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Tang X, Zeng Y, Xiong K, Zhong J. Bacillus spp. as potential probiotics: promoting piglet growth by improving intestinal health. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1429233. [PMID: 39132437 PMCID: PMC11310147 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1429233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of Bacillus spp. as probiotics in the swine industry, particularly for piglet production, has garnered significant attention in recent years. This review aimed to summarized the role and mechanisms of Bacillus spp. in promoting growth and maintaining gut health in piglets. Bacillus spp. can enhance intestinal barrier function by promoting the proliferation and repair of intestinal epithelial cells and increasing mucosal barrier integrity, thereby reducing the risk of pathogenic microbial invasion. Additionally, Bacillus spp. can activate the intestinal immune system of piglets, thereby enhancing the body's resistance to diseases. Moreover, Bacillus spp. can optimize the gut microbial community structure, enhance the activity of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, ultimately promoting piglet growth performance and improving feed efficiency. Bacillus spp. has advantages as well as challenges as an animal probiotic, and safety evaluation should be conducted when using the newly isolated Bacillus spp. This review provides a scientific basis for the application of Bacillus spp. in modern piglet production, highlighting their potential in improving the efficiency of livestock production and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhong
- Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, College of Biotechnology, Hengyang, China
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2
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Sisa A, Sotomayor C, Buitrón L, Gómez-Estaca J, Martínez-Alvarez O, Mosquera M. Evaluation of by-products from agricultural, livestock and fishing industries as nutrient source for the production of proteolytic enzymes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20735. [PMID: 37867804 PMCID: PMC10585220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents an approach that utilizes low-value agro-industrial by-products as culture media for producing high-value proteolytic enzymes. The objective was to assess the impact of six agro-industrial by-products as culture media on the production of proteolytic enzymes. Bacillus subtilis strains, confirmed through comprehensive biochemical, morphological, and molecular analyses, were isolated and identified. Enzymatic activity was evaluated using azocasein and casein substrates, and the molecular sizes of the purified extract components were determined. The results demonstrated that the isolated bacteria exhibited higher metabolic and enzymatic activity when cultured in media containing 1 % soybean oil cake or feather meal. Furthermore, higher concentrations of the culture media were found to hinder the production of protease. Optimal protease synthesis on soybean oil cake and feather meal media was achieved after 4 days, using both the azocasein and casein methods. Semi-purification of the enzymatic extract obtained from Bacillus subtilis in feather meal and soybean oil cake resulted in a significant increase in azocaseinolytic and caseinolytic activities. Gel electrophoresis analysis revealed multiple bands in the fractions with the highest enzymatic activity in soybean oil cake, indicating the presence of various enzymes with varying molecular sizes. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing low-value agro-industrial by-products as efficient culture media for the sustainable and economically viable production of proteolytic enzymes with promising applications in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Sisa
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Sotomayor
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Ecuador
| | - Lucía Buitrón
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Ecuador
| | - Joaquín Gómez-Estaca
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 6 José Antonio Novais St., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Martínez-Alvarez
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 6 José Antonio Novais St., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio Mosquera
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Ecuador
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3
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Li Y, Hao Q, Duan C, Ding Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Liu Y, Guo Y, Zhang Y. Integrated Microbiota and Metabolome Analysis to Assess the Effects of the Solid-State Fermentation of Corn-Soybean Meal Feed Using Compound Strains. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1319. [PMID: 37317292 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation is known to improve plant-based feed nutritional quality; however, the association between microbes and metabolite production in fermented feed remains unclear. We inoculated corn-soybean-wheat bran (CSW) meal feed with Bacillus licheniformis Y5-39, Bacillus subtilis B-1, and lactic acid bacteria RSG-1. Then, 16S rDNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomic profiling were applied to investigate changes in the microflora and metabolites, respectively, and their integrated correlations during fermentation were assessed. The results indicated that trichloroacetic acid soluble protein levels showed a sharp increase, while glycinin and β-conglycinin levels showed a sharp decrease in the fermented feed, as confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pediococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus were predominant in the fermented feed. Overall, 699 significantly different metabolites were identified before and after fermentation. Arginine and proline, cysteine and methionine, and phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolism were the key pathways, with arginine and proline metabolism being the most important pathway in the fermentation process. By analyzing the correlation between the microbiota and metabolite production, lysyl-valine and lysyl-proline levels were found to be positively correlated with Enterococcus and Lactobacillus abundance. However, Pediococcus was positively correlated with some metabolites contributing to nutritional status and immune function. According to our data, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus mainly participate in protein degradation, amino acid metabolism, and lactic acid production in fermented feed. Our results provide new insights into the dynamic changes in metabolism that occurred during the solid-state fermentation of corn-soybean meal feed using compound strains and should facilitate the optimization of fermentation production efficiency and feed quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qinghong Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lokai South Street, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yawei Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lokai South Street, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- Hebei Province Feed Microorganism Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lokai South Street, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yunxia Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lokai South Street, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lokai South Street, Baoding 071001, China
