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Han J, Liu J, Yu Z, Huang R, Zhao L, Xu Y, Chen M, He G, Song Q, Li W, Zhang C. Risk factors for irinotecan-induced liver injury: a retrospective multicentre cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069794. [PMID: 37349101 PMCID: PMC10314582 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hepatotoxicity of irinotecan has been widely implicated in the treatment of multiple solid tumours. However, there are few studies on the influencing factors of irinotecan-induced hepatotoxicity. Herein, we investigated the risk factors for irinotecan-induced liver injury among 421 patients receiving irinotecan-based regimens (IBRs). DESIGN Retrospective multi-centre cross-sectional study. SETTING This study surveyed four hospitals in China. PARTICIPANTS After excluding participants with missing variables, we retrospectively collected the demographic, clinical and therapeutic data of 421 patients who received IBRs in four hospitals between January 2020 and December 2021 and divided the patients into two groups: those without liver injury and those with liver injury. RESULTS The 421 enrolled patients were grouped (liver injury group: n=92; control group: n=329) according to their hepatic biochemical monitoring parameters. In our study, the multivariate logistic regression results showed that three to four cycles of chemotherapy (OR (95% CI): 2.179 (1.272 to 3.733); p=0.005) and liver metastasis (OR (95% CI): 1.748 (1.079 to 2.833); p=0.023) were independent risk factors for irinotecan-induced liver injury. The Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated that alcohol consumption history (OR (95% CI): 2.032 (1.183 to 3.491); p=0.010) and a cumulative dose of irinotecan ≥1000 mg (OR (95% CI): 0.362 (0.165 to 0.792); p=0.011) were significantly correlated with the onset time of irinotecan-induced liver injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that patients with liver metastasis or who received three to four cycles of chemotherapy should undergo rigorous liver function monitoring to prevent or reduce the incidence of irinotecan-induced liver injury. Moreover, patients with a history of alcohol consumption should also be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zaoqin Yu
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hubei Centre for Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guangzhao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuyan Song
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xiao X, Zhang T, Huang J, Zhao Q, Li F. Effect of CYP3A4 on liver injury induced by triptolide. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4864. [PMID: 32330997 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), one of the main bioactive diterpenes of the herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, is used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in the clinic and is accompanied by severe hepatotoxicity. CYP3A4 has been reported to be responsible for TP metabolism, but the mechanism remains unclear. The present study applied a UPLC-QTOF-MS-based metabolomics analysis to characterize the effect of CYP3A4 on TP-induced hepatotoxicity. The metabolites carnitines, lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and a serious of amino acids were found to be closely related to liver damage indexes in TP-treated female mice. Metabolomics analysis further revealed that the CYP3A4 inducer dexamethasone improved the level of LPCs and amino acids, and defended against oxidative stress. On the contrary, pretreatment with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole increased liver damage with most metabolites being markedly altered, especially carnitines. Among these metabolites, except for LPC18:2, LPC20:1 and arginine, dexamethasone and ketoconazole both affected oxidative stress induced by TP. The current study provides new mechanistic insights into the metabolic alterations, leading to understanding of the role of CYP3A4 in hepatotoxicity induced by TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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3
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Hu DD, Zhao Q, Cheng Y, Xiao XR, Huang JF, Qu Y, Li X, Tang YM, Bao WM, Yang JH, Jiang T, Hu JP, Gonzalez FJ, Li F. The Protective Roles of PPARα Activation in Triptolide-induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:1-12. [PMID: 31241159 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), one of the main active ingredients in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, is clinically used to treat immune diseases but is known to cause liver injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the biomarkers for TP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and to determine potential mechanisms of its liver injury. LC/MS-based metabolomics was used to determine the metabolites that were changed in TP-induced liver injury. The accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines in serum indicated that TP exposure disrupted endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signaling. TP-induced liver injury could be alleviated by treatment of mice with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate, while the PPARα antagonist GW6471 increased hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, fenofibrate did not protect Ppara-/- mice from TP-induced liver injury, suggesting an essential role for the PPARα in the protective effect of fenofibrate. Elevated long-chain acylcarnitines may protect TP-induced liver injury through activation of the NOTCH-NRF2 pathway as revealed in primary mouse hepatocytes and in vivo. In agreement with these observations in mice, the increase of long-chain acylcarnitines was observed in the serum of patients with cholestatic liver injury compared to heathy volunteers. These data demonstrated the role of PPARα and long-chain acylcarnitines in TP-induced hepatotoxicity, and suggest that modulation of PPARα may protect against drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying-Mei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Research Center for Liver Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Min Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Yunnan Provincial 1st People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Hui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Research Center for Liver Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Research Center for Liver Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Peng Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Clemens MM, McGill MR, Apte U. Mechanisms and biomarkers of liver regeneration after drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 85:241-262. [PMID: 31307589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver, the major metabolic organ in the body, is known for its remarkable capacity to regenerate. Whereas partial hepatectomy (PHx) is a popular model for the study of liver regeneration, the liver also regenerates after acute injury, but less is known about the mechanisms that drive it. Recent studies have shown that liver regeneration is critical for survival in acute liver failure (ALF), which is usually due to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It is sometimes assumed that the signaling pathways involved are similar to those that regulate regeneration after PHx, but there are likely to be critical differences. A better understanding of regeneration mechanisms after DILI and hepatotoxicity in general could lead to development of new therapies for ALF patients and new biomarkers to predict patient outcome. Here, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms of liver regeneration and repair after hepatotoxicity. We also review the literature in the emerging field of liver regeneration biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Clemens
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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5
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Dadhania VP, Bhushan B, Apte U, Mehendale HM. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Drives Thioacetamide-Mediated Heteroprotection Against Acetaminophen-Induced Lethal Liver Injury. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817690287. [PMID: 28210203 PMCID: PMC5302098 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817690287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preplacement of compensatory tissue repair (CTR) by exposure to a nonlethal dose of a toxicant protects animals against a lethal dose of another toxicant. Although CTR is known to heteroprotect, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely known. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of heteroprotection using thioacetamide (TA): acetaminophen (APAP) heteroprotection model. Male Swiss Webster mice received a low dose of TA or distilled water (DW) vehicle 24 hours prior to a lethal dose of APAP. Liver injury, tissue repair, and promitogenic signaling were studied over a time course of 24 hours after APAP overdose to the TA- and DW-primed mice (TA + APAP and DW + APAP, respectively). Thioacetamide pretreatment afforded 100% protection against APAP overdose compared to 100% lethality in the DW + APAP-treated mice. Although hepatic Cyp2e1 was similar at the time of APAP administration, immediate activation of hepatic c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) was observed in the TA + APAP-treated mice compared to its delayed activation in the DW + APAP group. In contrast to the DW + APAP group, the TA + APAP-treated mice exhibited extensive CTR, which was secondary to the timely activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our data indicate that rapid activation and appropriate termination of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and modulation of JNK activity underlie TA + APAP heteroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekkumar P Dadhania
- Department of Toxicology, College of Health & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Harihara M Mehendale
- Department of Toxicology, College of Health & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
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Wang Y, Jiang Y, Fan X, Tan H, Zeng H, Wang Y, Chen P, Huang M, Bi H. Hepato-protective effect of resveratrol against acetaminophen-induced liver injury is associated with inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation and regulation of SIRT1-p53 signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett 2015; 236:82-9. [PMID: 25956474 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) has been shown to possess many pharmacological activities including protective effect against liver damage induced by hepatotoxins. In the present study, the hepato-protective effect of RES against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice and the involved mechanisms was investigated. This study clearly demonstrated that administration of RES three days before APAP treatment significantly alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by morphological, histopathological, and biochemical assessments such as GSH content and serum ALT/AST activity. Treatment with RES resulted in significant inhibition of CYP2E1, CYP3A11, and CYP1A2 activities, and then caused significant inhibition of the bioactivation of APAP into toxic metabolite NAPQI. Pretreatment with RES significantly reduced APAP-induced JNK activation to protect against mitochondrial injury. Additionally, RES treatment significantly induced SIRT1 and then negatively regulated p53 signaling to induce cell proliferation-associated proteins including cyclin D1, CDK4, and PCNA to promote hepatocyte proliferation. This study demonstrated that RES prevents APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibition of CYP-mediated APAP bioactivation and regulation of SIRT1, p53, cyclin D1 and PCNA to facilitate liver regeneration following APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasen Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Functional Relationships between Lipid Metabolism and Liver Regeneration. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:549241. [PMID: 22319652 PMCID: PMC3272806 DOI: 10.1155/2012/549241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the liver is well known, and the mechanisms that regulate this process have been extensively studied using experimental model systems including surgical resection and hepatotoxin exposure. The response to primary mitogens has also been used to investigate the regulation of hepatocellular proliferation. Such analyses have identified many specific cytokines and growth factors, intracellular signaling events, and transcription factors that are regulated during and necessary for normal liver regeneration. Nevertheless, the nature and identities of the most proximal events that initiate hepatic regeneration as well as those distal signals that terminate this process remain unknown. Here, we review the data implicating acute alterations in lipid metabolism as important determinants of experimental liver regeneration and propose a novel metabolic model of regeneration based on these data. We also discuss the association between chronic hepatic steatosis and impaired regeneration in animal models and humans and consider important areas for future research.
