption of endocrine processes and vitamin D synthesis, damaging effects on the environment, induction of acne and neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Some of these allegations are based on scientific facts while others are simply arbitrary. This is especially dangerous considering the risks of exposing unprotected skin to the sun. In summary, UV filters approved by the respective governing bodies are safe for human use and their proven skin cancer-preventing properties make them in-dispensable for sensible sun protection habits. Nonetheless, compounds like octocrylene and ben-zophenone-3 that are linked to the harming of marine ecosystems could be omitted from skin care regimens in favor of the myriad of non-toxic UV filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Kowalski
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yannick Foerster
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University (TU) Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Rafaela Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng F, Chen X, Fan J, Qiao J, Jia H. Sex-specific association of exposure to a mixture of phenols, parabens, and phthalates with thyroid hormone and antibody levels in US adolescents and adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121207-121223. [PMID: 37950782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are exposed to multiple phenols, parabens, and phthalates simultaneously since they are important endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and share common exposure pathways. It is necessary to assess the effects of the co-exposure of these EDCs on thyroid hormones (THs). In this study, data included 704 adolescents and 2911 adults from the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum THs measured total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), free forms of T3 (FT3) and T4 (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). And 16 EDCs (3 phenols, 2 parabens, and 11 phthalates) were measured from urine. The relationship between single EDCs and single THs was analyzed using generalized linear regression. And results showed that several EDCs were positively associated with serum T3 and FT3 levels in boys but negatively associated with serum T4 and FT4 levels in girls. And in adults, five EDCs were negatively associated with T3, T4, or FT4. The effects of co-exposure to 16 EDCs on THs were calculated using Bayesian kernel machine regression and quantile-based g-computational modeling, confirmed that co-exposure was related to the increase of T3 in adolescents and the decrease of T4 in both adolescents and adults. Besides, nonlinear and linear relationships were identified between co-exposure and the risk of positive TPOAb and TgAb in girls and adult females, respectively. In conclusion, phenols, parabens, and phthalates as a mixture might interfere the concentrations of THs and thyroid autoantibodies, and the interfering effect varies significantly by sex as well as by age. Further prospective research is warranted to investigate the causal effects and underlying mechanisms of co-exposure on thyroid dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jiaxu Fan
- Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Junpeng Qiao
- Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongying Jia
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo H, Zong S, Yong L, Jiang Y, Qin L, Zhou L, Ren Q, Gao X, Kang F, Huang W, Chen J, Zhang L. The association between perchlorate in drinking water and height and weight of children and adolescents in Southwest China: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1260612. [PMID: 37860794 PMCID: PMC10582749 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1260612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between the concentration of perchlorate in drinking water and the height and weight of children and adolescents in Sichuan Province. Methods Perchlorate in the drinking water of 24 counties in Sichuan Province from 2021 to 2022 was detected and analyzed, 66 drinking water samples were collected, and the content of perchlorate in drinking water during the wet season and dry season was detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in series. The linear mixed effect model was used to estimate the relationship between perchlorate in drinking water and the height and weight of 144,644 children and adolescents, and 33 pieces of local average wage data were used as confounding factors for quality control. Results After controlling the age, gender, and local economic situation, we found that the concentration of perchlorate in drinking water increased by 10 μg/L is associated with a 1.0 cm decrease in height and a 1.6 kg decrease in weight in children and adolescents (p < 0.05). Conclusion The concentration of perchlorate in drinking water may be negatively correlated with the height and weight of children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guo
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shimiao Zong
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Xufang Gao
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Fayang Kang
- Guangyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangyuan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahai G, Wan Y, Wang A, Qian X, Li J, Li Y, Zhang W, He Z, Li Y, Xia W, Xu S. Exposure to multiple neonicotinoid insecticides, oxidative stress, and gestational diabetes mellitus: Association and potential mediation analyses. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108173. [PMID: 37651928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
As the most extensively used insecticides worldwide, neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) have received a growing global concern over their adverse health effects. This study aimed to assess the associations of urinary concentrations of NNIs in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the mediation roles of oxidative DNA damage, RNA damage, and lipid peroxidation in the associations. With a prospective nested case-control study, 519 GDM cases and 519 controls were matched on the infant's sex and maternal age. Urinary biomarkers of NNIs exposure and oxidative stress were measured in early pregnancy. We estimated the associations of single and the mixture of NNIs and their metabolites with GDM by conditional logistic regression and quantile g-computation models, respectively. The mediating roles of oxidative stress were evaluated by the structural equation model. The odds of GDM significantly increased by 15 %, 18 %, 26 %, 42 %, 49 %, and 13 % in each unit increment of ln-transformed concentrations of urinary imidacloprid (IMI), imidacloprid-olefin (IMI-olefin), desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI), thiamethoxam (THM), clothianidin, and desmethyl-clothianidin, respectively. Exposure to the mixture of NNIs was associated with increased odds of GDM (adjusted OR: 1.76; 95 %CI: 1.45, 2.13). Advanced maternal age enhanced the associations of 5-hydroxy-IMI, DN-IMI, and IMI-olefin with GDM (P < 0.05), and being overweight/obese before pregnancy strengthened the effects of IMI, IMI-olefin, and THM on GDM (P < 0.05). In the association of NNIs exposure and GDM, the proportions mediated by oxidative DNA damage, RNA damage, and overall oxidative stress were 9.8 %, 11.8 %, and 14.5 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Exposure to individual NNIs and a mixture of NNIs were associated with GDM, and maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI may modify the association. The possible mechanism underlying the association between NNIs and GDM may involve oxidative damage to nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaga Mahai
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Juxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vandenberg LN, Zoeller RT, Prins GS, Trasande L. Evaluating adverse effects of environmental agents in food: a brief critique of the US FDA's criteria. Environ Health 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 37085808 PMCID: PMC10120250 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-00971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) is charged with protecting the safety of food from both pathogens and chemicals used in food production and food packaging. To protect the public in a transparent manner, the FDA needs to have an operational definition of what it considers to be an "adverse effect" so that it can take action against harmful agents. The FDA has recently published two statements where, for the first time, it defines the characteristics of an adverse effect that it uses to interpret toxicity studies. OBJECTIVE In this brief review, we examine two recent actions by the FDA, a proposed rule regarding a color additive used in vegetarian burgers and a decision not to recall fish with high levels of scombrotoxin. We evaluated the FDA's description of the criteria used to determine which outcomes should be considered adverse. OVERVIEW We describe three reasons why the FDA's criteria for "adverse effects" is not public health protective. These include an unscientific requirement for a monotonic dose response, which conflates hazard assessment and dose response assessment while also ignoring evidence for non-linear and non-monotonic effects for many environmental agents; a requirement that the effect be observed in both sexes, which fails to acknowledge the many sex- and gender-specific effects on physiology, disease incidence and severity, and anatomy; and a requirement that the effects are irreversible, which does not acknowledge the role of exposure timing or appreciate transgenerational effects that have been demonstrated for environmental chemicals. CONCLUSIONS The FDA's criteria for identifying adverse effects are inadequate because they are not science-based. Addressing this is important, because the acknowledgement of adverse effects is central to regulatory decisions and the protection of public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 240G Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Visiting Professor, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yue B, Ning S, Miao H, Fang C, Li J, Zhang L, Bao Y, Fan S, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Human exposure to a mixture of endocrine disruptors and serum levels of thyroid hormones: A cross-sectional study. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:641-649. [PMID: 36375946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs) could disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. However, human epidemiological studies reported inconsistent observations, and scarce information on the effect of a mixture of chemicals. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of multiple chemicals with thyroid hormones among adults from China. We measured serum levels of thyroid hormones and urinary levels of 11 EDCs, including six phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), perchlorate, and thiocyanate among 177 healthy adults without occupational exposure. Associations of multiple urinary analytes with serum thyroid hormones were examined by performing general linear regression analysis and bayesian kernal machine regression analysis. These EDCs were detected in almost all samples. After adjusting for various covariates, we observed only BPF significantly associated with total thyroxin (TT4) (β=-0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.41, -0.14]), total triiodothyronine (TT3) (β=-0.02 95% CI [-0.03, -0.01]), free T4 (fT4) (β=-0.02, 95% CI [-0.03, -0.01]), and free T3 (fT3) (β=-0.04, 95% CI [-0.07, -0.01]), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP) positively associated with TT4 (β=0.24, 95% CI [0.01, 0.48]) and fT4 (β=0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.04]), respectively. Moreover, we observed significant dose-response relationships between TT4 and the mixture of 11 EDCs, and BPF was the main contributor to the mixture effect, suggesting the priority of potential effect of BPF on disrupting thyroid function under a real scenario of human exposure to multiple EDCs. Our findings supported the hypothesis that human exposure to low levels of EDCs could alter thyroid hormones homeostasis among non-occupational healthy adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shangyong Ning
- Hematology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongjian Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Congrong Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Yan Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Sai Fan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mustieles V, Balogh RK, Axelstad M, Montazeri P, Márquez S, Vrijheid M, Draskau MK, Taxvig C, Peinado FM, Berman T, Frederiksen H, Fernández MF, Marie Vinggaard A, Andersson AM. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107739. [PMID: 36805158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its major metabolite benzophenone-1 (BP-1) are widely used as UV filters in sunscreens and cosmetics to prevent sunburn and skin damage, or as stabilizers to prevent photodegradation in many commercial products. As a result, their presence is ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife and humans. Based on endocrine disruption concerns, international regulatory agencies are performing a closer evaluation. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This work aimed to comprehensively review the available human relevant evidence for safety issues in MEDLINE/PubMed in order to create a structured database of studies, as well as to conduct an integrative analysis as part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative. RESULTS A total of 1,635 titles and abstracts were screened and 254 references were evaluated and tabulated in detail, and classified in different categories: i) exposure sources and predictors; ii) human biomonitoring (HBM) exposure levels to perform a meta-analysis; iii) toxicokinetic data in both experimental animals and humans; iv) in vitro and in vivo rodent toxicity studies; and v) human data on effect biomarkers and health outcomes. Our integrative analysis showed that internal peak BP-3 concentrations achieved after a single whole-body application of a commercially available sunscreen (4% w/w) may overlap with concentrations eliciting endocrine disrupting effects in vitro, and with internal concentrations causing in vivo adverse female reproductive effects in rodents that were supported by still limited human data. The adverse effects in rodents included prolonged estrous cycle, altered uterine estrogen receptor gene expression, endometrium hyperplasia and altered proliferation and histology of the mammary gland, while human data indicated menstrual cycle hormonal alterations and increased risk of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Among the modes of action reported (estrogenic, anti-androgenic, thyroid, etc.), BP-3 and especially BP-1 showed estrogenic activity at human-relevant concentrations, in agreement with the observed alterations in female reproductive endpoints. The meta-analysis of HBM studies identified a higher concern for North Americans, showing urinary BP-3 concentrations on average 10 and 20 times higher than European and Asian populations, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our work supports that these benzophenones present endocrine disrupting properties, endorsing recent European regulatory efforts to limit human exposure. The reproducible and comprehensive database generated may constitute a point of departure in future risk assessments to support regulatory initiatives. Meanwhile, individuals should not refrain from sunscreen use. Commercially available formulations using inorganic UV filters that are practically not absorbed into systemic circulation may be recommended to susceptible populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Ria K Balogh
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Parisa Montazeri
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica K Draskau
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco M Peinado
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Tamar Berman
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9101002, Israel
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei G, Zhang CX, Jing Y, Chen X, Song HD, Yang L. The influence of sunitinib and sorafenib, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors, on development and thyroid system in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136354. [PMID: 36087734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the potential toxic effects of various pharmaceuticals on the thyroid endocrine system have raised considerable concerns. In this study, we evaluated the adverse effects of sorafenib and sunitinib, two widely used anti-tumor drugs, on the developmental toxicities and thyroid endocrine disruption by using zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Zebrafish embryos/larvae were exposed to different contentions (0, 10, 50 and 100 nM) of sorafenib and sunitinib for 96 hpf. The results revealed that waterborne exposure to sorafenib and sunitinib exhibited remarkable toxic effects on the survival and development in zebrafish embryos/larvae, which was accompanied by obvious disturbances of thyroid endocrine system (e.g., decreased T3 and T4 content, increased TSH content) and genes' transcription changes within the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. In addition, we verified a strikingly abnormal thyroid gland organogenesis in zebrafish larvae in response to sorafenib and sunitinib, by assessing the development of thyroid follicles using the WISH staining of tg, the Tg (tg:GFP) zebrafish transgenic line, and histopathological analysis. Taken together, our results indicated sorafenib and sunitinib exposure could induce obvious developmental toxicities and thyroid function disruption in zebrafish embryos/larvae, which might involve a regulatory mechanism, at least in part, by destroying the thyroid follicle structure, and by disturbing the balance of the HPT axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Cao-Xu Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yu Jing
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Huai-Dong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Li N, Li Z, Kong D, Guo X, Zhang J, Zuo R. Nongenomic effects and mechanistic study of butyl benzyl phthalate-induced thyroid disruption: Based on integrated in vitro, in silico assays and proteome analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155715. [PMID: 35525365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on in vitro and in silico assays as well as proteome analysis, this study explored the nongenomic mechanism for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP)-induced thyroid disruption. Molecular docking simulations showed that BBP could dock into the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain of integrin αvβ3 and form hydrogen bonds with a docking energy of -35.80 kcal/mol. This chemical enhanced rat pituitary tumor cell (GH3) proliferation and exhibited thyroid hormone-disrupting effects at 5-10 μmol/L. Meanwhile, BBP upregulated β3 gene expression and activated the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in GH3 cells. Interestingly, GH3 cell proliferation was attenuated by integrin αvβ3 inhibitor (RGD peptide) or ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), suggesting that the disruptions might be partly attributed to its interaction with integrin αvβ3 and activation of MAPK. Furthermore, quantitative proteomic analysis of zebrafish embryos exposed to BBP at an environmentally relevant concentration of 0.3 μmol/L revealed that BBP perturbed proteins and pathways related to cell communication (e.g., integrin binding) and signal transduction (e.g., MAPK signaling pathway). Taken together, our results supported that the biological effects of BBP-activated integrin αvβ3 mediated by the nongenomic pathway play an important role in its