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Bustamante CM, Bravo N, Ruiz P, Grimalt JO, Garí M. Method optimization for a simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid, carbamate/thiocarbamate, triazole, organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and their metabolites in urine using UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465054. [PMID: 38901297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
An accurate and sensitive method for the determination of a total of 23 pesticides and their metabolites in human urine has been optimised. The methodology is based on a previously published method based on solid-phase extraction with methanol and acetone followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in the selected reaction mode (SRM) with both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI+/-). The detection settings of the previous method, which allowed to determine the metabolites from 6 organophosphate and 2 pyrethroid pesticides, were optimised in order to include further pesticide groups, such as 11 neonicotinoids, 3 carbamates/thiocarbamates and 2 triazoles. The 5-windows method enduring 22 min was optimized with acceptable results in relation to accuracy (recoveries >75 %), precision (coefficients of variation <26 %) and linearity (R2> 0.9915). The limits of detection ranged between 0.012 ng/mL and 0.058 ng/mL. Samples from the German External Quality Assessment Scheme (G-EQUAS) encompassing 2 pyrethroids, 2 organophosphate and one neonicotinoid (6-chloronicotinic acid, a common metabolite of imidacloprid and acetamiprid) were analysed, and the latter, included in this newest optimization, provided good reference results. The method is optimal as a human biomonitoring tool for health risk assessment in large population surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Bustamante
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Ruiz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Deng F, He J, Dai Y, Peng R, Pan X, Yuan J, Tan L. Biomonitoring urinary pesticide metabolites in preschool children by supported liquid extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and their association with oxidative stress. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1725:464944. [PMID: 38703459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Investigating pesticide exposure and oxidative stress in preschool children is essential for elucidating the determinants of environmental health in early life, with human biomonitoring of urinary pesticide metabolites serving as a critical strategy for achieving this objective. This study demonstrated biomonitoring of 2 phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, 2 organophosphorus pesticide metabolites, and 4 pyrethroid pesticide metabolites in 159 preschool children and evaluated their association with oxidative stress biomarker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. An enzymatic deconjugation process was used to release urinary pesticide metabolites, which were then extracted and enriched by supported liquid extraction, and quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with internal standard calibration. Dichloromethane: methyl tert‑butyl ether (1:1, v/v) was optimized as the solvent for supported liquid extraction, and we validated the method for linear range, recovery, matrix effect and method detection limit. Method detection limit of the pesticide metabolites ranged from 0.01 μg/L to 0.04 μg/L, with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 70.5 % to 95.5 %. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid was not detected, whereas the other seven pesticide metabolites were detected with frequencies ranging from 10.1 % to 100 %. The concentration of urinary pesticide metabolites did not significantly differ between boys and girls, with the median concentrations being 9.39 μg/L for boys and 4.90 μg/L for girls, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that significant positive correlations among urinary metabolites. Bayesian kernel machine regression revealed a significant positive association between urinary pesticide metabolites and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Para-nitrophenol was the pesticide metabolite that contributed significantly to the elevated level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Deng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jia He
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yingyi Dai
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongfei Peng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhu K, Wan Y, Zhu B, Zhu Y, Wang H, Jiang Q, Feng Y, Xiang Z, Song R. Exposure to organophosphate, pyrethroid, and neonicotinoid insecticides and dyslexia: Association with oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123362. [PMID: 38237851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPPs), pyrethroids (PYRs), and neonicotinoids (NNIs) are three major classes of insecticides used worldwide. They might compromise child neurodevelopment. However, few studies have explored the association between exposure to them and dyslexia. The present study aimed to investigate the association between dyslexia and exposure to the three classes of insecticides, as well as explore the potential role of oxidative stress in the association. A total of 355 dyslexic children and 390 controls were included in this study. The exposure biomarkers were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Specifically, the exposure biomarkers included three typical metabolites of OPPs, three of PYRs, and nine of NNIs. Additionally, three typical oxidative stress biomarkers, namely, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) for DNA damage, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) for RNA damage, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNEMA) for lipid peroxidation were measured. The detection frequencies of the urinary biomarkers ranged from 83.9% to 100%. Among the target metabolites of the insecticides, a significant association was observed between urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, the metabolite of chlorpyrifos, an OPP insecticide) and dyslexia. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, children in the highest quartile of TCPy levels had an increased odds of dyslexia (odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 2.75] in comparison to those in the lowest quartile. Among the three oxidative stress biomarkers, urinary HNEMA concentration showed a significant relationship with dyslexia. Children in the highest quartile of HNEMA levels demonstrated an increased dyslexic odds in comparison to those in the lowest quartile after multiple adjustments (OR, 1.64; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.65). Mediation analysis indicated a significant effect of HNEMA in the association between urinary TCPy and dyslexia, with an estimate of 17.2% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, this study suggested the association between urinary TCPy and dyslexia. The association could be attributed to lipid peroxidation partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiheng Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haoxue Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Lejeune N, Mercier F, Chevrier C, Bonvallot N, Le Bot B. Characterization of multiple pesticide exposure in pregnant women in Brittany, France. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:278-286. [PMID: 36496457 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND France is one of the biggest users of pesticides in Europe and exposure to pesticides is a current concern, especially when it occurs early in life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the exposure of pregnant women in Brittany (western France) with high pesticide use. METHODS The pesticides were selected according to agricultural practices. Forty pesticides or metabolites were measured in urine samples collected in 2004 from 296 pregnant women in Brittany. The samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) after a solid phase extraction (SPE) step. RESULTS Twenty seven pesticides were detected: the most frequently detected were the metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides (>89%) and several herbicides (phenoxypropionic acid derivatives and fluazifop >60%). Organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites were also quantified in highest levels with maximum values of 590 μg/l for dimethylphosphate and 5.4 μg/l for 3- phenoxybenzoic acid. For the other parent compounds, such as prochloraz, bromoxynil and procymidone, they were also detected in 10-29% of the samples. SIGNIFICANCE Our results are consistent with pesticide use at the time of collection. The median concentrations of organophosphorus and pyrethroids were of the same order of magnitude as those reported in other countries. Herbicides and fungicides (fluazifop-p-butyl, bromoxynil, and prochloraz) were measured for the first time in this biomonitoring study, showing the usefulness of measuring widely used pesticides locally to improve knowledge of exposure. IMPACT The objective of this study is to assess the exposure of pregnant women in a region of Europe with high pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Lejeune
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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Šulc L, Figueiredo D, Huss A, Kalina J, Gregor P, Janoš T, Šenk P, Dalecká A, Andrýsková L, Kodeš V, Čupr P. Current-use pesticide exposure pathways in Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108297. [PMID: 37939438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to characterise exposure to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and tebuconazole through multiple pathways in 110 parent-child pairs participating in the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn study. METHODS First, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of pesticides based on measured urinary metabolites. Second, we compared EDI with estimated pesticide intake from food. We used multiple linear regression to identify the main predictors of urinary pesticide concentrations. We also assessed the relationship between urinary pesticide concentrations and organic and non-organic food consumption while controlling for a range of factors. Finally, we employed a model to estimate inhalation and dermal exposure due to spray drift and volatilization after assuming pesticide application in crop fields. RESULTS EDI was often higher in children in comparison to adults, especially in the winter season. A comparison of food intake estimates and EDI suggested diet as a critical pathway of tebuconazole exposure, less so in the case of organophosphates. Regression models showed that consumption per g of peaches/apricots was associated with an increase of 0.37% CI [0.23% to 0.51%] in urinary tebuconazole metabolite concentrations. Consumption of white bread was associated with an increase of 0.21% CI [0.08% to 0.35%], and consumption of organic strawberries was inversely associated (-61.52% CI [-79.34% to -28.32%]), with urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations. Inhalation and dermal exposure seemed to represent a relatively small contribution to pesticide exposure as compared to dietary intake. CONCLUSION In our study population, findings indicate diet plays a significant role in exposure to the analysed pesticides. We found an influence of potential exposure due to spray drift and volatilization among the subpopulation residing near presumably sprayed crop fields to be minimal in comparison. However, the lack of data indicating actual spraying occurred during the critical 24-hour period prior to urine sample collection could be a significant contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Šulc
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gregor
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janoš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dalecká
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Kodeš
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Guzman-Torres H, Sandoval-Pinto E, Cremades R, Ramírez-de-Arellano A, García-Gutiérrez M, Lozano-Kasten F, Sierra-Díaz E. Frequency of urinary pesticides in children: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1227337. [PMID: 37711246 PMCID: PMC10497881 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1227337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are any mix of ingredients and substances used to eliminate or control unwanted vegetable or animal species recognized as plagues. Its use has been discussed in research due to the scarcity of strong scientific evidence about its health effects. International literature is still insufficient to establish a global recommendation through public policy. This study aims to explore international evidence of the presence of pesticides in urine samples from children and their effects on health through a scoping review based on the methodology described by Arksey and O'Malley. The number of articles resulting from the keyword combination was 454, and a total of 93 manuscripts were included in the results and 22 were complementary. Keywords included in the search were: urinary, pesticide, children, and childhood. Children are exposed to pesticide residues through a fruit and vegetable intake environment and household insecticide use. Behavioral effects of neural damage, diabetes, obesity, and pulmonary function are health outcomes for children that are commonly studied. Gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods are used predominantly for metabolite-pesticide detection in urine samples. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) are common in organophosphate (OP) metabolite studies. First-morning spot samples are recommended to most accurately characterize OP dose in children. International evidence in PubMed supports that organic diets in children are successful interventions that decrease the urinary levels of pesticides. Several urinary pesticide studies were found throughout the world's population. However, there is a knowledge gap that is important to address (public policy), due to farming activities that are predominant in these territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Guzman-Torres
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elena Sandoval-Pinto
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa Cremades
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mariana García-Gutiérrez
- Centro Metropolitano de Atención de la Diabetes Tipo 1, OPD Servicios de Salud, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Felipe Lozano-Kasten
