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Xie F, Guo L, Wang Z, Tian Y, Yue C, Zhou X, Wang W, Xin J, Lü C. Geochemical characteristics and socioeconomic associations of carbonaceous aerosols in coal-fueled cities with significant seasonal pollution pattern. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108179. [PMID: 37666041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols, comprising organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), are critical component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), with diverse impacts on air quality and human health. This study investigated the concentrations and seasonal patterns of carbonaceous species in PM2.5 during both the heating season (January 2021) and non-heating season (July 2021) in three coal-fueled cities in northern China, as well as the differences in carbonaceous aerosols and their associations with socioeconomic parameters in cities situated on either side of the "Hu Line" in China. The results showed that, owing to intensified coal combustion and unfavorable meteorological conditions, levels of OC, EC, and OC/EC ratios were higher in winter compared to summer. Moreover, the presence of dust (DU) and light pollution (LP) days resulted in elevated OC levels but decreased EC levels. The Char-EC/Soot-EC ratios were highest during LP, followed by CL and DU. A source apportionment analysis demonstrated that coal burning, vehicle exhaust, road dust, and biomass burning were the primary contributors to carbonaceous aerosols, as confirmed by diagnostic ratios, Char-EC/Soot-EC ratios, and PCA analysis. Furthermore, our study found that carbonaceous aerosols concentrations and source apportionment primarily varied with diurnal and seasonal trends and different pollution types. Additionally, at the national scale, population density and urban green space exhibited a positive correlation with OC/EC ratios (p < 0.05), while energy consumption per unit of GDP showed a negative correlation (p < 0.05). The observation that OC/EC ratios were lower in coal-fueled cities than in economy-based cities suggests a more severe pollution scenario. These findings highlight the importance of comprehending of the seasonal variation and chemical characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol for understanding air pollution sources and characteristics, which is essential for both air quality management and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Linhao Guo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China
| | - Zichun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yongli Tian
- Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Caiying Yue
- Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Xingjun Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changwei Lü
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, 010021 Hohhot, China.
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2
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Lange SS, Shrestha L, Nnoli N, Aniagu S, Rawat S, McCant D. Do shale oil and gas production activities impact ambient air quality? A comprehensive study of 12 years of chemical concentrations and well production data from the Barnett Shale region of Texas. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 175:107930. [PMID: 37086492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Starting around 2008, there was rapid expansion of oil and natural gas (ONG) production into more heavily populated areas within the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex in the Barnett Shale region of Texas. This colocation raised concerns regarding the effect of ONG activities on chemical levels in the air. In the current study, we examined the potential impacts of ONG activity on the types and concentrations of chemicals in ambient air in the Barnett Shale. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations from 6-12 years (2008-2019) of hourly ambient air monitoring data from 15 monitors (4 monitors had ≥ 10 years of data) were compared to several metrics of ONG activity (number of active wells, natural gas production, condensate production) within a 2-mile radius of each monitor. Monitoring sites were also classified into urban, suburban, and rural areas as a surrogate for nearby vehicular emission sources. Analyses of this huge dataset showed that both peak and mean chemical concentrations of lighter alkane hydrocarbons (e.g., ethane) were most impacted by the number of gas wells. Levels of heavier alkanes (e.g., pentane) were increased by condensate production and at monitors located in areas with greater urbanicity, and therefore higher vehicular emissions. The levels of unsaturated alkynes (e.g., ethylene) were entirely driven by urbanicity and were unaffected by nearby ONG activity. The same pattern was seen with the ratio of iso:n-pentane, which is contrary to the findings of others and suggests an area for future research. Aromatic hydrocarbons were impacted by multiple emissions sources and did not show the same patterns as non-aromatic VOCs. No VOC concentrations were at levels of concern for human health or odor based on comparison to Texas air monitoring comparison values. Overall, ONG activities impact air quality, but this must be evaluated in the context of other emission sources such as automobiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine S Lange
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA.