thyroid disruption. CAPSULE: The nongenomic pathway plays a vital role in the thyroid disruption-inducing actions of BBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuhao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhanjie Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xueru Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lv J, Li Y, Chen J, Li R, Bao C, Ding Z, Ren W, Du Z, Wang S, Huang Y, Wang QN. Maternal exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during the thyroid hormone-dependent stage induces persistent emotional and cognitive impairment in middle-aged offspring mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112967. [PMID: 35354077 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal DEHP exposure can cause offspring neurodevelopmental toxicity, but the persistent effects of such exposure window are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the lasting neurobehavioral impact of DEHP on offspring following early exposure from GD9.5 (fetal neural tube closure) to GD16.5 (fetal thyroxin, TH, synthesis). Data showed maternal exposure to DEHP during the thyroid hormone-dependent stage induced a range of neurobehavioral phenotypic changes in adult and middle-aged mice, including anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Significant reductions in free TH, TH transporters, and TH metabolic enzyme deiodinase II (D2) were observed in the fetal brain, whereas D3 was elevated, indicating that TH signaling disruption was caused by in utero exposure. Gene expression analyses suggested the expression levels of the TH receptors Trα1, Trβ1 and their downstream target, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, were significantly attenuated, which may partially explain the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental impairment. This study provides new evidence of the persistent effects of sex-specific neurodevelopmental impairment due to in utero DEHP exposure, possibly through damage to the fetal brain TH signaling systems that causes lifelong brain damage. These results further suggest a profound neurobehavioral toxicity of DEHP that may be programmed during early developmental stage exposure and manifested later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Bao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Ding
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Wenqiang Ren
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiping Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; Jinhua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China.
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Donat-Vargas C, Perez-Carrascosa F, Gomez-Peña C, Mustieles V, Salcedo-Bellido I, Frederiksen H, Åkesson A, Arrebola JP. Associations of serum phthalate metabolites with thyroid hormones in GraMo cohort, Southern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117606. [PMID: 34426375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The general population is continuously exposed to phthalates via various consumer products. Epidemiological research relating phthalate exposure to thyroid function during non-developmental periods is limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations between specific serum phthalate metabolites and indicators of thyroid function in adults. We measured 10 serum phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormones - total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - in a subsample of 207 adults from the GraMo cohort. This subsample was made up of men and women (in equal proportions) of middle age (49 ± 17 years) and from Southern Spain (province of Granada). Data on age, sex, body mass index, residence area, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and attained education were obtained from a questionnaire. Phthalate metabolites were log-transformed and categorized into tertiles. Cross-sectional associations of each metabolite with thyroid hormones were analyzed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. The mixture effect of metabolite phthalates was assessed using weighted quantile sum regression. After multivariable-adjustment, the following phthalate metabolites were significantly associated with TT3 in a dose-response manner: MMP (β = 0.90: 95% confidence interval 0.68,1.12), MEP (β = 0.67: 0.44, 0.90), MiBP (β = 0.49: 0.21, 0.77), MiDP (β = 0.27: 0.03, 0.52), MBzP (β = 0.51: 0.28, 0.73), MEHP (β = -0.59: -0.82, -0.35) and MiNP (β = -0.43: -0.71, -0.14), when comparing highest vs. lowest exposed. The sum of all metabolites was also linked to FT4 levels. No significant associations were observed for TSH except for MiNP. Although phthalate metabolites with different molecular weight showed opposite associations, overall metabolite concentrations seem to associate with increased TT3 and FT4 serum levels. The cross-sectional nature of this analysis limits causal inference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- IMDEA-Food Institute. CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Carrascosa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Mustieles
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Colicino E, de Water E, Just AC, Navarro E, Pedretti NF, McRae N, Braun JM, Schnaas L, Rodríguez-Carmona Y, Hernández C, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Deierlein AL, Calafat AM, Baccarelli A, Wright RO, Horton MK. Prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and behavioral problems in Mexican children: The Programming Research in Obesity, Growth Environment and Social Stress (PROGRESS) study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111338. [PMID: 34051199 PMCID: PMC9234946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure has been associated with increased childhood behavioral problems. Existing studies failed to include phthalate replacements and did not account for high correlations among phthalates. Phthalates' exposure is higher in Mexico than in U.S. locations, making it an ideal target population for this study. AIM To examine associations between 15 maternal prenatal phthalate metabolite concentrations and children's behavioral problems. METHODS We quantified phthalate metabolites in maternal urine samples from maternal-child dyads (n = 514) enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth Environment and Social Stress (PROGRESS) birth cohort in Mexico City. We performed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressions to identify associations between specific-gravity adjusted log2-transformed phthalate metabolites and parent-reported 4-6 year old behavior on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2), accounting for metabolite correlations. We adjusted