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erick Sierra-Díaz
- Departamentos de Clínicas Quirúrgicas y Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- División de Epidemiología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente del IMSS, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Göl E, Çok İ, Battal D, Şüküroğlu AA. Assessment of Preschool Children's Exposure Levels to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticide: A Human Biomonitoring Study in Two Turkish Provinces. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:318-331. [PMID: 36877224 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are products developed to prevent, destroy, repel or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests. However, now they are one of the critical risk factors threatening the environment, and they create a significant threat to the health of children. Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides are widely used in Turkey as well as all over the world. The main focus of this presented study was to analyze the OP and PYR exposure levels in urine samples obtained from 3- to 6-year-old Turkish preschool children who live in the Ankara (n:132) and Mersin (n:54) provinces. In order to measure the concentrations of three nonspecific metabolites of PYR insecticides and four nonspecific and one specific metabolite of OPs, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses were performed. The nonspecific PYR metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) found in 87.1% of samples (n = 162) and the specific OP metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) found in 60.2% of samples (n = 112) were the most frequently detected metabolites in all urine samples. The mean concentrations of 3-PBA and TCPY were 0.38 ± 0.8 and 0.11 ± 0.43 ng/g creatinine, respectively. Although due to the large individual variation no statistically significant differences were found between 3-PBA (p = 0.9969) and TCPY (p = 0.6558) urine levels in the two provinces, significant exposure differences were determined both between provinces and within the province in terms of gender. Risk assessment strategies performed in light of our findings do not disclose any proof of a possible health problems related to analyzed pesticide exposure in Turkish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Göl
- Ankara Toxicology Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, 06300, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmet Çok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Battal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Treviño MJS, Pereira-Coelho M, López AGR, Zarazúa S, Dos Santos Madureira LA, Majchrzak T, Płotka-Wasylka J. How pesticides affect neonates? - Exposure, health implications and determination of metabolites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158859. [PMID: 36126706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review covers key information related to the effects of pesticides on fetal and child health. All humans are exposed to environmental toxicants, however child's health, due to their high vulnerability, should be of special concern. They are continuously exposed to environmental xenobiotics including a wide variety of pesticides, and other pollutants. These compounds can enter the child's body through various routes, both during fetal life, in the first days of life with breast milk, as well as during environmental exposure in later years of life. Consequently, in the body, some of them are metabolized and excreted with urine or faces, while others accumulate in tissues causing toxic effects. This review will provide information on the types of pesticides, their pathways of uptake and metabolism in children's bodies. Determination of the impact of them on children's organism performance is possible through effective identification of these compounds and their metabolites in children's tissues and biofluids. Therefore, the main procedures for the determination of pesticides are reviewed and future trends in this field are indicated. We believe that this comprehensive review can be a good starting place for the future readers interested in the impact of environmental xenobiotics on the health of children as well as the aspects relates with the analytical methods that can be used for analysis and monitoring of these pollutants in children's tissues and biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Santoyo Treviño
- Coordinación para la innovación y aplicación para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marina Pereira-Coelho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Zarazúa
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Tomasz Majchrzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Andersen HR, Rambaud L, Riou M, Buekers J, Remy S, Berman T, Govarts E. Exposure Levels of Pyrethroids, Chlorpyrifos and Glyphosate in EU-An Overview of Human Biomonitoring Studies Published since 2000. TOXICS 2022; 10:789. [PMID: 36548622 PMCID: PMC9788618 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently used pesticides are rapidly metabolised and excreted, primarily in urine, and urinary concentrations of pesticides/metabolites are therefore useful biomarkers for the integrated exposure from all sources. Pyrethroid insecticides, the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, and the herbicide glyphosate, were among the prioritised substances in the HBM4EU project and comparable human biomonitoring (HBM)-data were obtained from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. The aim of this review was to supplement these data by presenting additional HBM studies of the priority pesticides across the HBM4EU partner countries published since 2000. We identified relevant studies (44 for pyrethroids, 23 for chlorpyrifos, 24 for glyphosate) by literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. Most studies were from the Western and Southern part of the EU and data were lacking from more than half of the HBM4EU-partner countries. Many studies were regional with relatively small sample size and few studies address residential and occupational exposure. Variation in urine sampling, analytical methods, and reporting of the HBM-data hampered the comparability of the results across studies. Despite these shortcomings, a widespread exposure to these substances in the general EU population with marked geographical differences was indicated. The findings emphasise the need for harmonisation of methods and reporting in future studies as initiated during HBM4EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Raun Andersen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé Publique France, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tamar Berman
- Israel Ministry of Health (MOH-IL), Jerusalem 9446724, Israel
