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Islam SMM, Ju LK. Advanced strategies for production of soy-processing enzyme. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1042001. [PMID: 36698638 PMCID: PMC9868571 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme production is critical and often costly for biorefinery. It is challenging to produce enzymes with not only high titers but also proper combinations of all required activities in a single fermentation. This work aimed at improving productivity and composition of the multiple enzyme activities required for hydrolysis of complex soybean carbohydrate in a single fermentation. A previously selected Aspergillus niger strain was used for its high carbohydrases and low protease production. Strategies of fed-batch substrate addition and programmed pH-decrease rates were evaluated. Cheap soybean hull (SH) was confirmed to induce production of all necessary carbohydrases. Surprisingly, fed-batch SH addition, originally thought to sustain substrate-inducer availability and reduce feedback repression by sugars, did not increase pectinase and cellulase production significantly and even lowered the α-galactosidase production, when compared with batch fermentation having the same total SH amount (all added initially). On the other hand, the pH-decrease rate could be effectively optimized for production of complex enzyme mixtures. The best fermentation was programmed to lower pH from 7 to 4 in 84 h, at a drop rate of .0357 per h. It produced the highest pectinase (19.1 ± .04 U/mL), α-galactosidase (15.7 ± .4 U/mL), and cellulase (.88 ± .06 FPU/mL). Producing these high enzyme activities in a single fermentation significantly improves the effectiveness and economics of enzymatic soy processing, which, e.g., can hydrolyze the 30%-35% carbohydrate in soybean meal to sugars, with minimal protein degradation, to generate high-value protein-rich products and a hydrolysate as fermentation feedstock.
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Adsul MG, Dixit P, Saini JK, Gupta RP, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Morphologically favorable mutant of Trichoderma reesei for low viscosity cellulase production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2167-2181. [PMID: 35470437 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite production by filamentous fungi hampered because of high viscosity generated during growth. Low viscosity fermentation by mold is one of the preferred ways of large scale enzymes production. Cellulolytic enzymes play a key role during the process of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. In this study a mutant RC-23-1 was isolated through mutagenesis (diethyl sulfate followed by UV) of T. reesei RUT-C30. RC-23-1 not only gave higher cellulase production but also generated lower viscosity during enzyme production. Viscosity of mutant growth was more than three times lower than parent strain. RC-23-1 shows unique, yeast like colony morphology on solid media and small pellet like growth in liquid media. This mutant did not spread like mold on solid media. This mutant produces cellulases constitutively when grown in sugars. Using only glucose, the cellulase production was 4.1 FPU/ml. Among polysaccharides (avicel, xylan and pectin), avicel gave maximum of 6.2 FPU/ml and pretreated biomass (rice straw, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse) produced 5.1-5.8 FPU/ml. At 7L scale reactor, fed-batch process was designed for cellulase production using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Maximum yield of cellulases was 182 FPU/g of lactose consumed was observed in fed-batch process. The produced enzyme used for hydrolysis of acid pretreated rice straw (20% solid loading) and maximum of 60 % glucan conversion was observed. RC-23-1 mutant is good candidate for large scale cellulase production and could be a model strain to study mold to yeast-like transformation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund G Adsul
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Pooja Dixit
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Jitendra K Saini
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
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Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Carboxymethyl Cellulase and β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus JCM 10253. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2503-2527. [PMID: 35138555 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation biofuel production has emerged as a prominent sustainable and alternative energy. The biochemical properties of cellulolytic enzymes are imperative for cellulosic biomass conversion into fermentable sugars. In the present study, thermostable CMCase and β-glucosidase were purified and characterized from Aspergillus fumigatus JCM 10253. The enzymes were purified through 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by dialysis and DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular masses of the purified CMCase and β-glucosidase were estimated to be 125 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively. The CMCase and β-glucosidase demonstrated optimum activities at pH 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. Their respective maximum temperatures were 50 and 60 °C. The cellulase activities were stimulated by 10 mM concentration of Ca2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ ions. The CMCase activity was enhanced by surfactant Triton X-100 but marginally influenced by most inhibitors. The β-glucosidase retained its activity in the presence of organic solvents (30%) isoamyl alcohol, heptane, toluene, and ethyl acetate, while CMCase was retained with acetone during a prolonged incubation of 168 h. The Km and Vmax values of the two cellulases were studied. The properties of high thermostability and good tolerance against organic solvents could signify its potential use in biofuel production and other value-added products.
