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Kotsia D, Sympikou T, Topi E, Pappa F, Matsoukas C, Fountoulakis MS. Use of recycled construction and demolition waste as substrate in constructed wetlands for the wastewater treatment of cheese production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121324. [PMID: 38830284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Recycled building debris has recently emerged as a suitable wetland infill substrate due to its low density, exceptional water absorption capabilities, and high porosity. This study investigated, for the first time, the use of construction demolition wastes (CDW), and rock processing residues (RPR) as substrate materials in vertical-horizontal flow hybrid constructed wetlands for the treatment of cheese production wastewater. Results showed that the use of both CDW as well as RPR, as substrate material, provided an equal or even better quality of treated wastewater compared to the conventional use of gravel as a substrate. High removal efficiencies were recorded for turbidity (CDW: 91-92%, RPR: 97%), solids (CDW: 85-88%, RPR: 96-97%), organic matter (CDW: 79-84%, RPR: 96-98%), and total phosphorus (CDW: 72-76%, RPR: 87%) for both examined recycled materials. During the experiment, different loadings rates (HLR) were tested: 25 mm d-1 and 37.5 mm d-1. Radiological measurements indicate that, their use did not cause toxic effects on the environment, as the amounts of radioactivity found in the effluent of the systems are not significant. Increasing the hydraulic loading rate appeared to have no negative effect on pollutant removal, as the systems and plants were fully acclimated and mature. This approach offers several advantages, including the use of readily available and abundant waste material, potential cost savings, and the environmental benefits of recycling CDW and RPR instead of disposing of them in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kotsia
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece.
| | - Theodora Sympikou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Topi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Filothei Pappa
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Christos Matsoukas
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
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Singh S, Upadhyay S, Rani A, Sharma PK, Rawat JM, Rawat B, Prashant, Bhattacharya P. Assessment of pathogen removal efficiency of vertical flow constructed wetland treating septage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18703. [PMID: 37907513 PMCID: PMC10618516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Septage refers to the semi-liquid waste material that accumulates in septic tanks and other onsite sanitation systems. It is composed of a complex mixture of human excreta, wastewater, and various solid particles. Septage is a potential source of water pollution owing to presence of high organic content, significant pathogen concentrations, and a range of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The harmful impacts of septage pollution poses significant risks to public health through the contamination of drinking water sources, eutrophication of water bodies and spread of water borne diseases. Conventional septage treatment technologies often face limitations such as high operational costs, energy requirements, and the need for extensive infrastructure. Therefore, with an aim to treat septage through an alternative cost effective and energy-efficient technology, a laboratory-scale constructed wetland (CW) system (0.99 m2) consisting of a sludge drying bed and a vertical flow wetland bed was utilized for the treatment of septage. The sludge drying bed and vertical flow beds were connected in series and filled with a combination of gravel with varying sizes (ranging from 5 to 40 mm) and washed sand. Canna indica plants were cultivated on both beds to facilitate phytoremediation process. The system was operated with intermittent dosing of 30 Ltrs of septage every day for 2 months. The HRT of the system was fixed at 48 h. The average inlet loads of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were measured as 150 ± 65.7 g m-2 day-1, 713 ± 443.9 g m-2 day-1, and 309 ± 66.3 g m-2 day-1, respectively. After treatment, the final effluent had an average load of 6 g m-2 day-1 for BOD5, 15 g m-2 day-1 for COD, and 51 g m-2 day-1 for TSS, indicating that the CW system achieved an average removal efficiency of 88% for BOD, 87% for COD, and 65% for TSS. The average load of total coliforms and helminthes eggs in the influent was recorded as 4 × 108 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) m-2 day-1 and 3 × 107 eggs m-2 day-1, respectively. However, the CW system demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing microbial contamination, with an average removal efficiency of 99% for both total coliforms and helminthes eggs. The vertical flow constructed wetland system, equipped with pretreatment by sludge drying bed, has proven to be efficient in treatment of septage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sweta Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anju Rani
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Janhvi Mishra Rawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Balwant Rawat
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prashant
