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Song P, Lv D, Yang L, Zhou J, Yan X, Liu Z, Ma K, Yu Y, Liu X, Dong Q. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate promotes benign prostatic hyperplasia through KIF11-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116602. [PMID: 38944010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) might led to chronic and long-term effects on human organs due to its widespread use and bioaccumulation. Despite some cohorts reporting an association between DEHP exposure and BPH, its underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. Our findings indicate that exposure to DEHP or MEHP (main metabolites of DEHP in the human body) leads to increased prostate weights, elevated prostate index, and notable epithelial thickening in rats. It has been observed to promote BPH-1 cell proliferation with effects ranging from low to high concentrations. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of rat prostate tissues identified KIF11 as the key hub gene. KIF11 is highly expressed after DEHP/MEHP exposure, and knocking down of KIF11 inhibits the MEHP-induced promotion of cell proliferation. Exposure to MEHP has been observed to increase the expression of p-GSK-3β and elevate the levels of β-catenin, thereby activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Knocking down of KIF11 significantly inhibits these effects. Histone H3 at Lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) is implicated in the upregulation of KIF11 expression, as evidenced by the addition of the acetylation inhibitor C646. In summary, our findings established that DEHP exposure could promote BPH through H3K27ac regulated KIF11/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Song
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Urology, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Luchen Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenghuan Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Li L, Guo Z, Deng R, Fan T, Dong D, Dai Y, Li C. The concentrations and behavior of classic phthalates and emerging phthalate alternatives in different environmental matrices and their biological health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:46790-46805. [PMID: 38977546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Because of their excellent plasticity, phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used in plastic products. However, due to the recognized toxicity of PAEs and legislative requirements, the production and use of emerging PAE alternatives have rapidly grown, such as di-isononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) which are the primary replacements for classic PAEs. Nowadays, PAEs and emerging PAE alternatives are frequently found in a variety of environmental media, including the atmosphere, sludge, rivers, and seawater/sediment. PAEs and emerging PAE alternatives are involved in endocrine-disrupting effects, and they affect the reproductive physiology of different species of fish and mammals. Therefore, their presence in the environment is of considerable concern due to their potential effects on ecosystem function and public health. Nevertheless, current research on the prevalence, destiny, and conduct of PAEs in the environment has primarily focused on classic PAEs, with little attention given to emerging PAE alternatives. The present article furnishes a synopsis of the physicochemical characteristics, occurrence, transport, fate, and adverse effects of both classic PAEs and emerging PAE alternatives on organisms in the ecosystem. Our analysis reveals that both classic PAEs and emerging PAE alternatives are widely distributed in all environmental media, with emerging PAE alternatives increasingly replacing classic PAEs. Various pathways can transform and degrade both classic PAEs and emerging PAE alternatives, and their own and related metabolites can have toxic effects on organisms. This research offers a more extensive comprehension of the health hazards associated with classic PAEs and emerging PAE alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China.
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Rui Deng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ting Fan
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Dazhuang Dong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yaodan Dai
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chenxuan Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Yamashita Y, Tokunaga A, Aoki K, Ishizuka T, Fujita S, Tanoue S. A 28-Day Repeated Oral Administration Study of Mechanically Fibrillated Cellulose Nanofibers According to OECD TG407. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1082. [PMID: 38998688 PMCID: PMC11242936 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The impact of oral administration of mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofibers (fib-CNF), a commonly used nanofiber, on toxicity and health remains unclear, despite reports of the safety and beneficial effects of chitin-based nanofibers. Thus, evaluating the oral toxicity of fib-CNF in accordance with OECD Test Guideline 407 (TG407) is essential. This study aimed to assess the safety of orally administered fib-CNF through an acute toxicity study in rats, following the OECD TG407 guidelines for 4 weeks. CNF "BiNFi-s" FMa-10005, derived from mechanically fibrillated pulp cellulose, was administered via gavage to male and female Crl:CD(SD) rats at doses of 50, 150, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days, with a control group receiving water for injection. The study evaluated the toxic effects of repeated administration, and the rats were monitored for an additional 14 days post-administration to assess recovery from any toxic effects. The results showed no mortality in either sex during the administration period, and no toxicological effects related to the test substance were observed in various assessments, including general condition and behavioral function observations, urinalysis, hematological examination, blood biochemical examination, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. Notably, only female rats treated with 1000 mg/kg/day of CNF exhibited a consistent reduction in body weight during the 14-day recovery period after the end of treatment. They also showed a slight decrease in pituitary and liver weights. However, hematological and blood biochemical tests did not reveal significant differences, suggesting a potential weight-suppressive effect of CNF ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamashita
- Research Center for Fibers and Materials, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Akinori Tokunaga
- Life Science Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho 910-1193, Japan
| | - Koji Aoki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho 910-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tanoue
- Research Center for Fibers and Materials, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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Yamashita Y, Tokunaga A, Aoki K, Ishizuka T, Uematsu H, Sakamoto H, Fujita S, Tanoue S. Assessing the Safety of Mechanically Fibrillated Cellulose Nanofibers (fib-CNF) via Toxicity Tests on Mice: Single Intratracheal Administration and 28 Days' Oral Intake. TOXICS 2024; 12:121. [PMID: 38393216 PMCID: PMC10893282 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofibers, known as fib-CNF (fiber length: 500 nm; diameter: 45 nm), are used in composites and as a natural thickener in foods. To evaluate their safety, we conducted a 28-day study in mice with inhalation exposure at 0.2 mg/body and oral administration of 400 mg/kg/day. Inhalation exposure to fib-CNF caused transient weight loss, changes in blood cell counts, and increased lung weights. These changes were attributed to adaptive responses. The oral administration of fib-CNF for 28 days resulted in no apparent toxic effects except for a slight decrease in platelet counts. The fib-CNF administration using the protocols studied appears to be safe in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamashita
- Research Center for Fibers and Materials, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Akinori Tokunaga
- Life Science Research Laboratory, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan;
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Koji Aoki
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Uematsu
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakamoto
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tanoue
- Research Center for Fibers and Materials, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
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Yun K, Jeon H, Lee J, Kho Y, Ji K. Effects of two alternative plasticizers on the growth hormone-related endocrine system, neurodevelopment, and oxidative stress of zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122947. [PMID: 37977359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to the restriction of phthalate plasticizers, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) have been used in medical devices and food packaging. In the present study, the effects of ATBC and ATEC on the development, behavior, growth hormone (GH)-related endocrine system, neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress of zebrafish embryo or larvae were investigated. After exposure of zebrafish to ATBC and ATEC (0, 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, and 300 μg/L) for 96 h, developmental toxicity, behavioral changes under light/dark condition, changes in hormones and genes involved in GH/insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) axis, changes in hormone, enzyme, and genes related to neurodevelopment, antioxidant enzymes activities were determined. Larvae exposed to 30 or 300 μg/L ATBC showed significant reductions in body length and moving distance and speed, whereas no significant effects on development and locomotor behavior were observed in larvae exposed to ATEC. The contents of GH and IGF-I were significantly reduced in larvae exposed to 3, 30, and 300 μg/L ATBC. Hormonal changes in fish exposed to ATBC are well supported by regulation of genes related to GH (gh1) and the activity of IGF-I (igf1). In fish exposed to ATBC, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity and down-regulation of genes related to the central nervous system development (ache, gap43, mbpa, and syn21) were observed. ATBC increased the production of reactive oxygen species and the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Notably, pre-treatment with the classic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine alleviated ATBC-induced GH-related endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Our observations showed that exposure to low levels of ATBC could disturb the regulatory systems of GH/IGFs axis and neurobehavior, ultimately leading to developmental inhibition and hypoactivity, and that increased oxidative stress plays a major role in these toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijeong Yun
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Jeon
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Chen MS, Wang JX, Zhang H, Cui JG, Zhao Y, Li JL. Novel Role of Hemeoxygenase-1 in Phthalate-Induced Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Ferroptosis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2579-2589. [PMID: 36696656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used to improve the flexibility of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymer agriculture products. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a type of addition to plastic and can lead to many health problems. Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an extremely important molecule that releases enzymatic products to promote ferroptosis. This research aimed to explore the function of HO-1 in DEHP-induced renal proximal tubule cell ferroptosis. In the experiment, ICR male mice are exposed to (0, 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg BW/day) DEHP for 28 days. Here, we observed that DEHP induced glomeruli atrophy and the tubules swell. Furthermore, DEHP exposure could increase ferrous iron content and decrease antioxidant activity. We also found that DEHP exposure increased the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NFE2L2) in the nucleus. In particular, the expression of (HO-1) is significantly increased both in protein and mRNA levels. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) as an endogenous control of ferroptosis was downregulated, which proved the occurrence of ferroptosis. In the study, exposure to DEHP activated the NFE2L2/HO-1 signaling pathway and resulted in ferroptosis of the proximal tubule. This research connects ferroptosis with HO-1, providing new insights into the potential roles of phthalates in nephrotoxicity.
