1
|
Xue Y, Li H, Kang X. Molecular unraveling of polysaccharide digestion in wood-feeding termites: A solid-state NMR perspective. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121843. [PMID: 38388031 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Termites are among the most efficient organisms utilizing polysaccharides from wood and play a significant role in global carbon recycling, especially within tropical and subtropical ecosystems. Yet, the molecular details in polysaccharide degradation by termites remain largely unexplored. In this work, we have elucidated the shared and distinct molecular details in polysaccharides digestion by the higher termite Nasutitermes on poplar and the lower termite Cryptotermes on pine using high resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For the first time, structural polymers are partitioned into the minor mobile and dominant rigid phases for individual examination. The mobile polysaccharides receive less structural impacts and exhibit greater digestibility compared to the rigid counterparts. While both termites effectively degrade cellulose, Nasutitermes significantly outperforms Cryptotermes in hemicellulose breakdown. In the rigid phase, cellulose is comprehensively degraded into a fragmented and more dynamically consistent structure; As Nasutitermes breaks down hemicellulose in a similar manner to cellulose, Cryptotermes selectively digests hemicellulose at its interfaces with cellulose. Additionally, crystalline cellulose undergoes selective degradation, and the digestion of amorphous cellulose might involve sugar chain detachment within microfibrils. Overall, our findings offer significant advancements and fresh perspectives on the polysaccharide digestion strategies of different termite lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xue Kang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blanton AG, Perkins S, Peterson BF. In vitro assays reveal inherently insecticide-tolerant termite symbionts. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1134936. [PMID: 37501931 PMCID: PMC10368989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1134936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Termite symbionts are well known for conferring a myriad of benefits to their hosts. Bacterial symbionts are repeatedly associated with increased fitness, nutritional supplementation, pathogen protection, and proper development across insect taxa. In addition, several recent studies link bacterial symbionts to reduced insecticide efficacy. This has important implications both in pest control management and environmental bioremediation efforts. Insects' guts may be a valuable resource for microbes with broad application given their unique niches and metabolic diversity. Though insecticide resistance in termites is considered unlikely due to their life history, the close association of termites with a multitude of bacteria raises the question: is there potential for symbiont-mediated pesticide tolerance in termites? Methods and results: We identified a candidate that could grow in minimal medium containing formulated pesticide. This bacterial isolate was then subjected to continuous culture and subsequently demonstrated improved performance in the presence of pesticide. Isolates subjected to continuous culture were then grown at a range of concentrations from 1-10X the formulation rate. After constant exposure for several generations, isolates grew significantly better. Conclusion: Here we demonstrate that naïve insect hosts can harbor symbionts with inherent insecticide tolerance capable of rapid adaptation to increasing insecticide concentrations overtime. This has broad implications for both pest control and environmental cleanup of residual pesticides.
Collapse
|
3
|
He S, Jiang B, Chakraborty A, Yu G. The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization. INSECTS 2022; 13:786. [PMID: 36135486 PMCID: PMC9500737 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant-insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects' GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulin He
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Beijing Rd. 1, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Rd. 46, Ya’an 625014, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arevalos-Sánchez MM, Maynez-Perez AO, Rodríguez-Almeida FA, Martínez-Quintana JA, Sanchez-Flores FA, Felix-Portillo M, Chavéz-Martínez A, Olvera-García ME, Ruiz-Barrera O, Corral-Luna A. In vitro assessment of two novel Cellulases from Trabulsiella odontotermitis for agricultural waste utilization. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 33757473 PMCID: PMC7986525 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The production of agricultural wastes still growing as a consequence of the population growing. However, the majority of these residues are under-utilized due their chemical composition, which is mainly composed by cellulose. Actually, the search of cellulases with high efficiency to degrade this carbohydrate remains as the challenge. In the present experiment, two genes encoding an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and their recombinant enzymes (egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively) characterized. Those genes were found in Trabulsiella odontermitis which was isolated from the gut of termite Heterotermes sp. Additionally, the capability to release sugars from agricultural wastes was evaluated in both enzymes, alone and in combination. Results The results have shown that optimal pH was 6.0 and 6.5, reaching an activity of 1051.65 ± 47.78 and 607.80 ± 10.19 U/mg at 39 °C, for egl-FZYE and cel-FZYE, respectively. The Km and Vmax for egl-FZYE using CMC as substrate were 11.25 mg/mL and 3921.57 U/mg, respectively, whereas using Avicel were 15.39 mg/mL and 2314.81 U/mg, respectively. The