- Department Environmental Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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Yang X, Jia C, Yang F, Yang H, Yao Y. Spatio-temporal variation of groundwater pollution in urban wetlands and management strategies for zoning. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118318. [PMID: 37315460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is an important resource to maintain the sustainable development of urban wetlands. The Jixi National Wetland Park (JNWP) was studied to realize the refined prevention and control of groundwater. The self-organizing map-K-means algorithm (SOM-KM), improved water quality index (IWQI), health risk assessment model and forward model were used comprehensively to evaluate the groundwater status and solute sources in different periods. The results showed that the groundwater chemical type in most areas was the HCO3-Ca type. Groundwater chemistry data from different periods were clustered into five groups. Groups 1 and 5 are affected by agricultural and industrial activities, respectively. The IWQI value in the normal period was higher in most areas due to the influence of spring ploughing. The east side of the JNWP was disturbed by human activities, and the quality of drinking water continued to deteriorate from the wet period to the dry period. 64.29% of the monitoring points showed good irrigation suitability. The health risk assessment model showed that the health risk was the largest in the dry period and the smallest in the wet period. The main factors causing health risks in the wet period and other periods were NO3- and F-, respectively. The overall cancer risk was within acceptable limits. The forward model and ion ratio analysis showed that the weathering of carbonate rocks was the main factor affecting the evolution of groundwater chemistry, accounting for 67.16%. The high-risk areas of pollution were mainly concentrated in the east of the JNWP. K+ and Cl- were the key monitoring ions in the risk-free zone and potential risk zone, respectively. The research can be used to help decision-makers carry out fine zoning control of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chao Jia
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue Yao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Tie HO, Che Man H, Koyama M, Syukri F, Md Yusoff F, Toda T, Nakasaki K, Mohamed Ramli N. The effect of calcium hydroxide addition on enhancing ammonia recovery during thermophilic composting in a self-heated pilot-scale reactor. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:194-202. [PMID: 37178588 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A modified outdoor large-scale nutrient recycling system was developed to compost organic sludge and aimed to recover clean nitrogen for the cultivation of high-value-added microalgae. This study investigated the effect of calcium hydroxide addition on enhancing NH3 recovery in a pilot-scale reactor self-heated by metabolic heat of microorganisms during thermophilic composting of dewatered cow dung. 350 kg-ww of compost was prepared at the ratio of 5: 14: 1 (dewatered cowdung: rice husk: compost-seed) in a 4 m3 cylindrical rotary drum composting reactor for 14 days of aerated composting. High compost temperature up to 67 °C was observed from day 1 of composting, proving that thermophilic composting was achieved through the self-heating process. The temperature of compost increases as microbial activity increases and temperature decreases as organic matter decreases. The high CO2 evolution rate on day 0-2 (0.02-0.08 mol/min) indicated that microorganisms are most active in degrading organic matter. The increasing conversion of carbon demonstrated that organic carbon was degraded by microbial activity and emitted as CO2. The nitrogen mass balance revealed that adding calcium hydroxide to the compost and increasing the aeration rate on day 3 volatilized 9.83 % of the remaining ammonium ions in the compost, thereby improving the ammonia recovery. Moreover, Geobacillus was found to be the most dominant bacteria under elevated temperature that functions in the hydrolysis of non-dissolved nitrogen for better NH3 recovery. The presented results show that by thermophilic composting 1 ton-ds of dewatered cowdung for NH3 recovery, up to 11.54 kg-ds of microalgae can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieng Ong Tie
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasfalina Che Man
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; The International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Mitsuhiko Koyama
- School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Fadhil Syukri
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; The International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; The International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Tatsuki Toda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Nakasaki
- School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Norulhuda Mohamed Ramli
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; The International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Zhang J, Shao Z, Li B, Bai G, Yang L, Chi Y, Wang M, Ren Y. Root vertical spatial stress: A method for enhancing rhizosphere effect of plants in subsurface flow constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116083. [PMID: 37164283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The depth of the substrate of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) is closely related to their cost and operation stability. To explore the physiological regulation mechanism of wetland plants and pollutant removal potential of SSF CWs under "vertical spatial stress of roots" (by greatly reducing the depth of the substrate in SSF CWs to limit the vertical growth space of roots, VSSR), the physiological response and wetland purification effect of a 0.1 m Canna indica L. CW under VSSR were studied compared with conventional SSF CWs (0.6 m, 1.2 m). The results demonstrated that VSSR significantly enhanced the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (p < 