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4
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Lai Y, Wu X, Zheng X, Li W, Wang L. Insights into the keratin efficient degradation mechanism mediated by Bacillus sp. CN2 based on integrating functional degradomics. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 37016453 PMCID: PMC10071666 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin, the main component of chicken feather, is the third most abundant material after cellulose and chitin. Keratin can be converted into high-value compounds and is considered a potential high-quality protein supplement; However, its recalcitrance makes its breakdown a challenge, and the mechanisms of action of keratinolytic proteases-mediated keratinous substrates degradation are not yet fully elucidated. Bacillus sp. CN2, having many protease-coding genes, is a dominant species in keratin-rich materials environments. To explore the degradation patterns of feather keratin, in this study, we investigated the characteristics of feather degradation by strain CN2 based on the functional-degradomics technology. RESULTS Bacillus sp. CN2 showed strong feather keratin degradation activities, which could degrade native feathers efficiently resulting in 86.70% weight loss in 24 h, along with the production of 195.05 ± 6.65 U/mL keratinases at 48 h, and the release of 0.40 mg/mL soluble proteins at 60 h. The extracellular protease consortium had wide substrate specificity and exhibited excellent biodegradability toward soluble and insoluble proteins. Importantly, analysis of the extracellular proteome revealed the presence of a highly-efficient keratin degradation system. Firstly, T3 γ-glutamyltransferase provides a reductive force to break the dense disulfide bond structure of keratin. Then S8B serine endopeptidases first hydrolyze keratin to expose more cleavage sites. Finally, keratin is degraded into small peptides under the synergistic action of proteases such as M4, S8C, and S8A. Consistent with this, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid analysis showed that the feather keratin hydrolysate contained a large number of soluble peptides and essential amino acids. CONCLUSIONS The specific expression of γ-glutamyltransferase and co-secretion of endopeptidase and exopeptidase by the Bacillus sp. CN2 play an important role in feather keratin degradation. This insight increases our understanding of the keratinous substrate degradation and may inspire the design of the optimal enzyme cocktails for more efficient exploration of protein resources in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | | | - Weiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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5
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Rendered-Protein Hydrolysates as a Low-Cost Nitrogen Source for the Fungal Biotransformation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a platform chemical that can be converted into a wide range of high-value derivatives. Industrially, HMF-based derivatives are synthesized via chemical catalysis. However, biocatalytic transformation has emerged as an attractive alternative. Significant advances have been made in the last years using isolated enzymes and whole-cell biocatalysts in HMF biotransformation. Nonetheless, one of the major bottlenecks is the cost of the process, mainly due to the microorganism growth substrate. In this work, biotransformation studies to transform HMF into 2,5-di(hydroxymethyl)furan (DHMF) were carried out with the fungus Fusarium striatum using low-cost protein hydrolysates. The protein hydrolysates were obtained from fines, an unexploited material produced during the rendering process of meat industry waste residues. Given the high content in the protein of fines, of around 46%, protein hydrolysis was optimized using two commercially available proteases, Alcalase 2.4 L and Neutrase 0.8 L. The maximum degree of hydrolysis (DH) achieved with Alcalase 2.4 L was 21.4% under optimal conditions of 5% E/S ratio, pH 8, 55 °C, and 24 h. On the other hand, Neutrase 0.8 L exhibited lower efficiency, and therefore, lower protein recovery. After optimization of the Neutrase 0.8 L process using the response surface methodology (RSM), the maximum DH achieved was 7.2% with the variables set at 15% E/S ratio, initial pH 8, 40 °C, and 10.5 h. Using these hydrolysates as a nitrogen source allowed higher sporulation of the fungus and, therefore, the use of a lower volume of inoculum (three-fold), obtaining a DHMF yield > 90%, 50% higher than the yield obtained when using commercial peptones. The presented process allows the transformation of animal co- and by-products into low-cost nitrogen sources, which greatly impacts the industrial feasibility of HMF biotransformation.
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Tatta ER, Imchen M, Moopantakath J, Kumavath R. Bioprospecting of microbial enzymes: current trends in industry and healthcare. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1813-1835. [PMID: 35254498 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have an indispensable role in producing foods, pharmaceuticals, and other commercial goods. Many novel enzymes have been reported from all domains of life, such as plants, microbes, and animals. Nonetheless, industrially desirable enzymes of microbial origin are limited. This review article discusses the classifications, applications, sources, and challenges of most demanded industrial enzymes such as pectinases, cellulase, lipase, and protease. In addition, the production of novel enzymes through protein engineering technologies such as directed evolution, rational, and de novo design, for the improvement of existing industrial enzymes is also explored. We have also explored the role of metagenomics, nanotechnology, OMICs, and machine learning approaches in the bioprospecting of novel enzymes. Overall, this review covers the basics of biocatalysts in industrial and healthcare applications and provides an overview of existing microbial enzyme optimization tools. KEY POINTS: • Microbial bioactive molecules are vital for therapeutic and industrial applications. • High-throughput OMIC is the most proficient approach for novel enzyme discovery. • Comprehensive databases and efficient machine learning models are the need of the hour to fast forward de novo enzyme design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Rao Tatta
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Jamseel Moopantakath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India.