for socio-demographic and birth-related factors, and examined associations stratified by sex. RESULTS Higher prenatal mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) urinary concentrations were associated with increased hyperactivity scores in the overall sample (β = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.17, 1.13) and in girls (β = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.16, 1.08), overall behavioral problems in boys (β = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.20, 1.15), and depression scores in boys (β = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.88). Higher prenatal monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations were associated with reduced hyperactivity scores in girls (ß = -0.54, 95% CI = -1.08, -0.21). DISCUSSION Our findings suggested that prenatal concentrations of phthalates and their replacements altered child neurodevelopment and those associations may be influenced sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Erik de Water
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Esmeralda Navarro
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | | | - Nia McRae
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Yanelli Rodríguez-Carmona
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Carmen Hernández
- National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Andrea L Deierlein
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Megan K Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lifestyle Habits and Exposure to BPA and Phthalates in Women of Childbearing Age from Northern Italy: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189710. [PMID: 34574636 PMCID: PMC8469822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that interfere with aspects of hormonal signaling. Considerable attention has been paid to their biological effects especially in women of childbearing age or during pregnancy as EDCs have been reported to cross the placenta becoming concentrated in the fetus' circulation. Lifestyle habits, daily consumption of packaged foods and use of healthcare/cosmetic products are associated with increased EDCs levels. This cross-sectional research examined the EDCs levels and the lifestyle determinants of EDC exposure in a cohort of reproductive-age women from Northern Italy. Methods: Forty-five women (median age: 36, IQR: 30-38) were evaluated for urinary bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates levels and also studied for EDCs' major determinants of daily exposure; food frequency/dietary, physical activity, smoking habits and weight status. Results: Although 100% of women seemed to have been exposed to common sources of EDCs, they reported a healthy lifestyle. The multivariable model described a positive and significant association between consumption of sauces/dressings in plastic containers and monoethyl phthalate exposure (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Since reproductive age encompasses a critical window for future health and functioning of the "mothers-to-be" and their children, future studies on prenatal dietary BPA and phthalate exposure and the role of consumer product choices in reducing such exposure are recommended.
Collapse
|
16
|
Niziński P, Błażewicz A, Kończyk J, Michalski R. Perchlorate - properties, toxicity and human health effects: an updated review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:199-222. [PMID: 32887207 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in perchlorate as environmental pollutant has increased since 1997, when high concentrations have been found in the waters of the Colorado River, USA. Perchlorate is very persistent in nature and it is slowly degraded. Although harmful effects of large doses of perchlorate on thyroid function have been proven, the environmental effects are still unclear. The primary objective of the present review is to collect prevailing data of perchlorate exposure and to discuss its impact on human health. The results show that more than 50% of reviewed works found significant associations of perchlorate exposure and human health. This review consists of the following sections: general information of perchlorate sources, its properties and determination methods, role and sources in human body including food and water intake, overview of the scientific literature on the research on the effect of perchlorate on human health from 2010 to 2020. Finally, conclusions and recommendations on future perchlorate studies concerning human exposure are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Niziński
- Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Błażewicz
- Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kończyk
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Rajmund Michalski
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sokal A, Jarmakiewicz-Czaja S, Tabarkiewicz J, Filip R. Dietary Intake of Endocrine Disrupting Substances Presents in Environment and Their Impact on Thyroid Function. Nutrients 2021; 13:867. [PMID: 33800806 PMCID: PMC7998837 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the available data, environmental pollution is a serious problem all over the world. Between 2015 and 2016, pollution was responsible for approximately nine million deaths worldwide. They also include endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland. They are characterized by high persistence in the environment. These substances can enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, as well as contact with the skin and overcome the placental barrier. EDC can be found in food, water, and personal care products. They can get into food from the environment and as a result of their migration to food products and cosmetics from packaging. EDCs can disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland through a number of mechanisms, including disrupting the activation of thyroid receptors and the expression of genes that are related to the metabolism, synthesis, and transport of thyroid hormones (HT). There is a need to strengthen the food safety policy that aimed at the use of appropriate materials in direct contact with food. At the same time, an important action is to reduce the production of all waste and, when possible, use biodegradable packaging, which may contribute to the improvement of the quality of the entire ecosystem and the health of food, thus reducing the risk of developing thyroid diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Sokal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Sara Jarmakiewicz-Czaja
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Rafał Filip
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (J.T.); (R.F.)