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Buffo MM, Ferreira ALZ, Almeida RMRG, Farinas CS, Badino AC, Ximenes EA, Ladisch MR. Cellulolytic enzymes production guided by morphology engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 149:109833. [PMID: 34311878 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanase and xylanase are critical enzymes for liquefaction and enzyme hydrolysis of high solids lignocellulosic biomass to facilitate its transport and production of desired derived products. Here is reported how combinations of different spore concentrations and pH influence microbial morphology, and how this may be used to direct expression and secretion of enzymes by Aspergillus niger. While xylanase production is not affected by A. niger morphology changes, endoglucanase production is enhanced under conditions of lower stress and by morphology that results in pellets. β-glucosidase production is enhanced under dispersed morphology, which results in up to fourfold increase of this enzyme production under the tested experimental conditions. A morphologic scale (Y) is proposed based on a form factor that considers the size and frequency of each morphology class, and that points to conditions that result in high selectivity for either endoglucanase or β-glucosidase production. An equation proposed to relate enzyme activity to morphology provides a useful tool for tuning enzyme production of A. niger, where morphology is a first indication of relative enzyme activities in a fermentation broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane M Buffo
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiane S Farinas
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil; Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Badino
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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6
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Bodie E, Virag A, Pratt RJ, Leiva N, Ward M, Dodge T. Reduced viscosity mutants of Trichoderma reesei with improved industrial fermentation characteristics. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab014. [PMID: 33599729 PMCID: PMC9113505 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Morphological mutants of Trichoderma reesei were isolated following chemical or insertional mutagenesis. The mutant strains were shown to have reduced viscosity under industrially relevant fermentation conditions and to have maintained high specific productivity of secreted protein. This allowed higher biomass concentration to be maintained during the production phase and, consequently, increased volumetric productivity of secreted protein. The causative mutations were traced to four individual genes (designated sfb3, ssb7, seb1, and mpg1). We showed that two of the morphological mutations could be combined in a single strain to further reduce viscosity and enable a 100% increase in volumetric productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J Pratt
- Nutrition and Biosciences, DuPont, Palo Alto, CA
94304, USA
| | - Nicholas Leiva
- Nutrition and Biosciences, DuPont, Palo Alto, CA
94304, USA
| | - Michael Ward
- Nutrition and Biosciences, DuPont, Palo Alto, CA
94304, USA
| | - Tim Dodge
- Nutrition and Biosciences, DuPont, Palo Alto, CA
94304, USA
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7
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Zhao Q, Liu Q, Wang Q, Qin Y, Zhong Y, Gao L, Liu G, Qu Y. Disruption of the Trichoderma reesei gul1 gene stimulates hyphal branching and reduces broth viscosity in cellulase production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6132311. [PMID: 33693788 PMCID: PMC9113457 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyphal morphology is considered to have a close relationship with the production
level of secreted proteins by filamentous fungi. In this study, the
gul1 gene, which encodes a putative mRNA-binding protein,
was disrupted in cellulase-producing fungus Trichoderma reesei.
The hyphae of Δgul1 strain produced more lateral
branches than the parent strain. Under the condition for cellulase production,
disruption of gul1 resulted in smaller mycelial clumps and
significantly lower viscosity of fermentation broth. In addition, cellulase
production was improved by 22% relative to the parent strain.
