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Han X, Li H, Deng J, Zhuo X, Liu Z, Xu M, Feng W, Chen S, Fang F. Genotype and Phenotype Characteristics of 58 Cases of Mitochondrial Epilepsy with Nuclear DNA Mutations in Children. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07586-6. [PMID: 38831166 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify the genotype and clinical characteristics of mitochondrial epilepsy caused by nDNA mutations in Chinese children and explore the treatment and prognosis of the condition. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single center, including patients diagnosed with an established nDNA mutation-associated primary mitochondrial disease between October 2012 and March 2023 who also met the practical clinical definition of epilepsy published by the ILAE in 2014. RESULTS Of the 58 patients identified, 74.1% had an onset before the age of 1 year and 63.8% had seizures as their initial symptom. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) (31%) are the most common phenotypes. The most frequently observed MRI abnormalities include abnormal signal asymmetry in the bilateral basal ganglia and/or brainstem (34.7%), as well as brain atrophy, myelin sheath dysplasia, and corpus callosum dysplasia (32.7%). Of the 40 patients followed, seizure treatment was effective in 18 of the cases, while it was ineffective in 22. The mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) was found to be more difficult to control seizures than other phenotypes (P < 0.05). Additionally, the MDS was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate compared to alternative phenotypes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The onset of mitochondrial epilepsy due to nDNA mutations is early and seizures are the most common initial symptom. DEE is the most common phenotype. Characteristic MRI abnormalities in the brain may be helpful in the diagnosis of primary mitochondrial disease. People with MDS typically face challenges in seizure control and have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Han
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiuwei Zhuo
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhimei Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Manting Xu
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Weixing Feng
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
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2
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Rosell-Hidalgo A, Eakins J, Walker P, Moore AL, Ghafourian T. Risk Assessment of Psychotropic Drugs on Mitochondrial Function Using In Vitro Assays. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3272. [PMID: 38137493 PMCID: PMC10741027 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are potential targets responsible for some drug- and xenobiotic-induced organ toxicities. However, molecular mechanisms of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicities are mostly unknown. Here, multiple in vitro assays were used to investigate the effects of 22 psychotropic drugs on mitochondrial function. The acute extracellular flux assay identified inhibitors of the electron transport chain (ETC), i.e., aripiprazole, phenytoin, and fluoxetine, an uncoupler (reserpine), substrate inhibitors (quetiapine, carbamazepine, buspirone, and tianeptine), and cytotoxic compounds (chlorpromazine and valproic acid) in HepG2 cells. Using permeabilized HepG2 cells revealed minimum effective concentrations of 66.3, 6730, 44.5, and 72.1 µM for the inhibition of complex-I-linked respiration for quetiapine, valproic acid, buspirone, and fluoxetine, respectively. Assessing complex-II-linked respiration in isolated rat liver mitochondria revealed haloperidol is an ETC inhibitor, chlorpromazine is an uncoupler in basal respiration and an ETC inhibitor under uncoupled respiration (IC50 = 135 µM), while olanzapine causes a mild dissipation of the membrane potential at 50 µM. This research elucidates some mechanisms of drug toxicity and provides some insight into their safety profile for clinical drug decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rosell-Hidalgo
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (A.R.-H.); (J.E.)
| | - Julie Eakins
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (A.R.-H.); (J.E.)
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (A.R.-H.); (J.E.)
| | - Anthony L. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Taravat Ghafourian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
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3
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Finsterer J, Mehri S. Seizure phenomenology in MELAS. Seizure 2023; 111:223-224. [PMID: 37827598 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sounira Mehri
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 "Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health", Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
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4
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Leitner DF, Siu Y, Korman A, Lin Z, Kanshin E, Friedman D, Devore S, Ueberheide B, Tsirigos A, Jones DR, Wisniewski T, Devinsky O. Metabolomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic changes in adults with epilepsy on modified Atkins diet. Epilepsia 2023; 64:1046-1060. [PMID: 36775798 PMCID: PMC10372873 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-fat and low-carbohydrate diets can reduce seizure frequency in some treatment-resistant epilepsy patients, including the more flexible modified Atkins diet (MAD), which is more palatable, mimicking fasting and inducing high ketone body levels. Low-carbohydrate diets may shift brain energy production, particularly impacting neuron- and astrocyte-linked metabolism. METHODS We evaluated the effect of short-term MAD on molecular mechanisms in adult epilepsy patients from surgical brain tissue and plasma compared to control participants consuming a nonmodified higher carbohydrate diet (n = 6 MAD, mean age = 43.7 years, range = 21-53, diet for average 10 days; n = 10 control, mean age = 41.9 years, range = 28-64). RESULTS By metabolomics, there were 13 increased metabolites in plasma (n = 15 participants with available specimens), which included 4.10-fold increased ketone body 3-hydroxybutyric acid, decreased palmitic acid in cortex (n = 16), and 11 decreased metabolites in hippocampus (n = 6), which had top associations with mitochondrial functions. Cortex and plasma 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels had a positive correlation (p = .0088, R2 = .48). Brain proteomics and RNAseq identified few differences, including 2.75-fold increased hippocampal MT-ND3 and trends (p < .01, false discovery rate > 5%) in hippocampal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-related signaling pathways (activated oxidative phosphorylation and inhibited sirtuin signaling). SIGNIFICANCE Short-term MAD was associated with metabolic differences in plasma and resected epilepsy brain tissue when compared to control participants, in combination with trending expression changes observed in hippocampal NADH-related signaling pathways. Future studies should evaluate how brain molecular mechanisms are altered with long-term MAD in a larger cohort of epilepsy patients, with correlations to seizure frequency, epilepsy syndrome, and other clinical variables. [Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02565966.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F. Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yik Siu
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aryeh Korman
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sasha Devore
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Drew R. Jones
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Levetiracetam in a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030848. [PMID: 36979827 PMCID: PMC10045287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which it has been shown that the presence of oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in epileptogenesis. The literature has shown that some antiseizure drugs (ASD) have neuroprotective properties. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a drug commonly used as an ASD, and in some studies, it has been found to possess antioxidant properties. Because the antioxidant effects of LEV have not been demonstrated in the chronic phase of epilepsy, the objective of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effects of LEV on the oxidant–antioxidant status in the hippocampus of rats with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The in vitro scavenging capacity of LEV was evaluated. LEV administration in rats with TLE significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increased catalase (CAT) activity, but did not change glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and significantly decreased glutathione reductase (GR) activity in comparison with epileptic rats. LEV administration in rats with TLE significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels but did not change lipoperoxidation and carbonylated protein levels in comparison with epileptic rats. In addition, LEV showed in vitro scavenging activity against hydroxyl radical (HO•). LEV showed significant antioxidant effects in relation to restoring the redox balance in the hippocampus of rats with TLE. In vitro, LEV demonstrated direct antioxidant activity against HO•.