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD Unit, Clinical Hospital No. 2, 35-301 Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hart LB, Dziobak MK, Pisarski EC, Wirth EF, Wells RS. Sentinels of synthetics - a comparison of phthalate exposure between common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and human reference populations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240506. [PMID: 33057361 PMCID: PMC7561143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are chemical esters used as additives in common consumer goods, such as plastics, household cleaners, and personal care products. Phthalates are not chemically bound to the items to which they are added and can easily leach into the surrounding environment. Anthropogenic drivers, such as coastal plastic pollution and wastewater runoff, increase the exposure potential for coastal marine fauna. Phthalate exposure in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins has been the focus of recent study, with indications of heightened exposure to certain phthalate compounds. The objective of this study was to compare urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled in Sarasota Bay, FL, to levels reported in human samples collected as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were the most prevalent metabolites detected in dolphin urine (n = 51; MEP = 29.41%; MEHP = 54.90%). The geometric mean (GM) concentration of MEP was significantly lower for dolphins (GM = 4.51 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.77-7.34 ng/mL) compared to humans (p<0.05), while dolphin concentrations of MEHP (GM = 4.57 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.37-8.80 ng/mL) were significantly higher than levels reported in NHANES (p<0.05). Health impacts to bottlenose dolphins resulting from elevated exposure to the MEHP parent compound (diethyl-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP) are currently unknown. However, given the evidence of endocrine disruption, reproductive impairment, and abnormal development in humans, pursuing investigations of potential health effects in exposed bottlenose dolphins would be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B. Hart
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Miranda K. Dziobak
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies Graduate Program, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Pisarski
- CSS Inc., NOAA NCCOS Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Edward F. Wirth
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA NCCOS Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Randall S. Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society’s Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suh S, Pham C, Smith J, Mesinkovska NA. The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:1033-1042. [PMID: 32108942 PMCID: PMC7648445 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence of high systemic absorption of sunscreen ingredients has raised concerns regarding the safety of sunscreen products. Oxybenzone (BP-3) and octinoxate (OMC), two common sunscreen ingredients, were recently banned in Key West and Hawaii owing to their toxic effects on marine ecosystems. Their impact on human health requires a careful assessment. To summarize the current evidence on the association between the systemic level of BP-3 or OMC and its health impact, a primary literature search was conducted using PubMed database in February 2019. There are 29 studies that address the impact of these ingredients on human health. Studies show that elevated systemic level of BP-3 has no adverse effect on male and female fertility, female reproductive hormone level, adiposity, fetal growth, child's neurodevelopment, and sexual maturation. However, the association of BP-3 level on thyroid hormone, testosterone level, kidney function, and pubertal timing has been reported and prompts further investigations to validate a true association. The systemic absorption of OMC has no reported effect on thyroid and reproductive hormone levels. In conclusion, current evidence is not sufficient to support the causal relationship between the elevated systemic level of BP-3 or OMC and adverse health outcomes. There are either contradictory findings among different studies or an insufficient number of studies to corroborate the observed association. To accurately evaluate the long-term risk of exposure to BP-3 and OMC from sunscreen, a well-designed longitudinal randomized controlled trial needs to be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susie Suh
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, CA
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA
| | - Christine Pham
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, CA
| | - Janellen Smith
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Calderon R, Rajendiran K, U J K, Palma P, Arancibia-Miranda N, Silva-Moreno E, Corradini F. Sources and fates of perchlorate in soils in Chile: A case study of perchlorate dynamics in soil-crop systems using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) fields. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114682. [PMID: 32380400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate occurs naturally in the environment in deposits of nitrate and can be formed in the atmosphere and precipitate into soil. However, little is known about the occurrence and levels of perchlorate in soils and fertilizers in Chile and its impacts on agricultural systems and food safety. In this study, concentrations of perchlorate were determined in 101 surface soils and 17 fertilizers [nitrogenous (n = 8), nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK; n = 3), phosphate (n = 2) and non-nitrogenous (n = 4)] collected across Chile from 2017 to 2018. Our results show that perchlorate was detected mainly in agricultural soils (mean: 0.32 ng g-1), grassland rotation sites (0.41 ngg-1) and urban locations (0.38 ng g-1). Interestingly, elevated concentrations of perchlorate (9.66 and 54.0 ng g-1) were found in agricultural soils. All fertilizers contained perchlorate: nitrogenous fertilizers (mean: 32.6 mg kg-1), NPK (mean: 12.6 mg kg-1), non-nitrogenous fertilizers (mean: 10.2 mg kg-1) and phosphates (mean: 11.5 mg kg-1). Only one type of nitrogenous fertilizer (KNO3: 95.3 mg kg-1) exceeded the international regulation limit (50 mg kg-1). For two agronomic practices, the content of perchlorate in lettuce increased as the fertilizer application rate increased, with fertigation promoting a more significant accumulation. However, the concentrations generally remained below regulatory values. Our results suggest that fertilizers constitute an important source of perchlorate in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Calderon
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica, 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa, 11610, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Karthikraj Rajendiran
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kim U J
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 Yates Street, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - P Palma
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Ambiental y Laboral, Servicio Regional Ministerial, Ministerio de Salud, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Arancibia-Miranda
- Facultad de Química and Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Casilla 40, C.P. 33, Santiago, 9170022, Chile; Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago, 9170124, Chile