| | - Lalita Shrestha
- Formerly at the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA
| | - Nnamdi Nnoli
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA
| | - Stanley Aniagu
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA
| | - Swati Rawat
- Formerly at the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA
| | - Darrell McCant
- Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Research Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX 78753, USA
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3
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González DJX, Morton CM, Hill LAL, Michanowicz DR, Rossi RJ, Shonkoff SBC, Casey JA, Morello‐Frosch R. Temporal Trends of Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Population Exposures to Upstream Oil and Gas Development in California. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000690. [PMID: 36968155 PMCID: PMC10035325 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
People living near oil and gas development are exposed to multiple environmental stressors that pose health risks. Some studies suggest these risks are higher for racially and socioeconomically marginalized people, which may be partly attributable to disparities in exposures. We examined whether racially and socioeconomically marginalized people in California are disproportionately exposed to oil and gas wells and associated hazards. We longitudinally assessed exposure to wells during three time periods (2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2019) using sociodemographic data at the census block group-level. For each block group and time period, we assessed exposure to new, active, retired, and plugged wells, and cumulative production volume. We calculated risk ratios to determine whether marginalized people disproportionately resided near wells (within 1 km). Averaged across the three time periods, we estimated that 1.1 million Californians (3.0%) lived within 1 km of active wells. Nearly 9 million Californians (22.9%) lived within 1 km of plugged wells. The proportion of Black residents near active wells was 42%-49% higher than the proportion of Black residents across California, and the proportion of Hispanic residents near active wells was 4%-13% higher than their statewide proportion. Disparities were greatest in areas with the highest oil and gas production, where the proportion of Black residents was 105%-139% higher than statewide. Socioeconomically marginalized residents also had disproportionately high exposure to wells. Though oil and gas production has declined in California, marginalized communities persistently had disproportionately high exposure to wells, potentially contributing to health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. X. González
- Division of Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Claire M. Morton
- Mathematical and Computational Science ProgramStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Seth B. C. Shonkoff
- Division of Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- PSE Healthy EnergyOaklandCAUSA
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEnergy Technologies AreaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Joan A. Casey
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Rachel Morello‐Frosch
- Division of Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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4
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Riches NO, Gouripeddi R, Payan-Medina A, Facelli JC. K-means cluster analysis of cooperative effects of CO, NO 2, O 3, PM 2.5, PM 10, and SO 2 on incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the US. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113259. [PMID: 35460634 PMCID: PMC9413686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution (AP) has been shown to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as other cardiometabolic diseases. AP is characterized by a complex mixture of components for which the composition depends on sources and metrological factors. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors and regulates certain components of air pollution known to have negative consequences for human health. Research assessing the health effects of these components of AP often uses traditional regression models, which might not capture more complex and interdependent relationships. Machine learning has the capability to simultaneously assess multiple components and find complex, non-linear patterns that may not be apparent and could not be modeled by other techniques. Here we use k-means clustering to assess the patterns associating PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, O3, and SO2 measurements and changes in annual diabetes incidence at a US county level. The average age adjusted annual decrease in diabetes incidence for the entire US populations is -0.25 per 1000 but the change shows a significant geographic variation (range: -17.2 to 5.30 per 1000). In this paper these variations were compared with the local daily AP concentrations of the pollutants listed above from 2005 to 2015, which were matched to the annual change in diabetes incidence for the following year. A total of 134,925 daily air quality observations were included in the cluster analysis, representing 125 US counties and the District of Columbia. K-means successfully clustered AP components and indicated an association between exposure to certain AP mixtures with lower decreases on T2D incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi O Riches
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, 421 Wakara Way #140, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; University of Utah Center of Excellence in Exposure Health Informatics, 27 S. Mario Capecci Dr. Bldg 379, Salt Lake City, UT, 84133, USA.
| | - Ramkiran Gouripeddi
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, 421 Wakara Way #140, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science, 27 S. Mario Capecci Dr. Bldg 379, Salt Lake City, UT, 84133, USA; University of Utah Center of Excellence in Exposure Health Informatics, 27 S. Mario Capecci Dr. Bldg 379, Salt Lake City, UT, 84133, USA.
| | - Adriana Payan-Medina
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, 421 Wakara Way #140, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; University of Utah Center of Excellence in Exposure Health Informatics, 27 S. Mario Capecci Dr. Bldg 379, Salt Lake City, UT, 84133, USA; University of Utah Office of Undergraduate Research, Sill Center 005, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Julio C Facelli
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, 421 Wakara Way #140, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA; University of Utah Center for Clinical and Translational Science, 27 S. Mario Capecci Dr. Bldg 379, Salt Lake City, UT, 84133, USA; University of Utah Center of Excellence in Exposure Health Informatics, 27 S. Mario Capecci Dr. Bldg 379, Salt Lake City, UT, 84133, USA.