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7
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Zeng J, Huang W, Tian X, Hu X, Wu Z. Brewer’s spent grain fermentation improves its soluble sugar and protein as well as enzymatic activities using Bacillus velezensis. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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da Rosa CE, Pinilla CMB, Stincone P, Pereira JQ, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, Brandelli A. Genomic characterization and production of antimicrobial lipopeptides by Bacillus velezensis P45 growing on feather by-products. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2067-2079. [PMID: 34811844 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential of novel Bacillus velezensis P45 as an eco-friendly alternative for bioprocessing poultry by-products into valuable antimicrobial products. METHODS AND RESULTS The complete genome of B. velezensis P45 was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, showing 4455 protein and 98 RNA coding sequences according to the annotation on the RAST server. Moreover, the genome contains eight gene clusters for the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites and 25 putative protease-related genes, which can be related to feather-degrading activity. Then, in vitro tests were performed to determine the production of antimicrobial compounds using feather, feather meal and brain-heart infusion (BHI) cultures. Antimicrobial activity was observed in feather meal and BHI media, reaching 800 and 3200 AU ml-1 against Listeria monocytogenes respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis indicates the production of antimicrobial lipopeptides surfactin, fengycin and iturin. CONCLUSIONS The biotechnological potential of B. velezensis P45 was deciphered through genome analysis and in vitro studies. This strain produced antimicrobial lipopeptides growing on feather meal, a low-cost substrate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The production of antimicrobial peptides by this keratinolytic strain may represent a sustainable alternative for recycling by-products from poultry industry. Furthermore, whole B. velezensis P45 genome sequence was obtained and deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolini Esmeriz da Rosa
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Stincone
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jamile Queiroz Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Frederico Westphalen, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen TT, Tran TPH, Nguyen VB, Tran TD, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Production of Sucrolytic Enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis by the Bioconversion of Pomelo Albedo as a Carbon Source. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121959. [PMID: 34199171 PMCID: PMC8231626 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing use of agro-byproducts in microbial fermentation to produce a variety of value-added products. In this study, among various kinds of agro-byproducts, pomelo albedo powder (PAP) was found to be the most effective carbon source for the production of sucrose hydrolyzing enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis TKU004. The optimal medium for sucrolytic enzyme production contained 2% PAP, 0.75% NH4NO3, 0.05% MgSO4, and 0.05% NaH2PO4 and the optimal culture conditions were pH 6.7, 35 °C, 150 rpm, and 24 h. Accordingly, the highest sucrolytic activity was 1.87 U/mL, 4.79-fold higher than that from standard conditions using sucrose as the carbon source. The purified sucrolytic enzyme (sleTKU004) is a 53 kDa monomeric protein and belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 68. The optimum temperature and pH of sleTKU004 were 50 °C, and pH = 6, respectively. SleTKU004 could hydrolyze sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose by attacking the glycoside linkage between glucose and fructose molecules of the sucrose unit. The Km and Vmax of sleTKU004 were 1.16 M and 5.99 µmol/min, respectively. Finally, sleTKU004 showed strong sucrose tolerance and presented the highest hydrolytic activity at the sucrose concentration of 1.2 M–1.5 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Phuong Hanh Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Trung Dung Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656; Fax: +886-2-2620-9924
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11
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Peng Z, Zhang J, Song Y, Guo R, Du G, Chen J. Engineered pro-peptide enhances the catalytic activity of keratinase to improve the conversion ability of feather waste. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2559-2571. [PMID: 33788275 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Keratinase is an attractive industrial enzyme that can specifically catalyze keratin waste to obtain value-added products. A challenge to the application of keratinase is improving catalytic capacity to achieve efficient hydrolysis. In this study, we effectively expressed the keratinase gene from Bacillus licheniformis BBE11-1 in Bacillus subtilis WB600 based on pro-peptide engineering. Partial deletion of the pro-peptide sequence and the substitution of amino acid at the pro-peptide cleavage site (P1) suggested that the "chaperone effect" and "cleavage efficiency" of the pro-peptide determine the activity of the mature enzyme. Subsequently, seven target sites that can increase the activity of the mature enzyme by 16%-66% were obtained through the multiple sequence alignment of pro-peptides and site-directed mutation. We further performed combinatorial mutations at six sites based on the design principle of three-codon saturation mutations and obtained mutant 2-D12 (236.8 KU/mg) with a mature enzyme activity of 186% of the original (127.6 KU/mg). Finally, continuous fermentation was carried out in a 5-L bioreactor for 22 h, and the activity of the 2-D12 mature enzyme was increased to 391.6 KU/mg. Most importantly, 2-D12 could degrade more than 90% of feather waste into amino acids and peptides within 12 h with the aid of sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Industrial Control Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Prajapati S, Koirala S, Anal AK. Bioutilization of Chicken Feather Waste by Newly Isolated Keratinolytic Bacteria and Conversion into Protein Hydrolysates with Improved Functionalities. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2497-2515. [PMID: 33779934 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chicken feathers are major poultry waste that is difficult to process in its native form due to highly resistant keratin protein in large amounts. In this study, a novel feather-degrading bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KB1, was screened from a chicken farm bed (CFB) using morphological and biochemical tests followed by 16s rDNA analysis. Among observed isolates, bacterial isolate (KB1) showed the highest degree of feather degradation (74.78 ± 2.94%) and total soluble protein (205 ± 0.03 mg/g). The optimum fermentation conditions obtained were at 40 °C (temperature), pH 9, and 1% (w/v) feather concentration using response surface methodology in a Box-Behnken design. It produced 260 mg/g of soluble protein and bioactive peptides with 86.16% feather degradation. The amino acid profile showed an increase in the concentration of essential amino acids compared with the feather meal broth. The selection of a safe screening source for this new bacterium in CFB produced hydrolysates with enhanced bioactivity applicable for feed, and cosmetic applications, along with environmental bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugat Prajapati