Km and Vmax for cel-FZYE using Avicel as substrate were 11.49 mg/mL and 2105.26 U/mg, respectively, whereas using CMC the enzyme did not had activity. Both enzymes had effect on agricultural wastes, and their effect was improved when they were combined reaching an activity of 955.1 ± 116.1, 4016.8 ± 332 and 1124.2 ± 241 U/mg on corn stover, sorghum stover and pine sawdust, respectively. Conclusions Both enzymes were capable of degrading agricultural wastes, and their effectiveness was improved up to 60% of glucose released when combined. In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that the recombinant enzymes exhibit characteristics that indicate their value as potential feed additives and that the enzymes could be used to enhance the degradation of cellulose in the poor-quality forage generally used in ruminant feedstuffs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00687-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha María Arevalos-Sánchez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Adrián Omar Maynez-Perez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Felipe A Rodríguez-Almeida
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - José Alfredo Martínez-Quintana
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Fidel Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Monserrath Felix-Portillo
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - América Chavéz-Martínez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Myrna Elena Olvera-García
- Unidad de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ruiz-Barrera
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Agustín Corral-Luna
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada Km 1, 31453, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdel-Azeem AM, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Abo Nahas HH, Abdel-Azeem MA, Balbool BA, Mousa MK, Ali NH, Darwish AMG. Biodiversity and Industrial Applications of Genus Chaetomium. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
6
|
Kim DY, Kim J, Lee SH, Chung C, Shin DH, Ku BH, Son KH, Park HY. A d-glucose- and d-xylose-tolerant GH1 β-glucosidase from Cellulosimicrobium funkei HY-13, a fibrolytic gut bacterium of Eisenia fetida. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
7
|
Abdel-Azeem AM, El-Mansy SA, Abo Nahas HAH, Mousa MK, Gandal HE, Hamdy SE, El-Ansary MM, Abdel-Azeem MA. Thermophilic Chaetomium in Biotechnology. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31612-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
In silico Approach to Elucidate Factors Associated with GH1 β-Glucosidase Thermostability. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
9
|
Simultaneous Enhancement of Thermostability and Catalytic Activity of a Metagenome-Derived β-Glucosidase Using Directed Evolution for the Biosynthesis of Butyl Glucoside. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246224. [PMID: 31835569 PMCID: PMC6940790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyl glucoside synthesis using bioenzymatic methods at high temperatures has gained increasing interest. Protein engineering using directed evolution of a metagenome-derived β-glucosidase of Bgl1D was performed to identify enzymes with improved activity and thermostability. An interesting mutant Bgl1D187 protein containing five amino acid substitutions (S28T, Y37H, D44E, R91G, and L115N), showed catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km of 561.72 mM−1 s−1) toward ρ-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (ρNPG) that increased by 23-fold, half-life of inactivation by 10-fold, and further retained transglycosidation activity at 50 °C as compared with the wild-type Bgl1D protein. Site-directed mutagenesis also revealed that Asp44 residue was essential to β-glucosidase activity of Bgl1D. This study improved our understanding of the key amino acids of the novel β-glucosidases and presented a raw material with enhanced catalytic activity and thermostability for the synthesis of butyl glucosides.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu N, Li H, Chevrette MG, Zhang L, Cao L, Zhou H, Zhou X, Zhou Z, Pope PB, Currie CR, Huang Y, Wang Q. Functional metagenomics reveals abundant polysaccharide-degrading gene clusters and cellobiose utilization pathways within gut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:104-117. [PMID: 30116044 PMCID: PMC6298952 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell-wall polysaccharides constitute the most abundant but recalcitrant organic carbon source in nature. Microbes residing in the digestive tract of herbivorous bilaterians are particularly efficient at depolymerizing polysaccharides into fermentable sugars and play a significant support role towards their host's lifestyle. Here, we combine large-scale functional screening of fosmid libraries, shotgun sequencing, and biochemical assays to interrogate the gut microbiota of the wood-feeding "higher" termite Globitermes brachycerastes. A number of putative polysaccharide utilization gene clusters were identified with multiple fibrolytic genes. Our large-scale functional screening of 50,000 fosmid clones resulted in 464 clones demonstrating plant polysaccharide-degrading activities, including 267 endoglucanase-, 24 exoglucanase-, 72 β-glucosidase-, and 101 endoxylanase-positive clones. We sequenced 173 functionally active clones and identified ~219 genes encoding putative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) targeting cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Further analyses revealed that 68 of 154 contigs encode one or more CAZyme, which includes 35 examples of putative saccharolytic operons, suggesting that clustering of CAZymes is common in termite gut microbial inhabitants. Biochemical characterization of a representative xylanase cluster demonstrated that constituent enzymes exhibited complementary physicochemical properties and saccharolytic capabilities. Furthermore, diverse cellobiose-metabolizing enzymes include β-glucosidases, cellobiose phosphorylases, and phopho-6-β-glucosidases were identified and functionally verified, indicating that the termite gut micro-ecosystem utilizes diverse metabolic pathways to interconnect hydrolysis and central metabolism. Collectively, these results provide an in-depth view of the adaptation and digestive strategies employed by gut microbiota within this tiny-yet-efficient host-associated ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marc G Chevrette
