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Ding J, Wang H, He J, Jing C, Zhao H, Hu F. Elucidating the reproductive toxicity mechanisms in female zebrafish: A transcriptomic study of lifetime tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174831. [PMID: 39019278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), emerging as a predominant substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), is now increasingly recognized as a prevalent contaminant in aquatic ecosystems. The extent of its reproductive toxicity in aquatic species, particularly in zebrafish (Danio rerio), remains insufficiently characterized. This study subjected zebrafish embryos to various concentrations of TCEP (0, 0.8, 4, 20, and 100 μg/L) over a period of 120 days, extending through sexual maturation, to assess its impact on female reproductive health. Notable reductions in body weight (0.59- and 0.76-fold) and length (0.71- and 0.77-fold) were observed at concentrations of 20 and 100 μg/L, with a concomitant decrease by 0.21- to 0.61-fold in the gonadal somatic index across all treatment groups. The reproductive output, as evidenced by egg production and hatchability, was adversely affected. Histopathological analysis suggested that TCEP exposure impedes ovarian development. Endocrine alterations were also evident, with testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone levels significantly diminished by 0.38- and 0.08-fold at the highest concentration tested, while 17β-estradiol was elevated by 0.09- to 0.14-fold in all exposed groups. Transcriptomic profiling illuminated numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) integral to reproductive processes, including hormone regulation, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, oocyte meiosis, and progesterone-mediated maturation pathways. Collectively, these findings indicate that lifelong exposure to TCEP disrupts ovarian development and maturation in female zebrafish, alters gene expression within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and perturbs sex hormone synthesis, culminating in pronounced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiabo He
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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Xie WQ, Wang ZY, Xie YG, Hao JJ, Cao XD, Xiang ZY, Lou LP, Ding GH. Integrated biomarker-based ecological risks assessment of tadpole responses to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and their combined environmental exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124494. [PMID: 38968982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) are common chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) used in industry. They have been frequently detected together in aquatic environments and associated with various hazardous effects. However, the ecological risks of prolonged exposure to these OPFRs at environmentally relevant concentrations in non-model aquatic organisms remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of long-term exposure (up to 25 days) to TCEP and TCPP on metamorphosis, hepatic antioxidants, and endocrine function in Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. Exposure concentrations were set at 3, 30, and 90 μg/L for each substance, conducted independently and in equal-concentration combinations, with a control group included for comparison. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) method developed an optimal linear model for predicting the overall ecological risks of TCEP and TCPP to tadpoles in potential distribution areas of Polypedates species. Results showed that: (1) Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP and TCPP elicited variable adverse effects on tadpole metamorphosis time, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and related gene expression, and endocrine-related gene expression, with their combined exposure exacerbating these effects. (2) The IBR value of TCEP was consistently greater than that of TCPP at each concentration, with an additive effect observed under their combined exposure. (3) The ecological risk of tadpoles exposed to the combined presence of TCEP and TCPP was highest in China's Taihu Lake and Vietnam's Hanoi than in other distribution locations. In summary, prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP and TCPP presents potential ecological risks to amphibian tadpoles, offering insights for the development of policies and strategies to control TCEP and TCPP pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the methodology employed in establishing the IBR prediction model provides a methodological framework for assessing the overall ecological risks of multiple OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi-Ge Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xin-Dan Cao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Yong Xiang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Lou
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang ZY, Xie WQ, Xiang ZY, Zhang CY, Xie YG, Quah RYC, Ding GH. Exploring the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate on tadpole health: A comprehensive analysis of intestinal microbiota and hepatic transcriptome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174428. [PMID: 38964390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a chlorinated organophosphate ester, is commonly found in aquatic environments. Due to its various toxic effects, it may pose a risk to the health of aquatic organisms. However, the potential impacts of TCEP exposure on the intestinal microbiota and hepatic function in amphibians have not been reported. This study investigated the impact of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP (0, 3, and 90 μg/L) on the intestinal microbiota and hepatic transcriptome of Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. The results showed that the body size of the tadpoles decreased significantly with an increase in TCEP concentration. Additionally, TCEP exposure affected the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota in tadpoles, leading to significant changes in the relative abundance of certain bacterial groups (the genera Aeromonas decreased and Citrobacter increased) and potentially promoting a more even distribution of microbial species, as indicated by a significant increase in the Simpson index. Moreover, the impact of TCEP on hepatic gene expression profiles in tadpoles was significant, with the majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (709 out of 906 total DEGs in 3 μg/L of TCEP versus control, and 344 out of 387 DEGs in 90 μg/L of TCEP versus control) being significantly down-regulated, which were primarily related to immune response and immune system process. Notably, exposure to TCEP significantly reduced the relative abundance of the genera Aeromonas and Cetobacterium in the tadpole intestine. This reduction was positively correlated with the down-regulated expression of immune-related genes in the liver of corresponding tadpoles. In summary, these findings provide empirical evidence of the potential health risks to tadpoles exposed to TCEP at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zi-Yong Xiang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chi-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Ge Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Roy You Chen Quah
