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Zhu H, Zhang R, Huang Z, Zhou J. Progress in the Conversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 into Minor Ginsenosides Using β-Glucosidases. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020397. [PMID: 36673490 PMCID: PMC9858181 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, minor ginsenosides have received increasing attention due to their outstanding biological activities, yet they are of extremely low content in wild ginseng. Ginsenoside Rb1, which accounts for 20% of the total ginsenosides, is commonly used as a precursor to produce minor ginsenosides via β-glucosidases. To date, many research groups have used different approaches to obtain β-glucosidases that can hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1. This paper provides a compilation and analysis of relevant literature published mainly in the last decade, focusing on enzymatic hydrolysis pathways, enzymatic characteristics and molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1 hydrolysis by β-glucosidases. Based on this, it can be concluded that: (1) The β-glucosidases that convert ginsenoside Rb1 are mainly derived from bacteria and fungi and are classified as glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 1 and 3, which hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 mainly through the six pathways. (2) Almost all of these β-glucosidases are acidic and neutral enzymes with molecular masses ranging from 44-230 kDa. Furthermore, the different enzymes vary widely in terms of their optimal temperature, degradation products and kinetics. (3) In contrast to the GH1 β-glucosidases, the GH3 β-glucosidases that convert Rb1 show close sequence-function relationships. Mutations affecting the substrate binding site might alter the catalytic efficiency of enzymes and yield different prosapogenins. Further studies should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms and improving overall performances of β-glucosidases for better application in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-871-6592-0830; Fax: +86-871-6592-0952
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Yuksekdag Z, Cinar Acar B, Aslim B, Tukenmez U. β-Glucosidase activity and bioconversion of isoflavone glycosides to aglycones by potential probiotic bacteria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1382506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehranur Yuksekdag
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berat Cinar Acar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Aslim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Statistical optimization of production conditions of β-glucosidase from Bacillus stratosphericus strain SG9. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:221. [PMID: 28677083 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study illustrates the optimization and characterization of β-glucosidase from a bacterial isolate, strain SG9. Sixty-eight different variables were first screened by one factor at a time method. The screened variable optimization was then performed by Plackett-Burman design followed by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Thirty-one variables were screened, of which five variables were found to be significant. Box-Behnken design was then performed using the most significant variables, viz., esculin, K2HPO4 and MgSO4. The maximum enzyme activity was observed with an optimal medium composition of esculin (1.9 g/L), K2HPO4 (0. 5 g/L) and MgSO4 (0.3 g/L) with a predicted value of 3392.01 IU. The maximum β-glucosidase production achieved was 3340 IU. The bacterial strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence and biochemical characterization. The strain was identified as Bacillus stratosphericus and is a first report of its kind.
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Biswas T, Mathur AK, Mathur A. A literature update elucidating production of Panax ginsenosides with a special focus on strategies enriching the anti-neoplastic minor ginsenosides in ginseng preparations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4009-4032. [PMID: 28411325 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, an oriental gift to the world of healthcare and preventive medicine, is among the top ten medicinal herbs globally. The constitutive triterpene saponins, ginsenosides, or panaxosides are attributed to ginseng's miraculous efficacy towards anti-aging, rejuvenating, and immune-potentiating benefits. The major ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd., Re, and Rg1, formed after extensive glycosylations of the aglycone "dammaranediol," dominate the chemical profile of this genus in vivo and in vitro. Elicitations have successfully led to appreciable enhancements in the production of these major ginsenosides. However, current research on ginseng biotechnology has been focusing on the enrichment or production of the minor ginsenosides (the less glycosylated precursors of the major ginsenosides) in ginseng preparations, which are either absent or are produced in very low amounts in nature or via cell cultures. The minor ginsenosides under current scientific scrutiny include diol ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and triol ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, which are being touted as the next "anti-neoplastic pharmacophores," with better bioavailability and potency as compared to the major ginsenosides. This review aims at describing the strategies for ginsenoside production with special attention towards production of the minor ginsenosides from the major ginsenosides via microbial biotransformation, elicitations, and from heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - A K Mathur
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Archana Mathur