- Department Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haokui Zhou
- Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou Y, Li X, Yan D, Addai Peprah F, Ji X, Fletcher EE, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gu J, Lin F, Shi H. Multifunctional elastin-like polypeptide renders β-glucosidase enzyme phase transition and high stability. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:157. [PMID: 31249620 PMCID: PMC6589881 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the enzymatic conversion of biomass, it becomes an important issue to efficiently and cost-effectively degrade cellulose into fermentable glucose. β-Glucosidase (Bgluc), an essential member of cellulases, plays a critical role in cellulosic biomass degradation. The difficulty in improving the stability of Bgluc has been a bottleneck in the enzyme-dependent cellulose degradation. The traditional method of protein purification, however, leads to higher production cost and a decrease in activity. To simplify and efficiently purify Bgluc with modified special properties, Bgluc-tagged ELP and His with defined phase transitions was designed to facilitate the process. RESULTS Here, a novel binary ELP and His tag was fused with Bgluc from termite Coptotermes formosanus to construct a Bgluc-linker-ELP-His recombinant fusion protein (BglucLEH). The recombinant plasmid Bgluc expressing a His tag (BglucH) was also constructed. The BglucLEH and BglucH were expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified using inverse transition cycling (ITC) or Ni-NTA resin. The optimum salt concentration for the ITC purification of BglucLEH was 0.5 M (NH4)2SO4 and the specific activity of BglucLEH purified by ITC was 75.5 U/mg for substrate p-NPG, which was slightly higher than that of BglucLEH purified by Ni-NTA (68.2 U/mg). The recovery rate and purification fold of BglucLEH purified by ITC and Ni-NTA were 77.8%, 79.1% and 12.60, 11.60, respectively. The results indicated that purification with ITC was superior to the traditional Ni-NTA. The K m of BglucLEH and BglucH for p-NPG was 5.27 and 5.73 mM, respectively. The K ca t/K m (14.79 S-1 mM-1) of BglucLEH was higher than that of BglucH (12.10 S-1 mM-1). The effects of ELP tag on the enzyme activity, secondary structure and protein stability were also studied. The results showed that ELP tag did not affect the secondary structure or enzyme activity of Bgluc. More importantly, ELP improved the protein stability in harsh conditions such as heating and exposure to denaturant. CONCLUSION The Bgluc-linker-ELP-His system shows wide application prospect in maintaining the activity, efficient purification and improving the stability of Bgluc. These properties of BglucLEH make it an interesting tool to reduce cost, to improve the efficiency of biocatalyst and potentially to enhance the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Frank Addai Peprah
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Ji
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Emmanuella Esi Fletcher
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Escuder-Rodríguez JJ, DeCastro ME, Cerdán ME, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Becerra M, González-Siso MI. Cellulases from Thermophiles Found by Metagenomics. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030066. [PMID: 29996513 PMCID: PMC6165527 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulases are a heterogeneous group of enzymes that synergistically catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose, the major component of plant biomass. Such reaction has biotechnological applications in a broad spectrum of industries, where they can provide a more sustainable model of production. As a prerequisite for their implementation, these enzymes need to be able to operate in the conditions the industrial process requires. Thus, cellulases retrieved from extremophiles, and more specifically those of thermophiles, are likely to be more appropriate for industrial needs in which high temperatures are involved. Metagenomics, the study of genes and gene products from the whole community genomic DNA present in an environmental sample, is a powerful tool for bioprospecting in search of novel enzymes. In this review, we describe the cellulolytic systems, we summarize their biotechnological applications, and we discuss the strategies adopted in the field of metagenomics for the discovery of new cellulases, focusing on those of thermophilic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-José Escuder-Rodríguez
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - María-Eugenia DeCastro
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - María-Esperanza Cerdán
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Belmonte
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - Manuel Becerra
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| | - María-Isabel González-Siso