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5
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Deziel NC, McKenzie LM, Casey JA, McKone TE, Johnston JE, Gonzalez DJ, Shonkoff SB, Morello-Frosch R. Applying the Hierarchy of Controls to Oil and Gas Development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2022; 17:071003. [PMID: 35910067 PMCID: PMC9328576 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Deziel
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 60 College St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
- Corresponding author:
| | - Lisa M. McKenzie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joan A. Casey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Thomas E. McKone
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jill E. Johnston
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - David J.X. Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Seth B.C. Shonkoff
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
- PSE Healthy Energy, Oakland CA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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6
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Calderon JL, Sorensen C, Lemery J, Workman CF, Linstadt H, Bazilian MD. Managing upstream oil and gas emissions: A public health oriented approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114766. [PMID: 35228168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil and natural gas are the largest primary global energy sources, and upstream gas emissions from these fuels can impact global climate change and local public health. This paper employs a public health-oriented perspective that reviews grey and academic literature, industry data, technical reports, and policy trends to highlight issues of emissions monitoring. We identify gaps in the existing landscape of emissions reduction strategies and highlight options for addressing them. Policy recommendations include the use of new digital monitoring technologies to better understand causes of emission events, to create data-driven oil and gas regulations, and to begin accurately measuring the volumes of gases released during oil and gas production. Areas for future research relating to emissions and public health impacts are outlined to further enable oil and gas policy discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Calderon
- The Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 816 15th St, Golden, CO, USA.
| | - C Sorensen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Lemery
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C F Workman
- The Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 816 15th St, Golden, CO, USA
| | - H Linstadt
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M D Bazilian
- The Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 816 15th St, Golden, CO, USA
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7
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Gonzalez DJX, Francis CK, Shaw GM, Cullen MR, Baiocchi M, Burke M. Upstream oil and gas production and ambient air pollution in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150298. [PMID: 34844318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have found that residential proximity to upstream oil and gas production is associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Emissions of ambient air pollutants from oil and gas wells in the preproduction and production stages have been proposed as conferring risk of adverse health effects, but the extent of air pollutant emissions and resulting nearby pollution concentrations from wells is not clear. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of upstream oil and gas preproduction (count of drilling sites) and production (total volume of oil and gas) activities on concentrations of five ambient air pollutants in California. METHODS We obtained data on approximately 1 million daily observations from 314 monitors in the EPA Air Quality System, 2006-2019, including daily concentrations of five routinely monitored ambient air pollutants: PM2.5, CO, NO2, O3, and VOCs. We obtained data on preproduction and production operations from Enverus and the California Geographic Energy Management Division (CalGEM) for all wells in the state. For each monitor and each day, we assessed exposure to upwind preproduction wells and total oil and gas production volume within 10 km. We used a panel regression approach in the analysis and fit adjusted fixed effects linear regression models for each pollutant, controlling for geographic, seasonal, temporal, and meteorological factors. RESULTS We observed higher concentrations of PM2.5 and CO at monitors within 3 km of preproduction wells, NO2 at monitors at 1-2 km, and O3 at 2-4 km from the wells. Monitors with proximity to increased production volume observed higher concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and VOCs within 1 km and higher O3 concentrations at 1-2 km. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Adjusting for geographic, meteorological, seasonal, and time-trending factors, we observed higher concentrations of ambient air pollutants at air quality monitors in proximity to preproduction wells within 4 km and producing wells within 2 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J X Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Christina K Francis
- Program in Environmental Science and Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Cullen
- Founding Director of the Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences, USA
| | - Michael Baiocchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marshall Burke