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6
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Walters GC, Usachev YM. Mitochondrial calcium cycling in neuronal function and neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1094356. [PMID: 36760367 PMCID: PMC9902777 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for proper cellular function through their critical roles in ATP synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, calcium (Ca2+) buffering, and apoptotic signaling. In neurons, Ca2+ buffering is particularly important as it helps to shape Ca2+ signals and to regulate numerous Ca2+-dependent functions including neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, gene expression, and neuronal toxicity. Over the past decade, identification of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and other molecular components of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport has provided insight into the roles that mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation plays in neuronal function in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the many roles of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release mechanisms in normal neuronal function and highlight new insights into the Ca2+-dependent mechanisms that drive mitochondrial dysfunction in neurologic diseases including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also consider how targeting Ca2+ uptake and release mechanisms could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C. Walters
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yuriy M. Usachev
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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7
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Kitamura T, Shijo M, Yokoi M, Maruyama T, Osaki M, Nakamura U, Arakawa S. Stroke-like lesions confined to the cerebellum in MELAS and a possible association with neuronal hyperexcitability. J Neurol 2023; 270:565-568. [PMID: 36152051 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kitamura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College Medical and Dental Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mio Yokoi
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takako Maruyama
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masato Osaki
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Udai Nakamura
- Diabetes Center, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shuji Arakawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
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8
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Finsterer J. Do seizures in POLG1-related mitochondrial disorder become refractory due to mitochondrion-toxic anti-seizure drugs? Seizure 2023; 104:39-40. [PMID: 35965221 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Neurology & Neurophysiology Center, Postfach 20, Vienna 1180, Austria.
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9
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Bețiu AM, Noveanu L, Hâncu IM, Lascu A, Petrescu L, Maack C, Elmér E, Muntean DM. Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: The Good, the Bad and the Mixed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13653. [PMID: 36362438 PMCID: PMC9656474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system via the integration of several physiological processes, such as ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis/exchange of metabolites, calcium sequestration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production/buffering and control of cellular survival/death. Mitochondrial impairment has been widely recognized as a central pathomechanism of almost all cardiovascular diseases, rendering these organelles important therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the setting of drug-induced toxicity in several tissues and organs, including the heart. Members of the drug classes currently used in the therapeutics of cardiovascular pathologies have been reported to both support and undermine mitochondrial function. For the latter case, mitochondrial toxicity is the consequence of drug interference (direct or off-target effects) with mitochondrial respiration/energy conversion, DNA replication, ROS production and detoxification, cell death signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. The present narrative review aims to summarize the beneficial and deleterious mitochondrial effects of common cardiovascular medications as described in various experimental models and identify those for which evidence for both types of effects is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Bețiu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Noveanu
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina M. Hâncu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ana Lascu
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Petrescu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Abliva AB, Medicon Village, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Danina M. Muntean
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
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10
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Ghosh C, Westcott R, Perucca E, Hossain M, Bingaman W, Najm I. Cytochrome P450-mediated antiseizure medication interactions influence apoptosis, modulate the brain BAX/Bcl-X L ratio and aggravate mitochondrial stressors in human pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:983233. [PMID: 36515436 PMCID: PMC9441576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.983233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polytherapy with antiseizure medications (ASMs) is often used to control seizures in patients suffering from epilepsy, where about 30% of patients are pharmacoresistant. While drug combinations are intended to be beneficial, the consequence of CYP-dependent drug interactions on apoptotic protein levels and mitochondrial function in the epileptic brain remains unclear. We examined the interactions of ASMs given prior to surgery in surgically resected brain tissues and of three ASMs (lacosamide, LCM; oxcarbazepine, OXC; levetiracetam LEV) in isolated brain cells from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (n = 23). We divided the patients into groups-those who took combinations of NON-CYP + CYP substrate ASMs, NON-CYP + CYP inducer ASMs, CYP substrate + CYP substrate or CYP substrate + CYP inducer ASMs-to study the 1) pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels and other apoptotic signaling proteins and levels of reactive oxygen species (reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation) in brain tissues; 2) cytotoxicity at blood-brain barrier epileptic endothelial cells (EPI-ECs) and subsequent changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in normal neuronal cells, following treatment with LCM + OXC (CYP substrate + CYP inducer) or LCM + LEV (CYP substrate + NON-CYP-substrate) after blood-brain barrier penetration, and 3) apoptotic and mitochondrial protein targets in the cells, pre-and post-CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole and drug treatments. We found an increased BAX (pro-apoptotic)/Bcl-XL (anti-apoptotic) protein ratio in epileptic brain tissue after treatment with CYP substrate + CYP substrate or inducer compared to NON-CYP + CYP substrate or inducer, and subsequently decreased glutathione and elevated lipid peroxidation levels. Further, increased cytotoxicity and Mito-ID levels, indicative of compromised mitochondrial membrane potential, were observed after treatment of LCM + OXC in combination compared to LCM + LEV or these ASMs alone in EPI-ECs, which was attenuated by pre-treatment of CYP inhibitor, ketoconazole. A combination of two CYP-mediated ASMs on EPI-ECs resulted in elevated caspase-3 and cytochrome c with decreased SIRT3 levels and activity, which was rescued by CYP inhibition. Together, the study highlights for the first time that pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins levels are dependent on ASM combinations in epilepsy, modulated via a CYP-mediated mechanism that controls free radicals, cytotoxicity and mitochondrial activity. These findings lead to a better understanding of future drug selection choices offsetting pharmacodynamic CYP-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rosemary Westcott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australia and Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William Bingaman
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Imad Najm
- Australia and Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Shukralla AA, Dolan E, Delanty N. Acetazolamide: Old drug, new evidence? Epilepsia Open 2022; 7:378-392. [PMID: 35673961 PMCID: PMC9436286 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetazolamide is an old drug used as an antiepileptic agent, amongst other indications. The drug is seldom used, primarily due to perceived poor efficacy and adverse events. Acetazolamide acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, of which there are several subtypes in humans. Acetazolamide causes an acidification of the intracellular and extracellular environments activating acid‐sensing ion channels, and these may account for the anti‐seizure effects of acetazolamide. Other potential mechanisms are modulation of neuroinflammation and attenuation of high‐frequency oscillations. The overall effect increases the seizure threshold in critical structures such as the hippocampus. The evidence for its clinical efficacy was from 12 observational studies of 941 patients. The 50% responder rate was 49%, 20% of patients were rendered seizure‐free, and 30% were noted to have had at least one adverse event. We conclude that the evidence from several observational studies may overestimate efficacy because they lack a comparator; hence, this drug would need further randomized placebo‐controlled trials to assess effectiveness and harm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Dolan
- The National Epilepsy Programme, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norman Delanty