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Corunna, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jaswal V, Palanivelu J, C R. Effects of the Gut microbiota on Amygdalin and its use as an anti-cancer therapy: Substantial review on the key components involved in altering dose efficacy and toxicity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:125-132. [PMID: 29872744 PMCID: PMC5986699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is popularly used due to side-effects and failure of approved methods, for diseases like Epilepsy and Cancer. Amygdalin, a cyanogenic diglycoside is commonly administered for cancer with other CAM therapies like vitamins and seeds of fruits like apricots and bitter almonds, due to its ability to hydrolyse to hydrogen cyanide (HCN), benzaldehyde and glucose. Over the years, several cases of cyanide toxicity on ingestion have been documented. In-vitro and in-vivo studies using various doses and modes of administration, like IV administration studies that showed no HCN formation, point to the role played by the gut microbiota for the commonly seen poisoning on consumption. The anaerobic Bacteriodetes phylum found in the gut has a high β-glucosidase activity needed for amygdalin hydrolysis to HCN. However, there are certain conditions under which these HCN levels rise to cause toxicity. Case studies have shown toxicity on ingestion of variable doses of amygdalin and no HCN side-effects on consumption of high doses. This review shows how factors like probiotic and prebiotic consumption, other CAM therapies, obesity, diet, age and the like, that alter gut consortium, are responsible for the varying conditions under which toxicity occurs and can be further studied to set-up conditions for safe oral doses. It also indicates ways to delay or quickly treat cyanide toxicity due to oral administration and, reviews conflicts on amygdalin's anti-cancer abilities, dose levels, mode of administration and pharmacokinetics that have hindered its official acceptance at a therapeutic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramalingam C
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular Characterization and Potential Synthetic Applications of GH1 β-Glucosidase from Higher Termite Microcerotermes annandalei. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:877-894. [PMID: 29779183 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-glucosidase from higher termite Microcerotermes annandalei (MaBG) was obtained via a screening method targeting β-glucosidases with increased activities in the presence of glucose. The purified natural MaBG showed a subunit molecular weight of 55 kDa and existed in a native form as a dimer without any glycosylation. Gene-specific primers designed from its partial amino acid sequences were used to amplify the corresponding 1,419-bp coding sequence of MaBG which encodes a 472-amino acid glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) β-glucosidase. When expressed in Komagataella pastoris, the recombinant MaBG appeared as a ~ 55-kDa protein without glycosylation modifications. Kinetic parameters as well as the lack of secretion signal suggested that MaBG is an intracellular enzyme and not involved in cellulolysis. The hydrolytic activities of MaBG were enhanced in the presence of up to 3.5-4.5 M glucose, partly due to its strong transglucosylation activity, which suggests its applicability in biosynthetic processes. The potential synthetic activities of the recombinant MaBG were demonstrated in the synthesis of para-nitrophenyl-β-D-gentiobioside via transglucosylation and octyl glucoside via reverse hydrolysis. The information obtained from this study has broadened our insight into the functional characteristics of this variant of termite GH1 β-glucosidase and its applications in bioconversion and biotechnology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu C, Zou G, Yan X, Zhou X. Screening of multimeric β-xylosidases from the gut microbiome of a higher termite, Globitermes brachycerastes. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:608-615. [PMID: 29904275 PMCID: PMC6001650 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Termite gut microbiome is a rich reservoir for glycoside hydrolases, a suite of enzymes critical for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. To search for hemicellulases, we screened 12,000 clones from a fosmid gut library of a higher termite, Globitermes brachycerastes. As a common Southeastern Asian genus, Globitermes distributes predominantly in tropical rain forests and relies on the lignocellulases from themselves and bacterial symbionts to digest wood. In total, 22 positive clones with β-xylosidase activity were isolated, in which 11 representing different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were pooled and subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. As a result, eight putative β-xylosidases were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 competent cells. After purification using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, recombinant G. brachycerastes symbiotic β-xylosidases were characterized enzymatically, including their pH and temperature optimum. In addition to β-xylosidase activity, four of them also exhibited either β-glucosidase or α-arabinosidases activities, suggesting the existence of bifunctional hemicellulases in the gut microbiome of G. brachycerastes. In comparison to multimeric protein engineering, the involvement of naturally occurring multifunctional biocatalysts streamlines the genetic modification procedures and simplifies the overall production processes. Alternatively, these multimeric enzymes could serve as the substitutes for β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and α-arabinosidase to facilitate a wide range of industrial applications, including food processing, animal feed, environment and waste management, and biomass conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Gen Zou
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xing Yan