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8
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Anand SS, Philip BK, Palkar PS, Mumtaz MM, Latendresse JR, Mehendale HM. Adaptive tolerance in mice upon subchronic exposure to chloroform: Increased exhalation and target tissue regeneration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 213:267-81. [PMID: 16630638 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to characterize the subchronic toxicity of chloroform by measuring tissue injury, repair, and distribution of chloroform and to assess the reasons for the development of tolerance to subchronic chloroform toxicity. Male Swiss Webster (SW) mice were given three dose levels of chloroform (150, 225, and 300 mg/kg/day) by gavage in aqueous vehicle for 30 days. Liver and kidney injury were measured by plasma ALT and BUN, respectively, and by histopathology. Tissue regeneration was assessed by (3)H-thymidine incorporation into hepato- and nephro-nuclear DNA and by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. In addition, GSH and CYP2E1 in liver and kidney were assessed at selected time points. The levels of chloroform were measured in blood, liver, and kidney during the dosing regimen (1, 7, 14, and 30 days). Kidney injury was evident after 1 day with all three doses and sustained until 7 days followed by complete recovery. Mild to moderate liver injury was observed from 1 to 14 days with all three dose levels followed by gradual decrease. Significantly higher regenerative response was evident in liver and kidney at 7 days, but the response was robust in kidney, preventing progression of injury beyond first week of exposure. While the kidney regeneration reached basal levels by 21 days, moderate liver regeneration with two higher doses sustained through the end of the dosing regimen and 3 days after that. Following repeated exposure for 7, 14, and 30 days, the blood and tissue levels of chloroform were substantially lower with all three dose levels compared to the levels observed with single exposure. Increased exhalation of (14)C-chloroform after repeated exposures explains the decreased chloroform levels in circulation and tissues. These results suggest that toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics (tissue regeneration) contribute to the tolerance observed in SW mice to subchronic chloroform toxicity. Neither bioactivation nor detoxification appears to play a decisive role in the development of this tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathanandam S Anand
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Sugar Hall #306, Monroe, LA 71209-0495, USA.
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Turner SM. Stable isotopes, mass spectrometry, and molecular fluxes: Applications to toxicology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 53:75-85. [PMID: 16213756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to meet the increasing demands for safe and affordable drugs, improvements in the efficiency and accuracy of every step in drug development are required. Accordingly, new approaches for assessing drug toxicity that are faster and more precise are in demand. Numerous approaches using -omics and systems biology are being developed to meet this demand and, while promising, they have not yet provided the improvements in toxicology promised. Other innovative methodologies for predicting and assessing toxicities should therefore be explored. Here we present a novel approach for directly measuring the in vivo response of specific metabolic pathways to toxic agents. Using stable isotopes and ultra sensitive mass spectrometry, the effect of an agent on myelin synthesis, protein synthesis, or cell proliferation can be directly measured. Examples are presented where this approach is used to detect toxicity in the liver, brain, peripheral neurons, breast, and skin. Collagen synthesis, microglia proliferation, myelin synthesis, tubulin synthesis, hepatic cell proliferation, epidermal cell proliferation and mammary epithelial cell proliferation are quantitatively determined in vivo, in a high throughput manner. This approach avoids the computationally complex approach of systems biology and allows the user to observe the emergent properties of the system directly and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Turner
- KineMed Inc., 5980 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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Anand SS, Mumtaz MM, Mehendale HM. Dose-dependent liver regeneration in chloroform, trichloroethylene and allyl alcohol ternary mixture hepatotoxicity in rats. Arch Toxicol 2005; 79:671-82. [PMID: 15940471 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that liver tissue repair induced after exposure to chloroform (CF) + trichloroethylene (TCE) + allyl alcohol (AA) ternary mixture (TM) is dose-dependent similar to that elicited by exposure to these compounds individually. Male Sprague Dawley (S-D) rats (250-300 g) were administered with fivefold dose range of CF (74-370 mg/kg, ip), and TCE (250-1250 mg/kg, ip) in corn oil and sevenfold dose range of AA (5-35 mg/kg, ip) in distilled water. Liver injury was assessed by plasma alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity and liver tissue repair was measured by (3) H-thymidine incorporation into hepatonuclear DNA. Blood and liver levels of parent compounds and two major metabolites of TCE [trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCOH)] were quantified by gas chromatography. Blood and liver CF and AA levels after TM were similar to CF alone or AA alone, respectively. However, the TCE levels in blood and liver were substantially decreased after TM in a dose-dependent fashion compared to TCE alone. Decreased plasma and liver TCE levels were consistent with decreased production of metabolites and elevated urinary excretion of TCE. The antagonistic interaction resulted in lower liver injury than the summation of injury caused by the individual components at all three-dose levels. On the other hand, tissue repair showed a dose-response leading to regression of injury. Although the liver injury was lower and progression was contained by timely tissue repair, 50% mortality occurred only with the high dose combination, which is several fold higher than environmental levels. The mortality could be due to the central nervous system toxicity. These findings suggest that exposure to TM results in lower initial liver injury owing to higher elimination of TCE, and the compensatory liver tissue repair stimulated in a dose-dependent manner mitigates progression of injury after exposure to TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Anand
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, LA 71209-0495, USA
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