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
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Xie YG, Wang ZY, Xie WQ, Xiang ZY, Cao XD, Hao JJ, Ding GH. Toxicity comparison and risk assessment of two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 272:106979. [PMID: 38823072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1‑chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) are widely used as chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to their fire-resistance capabilities. However, their extensive use has led to their permeation and pollution in aquatic environments. Using amphibians, which are non-model organisms, to test the toxic effects of OPFRs is relatively uncommon. This study examined the acute and chronic toxicity differences between TCEP and TCPP on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles and evaluated the potential ecological risks to tadpoles in different aquatic environments using the risk quotient (RQ). In acute toxicity assay, the tadpole survival rates decreased with increased exposure time and concentrations, with TCEP exhibiting higher LC50 values than TCPP, at 305.5 mg/L and 70 mg/L, respectively. In the chronic assay, prolonged exposure to 300 μg/L of both substances resulted in similar adverse effects on tadpole growth, metamorphosis, and hepatic antioxidant function. Based on RQ values, most aquatic environments did not pose an ecological risk to tadpoles. However, the analysis showed that wastewater presented higher risks than rivers and drinking water, and TCPP posed a higher potential risk than TCEP in all examined aquatic environments. These findings provide empirical evidence to comprehend the toxicological effects of OPFRs on aquatic organisms and to assess the safety of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Wen-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Zi-Yong Xiang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Xin-Dan Cao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Jia-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China.
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Liu F, Zhang R, Li H, Liu H, Yan A, Han M, Kang Y, Zhang ZE, Wang Y, Yu K. Distribution and adsorption-desorption of organophosphate esters from land to sea in the sediments of the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea: Impact of seagoing river input. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170359. [PMID: 38281641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been a class of emerging environmental contaminants. However, studies on their environmental behavior, specifically their adsorption-desorption behavior between sediment and seawater in estuarine and coastal areas, remain limited. To address this gap, our study focused on investigating the levels and behavior of 11 OPEs in sediment samples collected from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, encompassing estuaries and coastal regions. The total concentrations of 11 OPEs (Σ11OPEs) in the sediments exhibit a significant decrease in summer, both in seagoing rivers (4.67 ± 2.74 ng/g dw) and the coastal zone (5.11 ± 3.71 ng/g dw), compared to winter levels in seagoing rivers (8.26 ± 4.70 ng/g dw) and the coastal zone (7.71 ± 3.83 ng/g dw). Chlorinated OPEs dominated the sediments, constituting 63 %-76 % of the total. Particularly, port and mariculture areas showed the highest levels of OPEs. Through load estimation analysis, it was revealed that the sedimentary OPEs in Qinzhou Bay (221 ± 128 kg) had the highest load, with input from the Qin River identified as a significant source. Chlorinated OPEs showed a trend of desorption from sediments to the water column with increasing salinity, emphasizing the crucial role of land-based OPEs input through suspended particulate matter in rivers as a pathway to the ocean. The impact of strong flow in estuarine environments was highlighted, as it can scour sediments, generate suspended sediments, and release OPEs into the water bodies. Additionally, the results of the ecological risk assessment indicated that most of the OPEs posed low-risk levels. However, attention is warranted for the contamination levels of some chlorinated OPEs, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Haolan Li
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huanxin Liu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Annan Yan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yaru Kang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zheng-En Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
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Sutha J, Gayathri M, Ramesh M. Chronic exposure to tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) induces brain structural and functional changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio): A comparative study on the environmental and LC50 concentrations of TCEP. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16770-16781. [PMID: 38321284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a crucial organophosphorus flame retardant widely used in many industrial and commercial products. Available reports reported that TCEP could cause various toxicological effects on organisms, including humans. Unfortunately, toxicity data for TCEP (particularly on neurotoxicity) on aquatic organisms are lacking. In the present study, Danio rerio were exposed to different concentrations of TCEP for 42 days (chronic exposure), and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity, and histopathological changes were evaluated in the brain. The results showed that TCEP (100 and 1500 µg L-1) induced oxidative stress and significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GR) in the brain tissue of zebrafish. In contrast, the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was increased compared to the control group. Exposure to TCEP inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na+,K+-ATPase activities in the brain tissue. Brain histopathology after 42 days of exposure to TCEP showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammatory cell infiltration, degenerated neurons, degenerated purkinje cells and binucleate. Furthermore, TCEP exposure leads to significant changes in dopamine and 5-HT levels in the brain of zebrafish. The data in the present study suggest that high concentrations of TCEP might affect the fish by altering oxidative balance and inducing marked pathological changes in the brain of zebrafish. These findings indicate that chronic exposure to TCEP may cause a neurotoxic effect in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesudass Sutha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesh Gayathri