Transcriptome analysis revealed that a set of genes encoding cell wall
remodeling enzymes as well as hydrophobins were differentially expressed in the
Δgul1 strain. The results suggest that the
regulatory role of gul1 in cell morphogenesis is likely
conserved in filamentous fungi. To our knowledge, this is the first report on
the engineering of gul1 in an industrially important
fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 11 Keyuanjingsi Road, 266101 Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
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Zhao W, Huang P, Zhu Z, Chen C, Xu X. Production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity via bioconversion of wheat straw by Inonotus obliquus under submerged fermentation with the aid of a surfactant. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1021-1029. [PMID: 32761948 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of surfactants on wheat straw biodegradation and the growth-associated generation of exo- and endo-phenolic compounds (EPC and IPC) and antioxidant activity expression by liquid-cultured Inonotus obliquus, an edible and medicinal mushroom, also known as a white rot fungus. Changes in the chemical composition and multiscale structure of wheat straw, in the production and activity of EPC and IPC and in individual flavonoids were analyzed. RESULTS Fungal pretreatment decreased significantly the contents of all lignocellulose components, increased and enlarged substrate porosity and caused changes in the structure of wheat straw with the aid of Triton X-100. A gradual increase in EPC and IPC production was observed up to 6.4- and 1.5-fold for 9 days. The EPC obtained on day 9 showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 of 30.96 mg L-1 ) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. High-performance liquid chromatographic results indicated the presence of high amounts of epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG; (374.9 mg g-1 ) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG; 447.2 mg g-1 ) in the EPC; other polyphenols were also enhanced but to a lesser extent. Surfactant supplementation was effective in enhancing flavonoid production and in increasing antioxidant activity in EPC. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated enhanced accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly ECG and EGCG in Inonotus obliquus via biodegradation and bioconversion of lignocellulose residues. They also indicated enhancement in the production of several flavonoids and also an increase in antioxidant activity in the product by a surfactant-treated process, which may be a useful way of exploiting underused lignocellulosic residues to various high-added-value functional ingredients. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenduo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqun Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Bordignon SE, da Silva Delabona P, Lima D, Perrone O, da Silva Souza MG, Santos AS, da Cruz Pradella JG, Boscolo M, Gomes E, da Silva R. Induction of fungal cellulolytic enzymes using sugarcane bagasse and xylose-rich liquor as substrates. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-020-00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Extractive Shiraia Fermentation by Triton X-100 for Hypocrellin A Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030882. [PMID: 32019072 PMCID: PMC7037624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia mycelial culture is a promising biotechnological alternative for the production of hypocrellin A (HA), a new photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). The extractive fermentation of intracellular HA in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100) aqueous solution was studied in the present work. The addition of 25 g/L TX100 at 36 h of the fermentation not only enhanced HA exudation to the broth by 15.6-fold, but stimulated HA content in mycelia by 5.1-fold, leading to the higher production 206.2 mg/L, a 5.4-fold of the control on day 9. After the induced cell membrane permeabilization by TX100 addition, a rapid generation of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed. The increase of NO level was suppressed by the scavenger vitamin C (VC) of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas the induced H2O2 production could not be prevented by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), suggesting that NO production may occur downstream of ROS in the extractive fermentation. Both NO and H2O2 were proved to be involved in the expressions of HA biosynthetic genes (Mono, PKS and Omef) and HA production. NO was found to be able to up-regulate the expression of transporter genes (MFS and ABC) for HA exudation. Our results indicated the integrated role of NO and ROS in the extractive fermentation and provided a practical biotechnological process for HA production.
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11
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Fitz E, Gamauf C, Seiboth B, Wanka F. Deletion of the small GTPase rac1 in Trichoderma reesei provokes hyperbranching and impacts growth and cellulase production. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:16. [PMID: 31641527 PMCID: PMC6798449 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma reesei is widely known for its enormous protein secretion capacity and as an industrially relevant producer of cellulases and hemicellulases. Over the last decades, rational strain engineering was applied to further enhance homologous and heterologous enzyme yields. The introduction of hyperbranching is believed to increase protein secretion, since most exocytosis is located at the hyphal apical tip. There are several genetic modifications which can cause hyperbranching, for example the deletion of the small Rho GTPase rac. Rac plays a crucial role in actin dynamics and is involved in polarisation of the cell during germination and apical extension of the hyphae. Results We deleted rac1 in a T. reesei strain with an ectopically overexpressed endoglucanase, CEL12A, under Pcdna1 control. This deletion provoked a hyperbranching phenotype and strong apolar growth during germination and in mature hyphae. The strains displayed dichotomous branching and shorter total mycelium length with a larger hyphal diameter. Δrac1 strains exhibited a decreased radial growth on solid media. Biomass formation in liquid cultures was carbon source dependent; similar to the reference strain during growth on lactose, increased on d-glucose and slightly enhanced on cellulose. While extracellular cellulase activities remained at parental strain levels on d-glucose and cellulose, the specific activity on lactose cultures was increased up to three times at 72 h accompanied by an upregulation of transcription of the main cellulases. Although the morphology of the Δrac1 strains was considerably altered, the viscosity of the culture broth in fed-batch cultivations were not significantly different in comparison to the parental strain. Conclusions Deletion of the small Rho GTPase rac1 changes the morphology of the hyphae and provokes hyperbranching without affecting viscosity, independent of the carbon source. In contrast, biomass formation and cellulase production are altered in a carbon source dependent manner in the Δrac1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fitz