- The National Epilepsy Programme, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, The SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Disease, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Kageyama Y, Deguchi Y, Kasahara T, Tani M, Kuroda K, Inoue K, Kato T. Intra-individual state-dependent comparison of plasma mitochondrial DNA copy number and IL-6 levels in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:644-651. [PMID: 34715189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have increased plasma IL-6 levels, which are higher in depressed BD (dBD) than remitted BD (rBD). However, the mechanism that differentiates the cytokine levels between dBD and rBD is not understood. First, we determined whether brain-derived mtDNA can be detected in plasma using neuron-specific mutant Polg1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Second, we investigated whether the plasma circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) differentiate the cytokine levels between dBD and rBD. METHODS Mouse plasma ccf-mtDNA levels were measured using real-time PCR targeting two regions of the mtDNA (CO1 and d-loop) in Tg mice and non-Tg littermates. Human plasma ccf-mtDNA levels were measured using real-time PCR targeting two regions of the mtDNA (ND1 and ND4) and IL-6 levels were evaluated in 10 patients in different states (depressed and remitted) of BD in a longitudinal manner and 10 healthy controls. RESULTS The mouse plasma CO1/D-loop ratio was significantly lower in Tg than non-Tg mice (P = 0.0029). Human plasma ccf-mtDNA copy number, ND4/ND1 ratio, and IL-6 levels were not significantly different between dBD and rBD. Human plasma ccf-mtDNA levels showed a nominal significant correlation with delusional symptoms (P = 0.033, ρ = 0.68). LIMITATIONS A larger sample size is required to generalize the results and to determine whether plasma ccf-mtDNA is associated with systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Tg mice revealed that brain-derived mtDNA could be present in peripheral blood. The present findings did not coincide with our hypothesis that plasma ccf-mtDNA differentiates the cytokine levels between dBD and rBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kageyama
- Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Deguchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaoki Kasahara
- Career Development Program, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hannan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yıldırım M, Bektaş Ö, Tunçez E, Yeniay Süt N, Sayar Y, Öncül Ü, Teber S. A Case of Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency 35 Associated with a Novel Missense Variant of the TRIT1 Gene. Mol Syndromol 2022; 13:139-145. [PMID: 35418828 PMCID: PMC8928209 DOI: 10.1159/000518373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 35 (COXPD35) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the tRNA isopentenyltransferase (TRIT1) gene in chromosome 1p34.2. To date, only 10 types of allelic variants in the TRIT1 gene have been previously reported in 9 patients with COXPD35. Herein, we describe a case with a novel homozygous missense variant in TRIT1. A 6-year, 6-month-old boy presented with global developmental delay, microcephaly, intractable seizures, and failure to thrive. The other main clinical manifestations were intellectual disability, spastic tetraparesis, truncal hypotonia, malnutrition, polyuria and polydipsia, ketotic hypoglycemia, dysmorphic facial features, strabismus, bicuspid aortic valve, and nephrolithiasis. The detailed biochemical, radiological, and metabolic evaluations were unremarkable. Chromosomal analysis confirmed a normal male 46,XY karyotype and the array comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed no abnormalities. We identified a novel homozygous missense variant of c.246G>C (p.Met82Ile) in the TRIT1 gene, and the variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The present case is the first report describing strabismus, ketotic hypoglycemia, nephrolithiasis, and bicuspid aortic valve in TRIT1-related COXPD35. This study expands the genotype-phenotype spectrum of TRIT1-related COXPD35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraç Yıldırım
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Bektaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Tunçez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurşah Yeniay Süt
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Sayar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ümmühan Öncül
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Teber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Bazhanova E, Kozlov A. Mechanisms of apoptosis in drug-resistant epilepsy. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:43-50. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212205143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Fine AL, Liebo G, Gavrilova RH, Britton JW. Seizure Semiology, EEG, and Imaging Findings in Epilepsy Secondary to Mitochondrial Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:779052. [PMID: 34912288 PMCID: PMC8666417 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.779052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Identification of an underlying mitochondrial disorder can be challenging due to the significant phenotypic variability between and within specific disorders. Epilepsy can be a presenting symptom with several mitochondrial disorders. In this study, we evaluated clinical, electrophysiologic, and imaging features in patients with epilepsy and mitochondrial disorders to identify common features, which could aid in earlier identification of a mitochondrial etiology. Methods: This is a retrospective case series from January 2011 to December 2019 at a tertiary referral center of patients with epilepsy and a genetically confirmed diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder. A total of 164 patients were reviewed with 20 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria. Results: A total of 20 patients (14 females, 6 males) aged 0.5-61 years with epilepsy and genetically confirmed mitochondrial disorders were identified. Status epilepticus occurred in 15 patients, with focal status epilepticus in 13 patients, including 9 patients with visual features. Abnormalities over the posterior cerebral regions were seen in 66% of ictal recordings and 44% of imaging studies. All the patients were on nutraceutical supplementation with no significant change in disease progression seen. At last follow-up, eight patients were deceased and the remainder had moderate-to-severe disability. Discussion: In this series of patients with epilepsy and mitochondrial disorders, we found increased propensity for seizures arising from the posterior cerebral regions. Over time, electroencephalogram (EEG) and imaging abnormalities increasingly occurred over the posterior cerebral regions. Focal seizures and focal status epilepticus with visual symptoms were common. Additional study is needed on nutraceutical supplementation in mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Fine
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Greta Liebo
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ralitza H. Gavrilova
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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16
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Cheng Y, Cui Y, Zhai Y, Xin W, Yu Y, Liang J, Li S, Sun H. Neuroprotective Effects of Exogenous Irisin in Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:738533. [PMID: 34658794 PMCID: PMC8517324 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.738533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level is considered a crucial causative factor for neuronal damage in epilepsy. Irisin has been reported to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and to reduce ROS levels; therefore, in this study, the effect of exogenous irisin on neuronal injury was evaluated in rats with kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE). Our results showed that exogenous irisin treatment significantly increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and reduced the levels of neuronal injury and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Additionally, an inhibitor of UCP2 (genipin) was administered to investigate the underlying mechanism of irisin-induced neuroprotection; in rats treated with genipin, the neuroprotective effects of irisin on KA-induced SE were found to be partially reversed. Our findings confirmed the neuroprotective effects of exogenous irisin and provide evidence that these effects may be mediated via the BDNF/UCP2 pathway, thus providing valuable insights that may aid the development of exogenous irisin treatment as a potential therapeutic strategy against neuronal injury in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jia Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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17
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Li J, Zhang W, Cui Z, Li Z, Jiang T, Meng H. Epilepsy Associated With Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes. Front Neurol 2021; 12:675816. [PMID: 34177782 PMCID: PMC8226157 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.675816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The present study explored the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of epilepsy in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Methods: Thirty-four MELAS patients were included in the present study. They were diagnosed by clinical characteristics, genetic testing, muscle biopsy, and retrospective analysis of other clinical data. The patients were divided into three groups according to the effects of treatment after at least 2 years of follow-up. Results: Epilepsy was more common in male MELAS patients than in females (20/14). The age of onset ranged from 0.5 to 57 years, with an average of 22.6 years. Patients with epilepsy and MELAS had various forms of seizures. Focal seizures were the most common type affecting 58.82% of patients, and some patients had multiple types of seizures. The abnormal EEG waves were mainly concentrated in the occipital (69.57%), frontal (65.22%) and temporal lobes (47.83%). Overall, the prognosis of patients with epilepsy and MELAS was poor. Poor prognosis was associated with brain atrophy (P = 0.026), status epilepticus (P < 0.001), and use of anti-seizure medications with high mitochondrial toxicity (P = 0.015). Interpretation: Avoiding the application of anti-seizure medications with high mitochondrial toxicity, controlling seizures more actively and effectively, and delaying the occurrence and progression of brain atrophy as much as possible are particularly important to improve the prognosis of patients with MELAS and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaai Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wuqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhitao Cui