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Department of Food, Agriculture, and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sushil Koirala
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Department of Food, Agriculture, and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anil Kumar Anal
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology Program, Department of Food, Agriculture, and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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A highly efficient protein degradation system in Bacillus sp. CN2: a functional-degradomics study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:707-723. [PMID: 33386896 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel protease-producing Bacillus sp. CN2 isolated from chicken manure composts exhibited a relatively high proteolytic specific activity. The strain CN2 degradome consisted of at least 149 proteases and homolog candidates, which were distributed into 4 aspartic, 30 cysteine, 55 metallo, 56 serine, and 4 threonine proteases. Extracellular proteolytic activity was almost completely inhibited by PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) rather than o-P, E-64, or pepstatin A, suggesting that strain CN2 primarily secreted serine protease. More importantly, analysis of the extracellular proteome of strain CN2 revealed the presence of a highly efficient protein degradation system. Three serine proteases of the S8 family with different active site architectures firstly fragmented protein substrates which were then degraded to smaller peptides by a M4 metalloendopeptidase that prefers to degrade hydrophobic peptides and by a S13 carboxypeptidase. Those enzymes acted synergistically to degrade intact substrate proteins outside the cell. Furthermore, highly expressed sequence-specific intracellular aminopeptidases from multiple families (M20, M29, and M42) accurately degraded peptides into oligopeptides or amino acids, thus realizing the rapid acquisition and utilization of nitrogen sources. In this paper, a systematic study of the functional-degradome provided a new perspective for understanding the complexity of the protease hydrolysis system of Bacillus, and laid a solid foundation for further studying the precise degradation of proteins with the cooperative action of different family proteases. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus sp. CN2 has relatively high proteolytic specific activity. • Bacillus sp. CN2 harbors a highly efficient protein degradation system. • The site-specific endopeptidases were secreted extracellular, while the sequence-specific aminopeptidases played a role in the cell.
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Whole-genome Sequencing and Mining of Protease Coding Genes in Bacillus paralicheniformis MKU3, and its Degradomics in Feather Meal Medium. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:206-217. [PMID: 33175193 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus paralicheniformis MKU3 produces commercially important keratinolytic proteases by utilizing chicken feather. To unravel the genetics of these degrading keratinolytic proteases in B. paralicheniformis MKU3, we sequenced the genome of this bacterium and studied the protease distribution and their characteristics using bioinformatics tools. Also, a proteomic analysis was performed to identify the consortium of proteases involved in feather hydrolysis. A total of 2,531,755 quality reads were obtained in whole genome sequencing with an approximate coverage fold of 105. The draft genome consists of 4,370,039 bp with 45 contigs. The draft genome codes for 4874 protein-coding genes. Furthermore, 109 genes coding for RNA, including 26 rRNA and 83 tRNA, were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of B. paralicheniformis MKU3 showed closest homolog to B. paralicheniformis F47. Genes coding for proteases belonging to five families were identified with the following proportions 37%, 36%, 9%, 14%, 2%, and 2% of serine-, metallo-, cysteine-, mixed-, and uncharacterized proteases, respectively. Metallo- and serine-protease represented more than 70% of the total proteases. Major protease families distributed in the genome were S8, S9, S33, M20, M50, C26, and C40. Most of the proteases showed significant similarity with the conserved domain database and also identified conserved catalytic sites and domains. SDS-PAGE and zymogram analysis of concentrated feather hydrolysis revealed the active proteases ranging from 10 to 250 kD in size. Proteomic analysis on the feather hydrolysis of B. paralicheniformis MKU3 identified two proteases belonging to serine proteases (S8) and other two as metalloproteases.
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Yu J, Kang Y, Yin W, Fan J, Guo Z. Removal of Antibiotics from Aqueous Solutions by a Carbon Adsorbent Derived from Protein-Waste-Doped Biomass. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19187-19193. [PMID: 32775921 PMCID: PMC7409264 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic pollution in water is an urgent environmental problem. A novel carbon adsorbent derived from powdery puffed waterfowl feather (PPWF)-doped Phragmites australis (PA) was proposed for enhancing the removal of antibiotics from water in this study. Amoxicillin (AMX) and cephalexin (CEX) were selected as typical antibiotics. PPWF-doped (FPAC) and -undoped (PAC) carbon adsorbents were developed to test the adsorption capacities and mechanisms of AMX and CEX. Characterization techniques such as N2 adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and Boehm titration were used to determine the properties of adsorbents. Results showed that more microporous structure and surface functional groups are exhibited in FPAC compared to PAC. The nitrogen-containing functional groups were introduced in FPAC. Adsorption capacities at different contact times, pH, and initial concentration were investigated by batch experiments. The AMX and CEX maximum adsorption capacities of FPAC are 25.2 and 30.1% higher than those of PAC, respectively. The kinetic data were well represented by the pseudo-second-order model for AMX and CEX adsorption. The equilibrium data agreed well with the Langmuir model for AMX adsorption and the Freundlich model for CEX adsorption. The adsorption mechanism of AMX and CEX was chemisorption, such as electrostatic attraction and covalent bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory
of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan Kang
- College
of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory
of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jinlin Fan
- Department
of Science and Technology Management, Shandong
University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zizhang Guo
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory
of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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16
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Msarah MJ, Ibrahim I, Hamid AA, Aqma WS. Optimisation and production of alpha amylase from thermophilic Bacillus spp. and its application in food waste biodegradation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04183. [PMID: 32566789 PMCID: PMC7298660 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employed Bacillus spp. with α-amylase production isolated from Malaysian hot spring for domestic kitchen food waste treatment contained grains, vegetables, chicken and tuna that mimic the food waste discharge from domestic kitchens in Malaysian household. Results showed that Bacillus licheniformis HULUB1 and Bacillus subtilis SUNGB2 possess excellent amylolytic properties. Highest α-amylase activity was obtained when both isolates were cultivated at pH 6.0 and 65 °C with concentrations of 18.15 U/mL for HULUB1 and 22.14 U/mL for SUNGB2. Stability of α-amylase with significant levels of enzyme activity were recorded at 55-85 °C and pH 5.0-9.0. The extracted mixed α-amylase of HULUB1 and SUNGB2 showed greatest reduction were achieved at day 12 with 45% ± 0.03 solid content at 65 °C. While the mixed culture of HULUB1 and SUNGB2 displayed an enhanced effect on the food waste contents reduction with 43% ± 0.02 solid content at 45 °C after day 12. The findings showed that the combination of the two Bacillus spp. isolates possessed degradation of food wastes at faster rate than α-amylase. It was also pointed out that the standard food waste (SFW) and the treatment process assimilated for this study was suitable for the growth of Bacillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Jawad Msarah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izyanti Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Syaidatul Aqma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chen J, Yang S, Liang S, Lu F, Long K, Zhang X. In vitro synergistic effects of three enzymes from Bacillus subtilis CH-1 on keratin decomposition. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:159. [PMID: 32206493 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular protease Vpr (Vpr), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) and glyoxal/methylglyoxal reductase (YvgN; EC 1.1.1.21) are extracellular enzymes involved in feather degradation, which were identified by secretome analyses from an efficient feather-degrading strain Bacillus subtilis CH-1. The encoding sequences corresponding to the three secretory enzymes were cloned into vector pET22b for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). Afterward, the proteins containing the C-terminal His-tag were purified using a Ni-IDA column. The optimal temperatures and pH values for protease activity of recombinant Vpr, GGT, and YvgN were identified as 45 °C/pH 7.0, 40 °C/pH 8.0, and 50 °C/pH 6.0 respectively when casein is the substrate. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of the three enzymes were studied using feather powder as substrate. Vpr was the core enzyme to hydrolyze keratin, while GGT and YvgN were coenzymes providing reducing activities for keratin decomposition. The keratinolytic activity was enhanced to about 1.4-folds when YvgN and Vpr applied together in comparison to Vpr alone. And the keratinolytic activity almost reached to 1.5-folds when all the three enzymes were combined to use. The study provides a novel perspective of the mechanism of keratin degradation by microorganisms, and thereby may also be of relevance for the design of an industrial process for enzymatic keratin degradation; however, additional experiments must be done to substantiate this conclusion.
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Characterization of a trypsin-like protease 1 produced by a probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum PTCC 1896 from skimmed milk based medium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Agricultural waste materials enhance protease production by Bacillus subtilis B22 in submerged fermentation under blue light-emitting diodes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:821-830. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Li Q. Progress in Microbial Degradation of Feather Waste. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2717. [PMID: 31866957 PMCID: PMC6906142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of feathers from poultry industries, the untreated feathers could become pollutants because of their resistance to protease degradation. Feathers are rich in amino acids, which makes them a valuable source for fertilizer and animal feeds. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. This review summarizes recent progress in microbial degradation of feathers, structures of keratinases, feather application, and microorganisms that are able to secrete keratinase. In addition, the enzymes critical for keratin degradation and their mechanism of action are discussed. We also proposed the strategy that can be utilized for feather degradation. Based on the accumulated studies, microbial degradation of feathers has great potential to convert them into various products such as biofertilizer and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Orts Á, Tejada M, Parrado J, Paneque P, García C, Hernández T, Gómez-Parrales I. Production of biostimulants from okara through enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis: comparative effect on soil biological properties. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:2073-2084. [PMID: 29400642 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1436596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work okara (OK), a by-product of soy milk manufacturing, is submitted to an enzymatic hydrolysis and a fermentative process to produce different soil biostimulants (BS): EH, hydrolysate obtained by the enzymatic process; FHEB, fermentation broth with Bacillus licheniformis and the enzymes secreted during the fermentation; FHE, fermentation broth without bacteria and FH, the FHE hydrolysate in which enzymes were denatured. Enzymatic hydrolysates showed a different chemical composition compared with fermented hydrolysates and OK. It had a higher protein concentration as well as C, P and K. The proteins of OK were converted into peptides with a lower molecular weight, the fermented hydrolysates being those with the lowest molecular weight profile. The influences of hydrolysates and OK were tested in soil, finding that β-glucosidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities were stimulated by every treatment. However, it was observed that EH produced a greater stimulation of dehydrogenase and phosphatase than both OK and fermented BS. The bacterial and fungal phospholipid fatty acids were also higher in soils amended with BS than those of the control and soils with OK. It has also been found that β-glucosidase, phosphatase and microbial biomass were dose-dependent in every treatment, but dehydrogenase only was dose-dependent in EH and OK treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Orts