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Yoshida T, Mimura M, Sakon N. Exposure to organophosphorus compounds of Japanese children and the indoor air quality in their residences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158020. [PMID: 35973537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several organophosphorus compounds such as organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) and trialkylphosphates (TAPs) are suspected to inhibit cholinesterase activities, to affect endocrine systems or to possibly be carcinogenic. To evaluate their adverse effects on health with chronic exposure in the general population, especially in children, we measured the household exposure to OPPs and TAPs by Japanese children via all exposure pathways and the contribution of indoor air quality. First-morning void urine was collected from subjects aged 6 to 15 years (n = 132), and airborne organophosphorus compounds were sampled in the subject's bedroom for 24 h. Airborne levels of nine OPPs and three TAPs and their urinary metabolites were determined. No significant correlations were detected for any compounds between their airborne concentrations and the urinary excretion amounts of their corresponding metabolites. The estimated daily intakes were as follows (median, μg/kg b.w./d): chlorpyrifos, 0.042; diazinon, 0.067; tri-n-butylphosphate, 0.094. The 95th percentiles of the intakes for fenthion, fenitrothion and the above three compounds did not exceed their reference limit values, although one subject had a daily intake of tri-n-butylphosphate that was about twice its reference limit value. The concentration levels of the urinary metabolite of tri-n-butylphosphate in our subjects tended to be higher than those for children in many other countries. The fractions of the amounts absorbed by inhalation to the amounts absorbed via all of the exposure pathways was only 2.3 % (median) for tri-n-butylphosphate. Inhalation did not seem to contribute very much as an absorption pathway of the organophosphorus compounds in these Japanese children while they were at home. The exposure amounts of OPPs were not suggested to be high enough to adversely affect the health of these children at present on the basis of their daily intakes compared to their reference limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshida
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Mimura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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11
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Šulc L, Janoš T, Figueiredo D, Ottenbros I, Šenk P, Mikeš O, Huss A, Čupr P. Pesticide exposure among Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn cohort: Urinary biomarker levels and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114002. [PMID: 35940232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Current-use pesticides (CUP) are extensively applied in both agricultural and urban settings. Exposure occurs mainly via the dietary pathway; however, other pathways such as inhalation or skin contact are also important. In this study, urinary levels of 12 CUP metabolites were investigated among 110 parent-child pairs during two seasons of 2020. Metabolites of pyrethroids (3-PBA, t/c-DCCA), chlorpyrifos (TCPY), and tebuconazole (TEB-OH) were detected in more than 60% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos metabolite was found at the highest concentration and tebuconazole was detected in almost all samples. CUP urinary metabolite levels were significantly higher in children in comparison to adults, except for tebuconazole, which was similar in both groups. In children, winter samples had significantly higher concentrations of pyrethroid and chlorpyrifos metabolites in comparison to the summer samples, but in adults, only chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations were higher in the winter. No association between CUP urinary metabolite levels and proximity/surface of agricultural areas around residences was observed. Based on our findings, we suspect that CUP exposure is mainly driven by diet and that the effect of environmental exposure is less significant. Daily Intakes were estimated with three possible scenarios considering the amount of the metabolite excreted in urine and were compared to Acceptable Daily Intake values. Using a realistic scenario, exposure to chlorpyrifos exhibited the highest health risk, but still within a safe level. The Acceptable Daily Intake was exceeded only in one child in the case of cypermethrin. The cumulative risk assessment of pesticide mixtures having an effect on the nervous system, based on the total margin of exposure calculations, did not indicate any risk. The overall risk associated with pesticide exposure in the observed population was low. However, the risk observed using the worst-case scenario suggests the need for continuous evaluation of human exposure to such compounds, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Šulc
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janoš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Ottenbros
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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12
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Bravo N, Garí M, Grimalt JO. Occupational and residential exposures to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a rural setting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114186. [PMID: 36030920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) are extensively used in agriculture, resulting in higher exposures among farmworkers. The present study reports the occurrence of 8 urinary OP and PYR metabolites in a sample of farmworkers and residents from Sucs (n = 87), a rural township in North West Catalonia (Spain). The aim of the present study was to examine differences in urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations between occupationally-exposed (farmworkers; n = 45) and environmentally-exposed subjects (n = 42) and to assess the relationship between pesticide's exposures and occupational activities in a real-case scenario. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, urine samples were extracted using SPE extraction and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Three OP metabolites were commonly detectable in urine, namely TCPY (metabolite of chlorpyrifos), PNP (parathion) and DEAMPY (pirimiphos). Regarding pyrethroids, the two analyzed metabolites, 3-PBA and 4F-3-PBA, were detected in a high proportion of urine samples. Differences in concentrations between both groups were statistically significant for TCPY and 4F-3-PBA (Mann-Whitney U Test for independent groups, p < 0.05). In the case of TCPY, the concentrations were higher among the farmworkers, which is consistent with their occupational activity. The small differences found in DEAMPY, PNP, 3-PBA or even the significant higher concentrations of 4F-3-PBA among rural population suggest a general exposure to these compounds, even in those who do not carry an occupational activity. Specific personal protective equipment (PPE) among farmworkers, such as the use of gloves and mask during mixing, showed a decrease in the exposure levels, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, a positive association was found between the use of a cap during mixing (for PNP and 3-PBA) and during application (only for 3-PBA). However, this piece of cloth is mainly used for sun protection, and when not cleaned after the handling of pesticides, it might represent a continuous source of exposure through dermal contact. Farmworkers using tractors with cabin had statistically significant lower concentrations of DEAMPY than those using a tractor without cabin. The previous results suggest that occupational protections should be encouraged among farmworkers and other potential workers handling with pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Zhang J, Li Z, Dai Y, Guo J, Qi X, Liu P, Lv S, Lu D, Liang W, Chang X, Cao Y, Wu C, Zhou Z. Urinary para-nitrophenol levels of pregnant women and cognitive and motor function of their children aged 2 years: Evidence from the SMBCS (China). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114051. [PMID: 36075123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary para-nitrophenol (PNP), an exposure biomarker of ethyl parathion (EP) and methyl parathion (MP) pesticides, was still pervasively detected in the general population even after global restriction for years. And the concern whether there is an association of PNP level with child development of the nervous system is increasing. The current study aimed to evaluate the maternal urinary PNP concentrations during late pregnancy and the associations of PNP levels with cognitive and motor function of their children at the age of 2 years. METHODS 323 mother-child pairs from the Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study were included in the current study. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure concentrations of PNP, the specific metabolite of EP and MP, in maternal urine samples during pregnancy. Developmental quotients (DQs) scores measured with Gesell Developmental Scales were employed to evaluate cognitive and motor function of children aged 2 years. Generalized linear models were performed to analyze the associations of PNP concentrations in pregnant women's urine samples with cognitive and motor function of their children. RESULTS Maternal PNP was detected in all urine samples with a median of 4.11 μg/L and a range from 0.57 μg/L to 109.13 μg/L, respectively. Maternal urinary PNP concentrations showed a negative trend with DQ of motor area [regression coefficient (β) = - 1.35; 95 % confidence interval (95 %CI): - 2.37, - 0.33; P < 0.01], and the children whose mothers were in the fourth quartile exposure group performed significantly worse compared to the reference group (β = - 1.11; 95 %CI: - 1.80, - 0.42; P < 0.01). As for average DQ score, children with their mothers' urinary PNP concentrations in the third quartile group had higher scores than those in the first quartile group (β = 0.39; 95 %CI: 0.03, 0.75; P = 0.04). In sex-stratified analyses, a negative trend between maternal urinary PNP concentrations and DQ scores in motor area of children was only observed in boys (β = - 1.62; 95 %CI: - 2.80, - 0.43; P < 0.01). Boys in the third quartile group had higher DQ average scores than those in the lowest quartile as reference (β = 0.53; 95 %CI: 0.02, 1.04; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The mothers from SMBCS may be widely exposed to EP and/or MP, which were associated with the cognitive and motor function of their children aged 2 years in a sex-specific manner. Our results might provide epidemiology evidence on the potential effects of prenatal exposure to EP and/or MP on children's cognitive and motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Zhang
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiming Dai
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shenliang Lv
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden; Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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14
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Makris KC, Efthymiou N, Konstantinou C, Anastasi E, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M, Katsonouri A. Oxidative stress of glyphosate, AMPA and metabolites of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos pesticides among primary school children in Cyprus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113316. [PMID: 35439459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to various pesticides, such as pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos, has been previously associated with adverse effects on children's health. Scientific evidence on the human toxicity of glyphosate (GLY) and its primary metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is limited, particularly for children. This study aimed to i) assess the exposure determinants of the studied pesticides measured in children in Cyprus, and ii) determine the association between the urinary pesticides and the biomarkers of DNA and lipid oxidative damage. METHODS A children's health study was set up in Cyprus (ORGANIKO study) by aligning it with the methodology and tools used in the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). Urinary GLY and AMPA, pyrethroid metabolites and the chlorpyrifos metabolite TCPy were measured in 177 children aged 10-11 years old, using mass spectrometry. Oxidative stress was assessed with 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a (8-iso-PGF2α) as a marker of lipid damage and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a DNA oxidative damage marker, both measured with immunoassays. Questionnaires about demographic characteristics, pesticide usage, and dietary habits were filled out by the parents. Μultivariable regression models examined associations between pesticides and biomarkers of effect using two creatinine adjustments (cr1: adding it as covariate and cr2: biomarkers of exposure and effect were creatinine-adjusted). RESULTS Parental educational level was a significant predictor of urinary pyrethroids but not for GLY/AMPA. Median [interquartile range, IQR] values for GLY and AMPA were 0.05). Similar significant associations with 8-OHdG were shown for a pyrethroid metabolite (3-PBA) and the chlorpyrifos metabolite (TCPy). No associations were observed between the aforementioned pesticides and 8-iso-PGF2α (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first children's health dataset demonstrating the association between AMPA and DNA oxidative damage, globally. More data is needed to replicate the observed trends in other children's populations around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Nikolaos Efthymiou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Corina Konstantinou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Elena Anastasi
- Cyprus State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Greet Schoeters
- The Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) and the University of Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Crocoli LC, Menck RA, Moura S. Pesticides analysis in alternative biological matrices. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35734890 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to bring together the works on pesticide analysis in alternative biological matrices, such as hair, breast milk, meconium, and placenta. Much is known about the harmful effects of the use and indirect consumption of pesticides; however, the assessment of long-term contamination is still unclear. In this sense, the use of hair as an alternative biological matrix has some advantages, such as segmentation, which makes it possible to assess the presence of xenobiotics to which individuals have been exposed over the years, and possibly relate this exposure to symptoms or diseases that may affect them. Complementarily, the other matrices discussed are able to provide information about the exposure of mothers and newborn children, who may have been indistinctly exposed to pesticides while in the womb. Through the analysis of studies already performed, it can be observed that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are the most likely to be found within the biological matrices discussed here, due to the lipophilic characteristics of these compounds. For the other classes, biotransformation products are more easily detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana C Crocoli