| | - E Silva-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile; Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa, 11610, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Corradini
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa, 11610, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Souter I, Bellavia A, Williams PL, Korevaar TIM, Meeker JD, Braun JM, de Poortere RA, Broeren MA, Ford JB, Calafat AM, Chavarro JE, Hauser R, Mínguez-Alarcón L. Urinary Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolite Mixtures in Relation to Serum Biomarkers of Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity among Women from a Fertility Center. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:67007. [PMID: 32515996 PMCID: PMC7282564 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous epidemiological studies have explored associations of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function, no studies to date have assessed associations of mixtures with thyroid function and autoimmunity among potentially susceptible subgroups such as subfertile women. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore associations of mixtures of urinary phthalate metabolites with serum markers of thyroid function and autoimmunity. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 558 women attending a fertility center who provided one spot urine and one blood sample at enrollment (2005-2015). We quantified urinary concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites using mass spectrometry, and biomarkers of thyroid function [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (fT4, TT4) and triiodothyronine (fT3, TT3), and autoimmunity [thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies (TPOAb and TgAb, respectively)] in serum using electrochemiluminescence assays. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to identify the main patterns of urinary phthalate metabolites. We used linear mixed models to assess the association between PCA-derived factor scores in quintiles and serum thyroid function and autoimmunity, adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), specific gravity (SG), and, for the PCA, other factor scores. RESULTS We observed two factors using PCA, one representing the di(2-ethylhexyl) (DEHP) and another non-DEHP metabolites. Compared to women in the lowest quintile of the DEHP factor scores, women in the highest quintile had significantly lower serum concentrations of fT4, TT4, fT3, and TT3 [absolute difference: -0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.12, -0.01; p=0.04; absolute difference: -8.31; 95% CI: -13.8, -2.85; p=0.003; absolute difference: -0.37; 95% CI: 0.54, -0.19; p<0.0001; and absolute difference: -0.21; 95% CI: -0.32, -0.10; p=0.003, respectively]. Using BKMR, we observed that mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) was the primary contributor to these negative associations. DEHP and non-DEHP factor scores were not associated with serum TSH, TgAb, or TPOAb. CONCLUSIONS Mixtures of urinary DEHP metabolites were inversely associated with serum biomarkers of thyroid function but not with autoimmunity, which were within normal ranges for healthy adult women. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6740.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Souter
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and IVF, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - T I M Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ralph A de Poortere
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Broeren
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bisphenols as Environmental Triggers of Thyroid Dysfunction: Clues and Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082654. [PMID: 32294918 PMCID: PMC7216215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs), and especially bisphenol A (BPA), are known endocrine disruptors (EDCs), capable of interfering with estrogen and androgen activities, as well as being suspected of other health outcomes. Given the crucial role of thyroid hormones and the increasing incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the last few decades, this review analyzes the effects of BPS on the thyroid, considering original research in vitro, in vivo, and in humans published from January 2000 to October 2019. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reported the ability of BPs to disrupt thyroid function through multiple mechanisms. The antagonism with thyroid receptors (TRs), which affects TR-mediated transcriptional activity, the direct action of BPs on gene expression at the thyroid and the pituitary level, the competitive binding with thyroid transport proteins, and the induction of toxicity in several cell lines are likely the main mechanisms leading to thyroid dysfunction. In humans, results are more contradictory, though some evidence suggests the potential of BPs in increasing the risk of thyroid nodules. A standardized methodology in toxicological studies and prospective epidemiological studies with individual exposure assessments are warranted to evaluate the pathophysiology resulting in the damage and to establish the temporal relationship between markers of exposure and long-term effects.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, Zhu J, Fan J, Cai S, Fan C, Zhong Y, Sun L. Associations of urinary levels of phenols and parabens with osteoarthritis among US adults in NHANES 2005-2014. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110293. [PMID: 32045785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenols and parabens are two major classes of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that may be related to multiple human diseases. However, there has been no studies examining the association between phenols as well as parabens and osteoarthritis (OA). We assessed the link between urinary concentrations of triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), bisphenol A (BPA), and parabens with OA based on the data collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in multivariable logistic regression models. Among all the 7114 participants included, the weighted percentage of OA was 12.11% (n = 807). Compared with participants at tertile 1, those at tertile 2 of urinary BP-3, and tertile 3 of urinary BP-3 were more likely to show increased OA prevalence in a fully adjusted model, with odd ratio (OR) as 1.34 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.78], 1.55 (95 CI%: 1.17-2.06), and 1.66 (95 CI%: 1.23-2.24), respectively. In subgroup analyses stratified by potential confounders, various subgroups remained to show statistically significant positive association between urinary BP-3 and OA prevalence. Otherwise, we observed no statistically significant associations between urinary TCS, BPA or parabens with OA. In conclusion, this serves as the first study in which we found that the urinary concentration of BP-3 was positively correlated to prevalence of OA among the US population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Li
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiahao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayao Fan
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofang Cai
- Department of Science and Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunhong Fan
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaohong Zhong
