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Wang Y, Hu X, Chen X, Ren Z, Li Y, Miao J, He Y, Zhang P, Li C, Zhu Q. Potential of metallurgical iron-containing solid waste-based catalysts as activator of persulfate for organic pollutants degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142276. [PMID: 38761830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The production of solid wastes in the metallurgical industry has significant implications for land resources and environmental pollution. To address this issue, it is crucial to explore the potential of recycling these solid wastes to reduce land occupation while protecting the environment and promoting resource utilization. Steel slag, red mud, copper slag and steel picking waste liquor are examples of solid wastes generated during the metallurgical process that possess high iron content and Fe species, making them excellent catalysts for persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs). This review elucidates the catalytic mechanisms and pathways of Fe2+ and Fe0 in the activation PS. Additionally, it underscores the potential of metallurgical iron-containing solid waste (MISW) as a catalyst for PS activation, offering a viable strategy for its high-value utilization. Lastly, the article provides an outlook towards future challenges and prospects for MISW in PS activation for the degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhifeng Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Yihong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Miao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Yibo He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Shanxi Province Science and Technology Achievement Transfer and Transformation Promotion and Data Monitoring Center, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Australia Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
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2
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Zhao S, Ren J, Zhang F, He Y, Han X, Wang R. Fabrication of nano-hammer shaped CuO@HApNWs for catalytic degradation of tetracycline. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118410. [PMID: 38342204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
With widespread and excessive use of antibiotics in medicine, poultry farming, and aquaculture, antibiotic residues have become a significant threat to both eco-environment and human health. In this paper, using hydroxyapatite nanowires (HApNWs) as an ecologically compatible carrier, a novel nano-hammer shaped conjunction with HApNW conjugating CuO microspheres (CuO@HApNWs) was successfully synthesized by in-situ agglomeration method. The catalytic degradation performance of the nano-hammer shaped CuO@HApNWs with Fenton-like activation was investigated by using tetracycline (TC) as a representative antibiotic pollutant. Remarkably, it exhibited excellent catalytic activity, which the removal rate of TC got to 92.0% within 40 min, and the pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic constant was 18.33 × 10-3 L mg-1·min-1, which was 26 times and 5 times than that of HApNWs and CuO, respectively. Furthermore, after recycling 6 times, the degradation efficiency of TC still remained above 85 %. Based on radical scavenger tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, it demonstrated that the excellent activity of CuO@HApNWs was mainly attributed to the fact that Fenton-like activation promotes the circulation of Cu2+ and Cu+, the generated main active oxygen species (•OH and O2-•) achieve efficient degradation of TC. In summary, the nano-hammer shaped CuO@HApNWs could be in-situ synthesed, and used as an eco-friendly Fenton-like catalyst for effectively catalytic degradation of organic pollutants, which has great potential for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Zhao
- Key Lab. Eco-functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiarui Ren
- Key Lab. Eco-functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Lab. Eco-functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Key Lab. Eco-functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Key Lab. Eco-functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Rongmin Wang
- Key Lab. Eco-functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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3
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Zhang F, Wang D, Cannone Falchetto A, Cao Y. Microwave deicing properties and carbon emissions assessment of asphalt mixtures containing steel slag towards resource conservation and waste reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169189. [PMID: 38097074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of solid waste, such as steel slag (SS), is generated annually. At the same time, the shortage of road construction materials is becoming a concern. In this study, to recycle and reuse SS as a substitute for natural aggregates to achieve resource conservation and sustainable development of roads were conducted. First, the electromagnetic performance of SS was explored to evaluate its wave-absorbing properties. Next, the effect of different SS contents on heating properties, surface temperature, heating uniformity, and ice melting time (IMT) were investigated. Finally, the carbon emissions assessment (CEA) of conventional asphalt mixture (CAM) and steel slag asphalt mixture (SSAM) was compared. Results indicated that SS has ferromagnetic behavior and higher electromagnetic parameters, showing better wave-absorbing properties than limestone. There were three stages during microwave heating (MH): ice melting, moisture emitting, and stabilization. In addition, heating uniformity tends to be poor with the increase of SS, and samples with 100 % content of SS have the highest standard deviation of 21.04 °C and 20.77 °C after 270 s at -10 °C and - 20 °C. Samples containing 50 % SS have the best microwave deicing properties, which can reduce the IMT by 28.57 % to 46.18 % at different initial freezing temperatures and ice thickness compared to CAM. Furthermore, CEA revealed that CAM and SSAM's carbon emissions over road construction's life cycle are similar (around 27,000 kg) and originate mainly from the mixing and raw material extraction phases. However, SSAM leads to better environmental and economic benefits and provides an exemplary resource conservation and waste reuse solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Rakentajanaukio 4, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Rakentajanaukio 4, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | | | - Yangsen Cao
- School of Highway, Chang'an University, South 2nd Ring Road Middle Section, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China.