- Department of Earth System Science, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Shoari N, Heydari S, Blangiardo M. School neighbourhood and compliance with WHO-recommended annual NO 2 guideline: A case study of Greater London. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150038. [PMID: 34525726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite several national and local policies towards cleaner air in England, many schools in London breach the WHO-recommended concentrations of air pollutants such as NO2 and PM2.5. This is while, previous studies highlight significant adverse health effects of air pollutants on children's health. In this paper we adopted a Bayesian spatial hierarchical model to investigate factors that affect the odds of schools exceeding the WHO-recommended concentration of NO2 (i.e., 40 μg/m3 annual mean) in Greater London (UK). We considered a host of variables including schools' characteristics as well as their neighbourhoods' attributes from household, socioeconomic, transport-related, land use, built and natural environment characteristics perspectives. The results indicated that transport-related factors including the number of traffic lights and bus stops in the immediate vicinity of schools, and borough-level bus fuel consumption are determinant factors that increase the likelihood of non-compliance with the WHO guideline. In contrast, distance from roads, river transport, and underground stations, vehicle speed (an indicator of traffic congestion), the proportion of borough-level green space, and the area of green space at schools reduce the likelihood of exceeding the WHO recommended concentration of NO2. We repeated our analysis under a hypothetical scenario in which the recommended concentration of NO2 is 35 μg/m3 - instead of 40 μg/m3. Our results underscore the importance of adopting clean fuel technologies on buses, installing green barriers, and reducing motorised traffic around schools in reducing exposure to NO2 concentrations in proximity to schools. Also, our findings highlight the presence of environmental inequalities in the Greater London area. This study would be useful for local authority decision making with the aim of improving air quality for school-aged children in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Shoari
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Shahram Heydari
- Department of Civil, Maritime, and Environmental Engineering, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Marta Blangiardo
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Liu P, Zhou H, Chun X, Wan Z, Liu T, Sun B, Wang J, Zhang W. Characteristics of fine carbonaceous aerosols in Wuhai, a resource-based city in Northern China:Insights from energy efficiency and population density. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118368. [PMID: 34656676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the predominant compositions of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm), carbonaceous aerosols not only have adverse effects on air quality, but also can affect climate change. Although there are extensive recent studies on carbonaceous aerosols, comprehensive studies on their socioeconomic influencing factors in a resource-based city are relatively limited. In this study, the spatial-temporal variations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were investigated in January, July, and October in 2015 and April in 2016 in Wuhai and its surrounding areas. The population distribution and industry layout have led to the uneven spatial-temporal distribution of carbonaceous aerosols. The concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols were higher in winter due to the unfavorable meteorology and the increased emissions from heating. The SOC is a significant contributor to OC in the cold season (52.0% for January). Primary carbonaceous aerosols pollution is higher in the industrial sites of resource-based cities, whereas the SOC makes a significant contribution in the residential sites. The results of backward-trajectory and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis suggest that the local emissions and short-range atmospheric transport from nearby areas have a significant impact on PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosols. A strong correlation between population density and OC/EC ratio was found, indicating that the megacities with high population density have a higher SOC contribution than the resource-based cities. Resource-based cities are characterized by high level of primary OC emissions, whereas cities with high energy efficiency have a more significant SOC contribution. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of carbonaceous aerosols in a resource-based city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Xi Chun
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Hohhot Ecology and Environment Monitoring Branch Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010030, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Products Quality Inspection and Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010070, China
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10
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Johnston JE, Okorn K, Van Horne YO, Jimenez A. Changes in neighborhood air quality after idling of an urban oil production site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:967-980. [PMID: 34037015 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas development is occurring in urban, densely populated neighborhoods; however, the impacts of these operations on neighborhood air quality are not well characterized. In this research, we leveraged ambient air monitoring adjacent to an oil and gas production site in Los Angeles, California during active and idle periods. This study analyzed continuous methane (CH4) and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) measurements, together with triggered grab samples and 24 hour integrated canister samples collected by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Ambient air pollutant levels and trends were evaluated during active and idle well operations to assess changes in neighborhood air quality after the suspension of oil and gas production. We find that mean concentrations of methane, NMHC, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, styrene, n-hexane, n-pentane, ethane, and propane decreased following the stop in production activities. Using a source apportionment approach, we observed that the "natural gas" drilling source contributed 23.7% to the total VOCs measured during the active phase, and only 0.6% to the total measured VOCs in the idle phase. Near urban oil and gas production sites, residents may face poorer air quality due to the oil and gas activities which may pose adverse health and environmental risks among proximate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Johnston