- 1Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,2Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH c/o Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gamauf
- 3Group Biotechnology, Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- 1Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,2Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH c/o Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Wanka
- 2Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH c/o Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Volpi M, Santos VS, Ribeiro A, Santana M, Bastos RG. The Role of Lignocellulosic Composition and Residual Lipids in Empty Fruit Bunches on the Production of Humic Acids in Submerged Fermentations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:957-964. [PMID: 30105546 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the production of humic acids (HA) by Trichoderma reesei from empty fruit bunches (EFBs) of palm oil processing, with a focus on the effects of lignocellulosic content and residual lipids. EFBs from two different soils and palm oil producers were previously characterized about their lignocellulosic composition. Submerged fermentations were inoculated with T. reesei spores and set up with or without residual lipids. The results showed that the soil and the processing for removal of the palm fresh fruits were crucial to EFB quality. Thus, EFBs were classified as type 1 (higher lignocellulosic and fatty acids composition similar to the palm oil and palm kernel oil) and type 2 (lower lignocellulosic content and fatty acids composition similar to palm oil). Despite the different profiles, the fungal growth was similar for both EFB types. HA production was associated with fungal growth, and it was higher without lipids for both EFBs. The highest HA productivity was obtained from type 1 EFB (approximately 90 mg L-1 at 48 h). Therefore, the lignocellulosic composition and the nature of the residual lipids in EFBs play an important role in HA production by submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpc Volpi
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - V S Santos
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Apb Ribeiro
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mha Santana
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein, 500, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - R G Bastos
- Center of Agricultural Scientes (CCA), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Araras, Via Anhanguera, km 174, Araras, SP, 13604-900, Brazil.
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Lei XY, Zhang MY, Ma YJ, Wang JW. Transcriptomic responses involved in enhanced production of hypocrellin A by addition of Triton X-100 in submerged cultures of Shiraia bambusicola. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1415-1429. [PMID: 28685359 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The addition of surfactant is a useful strategy to enhance the product yield in submerged fermentation process. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanism for the elicitation of Triton X-100 on production of hypocrellin A (HA) in cultures of Shiraia bambusicola through transcriptomic analysis. Triton X-100 at 2.5% (w/v) not only induced HA biosynthesis in mycelia, but also stimulated the release of HA into the medium. We found 23 of 2463 transcripts, possible candidate genes for HA biosynthesis under Triton X-100 induction. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed Triton X-100 treatment changed expression of genes involved in transmembrane transport and oxidation-reduction process, indicating that enhanced HA production was mainly due to both elicited biosynthesis in mycelium and the increased membrane permeability for HA release. These data provided new insights into elicitation of surfactants in submerged cultures of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yun Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
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14
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Li Q, Loman AA, Coffman AM, Ju LK. Soybean hull induced production of carbohydrases and protease among Aspergillus and their effectiveness in soy flour carbohydrate and protein separation. J Biotechnol 2017; 248:35-42. [PMID: 28315372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soybean hull consists mainly of three major plant carbohydrates, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. It is inexpensive and a good potential substrate for carbohydrase production because it is capable of inducing a complete spectrum of activities to hydrolyze complex biomass. Aspergillus is known for carbohydrase production but no studies have evaluated and compared, among Aspergillus species and strains, the soybean hull induced production of various carbohydrases. In this study, A. aculeatus, A. cinnamomeus, A. foetidus, A. phoenicis and 11 A. niger strains were examined together with T. reesei Rut C30, another known carbohydrase producer. The carbohydrases evaluated included pectinase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, cellulase, α-galactosidase and sucrase. Growth morphology and pH profiles were also followed. Among Aspergillus strains, morphology was found to correlate with both carbohydrase production and pH decrease profile. Filamentous strains gave higher carbohydrase production while causing slower pH decrease. The enzyme broths produced were also tested for separation of soy flour carbohydrate and protein. Defatted soy flour contains about 53% protein and 32% carbohydrate. The enzymatic treatment can increase protein content and remove indigestible oligo-/poly-saccharides, and improve use of soy flour in feed and food. Protease production by different strains was therefore also compared for minimizing protein degradation. A. niger NRRL 322 and A. foetidus NRRL 341 were found to be the most potent strains that produced maximal carbohydrases and minimal protease under soybean hull induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Anthony M Coffman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States.