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641 046, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ai S, Chen X, Zhou Y. Critical review on organophosphate esters in water environment: Occurrence, health hazards and removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123218. [PMID: 38147949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are phosphoric acid ester derivatives, are anthropogenic substances that are widely used in commerce. Nevertheless, there is growing public concern about these ubiquitous contaminants, which are frequently detected in contaminated water sources. OPEs are mostly emitted by industrial operations, and the primary routes of human exposure to OPEs include food intake and dermal absorption. Because of their negative effects on both human health and the environment, it is clear that innovative methods are needed to facilitate their eradication. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing characteristics and origins of OPEs, their possible impacts on human health, and the merits, drawbacks, and future possibilities of contemporary sophisticated remediation methods. Current advanced remediation approaches for OPEs include adsorption, degradation (advanced oxidation, advanced reduction, and redox technology), membrane filtration, and municipal wastewater treatment plants, degradation and adsorption are the most promising removal technologies. Meanwhile, we proposed potential areas for future research (appropriate management approaches, exploring the combination treatment process, economic factors, and potential for secondary pollution). Collectively, this work gives a comprehensive understanding of OPEs, providing useful insights for future research on OPEs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Ai
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Zhang P, Meng F, Xia Y, Leng Y, Cui J. Deriving seawater quality criteria of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate for ecological risk assessment in China seas through species sensitivity distributions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119482. [PMID: 37939474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), one of the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), has been frequently detected in the marine environment in the seas off China. The existing freshwater biotoxicity data are not suited to derivation of the seawater quality criteria of TCEP and evaluating the associated ecological risks. This study aimed at deriving water quality criteria (WQC) of TCEP for marine organisms based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach using the acute toxicity data generated from multispecies bioassays and chronic toxicity data by converting acute data with the acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs); the derived WQC were then used to evaluate the ecological risk for TCEP in China Seas. According to median effective concentration (EC50) and median lethal concentration (LC50), TCEP had a moderate or low toxicity to eight marine species selected, among which mysid Neomysis awatschensis (96h-LC50 of 39.65 mg/L) and green alga Platymonas subcordiformis (96-h EC50 of 395.42 mg/L) were the most sensitive and the most tolerant, respectively. The acute and chronic hazardous concentrations of TCEP for 5% of marine species (HC5) were estimated to be 29.55 and 2.68 mg/L, respectively. The short-term and long-term WQC were derived to be 9.85 and 0.89 mg/L, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) values indicated that TECP at current levels poses a negligible risk to marine ecosystems in China. These results will provide valuable reference for the government to establish a seawater quality standard for TCEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yufan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Leng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiali Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Peng H, Wang H, Li W, Jing C, Zhang W, Zhao H, Hu F. Life-cycle exposure to tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) causes alterations in antioxidative status, ion regulation and histology of zebrafish gills. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 274:109746. [PMID: 37717676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) has been receiving great concerns owing to its ubiquitous occurrence in various environmental compartments and potential risks to wildlife and humans. Gill is structural basis for ion regulation and homeostasis in fish and susceptible to xenobiotics. However, current knowledge on the impacts of long-term exposure to TCEP on the structure and physiological function of fish gills are insufficient. In this work, zebrafish were exposed to environmental realistic concentrations (0.8, 4, 20 and 100 μg/L) of TCEP from 3 h post ferterlization (hpf) till 120 days post ferterlization (dpf). Our results demonstrated that life-cycle exposure to TCEP significantly decreased the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), but elevated the activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in zebrafish gills. Gene transcription analysis implied that the mRNA expressions of antioxidant-related genes (nrf2, cat and nqo1) were induced, while the transcription of gstα1, hmox1, keap1 were down-regulated, indicating that Nrf2-Keap1 pathway might be activated to defend the oxidative stress induced by TCEP. Additionally, the ion homeostasis was disrupted by TCEP exposure, evidenced by reduced activities of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase and downregulated transcription levels of ncc, nkcc, cftr and clc-3. Besides, whole-life exposure to TCEP resulted in a series of structural damages to gills, including epithelial lifting, epithelial rupture, telangiectasis, vacuolation, edema and shortened gill lamellae. Overall, our results demonstrated that long-term TCEP exposure could induce oxidative stress, affect ion regulation and cause histological changes in zebrafish gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangke Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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10