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Li X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Mahlknecht J, Wang C. A review of metallurgical slags as catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for removal of refractory organic pollutants in wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120051. [PMID: 38262282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of the metallurgical industry, there is a significant increase in the production of metallurgical slags. The waste slags pose significant challenges for their disposal because of complex compositions, low utilization rates, and environmental toxicity. One promising approach is to utilize metallurgical slags as catalysts for treatment of refractory organic pollutants in wastewater through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), achieving the objective of "treating waste with waste". This work provides a literature review of the source, production, and chemical composition of metallurgical slags, including steel slag, copper slag, electrolytic manganese residue, and red mud. It emphasizes the modification methods of metallurgical slags as catalysts and the application in AOPs for degradation of refractory organic pollutants. The reaction conditions, catalytic performance, and degradation mechanisms of organic pollutants using metallurgical slags are summarized. Studies have proved the feasibility of using metallurgical slags as catalysts for removing various pollutants by AOPs. The catalytic performance was significantly influenced by slags-derived catalysts, catalyst modification, and process factors. Future research should focus on addressing the safety and stability of catalysts, developing green and efficient modification methods, enhancing degradation efficiency, and implementing large-scale treatment of real wastewater. This work offers insights into the resource utilization of metallurgical slags and pollutant degradation in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hongwen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yingshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Yang Z, Peng X, Zheng J, Wang Z. Plasma synthesis of oxygen vacancy-rich CuO/Cu 2(OH) 3NO 3 heterostructure nanosheets for boosting degradation performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29108-29119. [PMID: 37869910 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03918h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Defect regulation and the construction of a heterojunction structure are effective strategies to improve the catalytic activity of catalysts. In this work, the rapid conversion of CuO to Cu2(OH)3NO3 was achieved by fixing nitrogen in air as NO3- using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. This innovative approach resulted in the successful synthesis of a CuO/Cu2(OH)3NO3 nanosheet heterostructure. Notably, the samples prepared using plasma exhibit thinner thickness and larger specific surface area. Importantly, oxygen vacancies are introduced, simultaneously forming heterojunction interfaces within the CuO/Cu2(OH)3NO3 structure. CuO/Cu2(OH)3NO3 using plasma effectively degraded 96% of methyl orange within 8 min in the dark. The degradation rate is 81 and 23 times that of CuO and Cu2(OH)3NO3 using hydrothermal methods, respectively. The high catalytic activity is attributed to the large specific surface area, the abundance of active sites, and the synergy between oxygen vacancies and the strong heterojunction interfacial interactions, which accelerate the transfer of electrons and the production of reactive oxygen species (˙O2- and ˙OH). The mechanism of plasma preparation was proposed on account of microstructure characterization and online mass spectroscopy, which indicated that gas etching, gas expansion, and the repulsive force of electrons play key roles in plasma exfoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Jingxuan Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
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Wang J, Cheng X, Li P, Fan Q, Wu D, Liang H. Activation of peroxymonosulfate with biochar-supported CuO (CuO@BC) for natural organic matter removal and membrane fouling control. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140044. [PMID: 37660795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
To achieve excellent activation efficiency of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), this work prepared a biochar-supported CuO (CuO@BC) catalyst, and the CuO@BC/PMS system was proposed to remove the organic matter in natural surface water and reduce the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane. The successful synthesis of CuO@BC was demonstrated through characterization of its microscopic morphology and chemical composition by various techniques. The prepared heterogeneous catalyst showed a strong catalytic effect on PMS, which significantly removed natural organic matter through the production of active substances (•OH, SO4•-, O2•- and 1O2) from water. With respective degradation rates of 39.4% and 59.4%, the concentrations of DOC and UV254 dropped to 1.702 mg/L and 0.026 cm-1, respectively. Additionally, the CuO@BC/PMS oxidation displayed potent oxidation capabilities for contaminants and fluorescent organics with various molecular weights. The system effectively decreased the amount of organic matter that caused reversible and irreversible fouling of polyethersulfone membranes in natural water by 85.8% and 56.3%, respectively. The main fouling mechanisms changed as well, with standard and complete blocking dominating the entire filtration process. The results demonstrated the capacity of the CuO@BC/PMS system to remove contaminants in natural water and mitigate membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Cheng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China.
| | - Peijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Qingshui Fan
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Daoji Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
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Huang R, Feng T, Wu S, Zhang X, Fan Z, Yu Q, Chen Y, Chen T. In-situ synthesis of magnetic iron-chitosan-derived biochar as an efficient persulfate activator for phenol degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116604. [PMID: 37433379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate activation is a forceful method for eliminating organic pollutants from coal chemical wastewater. In this study, an in-situ synthesis method was used to fabricate an iron-chitosan-derived biochar (Fe-CS@BC) nanocomposite catalyst using chitosan as a template. Fe was successfully imprinted into the newly synthesized catalyst. The Fe-CS@BC can activate persulfate to effectively degrade phenol. This point was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The impact of various parameters on the removal rate was investigated in a single factor experiment. In Fe-CS@BC/PDS system, 95.96% of phenol (significantly higher than the original biochar of 34.33%) was removed within 45 min and 54.39% TOC within 2 h. The system showed superior efficiency over a broad pH value band from 3 to 9 and has a high degradation rate at ambient temperature. Free radical quenching experiment, EPR experiment and LSV experiment confirmed that multiple free radicals (including 1O2, SO4•-, O2•- and •OH) and electron transfer pathway combined to enhance phenol decomposition. Finally, the activation mechanism of persulfate by Fe-CS@BC was proposed to provide logical guidance on the treatment of organic pollutants in coal chemical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Tao Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources. Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China.
| | - Si Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources. Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China.
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Zhixuan Fan
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Qinghong Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Yinyu Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Tingpeng Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
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Zhu Y, Guan Z, Li X, Xia D, Li D. Ultrafast short-range catalytic pathway modified peroxymonosulfate activation over CuO with surface oxygen defects for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115322. [PMID: 36693467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in water bodies seriously threatens the ecosystem and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS), an effective method to remove antibiotics, have a bottleneck problem that the low oxidant utilization is attributed to the hindered electron transfer between metal oxides and peroxides. Here, CuO with rich oxygen vacancies (OVs), MSCuO-300, was synthesized to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TTCH) (k = 0.095 min-1). The dominant role of direct adsorption and activation of OVs and its regulated Cu-O, rather than surface hydroxyl adsorption, mediated a short-range catalytic pathway. The shortened catalytic pathway between active sites and PMS accelerated the charge transfer at the interface, which promoted PMS activation. Compared with CuxO-500 and Commercial CuO, the activation rate of PMS was increased by 11.97, and 12.64 times, respectively. OVs contributed to the production of 1O2 and O2•-, the main active species. In addition, MSCuO-300/PMS showed excellent adaptability to real water parameters, such as pH (3-11), anions, and continuous reactor maintained for 168 h. This study provides a successful case for the purification of antibiotic-containing wastewater in the design of efficient catalysts by oxygen defect strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, PR China
| | - Zeyu Guan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Xia
- Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China
| | - Dongya Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, PR China; Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430073, PR China
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Hassani A, Scaria J, Ghanbari F, Nidheesh PV. Sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A review on relevant activation mechanisms, performance, and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114789. [PMID: 36375505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the rapid development of modern industry, a greater number of organic pollutants are discharged into the water matrices. In recent decades, research efforts have focused on developing more effective technologies for the remediation of water containing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Recently, sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have been extensively used due to their high oxidizing potential, and effectiveness compared with other AOPs in PPCPs remediation. The present review provides a comprehensive assessment of the different methods such as heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, photo-generated electrons, ultrasound (US), electrochemical, carbon nanomaterials, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS). In addition, possible activation mechanisms from the point of radical and non-radical pathways are discussed. Then, biodegradability enhancement and toxicity reduction are highlighted. Comparison with other AOPs and treatment of PPCPs by the integrated process are evaluated as well. Lastly, conclusions and future perspectives on this research topic are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Hassani
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Jaimy Scaria
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - P V Nidheesh
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
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