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Promising hepatoprotective effects of lycopene in different liver diseases. Life Sci 2022; 310:121131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang Y, Lyu L, Tao Y, Ju H, Chen J. Health risks of phthalates: A review of immunotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120173. [PMID: 36113640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are known environmental endocrine disruptors that have been widely detected in several environments, and many studies have reported the immunotoxic effects of these compounds. Here, we reviewed relevant published studies, summarized the occurrence and major metabolic pathways of six typical PAEs (DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP, and DOP) in water, soil, and the atmosphere, degradation and metabolic pathways under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and explored the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects of eleven PAEs (DEHP, DPP, DPrP, DHP, DEP, DBP, MBP, MBzP, BBP, DiNP, and DMP) on the immune system of different organisms at the gene, protein, and cellular levels. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which PAEs affect immune system function through regulation of immune gene expression and enzymes, increased ROS, immune signaling pathways, specific and non-specific immunosuppression, and interference with the complement system. By summarizing the effects of these compounds on typical model organisms, this review provides insights into the mechanisms by which PAEs affect the immune system, thus supplementing human immune experiments. Finally, we discuss the future direction of PAEs immunotoxicity research, thus providing a framework for the analysis of other environmental pollutants, as well as a basis for PAEs management and safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Liang Lyu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Yue Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Hanxun Ju
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Rural Energy Station of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Lee JH, Park SH, Ryou C, Gye MC. Phthalate plasticizer decreases the prion-like protein doppel essential for structural integrity and function of spermatozoa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114159. [PMID: 36215882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a well-known endocrine disruptor, causes male reproductive dysfunction. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we performed histological, endocrinological, and biochemical analyses and assessed the expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis and sperm function according to OECD test guideline 407. Following 28 days of administration of the lowest observed adverse effect level dose of DBP to mice, no significant changes in body weight, testis and epididymis weights and histology, serum testosterone level, or testicular daily sperm production were found. Nonetheless, the motility of the epididymal sperm of the DBP group was significantly decreased together with an increase in the incidence of bent tails and abnormal heads. In the testes of the DBP group, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was significantly increased and testicular Bcl-2 mRNA level was significantly decreased together with an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio. In the testes of the DBP group, levels of Prnd mRNA and protein and Pou4f1 mRNA, an activator of the Prnd promotor, were significantly decreased. Of note, prion-like protein doppel (PRND) was significantly decreased together with decreased PRND immunoreactivity in the head, midpiece, and tail of sperm. In the testes of the DBP group, levels of Sox9, Sgp1, and Sgp2 mRNA, which are functional Sertoli cell markers, were significantly decreased. Level of Amh mRNA, a Sertoli cell immaturity marker, was significantly increased together with that of Inha mRNA, suggesting deregulation of the brain-gonadal axis. Together, our findings suggest that DBP at present dosage may potentiate LPO generation and Sertoli cell immaturity via downregulation of Sox9 and disruption of the Pou4f1-Prnd gene network in post-meiotic germ cells without visible changes in spermatogenesis or testosterone level. This may result in structural and functional abnormalities in spermatozoa. Additionally, our findings suggest that assessment of the male reproductive toxicity of phthalate ester plasticizers based on conventional OECD test guidelines should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Institute for Natural Sciences and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Park
- Department of Life Science, Institute for Natural Sciences and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongsuk Ryou
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Institute for Natural Sciences and Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Xu Y, Jang J, Gye MC. The Xenopus laevis teratogenesis assay for developmental toxicity of phthalate plasticizers and alternatives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118985. [PMID: 35167930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of phthalate ester plasticizers threatens the wildlife as well as human health. To evaluate the developmental toxicity of commonly used phthalate esters and emerging alternatives, the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) was conducted for dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzyl-butyl-phthalate (BBP), dioctyl-terephthalate (DOTP), di(2-propylheptyl)-phthalate (DPHP), diisononyl-phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl-phthalate (DIDP), diethyl hexyl cyclohexane (DEHCH), and diisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). The 96-hrs LC50 for DBP, BBP, DOTP, DIDP, DINCH, DINP, DPHP, and DEHCH were 18.3, 20.1, 588.7, 718.0, 837.5, 859.3, 899.0, and 899.0 mg/L, respectively. The 96-hrs EC50 of developmental abnormality of DBP, BBP, DPHP, DOTP, DINP, DEHCH, DINCH, and DIDP were 7.5, 18.2, 645.1, 653.6, 664.4, 745.6, 813.7, and 944.5 mg/L, respectively. The lowest observed effective concentration for embryonic survival, malformation, and growth was DINP, DBP, BBP, DIDP, DPHP, DINCH, DEHCH, and DOTP in increasing order. In tadpoles, DBP, BBP, DEHCH, DINP, and DIDP caused inositol-requiring enzyme 1 or protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase pathway endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in order, and BBP, DBP, DOTP, DPHP, DINP, and DIDP caused long term ERS-related apoptosis or mitochondrial apoptosis in order. Together, in Xenopus embryos, the developmental toxicity and the cellular stress-inducing potential of tested plasticizers were DEHCH, DINCH, DPHP, DIDP, DINP, DOTP, BBP, and DBP in increasing order. In consideration of public as well as environmental health this information would be helpful for industrial choice of phthalate ester plasticizers and their alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Jang