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A novel β-glucosidase isolated from the microbial metagenome of Lake Poraquê (Amazon, Brazil). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:569-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Singhania RR, Patel AK, Pandey A, Ganansounou E. Genetic modification: A tool for enhancing beta-glucosidase production for biofuel application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1352-1361. [PMID: 28596076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucosidase (BGL) is a rate-limiting enzyme for cellulose hydrolysis as it acts in the final step of lignocellulosic biomass conversion to convert cellobiose into glucose, the final end product. Most of the fungal strains used for cellulase production are deficient in BGL hence BGL is supplemented into cellulases to have an efficient biomass conversion. Genetic engineering has enabled strain modification to produce BGL optimally with desired properties to be employed for biofuel applications. It has been cloned either directly into the host strains lacking BGL or into another expression system, to be overexpressed so as to be blended into BGL deficient cellulases. In this article, role of genetic engineering to overcome BGL limitations in the cellulase cocktail and its significance for biofuel applications has been critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Rani Singhania
- DBT-IOC Advanced Bio-Energy Research Centre, Indian Oil Corporation; R&D Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, HI, United States.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Knowledge City PO Manauli, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Edgard Ganansounou
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weiland-Bräuer N, Langfeldt D, Schmitz RA. Construction and Screening of Marine Metagenomic Large Insert Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1539:23-42. [PMID: 27900682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6691-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment covers more than 70 % of the world's surface. Marine microbial communities are highly diverse and have evolved during extended evolutionary processes of physiological adaptations under the influence of a variety of ecological conditions and selection pressures. They harbor an enormous diversity of microbes with still unknown and probably new physiological characteristics. In the past, marine microbes, mostly bacteria of microbial consortia attached to marine tissues of multicellular organisms, have proven to be a rich source of highly potent bioactive compounds, which represent a considerable number of drug candidates. However, to date, the biodiversity of marine microbes and the versatility of their bioactive compounds and metabolites have not been fully explored. This chapter describes sampling in the marine environment, construction of metagenomic large insert libraries from marine habitats, and exemplarily one function based screen of metagenomic clones for identification of quorum quenching activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Weiland-Bräuer
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Langfeldt
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruth A Schmitz
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Willis JD, Mazarei M, Stewart CN. Transgenic Plant-Produced Hydrolytic Enzymes and the Potential of Insect Gut-Derived Hydrolases for Biofuels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:675. [PMID: 27303411 PMCID: PMC4885837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Various perennial C4 grass species have tremendous potential for use as lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks. Currently available grasses require costly pre-treatment and exogenous hydrolytic enzyme application to break down complex cell wall polymers into sugars that can then be fermented into ethanol. It has long been hypothesized that engineered feedstock production of cell wall degrading (CWD) enzymes would be an efficient production platform for of exogenous hydrolytic enzymes. Most research has focused on plant overexpression of CWD enzyme-coding genes from free-living bacteria and fungi that naturally break down plant cell walls. Recently, it has been found that insect digestive tracts harbor novel sources of lignocellulolytic biocatalysts that might be exploited for biofuel production. These CWD enzyme genes can be located in the insect genomes or in symbiotic microbes. When CWD genes are transformed into plants, negative pleiotropic effects are possible such as unintended cell wall digestion. The use of codon optimization along with organelle and tissue specific targeting improves CWD enzyme yields. The literature teaches several important lessons on strategic deployment of CWD genes in transgenic plants, which is the focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Willis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioEnergy Science CenterOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioEnergy Science CenterOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioEnergy Science CenterOak Ridge, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao G, Wang A, Gong BL, Li QQ, Liu YH, He ZM, Li G. A novel metagenome-derived gene cluster from termite hindgut: Encoding phosphotransferase system components and high glucose tolerant glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 84:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Santos CA, Zanphorlin LM, Crucello A, Tonoli CCC, Ruller R, Horta MAC, Murakami MT, de Souza AP. Crystal structure and biochemical characterization of the recombinant ThBgl, a GH1 β-glucosidase overexpressed in Trichoderma harzianum under biomass degradation conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:71. [PMID: 27006690 PMCID: PMC4802607 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of biomass-derived sugars via enzymatic hydrolysis for biofuel production is a challenge. Therefore, the