- Technology Department, LBIOP - Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Menck
- Toxicology, INNOVATOX - Innovatox Analysis and Research LTDA, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- Technology Department, LBIOP - Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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16
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Schoeters G, Verheyen VJ, Colles A, Remy S, Martin LR, Govarts E, Nelen V, Den Hond E, De Decker A, Franken C, Loots I, Coertjens D, Morrens B, Bastiaensen M, Gys C, Malarvannan G, Covaci A, Nawrot T, De Henauw S, Bellemans M, Leermakers M, Van Larebeke N, Baeyens W, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Nielsen F, Bruckers L. Internal exposure of Flemish teenagers to environmental pollutants: Results of the Flemish Environment and Health Study 2016-2020 (FLEHS IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 242:113972. [PMID: 35453051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS) collects information on internal exposure to a broad range of environmental chemicals in the general population in Flanders, the Northern region of Belgium. The aim is to establish biomonitoring exposure distributions for the general population in support of public health and environmental policy, environmental risk assessment and risk management decisions. In 2017-2018, urine and blood samples were collected from 428 teenagers by a stratified clustered two stage randomized design. Samples were analyzed for a broad range of biomarkers related to exposure to chlorinated and newer pesticides, brominated and organophosphate flame retardants (BFR/OPFR), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenols, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, metals and trace elements. The geometric mean levels and percentiles of the distribution were estimated for each biomarker, for the whole study population and following stratification for sex, the household educational attainment and the residence area's urbanicity. Geometric means of biomarkers of lead, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), PCBs, PAHs, regulated phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) were lower than in the previous FLEHS cycles. Most biomarker levels were below health-based guidance values (HB-GVs). However, HB-GVs of urinary arsenic, blood lead, blood cadmium, sum of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (PFHxS) and the urinary pyrethroid metabolite (3-PBA) were exceeded in respectively 25%, 12%, 39.5%, 10% and 22% of the teenagers. These results suggest that the levels of exposure in the Flemish population to some environmental chemicals might be of concern. At the same time, we noticed that biomarkers for BPA substitutes, metabolites of OPFRs, an expanded list of PFAS, glyphosate and its metabolite could be measured in substantial proportions of participants. Interpretation of these levels in a health-risk context remains uncertain as HB-GVs are lacking. Household educational attainment and residential urbanicity were significant exposure determinants for many biomarkers and could influence specific biomarker levels up to 70% as shown by multiple regression analysis. The research consortium also took care of the broader external communication of results with participants, policy makers, professional groups and civil society organizations. Our study demonstrated that teenagers are exposed to a wide range of chemicals, it demonstrates the success of public policies to reduce exposure but also points to concern and further priorities and needs for follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - V J Verheyen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A Colles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - S Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - L Rodriguez Martin
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - E Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - V Nelen
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Den Hond
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A De Decker
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Franken
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I Loots
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Coertjens
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B Morrens
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Gys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - T Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Bellemans
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Van Larebeke
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Jacobs
- VITO GOAL, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - S Voorspoels
- VITO GOAL, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - F Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - L Bruckers
- BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
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17
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Yusà V, F Fernández S, Dualde P, López A, Lacomba I, Coscollà C. Exposure to non-persistent pesticides in the Spanish population using biomonitoring: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112437. [PMID: 34838757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although Spain does not have a regular national human biomonitoring program yet, different research groups are active in evaluating the exposure of children and adults to chemicals. In the last seven years, several studies in Spain have evaluated the internal exposure of the population to currently used pesticides. The present review analyzes the scope of these studies, the employed analytical methods and the main results of the exposure and risk, mainly for children and mothers. The frequency of exposure to biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate pesticides is high. Some non-specific dialkyl phosphate metabolites (DAPs), such as the diethyl phosphate (DEP), present Detection Frequencies (DFs) in the range of 65-92% in various studies. Also, the specific biomarker of the chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy), achieves Detection Frequencies between 74% and 100% in many studies. For pyrethroids, the metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) is present, in general, in more than the 65% of the studied samples. Highly polar herbicides were only assessed in one study and both glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid showed Detection Frequencies around 60%. However, putting the biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context, the mean Hazard Quotient (HQ), used as a metric for the individual risk, ranges from 0.0006 (glyphosate) to 0.93 in farm workers (parathion), which means that is unlike that the exposure poses a health concern (HQ < 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Sandra F Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Pablo Dualde