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Bischof RH, Ramoni J, Seiboth B. Cellulases and beyond: the first 70 years of the enzyme producer Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:106. [PMID: 27287427 PMCID: PMC4902900 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 70 years ago, the filamentous ascomycete Trichoderma reesei was isolated on the Solomon Islands due to its ability to degrade and thrive on cellulose containing fabrics. This trait that relies on its secreted cellulases is nowadays exploited by several industries. Most prominently in biorefineries which use T. reesei enzymes to saccharify lignocellulose from renewable plant biomass in order to produce biobased fuels and chemicals. In this review we summarize important milestones of the development of T. reesei as the leading production host for biorefinery enzymes, and discuss emerging trends in strain engineering. Trichoderma reesei has very recently also been proposed as a consolidated bioprocessing organism capable of direct conversion of biopolymeric substrates to desired products. We therefore cover this topic by reviewing novel approaches in metabolic engineering of T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bischof
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH c/o Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Ramoni
- Molecular Biotechnology, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH c/o Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Molecular Biotechnology, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Nutrient control for stationary phase cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 82:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li Q, Coffman AM, Ju LK. Development of reproducible assays for polygalacturonase and pectinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 72:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Motta FL, Santana MHA. Solid-state fermentation for humic acids production by a Trichoderma reesei strain using an oil palm empty fruit bunch as the substrate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:2205-17. [PMID: 24343369 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Empty fruit bunch (EFB), an underutilized waste product of oil palm processing, was studied as a substrate for the production of humic acids (HA) by a Trichoderma reesei strain by solid-state fermentation (SSF) in Raimbault columns. HA have attracted the attention of many investigators due to their applications in agriculture, industry, the environment, and biomedicine. Commercial HA are currently chemically extracted from peat and coal, which are nonrenewable carbon sources. Biotechnological processes are important for their sustainable and controlled production, with SSF being especially promising for mimicking the natural habitat of fungi. Trichoderma sporulation and HA production are related, and the results of this study showed that SSF stimulated fast sporulation. The productivity related to HA was much higher than that of the biomass, indicating an efficient utilization of EFB. These findings, added to the low cost of EFB, make SSF an attractive process for HA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Motta
- Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
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Motta FL, Santana MHA. Production of humic acids from oil palm empty fruit bunch by submerged fermentation withTrichoderma viride: Cellulosic substrates and nitrogen sources. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:631-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F L. Motta
- Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory; School of Chemical Engineering; University of Campinas; 13083-852 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - M. H. A. Santana
- Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory; School of Chemical Engineering; University of Campinas; 13083-852 Campinas SP Brazil
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Motta FL, Santana MHA. Biomass production from Trichoderma viride in nonconventional oat medium. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1245-50. [PMID: 22736524 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oatmeal, an alternative, renewable, and low-cost substrate, was used for the production of Trichoderma viride spores by submerged fermentation. The nonconventional oat medium was only supplemented with potato peptone, which is a green source of nitrogen for the microorganism. Because particles are suspended in the nonconventional oat medium, the characterization was based on viscosity, average particle diameter, size distribution, and porosity of the particles. Because of the complexity of the fungal biomass extraction, the dry weight and protein content were used as methods for quantifying the growth of T. viride. The inversion between the proportion of mycelia and spores was captured in the microscopic image analysis during the fermentation process. After 60 h, spores began to appear, accounting for most of the form present at 120 h of fermentation. The decrease in pH and the increase in glucose concentration during fermentation indicate that glucan hydrolysis occurs and that glucose is released into the medium. The potential for industrial applications of submerged fermentation with oats for biomass production of T. viride is noted in the results. This simple and easily controllable process has several advantages, including the use of low-cost substrates for the propagation of a microorganism that is widely used in scientific and commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Motta
- Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory, Dept of Biotechnological Processes, University of Campinas, 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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