search for microorganisms and key enzymes that increase the efficiency of the saccharification of cellulosic substrates remains an important and high-priority area of study. Trichoderma harzianum is an important fungus known for producing high levels of cellulolytic enzymes that can be used for cellulosic ethanol production. In this context, β-glucosidases, which act synergistically with cellobiohydrolases and endo-β-1,4-glucanases in the saccharification process, are potential biocatalysts for the conversion of plant biomass to free glucose residues. RESULTS In the present study, we used RNA-Seq and genomic data to identify the major β-glucosidase expressed by T. harzianum under biomass degradation conditions. We mapped and quantified the expression of all of the β-glucosidases from glycoside hydrolase families 1 and 3, and we identified the enzyme with the highest expression under these conditions. The target gene was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein (rThBgl) was purified with high yields. rThBgl was characterized using a comprehensive set of biochemical, spectroscopic, and hydrodynamic techniques. Finally, we determined the crystallographic structure of the recombinant protein at a resolution of 2.6 Å. CONCLUSIONS Using a rational approach, we investigated the biochemical characteristics and determined the three-dimensional protein structure of a β-glucosidase that is highly expressed by T. harzianum under biomass degradation conditions. The methodology described in this manuscript will be useful for the bio-prospection of key enzymes, including cellulases and other accessory enzymes, for the development and/or improvement of enzymatic cocktails designed to produce ethanol from plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clelton A. Santos
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Letícia M. Zanphorlin
- />Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Aline Crucello
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Celisa C. C. Tonoli
- />Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- />Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Maria A. C. Horta
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Mario T. Murakami
- />Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- />Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
- />Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Montella S, Amore A, Faraco V. Metagenomics for the development of new biocatalysts to advance lignocellulose saccharification for bioeconomic development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:998-1009. [PMID: 26381035 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The world economy is moving toward the use of renewable and nonedible lignocellulosic biomasses as substitutes for fossil sources in order to decrease the environmental impact of manufacturing processes and overcome the conflict with food production. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the feedstock is a key technology for bio-based chemical production, and the identification of novel, less expensive and more efficient biocatalysts is one of the main challenges. As the genomic era has shown that only a few microorganisms can be cultured under standard laboratory conditions, the extraction and analysis of genetic material directly from environmental samples, termed metagenomics, is a promising way to overcome this bottleneck. Two screening methodologies can be used on metagenomic material: the function-driven approach of expression libraries and sequence-driven analysis based on gene homology. Both techniques have been shown to be useful for the discovery of novel biocatalysts for lignocellulose conversion, and they enabled identification of several (hemi)cellulases and accessory enzymes involved in (hemi)cellulose hydrolysis. This review summarizes the latest progress in metagenomics aimed at discovering new enzymes for lignocellulose saccharification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Montella
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonella Amore
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Naples , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Urbieta MS, Donati ER, Chan KG, Shahar S, Sin LL, Goh KM. Thermophiles in the genomic era: Biodiversity, science, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:633-47. [PMID: 25911946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are present in various regions of the Earth, including volcanic environments, hot springs, mud pots, fumaroles, geysers, coastal thermal springs, and even deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They are also found in man-made environments, such as heated compost facilities, reactors, and spray dryers. Thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, and their bioproducts facilitate various industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications and offer potential solutions to environmental damages and the demand for biofuels. Intensified efforts to sequence the entire genome of hyperthermophiles and thermophiles are increasing rapidly, as evidenced by the fact that over 120 complete genome sequences of the hyperthermophiles Aquificae, Thermotogae, Crenarchaeota, and Euryarchaeota are now available. In this review, we summarise the major current applications of thermophiles and thermozymes. In addition, emphasis is placed on recent progress in understanding the biodiversity, genomes, transcriptomes, metagenomes, and single-cell sequencing of thermophiles in the genomic era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sofía Urbieta
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Edgardo R Donati
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Shahar
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Lee Li Sin