- a Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Manuel Tejada
- b Reasearching Group Edafología Ambiental, Dpto. Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I.A., Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Juan Parrado
- b Reasearching Group Edafología Ambiental, Dpto. Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I.A., Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Patricia Paneque
- a Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Carlos García
- c Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC , Murcia , Spain
| | - Teresa Hernández
- c Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC , Murcia , Spain
| | - Isidoro Gómez-Parrales
- b Reasearching Group Edafología Ambiental, Dpto. Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I.A., Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla , Spain
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Aguilar JGDS, Castro RJSD, Sato HH. ALKALINE PROTEASE PRODUCTION BY Bacillus licheniformis LBA 46 IN A BENCH REACTOR: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND AGITATION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190362s20180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Peng Z, Mao X, Zhang J, Du G, Chen J. Effective biodegradation of chicken feather waste by co-cultivation of keratinase producing strains. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:84. [PMID: 31103032 PMCID: PMC6525419 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken feather, a byproduct of poultry-processing industries, are considered a potential high-quality protein supplement owing to their crude protein content of more than 85%. Nonetheless, chicken feathers have been classified as waste because of the lack of effective recycling methods. In our previous studies, Bacillus licheniformis BBE11-1 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BBE11-1 have been shown to have feather-degrading capabilities in the qualitative phase. To efficiently recycle chicken feather waste, in this study, we investigated the characteristics of feather degradation by B. licheniformis BBE11-1 and S. maltophilia BBE11-1. In addition, in an analysis of the respective advantages of the two degradation systems, cocultivation was found to improve the efficiency of chicken feather waste degradation. RESULTS B. licheniformis BBE11-1 and S. maltophilia BBE11-1 were used to degrade 50 g/L chicken feather waste in batches, and the degradation rates were 35.4% and 22.8% in 96 h, respectively. The degradation rate of the coculture system reached 55.2% because of higher keratinase and protease activities. Furthermore, cocultivation was conducted in a 3 L fermenter by integrating dissolved oxygen control and a two-stage temperature control strategy. Thus, the degradation rate was greatly increased to 81.8%, and the conversion rate was 70.0% in 48 h. The hydrolysates exhibited antioxidant activity and contained large quantities of amino acids (895.89 mg/L) and soluble peptides. CONCLUSIONS Cocultivation of B. licheniformis BBE11-1 and S. maltophilia BBE11-1 can efficiently degrade 50 g/L chicken feather waste and produce large amounts of amino acids and antioxidant substances at a conversion rate of 70.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xinzhe Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Kalwasińska A, Jankiewicz U, Felföldi T, Burkowska-But A, Brzezinska MS. Alkaline and Halophilic Protease Production by Bacillus luteus H11 and Its Potential Industrial Applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 2019; 56:553-561. [PMID: 30923452 PMCID: PMC6399708 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.04.18.5553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of the study on the production of protease by Bacillus luteus H11 isolated from an alkaline soda lime. B. luteus H11 was identified as an alkalohalophilic bacterium, and its extracellular serine endoprotease also showed an extreme alkali- and halotolerance. It was remarkably stable in the presence of NaCl up to 5 M. The enzyme was active in a broad range of pH values and temperatures, with an optimum pH of 10.5 and a temperature of 45 °C. It had a molecular mass of about 37 kDa and showed activity against azocasein and a synthetic substrate for the subtilisin-like protease, N-succinyl-l-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide. The halo-alkaline protease produced by B. luteus H11 seems to be significant from an industrial perspective because of its tolerance towards high salinity and alkalinity as well as its stability against some organic solvents, surfactants and oxidants. These properties make the protease suitable for applications in food, detergent and pharmaceutical industries, and also in environmental bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kalwasińska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, PL-87100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, PL-02787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tamás Felföldi
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, HU-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aleksandra Burkowska-But
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, PL-87100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, PL-87100 Toruń, Poland
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Zhang P, Zhu J, Xu XY, Qing TP, Dai YZ, Feng B. Identification and function of extracellular protein in wastewater treatment using proteomic approaches: A minireview. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:24-29. [PMID: 30553123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial extracellular proteins serve as important functions in wastewater treatment process. Analysis of their compositions and properties is crucial to probe their specific functions. However, conventional analytical techniques cannot obtain interest protein information from complex proteins. Recently, the extracellular proteomics method has been applied to resolve the composition of extracellular proteins. In order to better understand the roles of extracellular protein in wastewater treatment process, this review provides the information on the proteomics methods and their application in investigating extracellular proteins involved in microbial attachment/aggregation, biodegradation of pollutants, and response to environmental stresses. Future work needs to exploit the full capability of the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Tai-Ping Qing