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoran Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Baumgartner T, Carreño M, Rocamora R, Bisulli F, Boni A, Brázdil M, Horak O, Craiu D, Pereira C, Guerrini R, San Antonio‐Arce V, Schulze‐Bonhage A, Zuberi SM, Hallböök T, Kalviainen R, Lagae L, Nguyen S, Quintas S, Franco A, Cross JH, Walker M, Arzimanoglou A, Rheims S, Granata T, Canafoglia L, Johannessen Landmark C, Sen A, Rattihalli R, Nabbout R, Tartara E, Santos M, Rangel R, Krsek P, Marusic P, Specchio N, Braun KPJ, Smeyers P, Villanueva V, Kotulska K, Surges R. A survey of the European Reference Network EpiCARE on clinical practice for selected rare epilepsies. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:160-170. [PMID: 33681659 PMCID: PMC7918306 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Clinical care of rare and complex epilepsies is challenging, because evidence-based treatment guidelines are scarce, the experience of many physicians is limited, and interdisciplinary treatment of comorbidities is required. The pathomechanisms of rare epilepsies are, however, increasingly understood, which potentially fosters novel targeted therapies. The objectives of our survey were to obtain an overview of the clinical practice in European tertiary epilepsy centers treating patients with 5 arbitrarily selected rare epilepsies and to get an estimate of potentially available patients for future studies. Methods Members of the European Reference Network for rare and complex epilepsies (EpiCARE) were invited to participate in a web-based survey on clinical practice of patients with Dravet syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), autoimmune encephalitis, and progressive myoclonic epilepsies including Unverricht Lundborg and Unverricht-like diseases. A consensus-based questionnaire was generated for each disease. Results Twenty-six of 30 invited epilepsy centers participated. Cohorts were present in most responding centers for TSC (87%), Dravet syndrome (85%), and autoimmune encephalitis (71%). Patients with TSC and Dravet syndrome represented the largest cohorts in these centers. The antiseizure drug treatments were rather consistent across the centers especially with regard to Dravet syndrome, infantile spasms in TSC, and Unverricht Lundborg / Unverricht-like disease. Available, widely used targeted therapies included everolimus in TSC and immunosuppressive therapies in autoimmune encephalitis. Screening for comorbidities was routinely done, but specific treatment protocols were lacking in most centers. Significance The survey summarizes the current clinical practice for selected rare epilepsies in tertiary European epilepsy centers and demonstrates consistency as well as heterogeneity in the treatment, underscoring the need for controlled trials and recommendations. The survey also provides estimates for potential participants of clinical trials recruited via EpiCARE, emphasizing the great potential of Reference Networks for future studies to evaluate new targeted therapies and to identify novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mar Carreño
- Epilepsy UnitChild Neurology DepartmentHospital San Juan de DiosBarcelonaSpain
- Hospital Clinic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rodrigo Rocamora
- Epilepsy CentreFaculty of Health and Life SciencesHospital del Mar‐IMIMUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Antonella Boni
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Milan Brázdil
- Brno Epilepsy CenterDepartment of NeurologySt. Anne´s University HospitalMedical Faculty of Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ondrej Horak
- Brno Epilepsy CenterDepartment of Child NeurologyBrno University HospitalMedical Faculty of Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Dana Craiu
- Alexandru Obregia Clinical HospitalBucharestRomania
| | | | - Renzo Guerrini
- Children's Hospital A. Meyer‐University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Victoria San Antonio‐Arce
- Epilepsy UnitChild Neurology DepartmentHospital San Juan de DiosBarcelonaSpain
- Epilepsy CenterFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical CenterFreiburgGermany
| | | | | | - Tove Hallböök
- Department of PediatricsInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of Gothenburg and Queen Silvia Children’s HospitalSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Reetta Kalviainen
- Pohjois‐Savon SairaanhoitopiiriKuopio University Hospital, (KUH)KuopioFinland
| | - Lieven Lagae
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg KULeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Sofia Quintas
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte ‐ Hospital de Santa MariaLisboaPortugal
| | - Ana Franco
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte ‐ Hospital de Santa MariaLisboaPortugal
| | - J. Helen Cross
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenNHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Matthew Walker
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- Epilepsy UnitChild Neurology DepartmentHospital San Juan de DiosBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional NeurologyUniversity Hospitals of Lyon (HCL)LyonFrance
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptologyHospices Civils de LyonUniversity of LyonLyonFrance
| | - Tiziana Granata
- Department of PediatricNeuroscience FondazioneIRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Epilepsy UnitFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Cecilie Johannessen Landmark
- Department of PharmacologyOslo University HospitalThe National Center for EpilepsyOslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Arjune Sen
- Oxford Epilepsy Research GroupNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Rohini Rattihalli
- Department of Paediatric NeurologyChildren's HospitalJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyAPHP, Imagine InstituteReference Centre for Rare EpilepsiesParis Descartes UniversityParisFrance
| | | | | | - Rui Rangel
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Departement of NeurologyCharles UniversitySecond Faculty of Medicine and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Marusic
- Departement of NeurologyCharles UniversitySecond Faculty of Medicine and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy UnitDepartment of NeuroscienceBambino Gesu’ Children’s Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Kees P. J. Braun
- Department of Child NeurologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Patricia Smeyers
- Refractory Epilepsy Unit of Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La FeValenciaSpain
| | - Vicente Villanueva
- Refractory Epilepsy Unit of Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La FeValenciaSpain
| | | | - Rainer Surges
- Department of EpileptologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
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19
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Scaini G, Andrews T, Lima CNC, Benevenuto D, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a critical event in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:23-36. [PMID: 33340709 PMCID: PMC10494232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) remains modest, despite recent advances in neurobiological research. The mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis of bipolar disorder has been corroborated by several studies involving postmortem brain analysis, neuroimaging, and specific biomarkers in both rodent models and humans. Evidence suggests that BD might be related to abnormal mitochondrial morphology and dynamics, neuroimmune dysfunction, and atypical mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction in mood disorders is also associated with abnormal Ca2+ levels, glutamate excitotoxicity, an imbalance between pro- and antiapoptotic proteins towards apoptosis, abnormal gene expression of electron transport chain complexes, and decreased ATP synthesis. This paper aims to review and discuss the implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in BD etiology and to explore mitochondria as a potential target for novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taylor Andrews
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Camila N C Lima
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Benevenuto
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Bennett JP, Onyango IG. Energy, Entropy and Quantum Tunneling of Protons and Electrons in Brain Mitochondria: Relation to Mitochondrial Impairment in Aging-Related Human Brain Diseases and Therapeutic Measures. Biomedicines 2021; 9:225. [PMID: 33671585 PMCID: PMC7927033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult human brains consume a disproportionate amount of energy substrates (2-3% of body weight; 20-25% of total glucose and oxygen). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a universal energy currency in brains and is produced by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using ATP synthase, a nano-rotor powered by the proton gradient generated from proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the multi-complex electron transport chain (ETC). ETC catalysis rates are reduced in brains from humans with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Declines of ETC function in NDDs may result from combinations of nitrative stress (NS)-oxidative stress (OS) damage; mitochondrial and/or nuclear genomic mutations of ETC/OXPHOS genes; epigenetic modifications of ETC/OXPHOS genes; or defects in importation or assembly of ETC/OXPHOS proteins or complexes, respectively; or alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission, mitophagy). Substantial free energy is gained by direct O2-mediated oxidation of NADH. Traditional ETC mechanisms require separation between O2 and electrons flowing from NADH/FADH2 through the ETC. Quantum tunneling of electrons and much larger protons may facilitate this separation. Neuronal death may be viewed as a local increase in entropy requiring constant energy input to avoid. The ATP requirement of the brain may partially be used for avoidance of local entropy increase. Mitochondrial therapeutics seeks to correct deficiencies in ETC and OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, CZ-65691 Brno, Czech Republic;