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Cui P, Dou TY, Sun YP, Li SY, Feng L, Zou LW, Wang P, Hao DC, Ge GB, Yang L. Efficient enzymatic preparation of esculentoside B following condition optimization by response surface methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Choi HJ, Kim EA, Kim DH, Shin KS. The Bioconversion of Red Ginseng Ethanol Extract into Compound K by Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ-014. MYCOBIOLOGY 2014; 42:256-261. [PMID: 25346602 PMCID: PMC4206791 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2014.42.3.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A β-glucosidase producing yeast strain was isolated from Korean traditional rice wine. Based on the sequence of the YCL008c gene and analysis of the fatty acid composition, the isolate was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain HJ-014. S. cerevisiae HJ-014 produced ginsenoside Rd, F2, and compound K from the ethanol extract of red ginseng. The production was increased by shaking culture, where the bioconversion efficiency was increased 2-fold compared to standing culture. The production of ginsenoside F2 and compound K was time-dependent and thought to proceed by the transformation pathway of: red ginseng extract→Rd→F2→compound K. The optimum incubation time and concentration of red ginseng extract for the production of compound K was 96 hr and 4.5% (w/v), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Joo Choi
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
| | - Eun A Kim
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Traditional and Biomedical Research Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea. ; Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
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Gao J, Wang J, Cui J, Wang N, Bai Y, Yuan Y, Zhou Y. Purification and characterization of two novel β-glucosidases fromPenicillium oxalicumand their application in bioactive ginsenoside production. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.934365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Purification Method Improvement and Characterization of a Novel Ginsenoside-Hydrolyzing β-Glucosidase fromPaecilomyces Bainiersp. 229. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:352-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Gao J, Hu Y, Ji L, Wang N, Wang J, Tai G, Zhou Y. A novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing enzyme fromPenicillium oxalicumand its application in ginsenoside Rd production. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.857316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Saglam Ertunga N, Turan A, Akatin MY, Keskin S. Partial Purification and Characterization ofArmillaria melleaβ-Glucosidase. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2012.660720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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β-Glycosidase-assisted bioconversion of ginsenosides in purified crude saponin and extracts from red ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Mishra SK, Sangwan NS, Sangwan RS. PURIFICATION AND PHYSICOKINETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A GLUCONOLACTONE INHIBITION-INSENSITIVE β-GLUCOSIDASE FROMAndrographis paniculataNEES. LEAF. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 43:481-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2012.759966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Biochemical and Proteomic Characterization of a Novel Extracellular β-Glucosidase from Trichoderma citrinoviride. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 53:289-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wei Y, Zhao W, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Purification and characterization of a novel and unique ginsenoside Rg1-hydrolyzing β-D-glucosidase from Penicillium sclerotiorum. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:226-31. [PMID: 21297118 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel and unique ginsenoside Rg(1)-hydrolyzing β-D-glucosidase from Penicillium sclerotiorum was isolated, characterized, and generally described. The β-glucosidase is an ~180 kDa glycoprotein with pI 6.5, and consists of four identical subunits of ~40 kDa. The β-glucosidase was active in a narrow pH range (4-5) and at relatively high temperature (60-70°C). The optimal activity against p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was as follows: pH 4.5 and temperature 65°C. Under these conditions, the K(m) of the enzyme was 0.715 mM with a V(max) of 0.243 mmol nitrophenol/min mg. Metal ions such as Ba(2+), K(+), Fe(3+), and Co(2+) significantly promoted the enzymatic activity, while Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Ag(+) inhibited its activity. Of the tested substrates, only ginsenoside Rg(1) could be specifically hydrolyzed by the β-glucosidase at the C6-glucoside to form the rare ginsenoside F(1). These properties were novel and different from those of other previously described glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Partial purification and characterisation of endoglucanase from an edible mushroom, Lepista flaccida. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Zhao X, Gao L, Wang J, Bi H, Gao J, Du X, Zhou Y, Tai G. A novel ginsenoside Rb1-hydrolyzing β-d-glucosidase from Cladosporium fulvum. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Su JH, Xu JH, Yu HL, He YC, Lu WY, Lin GQ. Properties of a novel β-glucosidase from Fusarium proliferatum ECU2042 that converts ginsenoside Rg3 into Rh2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Deoxynojirimycin enhanced the transglycosylation activity of a glycosidase from the China white jade snail. J Biotechnol 2009; 139:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hu Y, Luan H, Zhou K, Ge G, Yang S, Yang L. Purification and characterization of a novel glycosidase from the china white jade snail (Achatina fulica) showing transglycosylation activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Li XW, Zhou W, Yan Q, Zhou P. 20-O-β-d-Xylopyranos-yl(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol methanol solvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2007; 64:o165. [PMID: 21200730 PMCID: PMC2915232 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536807063118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C41H70O12·CH4O, was prepared by microbial transformation. Within the steroid skeleton of the molecule, three six-membered rings exhibit a chair conformation, while the five -membered ring adopts an envelope conformation. The two pyranosyl rings also adopt chair conformations. The molecules are held together by an extensive O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Li
- Department of Biosynthetic Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 138 YiXueYuan Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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