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - You-Zhi Dai
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Bo Feng
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
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Yusuf I, Ahmad SA, Phang LY, Yasid NA, Shukor MY. Effective production of keratinase by gellan gum-immobilised Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 using heavy metal-free and polluted feather wastes as substrates. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:32. [PMID: 30622870 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of gellan gum-immobilised cells of the heavy metal-tolerant bacterium Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 to utilise both heavy metal-free and heavy metal-polluted feathers (HMPFs) as substrates to produce keratinase enzyme was studied. Optimisation of the media pH, incubation temperature and immobilisation parameters (bead size, bead number, gellan gum concentration) was determined for the best possible production of keratinase using the one-factor-at-a-time technique. The results showed that the immobilised cells could tolerate a broader range of heavy metal concentrations and produced higher keratinase activity at a gellan gum concentration of 0.8% (w/v), a bead size of 3 mm, bead number of 250, pH of 8 and temperature of 30 °C. The entrapped bacterium was used repeatedly for ten cycles to produce keratinase using feathers polluted with 25 ppm of Co, Cu and Ag as substrates without the need for desorption. However, its inability to tolerate/utilise feathers polluted with Hg, Pb, and Zn above 5 ppm, and Ag and Cd above 10 ppm resulted in a considerable decrease in keratinase production. Furthermore, the immobilised cells could retain approximately 95% of their keratinase production capacity when 5 ppm of Co, Cu, and Ag, and 10 ppm of As and Cd were used to pollute feathers. When the feathers containing a mixture of Ag, Co, and Cu at 25 ppm each and Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn at 5 ppm each were used as substrates, the immobilised cells maintained their operational stability and biological activity (keratinase production) at the end of 3rd and 4th cycles, respectively. The study indicates that HMPF can be effectively utilised as a substrate by the immobilised-cell system of Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 for the semi-continuous production of keratinase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yusuf
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- 3Department of Bioprocess, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nur Adeela Yasid
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yunus Shukor
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Isolation of a feather-degrading strain of bacterium from spider gut and the purification and identification of its three key enzymes. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1681-1689. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Drejer EB, Hakvåg S, Irla M, Brautaset T. Genetic Tools and Techniques for Recombinant Expression in Thermophilic Bacillaceae. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020042. [PMID: 29748477 PMCID: PMC6027425 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis are the most prominent bacterial hosts for recombinant protein production by far, additional species are being explored as alternatives for production of difficult-to-express proteins. In particular, for thermostable proteins, there is a need for hosts able to properly synthesize, fold, and excrete these in high yields, and thermophilic Bacillaceae represent one potentially interesting group of microorganisms for such purposes. A number of thermophilic Bacillaceae including B.methanolicus, B.coagulans, B.smithii, B.licheniformis, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, G. kaustophilus, and G. stearothermophilus are investigated concerning physiology, genomics, genetic tools, and technologies, altogether paving the way for their utilization as hosts for recombinant production of thermostable and other difficult-to-express proteins. Moreover, recent successful deployments of CRISPR/Cas9 in several of these species have accelerated the progress in their metabolic engineering, which should increase their attractiveness for future industrial-scale production of proteins. This review describes the biology of thermophilic Bacillaceae and in particular focuses on genetic tools and methods enabling use of these organisms as hosts for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind B Drejer
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sigrid Hakvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Marta Irla
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Almeida E, Serra CR, Albuquerque P, Guerreiro I, Teles AO, Enes P, Tavares F. Multiplex PCR identification and culture-independent quantification of Bacillus licheniformis by qPCR using specific DNA markers. Food Microbiol 2018; 74:1-10. [PMID: 29706322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics benefits in fish farming have been usually inferred appraising the effects observed on the host and not through the direct assessment of probiotic dynamics in the host gut microbiota. To overcome this gap, quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be a powerful approach to study the bacterial dynamics in fish gut microbiota. The presented work proposes four B. licheniformis-specific DNA markers and details a qPCR method to track putative probiotics B. licheniformis on fish gut. The four B. licheniformis-specific DNA markers - BL5B (hypothetical protein BL00303), BL8A (serA2), BL13C (rfaB) and BL18A (ligD) - were selected and validated by PCR and multiplex-PCR with 20 B. licheniformis isolates and a broad range of non-target bacteria. To assess the dynamics of B. licheniformis in the digesta of farmed fish, a qPCR was validated using markers BL8A and BL18A and calibration curves obtained for both markers with digesta samples spiked with B. licheniformis cells showed a high correlation (R2 > 0.99) over 6 log units (CFU/reaction), and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 247 CFUs/reaction. Furthermore, the consistent qPCR repeatability and reproducibility underline the specificity and reliability of the qPCR proposed. Ultimately, the possibility to monitor the dynamics of B. licheniformis probiotics in the gut microbiota of farmed fish might be instrumental to optimize best practices in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Almeida
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Pedro Albuquerque
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Inês Guerreiro
- FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva Teles
- FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tavares
- CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; FCUP - Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Edifício FC4 - Via Panorâmica nº 36, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal.