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Lacomba
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Zhao L, Jin J, Zhu W, Zuo Y, Song Y. Detection of Pyrethroids in Food by Immunofluorescence Enhanced Method Based on Three-Layer Core-Shell Structure Upconversion Materials. Foods 2022; 11:990. [PMID: 35407077 PMCID: PMC8997537 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel rare earth upconversion nanomaterial with a three-layer sandwich core-shell structure was synthesized by an improved thermal decomposition method, and the morphology, fluorescence intensity and diffraction peak position of the new material were characterized by TEM (transmission electron microscope), XRD (Powder X-ray diffraction)and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The inert core/active shell/inert shell design improved the upconversion luminous efficiency of the new material several times. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)characterization showed that the surface of activated upconversion nanoparticles was modified with silicon shell and amino group. Combined with the characteristics that aminoated polystyrene magnetic microspheres could be separated by the magnetic field, an upconversion magnetic separation immunoassay method for the detection of pyrethroid pesticide residues was established. The capture probe competed with the pyrethroid standard, combined the signal probe, and measured the fluorescence signal value formed by the capture probe signal probe complex at 542 nm under 980 nm excitation light. The LOD (limit of detection)of fenpropathrin was 0.01 μg/L, cypermethrin was 0.015 μg/L, and fenvalerate was 0.011 μg/L. Through the actual sample detection of apple, cabbage and other samples, the recovery rate of pyrethroids was between 83.4~97.8%. The comparison with the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)detection results showed that the established method had good accuracy, and could realize the quantitative analysis of pyrethroids in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingyi Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yuehua Zuo
- Technical Center for Safety of Industrial Products of Tianjin Customs District, Tianjin 300308, China;
| | - Yang Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (L.Z.); (J.J.); (W.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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19
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Xie X, Wan Y, Zhu B, Liu Q, Zhu K, Jiang Q, Feng Y, Xiao P, Wu X, Zhang J, Meng H, Song R. Association between urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites and dyslexia among children from three cities of China: The READ program. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151852. [PMID: 34826485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphate (OP) insecticides has been found to be related to neurodevelopmental disorders in children. However, no study has examined the association between OP insecticide exposure and the risk of dyslexia among children. We aimed to explore the association between OP insecticide exposure, indicated by urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs), and the risk of dyslexia among Chinese Han children from three cities. A total of 845 children (422 dyslexics and 423 non-dyslexics) from Tongji Reading Environment and Dyslexia research program were included in the current case-control study. We measured six DAPs in urine samples, collected from November 2017 to December 2020. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between DAPs and dyslexia risk, adjusting for potential confounders. The detection frequencies of DAPs were above 97.5%, except for diethyldithiophosphate and dimethyldithiophosphate. Diethyl phosphate metabolites (DEs) were significantly associated with the risk of dyslexia. Compared with the lowest quartile, the adjusted ORs of dyslexia risk for the highest quartile of urinary diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and diethylphosphate (DEP) were 1.82 (1.04, 3.20) and 1.85 (1.08, 3.17), respectively. In addition, the adjusted ORs for dyslexia per 10-fold of urinary DEP, DETP, and ∑DEs concentration were 1.87 (1.12, 3.13), 1.55 (1.03, 2.35), and 1.91 (1.13, 3.21), respectively. Analyses stratified by gender indicated that such associations were more significant among boys. This study suggested that exposure to OP insecticides may be related to dyslexia among Chinese Han children from the three studied cities. However, our results should be interpreted with caution because of the case-control design and the fact that only one-spot urine sample was collected from the children. More studies with children living in China are necessary concerning the relatively high levels of urinary OP metabolites in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bing Zhu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiheng Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Xiao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Heng Meng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Gao B, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Dumitrascu C, Bastiaensen M, Wang M, Covaci A. Development of an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS for the monitoring of current-use pesticides and their metabolites in human urine. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:153-163. [PMID: 34949345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids, organophosphorus pesticides and fipronil have been listed as priority chemicals in human biomonitoring studies because of their wide use and potential health effects in humans. The determination of 13 pesticides, including pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin), organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and malathion), fipronil, neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid) and triazole (prothioconazole), together with 13 corresponding metabolites in human urine samples was achieved by solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. All targeted compounds, except malathion dicarboxylic acid, were measured with a mean within-accuracy (n = 5) of 71%-114% (RSD: 1%-14%) and between-run (n = 15) accuracy of 80%-118% (RSD: 2%-14%). Limits of quantitation of the targeted analytes ranged from 0.1 to 16 pg/mL. The detection result of urine samples from 25 volunteers indicated that the detection frequencies of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (median: 448 pg/mL), 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (median: 193 pg/mL), 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid (median: 181 pg/mL), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (median: 99 pg/mL), 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (median: 77 pg/mL), cyfluthrin (median: 59 pg/mL), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cis-DCCA, median: 53 pg/mL), trans-DCCA (median: 25 pg/mL), prothioconazole (median: 21 pg/mL), imidacloprid (median: 7 pg/mL), and prothioconazole-desthio (median: 1 pg/mL) were > 50%. The obtained results show that the validated method is suitable for the human biomonitoring of these current-use pesticides and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Gao
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium; Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium.