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marotta V, Russo G, Gambardella C, Grasso M, La Sala D, Chiofalo MG, D'Anna R, Puzziello A, Docimo G, Masone S, Barbato F, Colao A, Faggiano A, Grumetto L. Human exposure to bisphenol AF and diethylhexylphthalate increases susceptibility to develop differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:885-894. [PMID: 30609493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants represent potential threats to the human health, being ubiquitous in the environment and exerting toxicity even at low doses. This study aims at investigating the role of fifteen multiclass organic pollutants, assumed as markers of environmental pollution, most of which exerting endocrine-disrupting activity, in thyroid cancer development. The increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) may be related to the rising production and environmental dissemination of pollutants. Fifty-five patients, twenty-seven with diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules and twenty-eight suffering from differentiated thyroid cancer, were enrolled and the concentration levels of seven bisphenols, two phthalates (i.e. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its main metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate) (MEHP)), two chlorobenzenes, (1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene), and 3 phenol derivatives (2-chlorophenol, 4- nonylphenol, and triclosan) were determined in their serum by using a validated analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet tandem fluorescence detection. A significant relationship was found between malignancy and the detection in the serum of both bisphenol AF and DEHP. Indeed, their presence confers a more than fourteen times higher risk of developing differentiated thyroid cancer. Relationship between these two pollutants and the risk of malignancy was dose-independent and not mediated by higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Even if a conclusive evidence cannot still be drawn and larger prospective studies are needed, the exposure to low doses of environmental endocrine-disrupting contaminants can be considered consistent with the development of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marotta
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gambardella
- Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Marica Grasso
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico La Sala
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Chiofalo
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy
| | - Raffaella D'Anna
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Puzziello
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Docimo
- Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbato
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Wang L, Zhang J, Yin W, Hou J, Zhang Y, Hu C, Wang G, Zhang R, Tao Y, Yuan J. Dose-response relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites and serum thyroid hormones among waste plastic recycling workers in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:63-70. [PMID: 29665466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to phthalates may affect thyroid hormone status. However, there were inconsistent observations for the associations of phthalates exposure with altered thyroid hormones. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate effects of urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites on the levels of thyroid hormones among workers engaged in waste plastic recycling in China. METHODS We measured serum levels of thyroid hormones and urinary levels of eight phthalate metabolites among 317 participants (165 workers engaged in waste plastic recycling and 152 farmers), analyzed relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites and thyroid function parameters by multivariate linear regression analysis and structural equation modelling as well as assessed the dose-response relationships between them by restricted cubic spline functions. RESULTS Maximum urinary values of eight phthalate metabolites in the occupational exposed workers were higher than the controls. Compared with the controls, the workers had higher levels of urinary monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP, 1.12 vs. 0.92 μg/g creatinine), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP, 38.84 vs. 32.55 μg/g creatinine), mono-n-octyl phthalate (MOP, .11 vs. 0.09 μg/g creatinine), serum total triiodothyronine (T3, 1.04 vs. 0.92 ng/mL) and the T3 to thyroxine (T4) ratio (1.44 vs. 1.09) (all P < 0.05). The results from structural equation modelling analysis showed that phthalates metabolites were positively associated with total T3 (β = 0.044, SE = 0.021, P < 0.05) or the T3/T4 ratio (β = 0.053, SE = 0.022, P < 0.05) among all participants. Among the workers, there were the non-monotonic dose-response associations between urinary monomethyl phthalate (MMP) and serum total T3 or the T3/T4 ratio, as well as between urinary monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and the T3/T4 ratio (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The dose-response relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormone parameters may be non-monotonic among the workers. Further investigations are needed to corroborate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Li Wang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, PR. China
| | - Jiafei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Youjian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Guiyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, PR. China.
| | - Yong Tao
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, PR. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR. China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oliveira KJ, Chiamolera MI, Giannocco G, Pazos-Moura CC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Thyroid Function Disruptors: from nature to chemicals. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-18-0081. [PMID: 30006341 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The modern concept of thyroid disruptors includes man-made chemicals and bioactive compounds from food that interfere with any aspect of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroid hormone biosynthesis and secretion, blood and transmembrane transport, metabolism and local action of thyroid hormones. This review highlights relevant disruptors that effect populations through their diet: directly from food itself (fish oil and polyunsaturated fatty acids, pepper, coffee, cinnamon and resveratrol/grapes), through vegetable cultivation (pesticides) and from containers for food storage and cooking (bisphenol A, phthalates and polybrominated diphenyl ethers). Due to the vital role of thyroid hormones during every stage of life, we review effects from the gestational period through to adulthood, including evidence from in vitro studies, rodent models, human trials and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Oliveira
- K Oliveira, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabologia, Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Chiamolera
- M Chiamolera, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- G Giannocco, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura
- C Pazos-Moura, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- T Ortiga-Carvalho, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|