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Zhang Y, Li J, Su G. Comprehensively screening of citric acid ester (CAE) plasticizers in Chinese foodstuffs, and the food-based assessment of human exposure risk of CAEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152933. [PMID: 35007585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies on the toxicities of citric acid esters (CAEs)-a class of so-called "safe" alternative plasticizers-have highlighted the urgent need to understand their contamination profiles in foodstuffs and the corresponding potential risks to human health. This study determined the concentrations of 8 target CAEs in 105 foodstuff samples, grouped into 6 food categories, collected from Nanjing City, China, in 2020. All eight CAEs were detected in at least one of the analyzed samples and had detection frequencies (DFs) of 5-47%. The DFs and distribution profiles of the target CAEs varied among different food categories; for example, cereals had the highest DF (92%), while meat/fish contained the highest mean total concentration of CAEs (8.35 ng/g wet weight (ww)). Among the target CAEs, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) had the highest DF (47%), and tributyl citrate (TBC) exhibited the highest mean concentration (1.24 ng/g ww). Based on the food ingestion route, the estimated total daily intake (EDI) values of the target CAEs for adults under average- and high-exposure scenarios were 38.3 ng/kg of body weight (bw) and 111 ng/kg bw, respectively, which were attributed to the high percentage contributions of TBC (50.6%) and ATBC (23.7%). In addition, a suspect and characteristic fragment-dependent screening strategy was applied to the foodstuff data, and a novel CAE, monoethyl citrate (MEC, CAS: 4552-00-5), with a DF of 34% was tentatively identified. Overall, this study provides novel and comprehensive information regarding the pollution status of CAEs in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Li J, Su G. Identifying Citric Acid Esters, a Class of Phthalate Substitute Plasticizers, in Indoor Dust via an Integrated Target, Suspect, and Characteristic Fragment-Dependent Screening Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13961-13970. [PMID: 34598436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Citrate acid esters (CAEs) have been proposed as a class of phthalate substitute plasticizers; however, information on their occurrence in indoor environments is rare. By using liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we developed an integrated strategy that can be applied for target, suspect, and characteristic fragment-dependent screening of CAEs. In n = 50 indoor dust samples collected from Nanjing City (China), three CAEs, namely, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC; mean: 412,000 ng/g), tributyl citrate (TBC, 11,600 ng/g), and triethyl citrate (TEC, 10,900 ng/g), exhibited the greatest contamination levels. Total concentrations of CAEs (∑8CAEs) were statistically significantly (p < 0.01) greater than those of common organophosphate triesters (OPTEs), a class of ubiquitous contaminants in dust. Suspect and characteristic fragment-dependent screening (m/z 111.0078 ([C5H3O3]+) and m/z 129.0181 ([C5H5O4]+)) of CAEs were further conducted for the same batch of samples. We tentatively identified six novel CAEs, and the most frequent and abundant CAE was fully identified as tributyl aconitate (TBA). Statistically significant correlation relationships were observed on dust levels between TBA vs ATBC (r = 0.650; p < 0.01) and TBA vs TBC (r = 0.384; p < 0.01), suggesting their similar sources in dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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13
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Zhao Y, Bao RK, Zhu SY, Talukder M, Cui JG, Zhang H, Li XN, Li JL. Lycopene prevents DEHP-induced hepatic oxidative stress damage by crosstalk between AHR-Nrf2 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117080. [PMID: 33965855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widespread plasticizer that persists in the environment and can significantly contribute to serious health hazards of liver especially oxidative stress injury. Lycopene (LYC) as a carotenoid has recently gained widespread attention because of antioxidant activity. However, the potential mechanism of DEHP-induced hepatotoxicity and antagonism effect of LYC on it are still unclear. To explore the underlying mechanisms of this hypothesis, the mice were given by gavage with LYC (5 mg/kg) and DEHP (500 or 1000 mg/kg). The data suggested that DEHP caused liver enlargement, reduction of antioxidant activity markers, increase of oxidative stress indicators and disorder of cytochrome P450 enzymes system (CYP450s) homeostasis. DEHP-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) activated the NF-E2-relatedfactor2 (Nrf2) and nuclear xenobiotic receptors (NXRs) system including Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Interestingly, these disorders and injuries were prevented after LYC treatment. Taken together, DEHP administration resulted in hepatotoxicity including oxidative stress injury and disordered CYP450 system, but these alterations might be ameliorated by LYC via crosstalk between AHR-Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Rong-Kun Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shi-Yong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Milton Talukder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Jia-Gen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Sinha R, Sanchez A, Camara-Torres M, Uriszar-Aldaca IC, Calore AR, Harings J, Gambardella A, Ciccarelli L, Vanzanella V, Sisani M, Scatto M, Wendelbo R, Perez S, Villanueva S, Matanza A, Patelli A, Grizzuti N, Mota C, Moroni L. Additive Manufactured Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Physical Characterization of Thermoplastic Composites with Functional Fillers. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:3788-3799. [PMID: 34476399 PMCID: PMC8397295 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polymer-filler composites are excellent materials for bone tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds, combining the functionality of fillers with suitable load-bearing ability, biodegradability, and additive manufacturing (AM) compatibility of the polymer. Two key determinants of their utility are their rheological behavior in the molten state, determining AM processability and their mechanical load-bearing properties. We report here the characterization of both these physical properties for four bone TE relevant composite formulations with poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate (PEOT/PBT) as a base polymer, which is often used to fabricate TE scaffolds. The fillers used were reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hydroxyapatite (HA), gentamicin intercalated in zirconium phosphate (ZrP-GTM) and ciprofloxacin intercalated in MgAl layered double hydroxide (MgAl-CFX). The rheological assessment showed that generally the viscous behavior dominated the elastic behavior (G″ > G') for the studied composites, at empirically determined extrusion temperatures. Coupled rheological-thermal characterization of ZrP-GTM and HA composites showed that the fillers increased the solidification temperatures of the polymer melts during cooling. Both these findings have implications for the required extrusion temperatures and bonding between layers. Mechanical tests showed that the fillers generally not only made the polymer stiffer but more brittle in proportion to the filler fractions. Furthermore, the elastic moduli of scaffolds did not directly correlate with the corresponding bulk material properties, implying composite-specific AM processing effects on the mechanical properties. Finally, we show computational models to predict multimaterial scaffold elastic moduli using measured single material scaffold and bulk moduli. The reported characterizations are essential for assessing the AM processability and ultimately the suitability of the manufactured scaffolds for the envisioned bone regeneration application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sinha
- MERLN
Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- TECNALIA,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi 2, San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - Maria Camara-Torres
- MERLN
Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Roberto Calore
- MERLN
Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Biobased
Materials, Sciences, Chemelot Center, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Harings
- Biobased
Materials, Sciences, Chemelot Center, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Perez
- TECNALIA,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi 2, San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - Sara Villanueva
- TECNALIA,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi 2, San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - Amaia Matanza
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center (MPC), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Alessandro Patelli
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nino Grizzuti
- University
of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Carlos Mota
- MERLN
Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN
Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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15
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Caring for our most vulnerable patients through sustainable purchasing practices. Explore (NY) 2019; 15:432-433. [PMID: 31564430 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Kim H, Nam K, Oh S, Son S, Jeon D, Gye MC, Shin I. Toxicological assessment of phthalates and their alternatives using human keratinocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:316-322. [PMID: 31146103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are mainly used as binders and plasticizers in various industrial products including detergents, surfactants, waxes, paints, pharmaceuticals, food products, and cosmetics. However, they have been reported to be endocrine disruptors, which are chemicals that can mimic or disturb endocrines, causing interference to the endocrine system. Recently, there have been numerous reports showing that phthalates have negative health impacts such as asthma, breast cancer, obesity, type II diabetes, and male infertility. Due to these effects, there is an urgent need for phthalate alternatives. In this study, the potential cytotoxicity of phthalates and their substitutes were screened in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) thiazolyl blue assay, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometric analysis, and western blotting. We confirmed that common phthalates such as butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) have genotoxic effects, leading to cell death. Among the known phthalate substitutes, tributyl O-acetylcitrate (ATBC), triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATEC), and trihexyl O-acetylcitrate (ATHC) were tested for cytotoxicity. As a result, ATEC showed similar levels of cytotoxicity with the phthalates whereas ATBC and ATHC did not show significant cytotoxicity even in high doses (5 mg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - KeeSoo Nam
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Oh
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Seogho Son
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Incheol Shin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea; Natural Science Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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