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scharf ME. Omic research in termites: an overview and a roadmap. Front Genet 2015; 6:76. [PMID: 25821456 PMCID: PMC4358217 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent breakthroughs in our understanding of termite biology have been facilitated by "omics" research. Omic science seeks to collectively catalog, quantify, and characterize pools of biological molecules that translate into structure, function, and life processes of an organism. Biological molecules in this context include genomic DNA, messenger RNA, proteins, and other biochemicals. Other permutations of omics that apply to termites include sociogenomics, which seeks to define social life in molecular terms (e.g., behavior, sociality, physiology, symbiosis, etc.) and digestomics, which seeks to define the collective pool of host and symbiont genes that collaborate to achieve high-efficiency lignocellulose digestion in the termite gut. This review covers a wide spectrum of termite omic studies from the past 15 years. Topics covered include a summary of terminology, the various kinds of omic efforts that have been undertaken, what has been revealed, and to a degree, what the results mean. Although recent omic efforts have contributed to a better understanding of many facets of termite and symbiont biology, and have created important new resources for many species, significant knowledge gaps still remain. Crossing these gaps can best be done by applying new omic resources within multi-dimensional (i.e., functional, translational, and applied) research programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qian C, Liu N, Yan X, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Wang Q. Engineering a high-performance, metagenomic-derived novel xylanase with improved soluble protein yield and thermostability. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 70:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
Termites have many unique evolutionary adaptations associated with their eusocial lifestyles. Recent omics research has created a wealth of new information in numerous areas of termite biology (e.g., caste polyphenism, lignocellulose digestion, and microbial symbiosis) with wide-ranging applications in diverse biotechnological niches. Termite biotechnology falls into two categories: (a) termite-targeted biotechnology for pest management purposes, and (b) termite-modeled biotechnology for use in various industrial applications. The first category includes several candidate termiticidal modes of action such as RNA interference, digestive inhibition, pathogen enhancement, antimicrobials, endocrine disruption, and primer pheromone mimicry. In the second category, termite digestomes are deep resources for host and symbiont lignocellulases and other enzymes with applications in a variety of biomass, industrial, and processing applications. Moving forward, one of the most important approaches for accelerating advances in both termite-targeted and termite-modeled biotechnology will be to consider host and symbiont together as a single functional unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Y, Liu N, Yang H, Zhao F, Yu Y, Tian Y, Lu X. Cloning and characterization of a new β-glucosidase from a metagenomic library of rumen of cattle feeding with Miscanthus sinensis. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:85. [PMID: 25274487 PMCID: PMC4287584 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study on the second generation bio-fuel is a hot area of current research of renewable energy. Among series of key points in this area, the role of β-glucosidase in the degradation of intermediate gluco-oligosaccharides limits the rate of the complete saccharification of lignocellulose. Results In this study, a new β-glucosidase gene, unglu135B12, which was isolated from a metagenomic library of rumen of cattle feeding with Miscanthus sinensis by the function-based screening, encodes a 779 amino acid polypeptide that contains a catalytic domain belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3). It was recombinantly expressed, purified and biochemically characterized. The recombinant β-glucosidase, unglu135B12, displayed optimum enzymatic activity at pH 5.0 at 38°C, and showed the highest specific activity of 2.5 × 103 U/mg under this optimal condition to p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), and its Km and Vmax values were 0.309 mmol/L and 7.292 μmol/min, respectively. In addition, the presence of Ca2+, K+, Na+ slightly improved β-glucosidase activity of unglu135B12 by about 5%, while about 10 ~ 85% loss of β-glucosidase activity was induced by addition of Mn2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+. Interestingly, unglu135B12 was activated by glucose at the concentration lower than 40 mM. Conclusions Our findings indicate that unglu135B12 is a new β-glucosidase derived from rumen of cattle, and it might be a potent candidate for saccharification of lignocellulose in industrial application. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6750-14-85) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