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21
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Filippi I, Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Butinof M, Lerda D, Fernández RA, Muñoz SE, Amé MV. Pilot study of exposure of the male population to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a region of high agricultural activity (Córdoba, Argentina). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53908-53916. [PMID: 34037936 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides and biomarkers of effects were studied in a population (n=40) residing in an important agricultural area of the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Detection frequencies (DF) higher than 85% were observed for the metabolites of pirimiphos (2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol -DEAMPY-, median 7.5 μg/g creatinine, DF: 100%), parathion (p-nitrophenol, 0.99 μg/g creatinine, 100%), and chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 0.25 μg/g creatinine, 85%). The DEAMPY concentrations doubled the levels found in other studies and were negatively associated with Er-AChE activity, suggesting the appearance of health effects already in environmental exposure levels below established acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid, the metabolite of several PYR pesticides, was also found in all samples. This metabolite was also significantly negatively correlated with Er-AChE, indicating effects of pyrethroid pesticides on the acetylcholine system even at concentrations below the ADI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohanna Filippi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lerda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo A Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia E Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María V Amé
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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22
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Molomo RN, Basera W, Chetty-Mhlanga S, Fuhrimann S, Mugari M, Wiesner L, Röösli M, Dalvie MA. Relation between organophosphate pesticide metabolite concentrations with pesticide exposures, socio-economic factors and lifestyles: A cross-sectional study among school boys in the rural Western Cape, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116660. [PMID: 33582632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on the relationship between lifestyle, socio-economic factors and pesticide exposure and urinary concentrations of organophosphate (OP) pesticide metabolites among children is generally incomplete. This study investigated the relationship between socio-economic factors and reported pesticide exposures and the sum of three urinary concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites (DAP) among boys living in the rural areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. Data was collected during a cross-sectional study of 183 boys from three agricultural intense areas. Measurements included a questionnaire on socio-economic and pesticide exposures and urinary DAP concentrations. Most boys (70%) lived on farms with a median age of 12 years (range: 5.0-19.5 years). Children aged >14 years had lower DAP urine concentrations (median = 39.9 ng/ml; β = -68.1 ng/ml; 95% CI: -136.8, 0.6) than children aged 9 years and younger (median = 107.0 ng/ml). DAP concentrations also varied significantly with area, with concentrations in the grape farming area, Hex River Valley (median = 61.8 ng/ml; β = -52.1; 95% CI: -97.9, -6.3 ng/ml) and the wheat farming area, Piketberg (median = 72.4 ng/ml; β = -54.2; 95% CI: 98.8, -9.7 ng/ml) lower than those in the pome farming area, Grabouw (median = 79.9 ng/ml). Other weaker and non-significant associations with increased DAP levels were found with increased household income, member of household working with pesticides, living on a farm, drinking water from an open water source and eating crops from the vineyard and or garden. The study found younger age and living in and around apple and grape farms to be associated with increased urinary DAP concentrations. Additionally, there were other pesticide exposures and socio-economic and lifestyle factors that were weakly associated with elevated urinary DAP levels requiring further study. The study provided more evidence on factors associated to urinary DAP concentrations especially in developing country settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ntsubise Molomo
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7729, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Wisdom Basera
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7729, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shala Chetty-Mhlanga
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002, Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mufaro Mugari
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7729, Cape Town, South Africa; Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environment and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7729, Cape Town, South Africa.
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23
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F Fernández S, Pardo O, Corpas-Burgos F, Yusà V. Exposure and cumulative risk assessment to non-persistent pesticides in Spanish children using biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:140983. [PMID: 32750575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present research is to evaluate the exposure to pesticides in children (n = 568) from the Valencian Region (Spain). Six non-specific and 20 specific metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (OPs), herbicides (Herb), and pyrethroids (Pyr) were analyzed in urine samples. The biomarkers with the highest detection frequencies (>70%) were diethyl phosphate, p-nitrophenol, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, whose geometric mean concentrations (ng·ml-n1) were 1.53, 1.03, 1.51 and 1.19, respectively. Robust regression models showed that the province of residence and the recent consumption of vegetables, legumes and cereals were some of the most important predictors of pesticide exposure. Pesticide risk assessment is estimated using two different strategies: one based on the pesticides' mode of action (MoA); and the other based on cumulative assessment groups (CAGs), proposed by EFSA. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) ranged from 0.08 (chlorpyrifos) to 1.62 μg·kg bw-1 (λ-cyhalothrin). The MoA approach resulted in hazard quotients ranging from 0.01 (chlorpyrifos) to 0.65 (λ-cyhalothrin), and a hazard index for OPs lower than 1. Similarly, the risk assessment based on CAGs led to total margins of exposure (MOETs) far from 100. In conclusion, both risk assessment strategies does not reveal any evidence of a potential health risk due to pesticide exposure in Spanish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra F Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Francisca Corpas-Burgos
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
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24
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Sarigiannis DA, Horvat M. Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105264. [PMID: 31706197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports one of the few cases in which organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticide human exposure is evaluated in family contexts by the analysis of mother/child pair samples. Urinary concentrations of 6 organic metabolites of organophosphates and 2 pyrethroids were measured in mothers and their 7-to 8-year-old children (n = 168) in a general population from the central area of Slovenia. The results were adjusted for specific gravity and creatinine. The most abundant OP metabolite in children was 4-nitrophenol (PNP) (median 0.7 ng/ml) and in mothers (0.45 ng/ml), representing parathion exposure. 3-Phenoxibenzoic acid (3-PBA) (0.26 ng/ml), the general metabolite of pyrethroids, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) (0.16 ng/ml; chlorpyriphos) were the second most abundant compounds in children and mothers, respectively. The geometric mean specific gravity adjusted concentrations of OPs and PYRs were statistically significantly higher in children than in their mothers (between 3% and 24% higher), with the exception of TCPY (26% lower). All OP and PYR metabolites found in higher concentration in children showed significant positive correlations with the metabolite concentrations found in the mothers (p < 0.05 and 0.01), involving the fact that higher maternal concentrations were associated with higher children levels. These differential mother-children distributions and significant correlations were observed for the 2 types of pesticides studied, OPs and PYRs, which have different chemical properties. This agreement is consistent with the incorporation of the pesticides because of the general activities developed in the family context, instead of pesticide-dependent specific inputs. Comparison of the estimated daily intakes with the acceptable daily intakes of all detected metabolites revealed no significant risk of adverse health effects from exposure to these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis Andreas Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 201, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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