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30
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dos Santos Aguilar JG, Sato HH. Microbial proteases: Production and application in obtaining protein hydrolysates. Food Res Int 2018; 103:253-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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31
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Randrianjatovo-Gbalou I, Rouquette P, Lefebvre D, Girbal-Neuhauser E, Marcato-Romain CE. In situ analysis of Bacillus licheniformis biofilms: amyloid-like polymers and eDNA are involved in the adherence and aggregation of the extracellular matrix. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1262-1274. [PMID: 28214364 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study attempts to determine which of the exopolymeric substances are involved in the adherence and aggregation of a Bacillus licheniformis biofilm. METHODS AND RESULTS The involvement of extracellular proteins and eDNA were particularly investigated using DNase and proteinase K treatment. The permeability of the biofilms increased fivefold after DNase I treatment. The quantification of the matrix components showed that, irrespective to the enzyme tested, eDNA and amyloid-like polymers were removed simultaneously. Size-exclusion chromatography analyses supported these observations and revealed the presence of associated nucleic acid and protein complexes in the biofilm lysates. These data suggest that some extracellular DNA and amyloid-like proteins were closely interlaced within the matrix. Finally, confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging gave supplementary clues about the 3D organization of the biofilms, confirming that eDNA and exoproteins were essentially layered under and around the bacterial cells, whereas the amyloid-like fractions were homogeneously distributed within the matrix. CONCLUSION These results confirm that some DNA-amyloid complexes play a key role in the modulation of the mechanical resistance of B. licheniformis biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study highlights the need to consider the whole structure of biofilms and to target the interactions between matrix components. A better understanding of B. licheniformis biofilm physiology and the structural organization of the matrix will strengthen strategies of biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Randrianjatovo-Gbalou
- LBAE, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Agroalimentaire et Environnementale, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Auch, France
| | - P Rouquette
- LBAE, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Agroalimentaire et Environnementale, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Auch, France
| | - D Lefebvre
- LBAE, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Agroalimentaire et Environnementale, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Auch, France
| | - E Girbal-Neuhauser
- LBAE, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Agroalimentaire et Environnementale, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Auch, France
| | - C-E Marcato-Romain
- LBAE, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Agroalimentaire et Environnementale, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Auch, France
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Amorim GM, Oliveira AC, Gutarra ML, Godoy MG, Freire DM. Solid-state fermentation as a tool for methylxanthine reduction and simultaneous xylanase production in cocoa meal. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Silva IF, Langbehn RK, Silva RGC, Pantoja LDA, Vanzela APFC, Santos ASD. α-Amylase production byBacillus amyloliquefaciensutilizing macauba cake (Acrocomia aculeata) and peach palm flour (Bactris gasipaes –kunth) as substrates. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2016.1227794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Verma A, Singh H, Anwar MS, Kumar S, Ansari MW, Agrawal S. Production of Thermostable Organic Solvent Tolerant Keratinolytic Protease from Thermoactinomyces sp. RM4: IAA Production and Plant Growth Promotion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1189. [PMID: 27555836 PMCID: PMC4974946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several reports about the optimization of protease production, but only few have optimized the production of organic solvent tolerant keratinolytic proteases that show remarkable exploitation in the development of the non-polluting processes in biotechnological industries. The present study was carried with aim to optimize the production of a thermostable organic solvent tolerant keratinolytic protease Thermoactinomyces sp. RM4 utilizing chicken feathers. Thermoactinomyces sp. RM4 isolated from the soil sample collected from a rice mill wasteyard site near Kashipur, Uttrakhand was identified on the basis of 16S rDNA analysis. The production of organic solvent tolerant keratinolytic protease enzyme by Thermoactinomyces sp. RM4 was optimized by varying physical culture conditions such as pH (10.0), temperature (60°C), inoculum percentage (2%), feather concentration (2%) and agitation rate (2 g) for feather degradation. The result showed that Thermoactinomyces sp. RM4 potentially produces extra-cellular thermostable organic solvent tolerant keratinolytic protease in the culture medium. Further, the feather hydrolysate from keratinase production media showed plant growth promoting activity by producing indole-3-acetic acid itself. The present findings suggest that keratinolytic protease from Thermoactinomyces sp. RM4 offers enormous industrial applications due to its organic solvent tolerant property in peptide synthesis, practical role in feather degradation and potential function in plant growth promoting activity, which might be a superior candidate to keep ecosystem healthy and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar, India; College of Basic Science & Humanities, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural UniversityPalanpur, India
| | - Hukum Singh
- Climate Change and Forest Influence Division, Forest Research Institute Dehradun, India
| | - Mohammad S Anwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bheemtal Campus, Kumaun University Nainital, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute Dehradun, India
| | - Mohammad W Ansari
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, India
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Bindal S, Gupta R. Hyperproduction of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis ER15 in the presence of high salt concentration. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:163-172. [PMID: 27186839 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1188314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) have been exploited in biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and food sectors for the synthesis of various γ-glutamyl compounds. But, till date, no bacterial GGTs are commercially available in the market because of lower levels of production from various sources. In the current study, production of GGT from Bacillus licheniformis ER15 was investigated to achieve high GGT titers. RESULTS Hyperproduction of GGT from B. licheniformis ER15 was achieved with 6.4-fold enhancement (7921.2 ± 198.7 U/L) by optimization of culture medium following one-variable-at-a-time strategy and statistical approaches. Medium consisting of Na2HPO4: 0.32% (w/v); KH2PO4: 0.15% (w/v); starch: 0.1% (w/v); soybean meal: 0.5% (w/v); NaCl: 4.0% (w/v), and MgCl2: 5 mM was found to be optimal for maximum GGT titers. Maximum GGT titers were obtained, in the optimized medium at 37°C and 200 rpm, after 40 h. It was noteworthy that GGT production was a linear function of sodium chloride concentration, as observed during response surface methodology. While investigating the role of NaCl on GGT production, it was found that NaCl drastically decreased subtilisin concentration and indirectly increasing GGT recovery. CONCLUSION B. licheniformis ER15 is proved to be a potential candidate for large-scale production of GGT enzyme and its commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bindal
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , South Campus , New Delhi , India
| | - Rani Gupta
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , South Campus , New Delhi , India
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Liu P, Li J, Deng Z. Bio-transformation of agri-food wastes by newly isolated Neurospora crassa and Lactobacillus plantarum for egg production. Poult Sci 2016; 95:684-93. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Singh S, Gupta P, Sharma V, Koul S, Kour K, Bajaj BK. Multifarious potential applications of keratinase ofBacillus subtilisK-5. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.978306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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