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21
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Wang M, Liu J. Study on the Antiepileptic Effect of Brain Targeting Electric Field on Nano Hydrogel and miR-181. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:1018-1024. [PMID: 33183438 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.18673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, as a kind of neurological disease, is harmful to human mental health. There are many problems in the corresponding drugs and treatment methods, such as poor targeting, side effects and drug resistance. The conventional treatment of epilepsy is mainly focused on its corresponding electrophysiological mechanism to limit the discharge of epileptic focus. However, in the clinical and experimental observation process, this method finds that its corresponding target and direction are easily interfered, and its targeting shows poor directionality. Therefore, based on this, this paper will fully combine the electrophysiological mechanism of epilepsy and brain targeting technology, fully analyze the correlation between miR-181 and epilepsy and other nervous system diseases, and construct the epilepsy cell model to provide new ideas for the target and direction. Finally, we will construct a nanoscale hydrogel targeting the electric field, which can rapidly suppress the discharge and release the therapeutic drugs in epileptic seizures, so as to achieve effective treatment for epilepsy. The experimental results show that the new targeting technology proposed in this paper has obvious effect on the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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22
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Giménez-Palomo A, Dodd S, Anmella G, Carvalho AF, Scaini G, Quevedo J, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E, Berk M. The Role of Mitochondria in Mood Disorders: From Physiology to Pathophysiology and to Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:546801. [PMID: 34295268 PMCID: PMC8291901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.546801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in several biological processes, especially in energy production. Several studies have found a relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Impairments in energy production are found in these disorders together with higher levels of oxidative stress. Recently, many agents capable of enhancing antioxidant defenses or mitochondrial functioning have been studied for the treatment of mood disorders as adjuvant therapy to current pharmacological treatments. A better knowledge of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology might allow the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development and study of novel effective therapies to treat these specific mitochondrial impairments. This could be especially beneficial for treatment-resistant patients. In this article, we provide a focused narrative review of the currently available evidence supporting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in mood disorders, the effects of current therapies on mitochondrial functions, and novel targeted therapies acting on mitochondrial pathways that might be useful for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giménez-Palomo
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard Anmella
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.,Center of Excellence in Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isabella Pacchiarotti
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lithium increases mitochondrial respiration in iPSC-derived neural precursor cells from lithium responders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6789-6805. [PMID: 34075196 PMCID: PMC8760072 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li), valproate (VPA) and lamotrigine (LTG) are commonly used to treat bipolar disorder (BD). While their clinical efficacy is well established, the mechanisms of action at the molecular level are still incompletely understood. Here we investigated the molecular effects of Li, LTG and VPA treatment in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) generated from 3 healthy controls (CTRL), 3 affective disorder Li responsive patients (Li-R) and 3 Li non-treated patients (Li-N) after 6 h and 1 week of exposure. Differential expression (DE) analysis after 6 h of treatment revealed a transcriptional signature that was associated with all three drugs and most significantly enriched for ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways. In addition to the shared DE genes, we found that Li exposure was associated with 554 genes uniquely regulated in Li-R NPCs and enriched for spliceosome, OXPHOS and thermogenesis pathways. In-depth analysis of the treatment-associated transcripts uncovered a significant decrease in intron retention rate, suggesting that the beneficial influence of these drugs might partly be related to splicing. We examined the mitochondrial respiratory function of the NPCs by exploring the drugs' effects on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolytic rate (ECAR). Li improved OCR levels only in Li-R NPCs by enhancing maximal respiration and reserve capacity, while VPA enhanced maximal respiration and reserve capacity in Li-N NPCs. Overall, our findings further support the involvement of mitochondrial functions in the molecular mechanisms of mood stabilizers and suggest novel mechanisms related to the spliceosome, which warrant further investigation.
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Magar A, Devasani K, Majumdar A. Melatonin ameliorates neuropathy in diabetic rats by abating mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic derangements. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2020.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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25
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Osuntokun OS, Akinsomisoye SO, Olayiwola G, Adedokun KI, Oladokun OO. Carbamazepine adversely altered the pituitary-testicular axis with resultant reproductive dysfunctions than levetiracetam or carbamazepine-levetiracetam adjuvant treatment in male Wistar rat. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13871. [PMID: 33126292 DOI: 10.1111/and.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the on-toward reactions of individual or adjunctive treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ) and levetiracetam (LEV) on the pituitary-testicular axis in male rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomised into 4 groups (n = 6) and received daily intraperitoneal (i.p) treatment of normal saline (0.1 ml/day); CBZ (25 mg/kg i.p); LEV (50 mg/kg i.p); or combination of CBZ (12.5 mg/kg) and LEV (25 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The serum concentration of luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone was determined. Also, the seminal profile and histomorphological status of the testis were determined. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The control and test groups were compared using Student's t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis where appropriate, while the results presented as mean ± SEM in graphs or tables. The level of significance was taken at p < .05. The percentage motility, viability, and concentration of FSH decreased significantly in all the treatment groups, while the testis was presented with various forms of histomorphological aberrations. This study concludes that CBZ, and CBZ + LEV adjunctive treatments alter the pituitary-testicular axis with evidence of hormonal deregulation and alteration in the reproductive functions' indices, while LEV treatment remains the safest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Olumide Akinsomisoye
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Kabiru Isola Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olayemi Olutobi Oladokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
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26
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Alelwani W, Elmorsy E, Kattan SW, Babteen NA, Alnajeebi AM, Al-Ghafari A, Carter WG. Carbamazepine induces a bioenergetics disruption to microvascular endothelial cells from the blood-brain barrier. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:184-191. [PMID: 32805338 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely employed anti-seizure medication that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert its anti-convulsant action. The effects of CBZ on components of the BBB have yet to be completely delineated. Hence the current study evaluated the effects of CBZ upon mitochondrial functionality of BBB-derived microvascular endothelial cells isolated from Albino rats. The influence of CBZ on cell viability and barrier functions were evaluated by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase, and electrophysiological assays over a drug concentration range of 0.1-1000 μM. Bioenergetics effects were measured via ATP production, mitochondrial complexes I and III activities, lactate production, and oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), and mitochondrial membrane potential, fluidity and lipid content. CBZ was cytotoxic to microvascular endothelial cells in a concentration and duration dependent manner. CBZ significantly diminished the endothelial cell's barrier functions, and impacted upon cellular bioenergetics: reducing mitochondrial complex activities with a parallel decrease in OCRs and increased anaerobic lactate production. CBZ significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induced an increase of membrane fluidity and decrease in levels of mitochondrial saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. In summary, CBZ disrupted functional activity of BBB endothelial cells via damage and modification of mitochondria functionality at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walla Alelwani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Shahad W Kattan
- Medical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Abubakr Babteen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan M Alnajeebi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wayne G Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.