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Kristen Okorn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Yoshira Ornelas Van Horne
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Amanda Jimenez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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11
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Johnston JE, Enebish T, Eckel SP, Navarro S, Shamasunder B. Respiratory health, pulmonary function and local engagement in urban communities near oil development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111088. [PMID: 33794173 PMCID: PMC8579779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern oil development frequently occurs in close proximity to human populations. Los Angeles, California is home to the largest urban oil field in the country with thousands of active oil and gas wells in very close proximity to homes, schools and parks, yet few studies have investigated potential health impacts. The neighborhoods along the Las Cienagas oil fields are situated in South LA, densely populated by predominantly low-income Black and Latinx families, many of whom are primarily Spanish-speakers. METHODS A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted between January 2017 and August 2019 among residents living <1000 m from two oil wells (one active, one idle) in the Las Cienagas oil field. We collected self-reported acute health symptoms and measured FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second of exhalation) and FVC (forced vital capacity). We related lung function measures to distance and direction from an oil and gas development site using generalized linear models adjusted for covariates. RESULTS A total of 961 residents from two neighborhoods participated, the majority of whom identify as Latinx. Participants near active oil development reported significantly higher prevalence of wheezing, eye and nose irritation, sore throat and dizziness in the past 2 weeks. Among 747 valid spirometry tests, we observe that living near (less than 200 m) of oil operations was associated with, on average, -112 mL lower FEV1 (95% CI: -213, -10) and -128 mL lower FVC (95% CI: -252, -5) compared to residents living more than 200 m from the sites after adjustments for covariates, including age, sex, height, proximity to freeway, asthma status and smoking status. When accounting for predominant wind direction and proximity, we observe that residents living downwind and less than 200 m from oil operations have, on average, -414 mL lower FEV1 (95% CI: -636, -191) and -400 mL lower FVC (95% CI: -652, -147) compared to residents living upwind and more than 200 m from the wells. CONCLUSIONS Living nearby and downwind of urban oil and gas development sites is associated with lower lung function among residents, which may contribute to environmental health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Johnston
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Temuulen Enebish
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Bhavna Shamasunder
- Department of Urban & Environmental Policy, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li B, Ho SSH, Qu L, Gong S, Ho KF, Zhao D, Qi Y, Chan CS. Temporal and spatial discrepancies of VOCs in an industrial-dominant city in China during summertime. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128536. [PMID: 33049507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is currently problematic to cities across the globe. Many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are efficient O3 precursors. In this study, target volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (known as carbonyls), were monitored at eight sampling sites distributed in urban and suburban in the typical and industrial-dominant city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China. At the suburban sites, C8-C12 alkanes, aromatics with lower reactivity (kOH <13 × 10-12 cm3 mol-1 s-1) and acetonitrile were more abundant than urban ones due to higher emissions from diesel-fueled trucks and biomass burning. In general, higher abundances of total quantified NMHCs (ΣNMHC) were found on high O3 (HO) days. The increments of formaldehyde (C1) and O3 were higher in urban than suburban, while a reverse trend was seen for acetaldehyde (C2). Substantial and local biogenic inputs of C2 were found in suburban in the afternoon when both temperature and light intensity reached maximum of the day. In urban, higher increment was found for O3 than the carbonyls, representing that the secondary formation of O3 was more efficient. Distance decay gradient of most representative NMHCs were positively correlated to the distances from a westernmost industrial origin located at the upwind location. The net loss rates of the NMHCs ranged from -0.009 to -0.11 ppbv km-1, while the higher rates were seen for the most reactive species like C2-C4 alkenes. The results and interpretation of this study are informative to establish efficient local control measures for O3 and the related percussors for the microscale industrial cities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Yijin Qi
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Chi Sing Chan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Gao Y, Cheng L, Gao R, Hu G, Zhao J. Deep desulfurization of fuels using supported ionic liquid-polyoxometalate hybrid as catalyst: A comparison of different types of ionic liquids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123267. [PMID: 32634664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, polyoxometalates-based monomer ionic liquid, dimer ionic liquid and polyionic liquid were designed and prepared. Then supported catalysts were synthesized by loading polyoxometalate derivatives on the surface of graphene oxide (GO). The catalysts before and after loading were characterized via many tests such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and so on. The influences of ionic liquid type and carrier on desulfurization activity were carried out. The result shows that supported catalyst-based polyionic liquid (P[Vim]POM/GO) performed high activity and excellent recyclability in extraction-oxidation desulfurization (EODS) due to unique state of polyoxometalate and the support of graphene oxide. In addition, the possible mechanism of oxidation dibenzothiophene (DBT) with H2O2 was proposed according to the kinetic study and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Liangting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ruimin Gao