0.05) within the SSF CWs, with the DO in 0.1 m CW remaining stable at over 3 mg/L. Under the same hydraulic retention time (HRT), VSSR significantly improved the removal effect of pollutants (p < 0.05). The removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, and total phosphorus (TP) remained above 87%, and the mean removal rates of total nitrogen (TN) reached 91.71%. VSSR promoted the morphological adaptation mechanisms of plants, such as significantly increased root-shoot ratio (p < 0.05), changed biomass allocation. Plants could maintain the stability of the photosynthetic mechanism by changing the distribution of light energy. The results of microbial community function prediction demonstrated that aerobic denitrification was the main mechanism of N transformation in the 0.1 m CW under VSSR. VSSR could induce the high root activity of plants, augment the concentration of root exudates, enhance the redox environment of the plant rhizosphere, further foster the enrichment of aerobic denitrifying bacteria, and strengthen the absorption efficiency of wetland plants and substrate, thus achieving an efficient pollutant removal capacity. Studies showed that VSSR was an effective means to enhance the rhizosphere effect of plants and pollutant removal in SSF CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Hefei Municipal Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Bin Li
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Botanical Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yanbin Chi
- School of Metallurgical and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Technology Advisory Service Center, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yongxiang Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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Karunanidhi D, Subramani T, Srinivasamoorthy K, Yang Q. Environmental chemistry, toxicity and health risk assessment of groundwater: Environmental persistence and management strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113884. [PMID: 35843272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is a significant supply of freshwater for the world's population, being used for residence, agricultural, and industrial purposes. One-third of the world's population relies on groundwater for drinking applications. Groundwater pollution is a global issue with serious consequences for human health and the environment. It needs a thorough understanding because access to safe drinking water is a basic human right. However, groundwater quality is being threatened by urbanisation, agricultural activities, industrial activities, and climate change, among others. Pollutants like hydrocarbons, toxic metals, pesticides, microplastics, nanoparticles and other emerging contaminants mean a risk to human health and sustainable socioeconomic development. To ensure sustained groundwater usage to assess, monitor, and regulate groundwater quality issues is essential. Excess withdrawal alters groundwater flow together with contaminants like uranium, radon, radium, salinity, arsenic and fluoride, resulting in mediocre water quality. Consequently, chemical and biological contaminants owing to domestic, industrial, and agricultural practices alter water quality and threaten human health. Controlling and management of groundwater pollution and related health risks require developing vulnerability, hazard, and risk maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karunanidhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India.
| | - T Subramani
- Department of Geology, College of Engineering Guindy (CEG), Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India.
| | - K Srinivasamoorthy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605014, India
| | - Qingchun Yang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
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Ji Z, Tang W, Pei Y. Constructed wetland substrates: A review on development, function mechanisms, and application in contaminants removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131564. [PMID: 34298298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are economical, efficient, and sustainable wastewater treatment method. Substrates in CWs inextricably link with the other key components and significantly influence the performance and sustainability of CWs. Gradually, CWs have been applied to treat more complex contaminants from different fields, thus has brought forward new demand on substrates for enhancing the performance and sustainability of CWs. Various materials have been used as substrates in CWs, and their individual characteristics and application advantages have been extensively studied in recent years. Therefore, this review summarizes the development, function mechanisms (e.g., filtration, adsorption, electron supply, supporting plant growth and microbial reproduction), categories, and applications of substrates in CWs. The interaction mechanisms of substrates with contaminants/plants/microorganisms are comprehensively described, and the characteristics and advantages of different substrate categories (e.g., Natural mineral materials, chemical products, biomass materials, industrial and municipal by-products, modified functional materials, and novel materials) are critically evaluated. Meanwhile, the influences of substrate layer arrangement and synergism on contaminants removal are firstly systematically reviewed. Furthermore, further research about substrates (e.g., clogging, life cycle assessment/management, internal relationship between components) should be systematically carried out for improving efficiency and sustainability of CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
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