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ĽUPTÁK M, HROUDOVÁ J. Important Role of Mitochondria and the Effect of Mood Stabilizers on Mitochondrial Function. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S3-S15. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria primarily serve as source of cellular energy through the Krebs cycle and β-oxidation to generate substrates for oxidative phosphorylation. Redox reactions are used to transfer electrons through a gradient to their final acceptor, oxygen, and to pump hydrogen protons into the intermembrane space. Then, ATP synthase uses the electrochemical gradient to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During these processes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. ROS are highly reactive molecules with important physiological functions in cellular signaling. Mitochondria play a crucial role in intracellular calcium homeostasis and serve as transient calcium stores. High levels of both, ROS and free cytosolic calcium, can damage mitochondrial and cellular structures and trigger apoptosis. Impaired mitochondrial function has been described in many psychiatric diseases, including mood disorders, in terms of lowered mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed ATP formation, imbalanced Ca2+ levels and increased ROS levels. In vitro models have indicated that mood stabilizers affect mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, ROS production, ATP formation, Ca2+ buffering and the antioxidant system. Most studies support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary feature of mood disorders. The precise mechanism of action of mood stabilizers remains unknown, but new mitochondrial targets have been proposed for use as mood stabilizers and mitochondrial biomarkers in the evaluation of therapy effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. ĽUPTÁK
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Masy V, Sokal E, Ranguelov N, Brichard B, Laterre PF, Hantson P. Fatal type B lactic acidosis in a patient with end-stage liver disease related to homozygous sickle cell disease. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:2627-2628. [PMID: 31650287 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Masy
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadejda Ranguelov
- Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Brichard
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-François Laterre
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hantson
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Holper L, Ben-Shachar D, Mann JJ. Psychotropic and neurological medication effects on mitochondrial complex I and IV in rodent models. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:986-1002. [PMID: 31320210 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome-c-oxidase) are reported to be affected by drugs used to treat psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs. We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of each drug category on complex I and IV. The electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1970 and 2018. Of 3105 screened studies, 68 articles covering 53 drugs were included in the meta-analyses. All studies assessed complex I and IV in rodent brain at the level of enzyme activity. Results revealed that selected antidepressants increase or decrease complex I and IV, antipsychotics and stimulants decrease complex I but increase complex IV, whereas anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs preserve or even enhance both complex I and IV. Potential contributions to the drug effects were found to be related to the drugs' neurotransmitter receptor profiles with adrenergic (α1B), dopaminergic (D1/2), glutaminergic (NMDA1,3), histaminergic (H1), muscarinic (M1,3), opioid (OP1-3), serotonergic (5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A) and sigma (σ1) receptors having the greatest effects. The findings are discussed in relation to pharmacological mechanisms of action that might have relevance for clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holper
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - J J Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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The Differences in the Proteome Profile of Cannabidiol-Treated Skin Fibroblasts following UVA or UVB Irradiation in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090995. [PMID: 31466340 PMCID: PMC6770406 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), as the only phytocannabinoid that has no psychoactive effect, has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus might be suggested as a cytoprotective compound against UV-induced metabolic changes in skin cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of protective CBD activity by evaluating the proteomic profile of 2D and 3D cultured skin fibroblasts models following exposure to UVA and UVB radiation. The CBD cytoprotective effect against UV-induced damage in 2D and 3D cultured fibroblasts were different. The main alterations focus on the range of cell reaction and involved different proteins associated with various molecular functions. In the 2D cultured cells, following UV radiation, the major changes were associated with proteins involved in antioxidant response and inflammation, while, in the 3D cultured fibroblasts, CBD action against UV induced changes were mainly associated with the activation of signalling pathways. Therefore, the knowledge of the CBD action in a multilayer skin cells model allowed for the prediction of changes in cell-cell interactions and skin cell metabolism. Knowledge about the lower protective effect of CBD in 3D cultured fibroblasts should be taken into account during the design of UV light protection.
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Levetiracetam administration is correlated with lower mortality in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:269-274. [PMID: 30681492 PMCID: PMC6595817 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies on the relationship between antiepileptic drug (AED) administration and clinical outcomes in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) remain scarce. Levetiracetam (LEV) is an AED that is neuroprotective in various neurologic disorders. This study aimed to determine the impact of LEV on the outcome of MELAS. Methods: A retrospective, single-center study was performed based on a large cohort of patients with MELAS with a history of seizures (n = 102). Decisions on antiepileptic therapies were made empirically. Patients were followed up for 1 to 8 years (median, 4 years) and divided into 2 groups based on whether LEV was administered (LEV or non-LEV). The modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores and mortality risks were analyzed in all patients. Results: LEV, carbamazepine, benzodiazepines, topiramate, oxcarbazepine, valproate, and lamotrigine were administered in 48, 37, 18, 13, 11, 9, and 9 patients, singly or in combination, respectively. The mean mRS score of the LEV group (n = 48) was lower than that of the non-LEV group (n = 54; mean ± standard deviation, 2.79 ± 1.47 vs. 3.83 ± 1.93, P = 0.006) up to the end of the study. Nevertheless, there was no difference in the proportion of subjects without disability (mRS ranging 0–1) between the groups (P = 0.37). The multivariate regressions revealed that LEV treatment was associated with lower mRS scores (odds ratio 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15–0.68, P = 0.003) and mortality rates (hazard ratio 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.74, P = 0.013). There was a significant difference in the Kaplan-Meier survival curves between the groups (χ2 = 4.29, P = 0.04). Conclusions: The LEV administration is associated with lower mortality in patients with MELAS in this retrospective study. Further laboratory research and prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm whether LEV has neuroprotective effects on patients with mitochondrial diseases.