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum Group Corp. Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Guangfa Hu
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum Group Corp. Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Jianshe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Traffic-Related Airborne VOC Profiles Variation on Road Sites and Residential Area within a Microscale in Urban Area in Southern Taiwan. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11091015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sampling sites, including roadsides and residential areas, were set up to collect ambient air and determine the volatile organic species it contained. For the roadside air, the average VOCs (volatile organic compounds) abundant at rush hour periods was two times that at non-rush hour periods. In the residential area, the VOC concentrationswere106 and 129 ppb during rush hour periods. The VOC concentration ratios of roadside and residential areas were in the range of 1.08–1.75 and the traffic emissions were related to the VOCs abundant in air. The highest VOC concentration was 168 ppb at midnight at residential sites and the VOC abundance could be two times that of roadside sites. This level of concentration could be attributed to the application of solvents and to human activity in a nearby motorcycle/vehicle maintenance plant, laundry rooms, etc. High abundant species were similar in both the roadside and residential air samples. These highly abundant species included toluene, acetone, acetonitrile, m,p-xylene and n-pentane, all of which can be emitted from traffic exhaust. Benzene, acrolein, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and 1,3-butadiene were the main species with health impacts collected at both sites. In the micro-scale environment, the residential ambient air was affected by traffic flow from morning to night. In the midnight period, some local activities (a motorcycle/vehicle maintenance shop and laundry shops) affected the concentrations of certain VOCs (acetonitrile, toluene, hexane, 2-methylpentane, methyl cyclopentane and 3-methylpentane). The traffic and motor vehicles’ effects were determined, which could be useful for air quality management and strategy development in an urban area.
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Garcia-Gonzales DA, Popoola O, Bright VB, Paulson SE, Wang Y, Jones RL, Jerrett M. Associations among particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants and methane emissions from the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility during the 2015 blowout. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104855. [PMID: 31255256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In October of 2015, a large underground storage well at the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility experienced a massive methane leak (also referred to as "natural gas blowout"), which resulted in the largest ever anthropogenic release of methane from a single point source in the United States. Additional sampling conducted during the event revealed unique gas and particle concentrations in ambient air and a characteristic "fingerprint" of metals in the indoor dust samples similar to samples taken at the blowout site. We further investigated the association between the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage site and several measured air pollutants by: (a) conducting additional emission source studies using meteorological data and correlations between particulate matter, methane, and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) collected during the natural gas blowout at distances ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 km due south of well SS25, (b) identifying the unique i/n-pentane ratio signature associated with emissions from the blowout event, and (c) identifying characteristics unique to the homes that tested positive for air pollutants using data collected from extensive indoor environmental assessment surveys. Results of air quality samples collected near Aliso Canyon during the final weeks of the event revealed that elevated levels of several HAP compounds were likely influenced by the active natural gas blowout. Furthermore, the final attempts to plug the well during the days preceding the well kill were associated with particle emissions likely from the well site. Together, this investigation suggests uncontrolled leaks or blowout events at natural gas storage facilities have the potential to release harmful pollutants with adverse health and environmental consequences into proximate communities. With this evidence, our recommendations include facility-specific meteorological and air quality data-collection equipment installed at natural gas storage facilities and support of environmental surveillance after severe off-normal operation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Garcia-Gonzales
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California at Berkeley, 50 University Hall, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America.
| | - Olalekan Popoola
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Vivien B Bright
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Yanwen Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan South Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Roderic L Jones
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California at Berkeley, 50 University Hall, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America; Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, 56-070 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, 56-070B CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
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