A thermostable S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from Thermotoga maritima: properties and its application on S-adenosylhomocysteine production with enzymatic cofactor regeneration. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 64-65:33-7. [PMID: 25152414 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is an effective sedative, a good sleep modulator, and a new anticonvulsant. SAH can be synthesized from adenosine and homocysteine by using microbial S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHase). The extremely thermostable SAHase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from Thermotoga maritima were successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by heat treatments. The SAHase exhibited the highest activity at 85 °C and pH 8.0 with a specific activity of 6.2 U/mg when NAD concentration was 1mM. However, optimal SAHase reaction conditions shifted to 100 °C and pH 11.2, and its specific activity increased to 36.8 U/mg after NAD concentration was raised to 8mM. Biosynthesis of SAH at 85 °C largely increased the adenosine solubility which was a limiting factor for improving the titer of product. At 85 °C and pH 8.0, 24 μmol of SAH was obtained when 0.5mg of SAHase was applied to a 10 ml reaction mixture. The SAH production was further increased to 153 μmol by adding LDH and pyruvate into the reaction mixture for NAD regeneration. Therefore, extremely thermostable enzymes SAHase and LDH from T. maritima form an efficient NAD consumption and regeneration system for SAH biosynthesis. This method has great potential for industrial-scale enzymatic production of SAH.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wei W, Chen L, Zou G, Wang Q, Yan X, Zhang J, Wang C, Zhou Z. N-glycosylation affects the proper folding, enzymatic characteristics and production of a fungal ß-glucosidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 110:3075-84. [PMID: 24308062 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of ß-glucosidase is one of the approaches to enhance the efficiency of fungal cellulase preparations. It has been reported that N-glycosylation affects the structure framework, function and stability of proteins. In this study, a ß-glucosidase from Aspergillus terreus (GenBank: XP_001216552, BglS) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and Trichoderma reesei. The four asparagine residues were all linked with high-mannose-type oligosaccharides in P. pastoris, whereas only N224 carried high-mannosetype glycan in T. reesei (the other three sites carried one N-acetylglucosamine). The long N-glycan chains on PpBglS weakened its substrate affinity, activity and thermostability. The moderate post-translational and post-secretory glycan modification in T. reesei makes it a suitable expression system for BglS. The N224 glycan played a critical role in BglS folding. The elucidation of the correlation between the different N-glycosylation patterns of BglS and their corresponding enzymatic characteristics is an important step towards improving the activity, thermostability and even production of heterologous ß-glucosidase by glycan engineering.
Collapse
|
30
|
Immobilization of β-glucosidase on mercaptopropyl-functionalized mesoporous titanium dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
31
|
Ni J, Tokuda G. Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes from termites and their symbiotic microbiota. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:838-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
32
|
Han Q, Liu N, Robinson H, Cao L, Qian C, Wang Q, Xie L, Ding H, Wang Q, Huang Y, Li J, Zhou Z. Biochemical characterization and crystal structure of a GH10 xylanase from termite gut bacteria reveal a novel structural feature and significance of its bacterial Ig-like domain. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:3093-103. [PMID: 23794438 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial Ig-like (Big) domains are commonly distributed in glycoside hydrolases (GH), but their structure and function remains undefined. Xylanase is a GH, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the internal β-xylosidic linkages of xylan. In this study, we report the molecular cloning, biochemical and biophysical characterization, and crystal structure of a termite gut bacterial xylanase, Xyl-ORF19, which was derived from gut bacteria of a wood-feeding termite (Globitermes brachycerastes). The protein architecture of Xyl-ORF19 reveals that it has two domains, a C-terminal GH10 catalytic domain and an N-terminal Big_2 non-catalytic domain. The catalytic domain folds in an (α/β)8 barrel as most GH10 xylanases do, but it has two extra β-strands. The non-catalytic domain is structurally similar to an immunoglobulin-like domain of intimins. The recombinant enzyme without the non-catalytic domain has fairly low catalytic activity, and is different from the full-length enzyme in kinetic parameters, pH and temperature profiles, which suggests the non-catalytic domain could affect the enzyme biochemical and biophysical properties as well as the role for enzyme localization. This study provides a molecular basis for future efforts in xylanase bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu G, Qin Y, Li Z, Qu Y. Development of highly efficient, low-cost lignocellulolytic enzyme systems in the post-genomic era. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:962-75. [PMID: 23507038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current high cost of lignocellulolytic enzymes is a major bottleneck in the economic bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems are secreted at high levels, making them the most promising starting points for further development of highly efficient lignocellulolytic enzyme systems. In this paper, recent advances in improvement of fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems are reviewed, with an emphasis on the achievements made using genomic approaches. A general strategy for lignocellulolytic enzyme system development is proposed, including the improvement of the hydrolysis efficiencies and productivities of current enzyme systems. The applications of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis methods in examining the composition of native enzyme systems, discovery of novel enzymes and synergistic proteins from natural sources, and understanding of regulatory mechanisms for lignocellulolytic enzyme biosynthesis are summarized. By combining systems biology and synthetic biology tools, engineered fungal strains are expected to produce high levels of optimized lignocellulolytic enzyme systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|