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Similar Safety Profile of the Enantiomeric N-Aminoalkyl Derivatives of Trans-2-Aminocyclohexan-1-ol Demonstrating Anticonvulsant Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132505. [PMID: 31323993 PMCID: PMC6651381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorder in the world. Many antiepileptic drugs cause multiple adverse effects. Moreover, multidrug resistance is a serious problem in epilepsy treatment. In the present study we evaluated the safety profile of three (1–3) new chiral N-aminoalkyl derivatives of trans-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol demonstrating anticonvulsant activity. Our aim was also to determine differences between the enantiomeric compounds with respect to their safety profile. The results of the study indicated that compounds 1–3 are non-cytotoxic for astrocytes, although they exhibit cytotoxic activity against human glioblastoma cells. Moreover, 1–3 did not affect the viability of HepG2 cells and did not produce adducts with glutathione. Compounds 1–3 demonstrated no mutagenic activity either in the Salmonella typhimurium or in Vibrio harveyi tests. Additionally, the compounds displayed a strong or moderate antimutagenic effect. Finally, the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ATPase assay demonstrated that both enantiomers are potent P-gp inhibitors. To sum up, our results indicate that the newly synthesized derivatives may be considered promising candidates for further research on anticonvulsant drug discovery and development. Our study indicated the similar safety profile of the enantiomeric N-aminoalkyl derivatives of trans-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol, although in the previous studies both enantiomers differ in their biotransformation pathways and pharmacological activity.
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Takenouchi T, Wei FY, Suzuki H, Uehara T, Takahashi T, Okazaki Y, Kosaki K, Tomizawa K. Noninvasive diagnosis of TRIT1-related mitochondrial disorder by measuring i 6 A37 and ms 2 i 6 A37 modifications in tRNAs from blood and urine samples. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1609-1614. [PMID: 31140736 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA) contain the N6 -isopentenyladenosine (i6 A) or 2-methylthio-N6 -isopentenyladenosine (ms2 i6 A) modification at position A37, which is adjacent to an anticodon. These modifications are essential for efficient protein translation in mitochondria and contribute to energy metabolism. The first step in i6 A and ms2 i6 A modifications is catalyzed by tRNA isopentenyltransferase, which is encoded by the TRIT1 gene. Herein, we report a girl with a developmental delay, frequent episodes of seizures induced by febrile illness, and myoclonic epilepsy who had compound heterozygous missense mutations in TRIT1. A mass spectrometry analysis of RNA nucleoside obtained from the subject's peripheral blood and urine showed a marked decrease in both i6 A and ms2 i6 A modifications. These results suggest that the mitochondrial disorder was caused by defective tRNA isopentenylation arising from a loss-of-function mutation in TRIT1. Furthermore, the present observations suggest that noninvasive biochemical analysis using peripheral blood and urine samples are sufficient for the diagnosis of TRIT1-related disorders, making muscle biopsy for the direct measurement of oxidative phosphorylation unnecessary. Such biochemical analyses before the start of antiepileptic medications would be beneficial to avoid hepatotoxicity in patients with possible mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Fogle KJ, Smith AR, Satterfield SL, Gutierrez AC, Hertzler JI, McCardell CS, Shon JH, Barile ZJ, Novak MO, Palladino MJ. Ketogenic and anaplerotic dietary modifications ameliorate seizure activity in Drosophila models of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and glycolytic enzymopathy. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:439-447. [PMID: 30683556 PMCID: PMC6536302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are a feature not only of the many forms of epilepsy, but also of global metabolic diseases such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (ME) and glycolytic enzymopathy (GE). Modern anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are successful in many cases, but some patients are refractory to existing AEDs, which has led to a surge in interest in clinically managed dietary therapy such as the ketogenic diet (KD). This high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet causes a cellular switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation and ketone body generation, with a wide array of downstream effects at the genetic, protein, and metabolite level that may mediate seizure protection. We have recently shown that a Drosophila model of human ME (ATP61) responds robustly to the KD; here, we have investigated the mechanistic importance of the major metabolic consequences of the KD in the context of this bioenergetics disease: ketogenesis, reduction of glycolysis, and anaplerosis. We have found that reduction of glycolysis does not confer seizure protection, but that dietary supplementation with ketone bodies or the anaplerotic lipid triheptanoin, which directly replenishes the citric acid cycle, can mimic the success of the ketogenic diet even in the presence of standard carbohydrate levels. We have also shown that the proper functioning of the citric acid cycle is crucial to the success of the KD in the context of ME. Furthermore, our data reveal that multiple seizure models, in addition to ATP61, are treatable with the ketogenic diet. Importantly, one of these mutants is TPIsugarkill, which models human glycolytic enzymopathy, an incurable metabolic disorder with severe neurological consequences. Overall, these studies reveal widespread success of the KD in Drosophila, further cementing its status as an excellent model for studies of KD treatment and mechanism, and reveal key insights into the therapeutic potential of dietary therapy against neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri J Fogle
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Amber R Smith
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sidney L Satterfield
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alejandra C Gutierrez
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - J Ian Hertzler
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Caleb S McCardell
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joy H Shon
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zackery J Barile
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Molly O Novak
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kahn-Kirby AH, Amagata A, Maeder CI, Mei JJ, Sideris S, Kosaka Y, Hinman A, Malone SA, Bruegger JJ, Wang L, Kim V, Shrader WD, Hoff KG, Latham JC, Ashley EA, Wheeler MT, Bertini E, Carrozzo R, Martinelli D, Dionisi-Vici C, Chapman KA, Enns GM, Gahl W, Wolfe L, Saneto RP, Johnson SC, Trimmer JK, Klein MB, Holst CR. Targeting ferroptosis: A novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of mitochondrial disease-related epilepsy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214250. [PMID: 30921410 PMCID: PMC6438538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial disease is a family of genetic disorders characterized by defects in the generation and regulation of energy. Epilepsy is a common symptom of mitochondrial disease, and in the vast majority of cases, refractory to commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Ferroptosis is a recently-described form of iron- and lipid-dependent regulated cell death associated with glutathione depletion and production of lipid peroxides by lipoxygenase enzymes. Activation of the ferroptosis pathway has been implicated in a growing number of disorders, including epilepsy. Given that ferroptosis is regulated by balancing the activities of glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO), targeting these enzymes may provide a rational therapeutic strategy to modulate seizure. The clinical-stage therapeutic vatiquinone (EPI-743, α-tocotrienol quinone) was reported to reduce seizure frequency and associated morbidity in children with the mitochondrial disorder pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6. We sought to elucidate the molecular mechanism of EPI-743 and explore the potential of targeting 15-LO to treat additional mitochondrial disease-associated epilepsies. METHODS Primary fibroblasts and B-lymphocytes derived from patients with mitochondrial disease-associated epilepsy were cultured under standardized conditions. Ferroptosis was induced by treatment with the irreversible GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 or a combination of pharmacological glutathione depletion and excess iron. EPI-743 was co-administered and endpoints, including cell viability and 15-LO-dependent lipid oxidation, were measured. RESULTS EPI-743 potently prevented ferroptosis in patient cells representing five distinct pediatric disease syndromes with associated epilepsy. Cytoprotection was preceded by a dose-dependent decrease in general lipid oxidation and the specific 15-LO product 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the continued clinical evaluation of EPI-743 as a therapeutic agent for PCH6 and other mitochondrial diseases with associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Kahn-Kirby
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Akiko Amagata
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Celine I. Maeder
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Janet J. Mei
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Steve Sideris
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Yuko Kosaka
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hinman
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Malone
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Joel J. Bruegger
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Wang
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Virna Kim
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - William D. Shrader
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Hoff
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Joey C. Latham
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Wheeler
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Clinical Division and Research Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kimberly A. Chapman
- Children’s National Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - William Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynne Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Saneto
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Johnson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey K. Trimmer
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Klein
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Holst
- BioElectron Technology Corporation, Mountain View, California, United States of America
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36
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Primiano G, Vollono C, Dono F, Servidei S. Epilepsy management in mitochondrial diseases. Epilepsy Res 2018; 147:108. [PMID: 30266218 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurofisiopatologia, Roma, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Catello Vollono
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurofisiopatologia, Roma, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurofisiopatologia, Roma, Italy
| | - Serenella Servidei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurofisiopatologia, Roma, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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37
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Sakai S, Osaki M, Hidaka M, Kimura S, Ohya Y, Ago T, Kitazono T, Arakawa S. Association between stroke-like episodes and neuronal hyperexcitability in MELAS with m.3243A>G: A case report. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 12:39-41. [PMID: 30229135 PMCID: PMC6141306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of the stroke-like episodes of MELAS has not completely been elucidated. Here we report a case of stroke-like episodes, successfully treated with levetiracetam. Neuronal hyperexcitability can be the underlying mechanism of stroke-like episodes in MELAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sakai
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0050, Japan
| | - Masato Osaki
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0050, Japan
| | - Masaoki Hidaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0050, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0050, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohya
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0050, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shuji Arakawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0050, Japan
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38
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Tartaglione AM, Cipriani C, Chiarotti F, Perrone B, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Calamandrei G, Ricceri L. Early Behavioral Alterations and Increased Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses Are Inherited Across Generations in Mice Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3736-3750. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Ramachandran A, Visschers RGJ, Duan L, Akakpo JY, Jaeschke H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: current understanding and future perspectives. J Clin Transl Res 2018. [PMID: 30873497 PMCID: PMC6261533 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.04.201801.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical cellular organelles for energy generation and are now also recognized as playing important roles in cellular signaling. Their central role in energy metabolism, as well as their high abundance in hepatocytes, make them important targets for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This review summarizes the current mechanistic understanding of the role of mitochondria in drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen, diclofenac, anti-tuberculosis drugs such as rifampin and isoniazid, anti-epileptic drugs such as valproic acid and constituents of herbal supplements such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The utilization of circulating mitochondrial-specific biomarkers in understanding mechanisms of toxicity in humans will also be examined. In summary, it is well-established that mitochondria are central to acetaminophen-induced cell death. However, the most promising areas for clinically useful therapeutic interventions after acetaminophen toxicity may involve the promotion of adaptive responses and repair processes including mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, In contrast, the limited understanding of the role of mitochondria in various aspects of hepatotoxicity by most other drugs and herbs requires more detailed mechanistic investigations in both animals and humans. Development of clinically relevant animal models and more translational studies using mechanistic biomarkers are critical for progress in this area. Relevance for patients:This review focuses on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in liver injury mechanisms of clinically important drugs like acetaminophen, diclofenac, rifampicin, isoniazid, amiodarone and others. A better understanding ofthe mechanisms in animal models and their translation to patients will be critical for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ruben G J Visschers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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40
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Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Avoid mitochondrion-toxic antiepileptic drugs in glycine encephalopathy. Brain Dev 2018; 40:366. [PMID: 28882326 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub
- University of Tunis El Manar and Genomics Platform, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
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41
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Dinçer M, Akgün A, Bodur Ş, Gül H, Taş Torun Y, Bolu A, Çelik C, Çetinkaya M, Kara H, Cöngöloğlu MA. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy without hepatic dysfunction due to treatment with valproate: four cases and a mini review. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1448133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Dinçer
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Akgün
- Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şahin Bodur
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hesna Gül
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Taş Torun
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bolu
- Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemil Çelik
- Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Miray Çetinkaya
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Sami Ulus Child Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Kara
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Aksaray State Hospital, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - M. Ayhan Cöngöloğlu
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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42
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Ketogenic diet and avoidance of mitochondrion-toxic AEDs may improve the outcome of mitochondrial epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 173:202-203. [PMID: 29500094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Finsterer J, Scorza CA, Scorza FA. Phenotypic spectrum of FARS2-deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2018; 14:41-42. [PMID: 29326872 PMCID: PMC5758838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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44
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Sumi C, Okamoto A, Tanaka H, Nishi K, Kusunoki M, Shoji T, Uba T, Matsuo Y, Adachi T, Hayashi JI, Takenaga K, Hirota K. Propofol induces a metabolic switch to glycolysis and cell death in a mitochondrial electron transport chain-dependent manner. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192796. [PMID: 29447230 PMCID: PMC5813975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intravenous anesthetic propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has been used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and sedation in critical patient care. However, the rare but severe complication propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) can occur, especially in patients receiving high doses of propofol for prolonged periods. In vivo and in vitro evidence suggests that the propofol toxicity is related to the impaired mitochondrial function. However, underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated effects of propofol on cell metabolism and death using a series of established cell lines of various origins, including neurons, myocytes, and trans-mitochondrial cybrids, with defined mitochondrial DNA deficits. We demonstrated that supraclinical concentrations of propofol in not less than 50 μM disturbed the mitochondrial function and induced a metabolic switch, from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, by targeting mitochondrial complexes I, II and III. This disturbance in mitochondrial electron transport caused the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in apoptosis. We also found that a predisposition to mitochondrial dysfunction, caused by a genetic mutation or pharmacological suppression of the electron transport chain by biguanides such as metformin and phenformin, promoted propofol-induced caspase activation and cell death induced by clinical relevant concentrations of propofol in not more than 25 μM. With further experiments with appropriate in vivo model, it is possible that the processes to constitute the molecular basis of PRIS are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Sumi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okamoto
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Nishi
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Munenori Kusunoki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shoji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Takeo Uba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuo
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Adachi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Institute Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Keizo Takenaga
- Department of Life Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kiichi Hirota
- Department of Human Stress Response Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- * E-mail:
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45
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Drug-resistant epilepsy in MELAS: safety and potential efficacy of lacosamide. Epilepsy Res 2018; 139:135-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Mithal DS, Kurz JE. Anticonvulsant Medications in Mitochondrial Disease. Pediatr Neurol Briefs 2017; 31:9. [PMID: 29184381 PMCID: PMC5681459 DOI: 10.15844/pedneurbriefs-31-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers from Vienna, Austria and Sao Paulo, Brazil studied the known effects of anticonvulsant drugs on mitochondria, using a literature search to include only references to epilepsy associated with mitochondrial disease, and a specific anti-convulsant drug (i.e. levetiracetam) with a specific mitochondrial function (i.e. mitochondrial membrane potential).
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Affiliation(s)
- Divakar S Mithal
- Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jonathan E Kurz
- Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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47
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Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Mitochondrial cardioencephalopathy due to a COQ4 mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 13:7-8. [PMID: 28736720 PMCID: PMC5510520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Postfach 20, 1180 Vienna, Austria.Postfach 20Vienna1180Austria
| | - Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub
- University of Tunis El Manar and Genomics Platform, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
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