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Zhang ZN, Yang DL, Liu H, Bi J, Bao YB, Ma JY, Zheng QX, Cui DL, Chen W, Xiang P. Effects of TCPP and TCEP exposure on human corneal epithelial cells: Oxidate damage, cell cycle arrest, and pyroptosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138817. [PMID: 37127200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) are the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants indoors and easily accessible to the eyes as the common adhesive components of dust and particle matter, however, hardly any evidence has demonstrated their corneal toxicity. In this study, the adverse effects of TCPP, TCEP, and TCPP + TCEP exposure on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were investigated. The cell viability and morphology, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, and the expressions of cell cycle and pyroptosis-related genes were assessed to explain the underlying mechanisms. Compared to individual exposure, co-exposure to TCPP20+TCEP20 showed higher cytotoxicity with a sharp decrease of >30% in viability and more serious oxidative damage by increasing ROS production to 110.92% compared to the control group. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrested at the S phase (36.20%) was observed after combined treatment, evidenced by the upregulation of cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, p21, and p27. Interestingly, pyroptosis-related genes GSDMD, Caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP1, and NLRC4 expressions were promoted with cell swelling and glowing morphology. Oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest probably acted as a key role in TCPP20+TCEP20-induced cytotoxicity and pyroptosis in HCECs. Our results suggested that TCPP20+TCEP20 co-exposure induced severer corneal damage, further illustrating its significance in estimating indoor health hazards to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jue Bi
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Ya-Bo Bao
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Ma
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Qin-Xiang Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Dao-Lei Cui
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
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11
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Li Y, Wang X, Zhu Q, Xu Y, Fu Q, Wang T, Liao C, Jiang G. Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Pregnant Women: Sources, Occurrence, and Potential Risks to Pregnancy Outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7109-7128. [PMID: 37079500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are found in various environmental matrixes and human samples. Exposure to OPFRs during gestation may interfere with pregnancy, for example, inducing maternal oxidative stress and maternal hypertension during pregnancy, interfering maternal and fetal thyroid hormone secretion and fetal neurodevelopment, and causing fetal metabolic abnormalities. However, the consequences of OPFR exposure on pregnant women, impact on mother-to-child transmission of OPFRs, and harmful effects on fetal and pregnancy outcomes have not been evaluated. This review describes the exposure to OPFRs in pregnant women worldwide, based on metabolites of OPFRs (mOPs) in urine for prenatal exposure and OPFRs in breast milk for postnatal exposure. Predictors of maternal exposure to OPFRs and variability of mOPs in urine have been discussed. Mother-to-child transmission pathways of OPFRs have been scrutinized, considering the levels of OPFRs and their metabolites in amniotic fluid, placenta, deciduae, chorionic villi, and cord blood. The results showed that bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the two predominant mOPs in urine, with detection frequencies of >90%. The estimated daily intake (EDIM) indicates low risk when infants are exposed to OPFRs from breast milk. Furthermore, higher exposure levels of OPFRs in pregnant women may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and influence the developmental behavior of infants. This review summarizes the knowledge gaps of OPFRs in pregnant women and highlights the crucial steps for assessing health risks in susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Dou M, Wang L. A review on organophosphate esters: Physiochemical properties, applications, and toxicities as well as occurrence and human exposure in dust environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116601. [PMID: 36326529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in the world. The use of OPEs has increased rapidly due to the prohibition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. However, OPEs are mainly added to various materials by physical mixing, they are therefore easy to be released into the environment through volatilization, leaching, and abrasion during their production, use, transportation, and after disposal. Dust, as an important medium for human exposure to OPEs, has attracted extensive attention. Here, this article reviewed the current knowledge on the physiochemical properties, consumptions and applications, and ecotoxicities of OPEs, also synthesized the available data on the occurrence of 13 OPEs in outdoor and indoor dust environments around the world over the past decade. The results showed that the sum of OPEs (ΣOPEs) was the highest in outdoor dust from an e-waste disposal area in Tianjin of China (range: 1390-42700 ng/g dw; mean: 11500 ng/g dw). The highest ΣOPEs was found in Japan for home dust (range: 9300-11000000 ng/g dw; mean: 266543 ng/g dw), Sweden for office dust (range: 14000-1600000 ng/g dw; mean: 360100 ng/g dw) and daycare center dust (range: 40000-4600000 ng/g dw; mean: 1990800 ng/g dw), and Brazil for car dust (range: 108000-2050000 ng/g dw; mean: 541000 ng/g dw). The use pattern of OPEs differed in different regions and countries. The exposure and risk assessment based on the data of OPEs in home dust indicated that the average daily intakes of OPEs via dust ingestion for children and adults were lower than the corresponding reference doses; and that the current human exposure to OPEs through indoor dust ingestion were not likely to pose risks to human health. Finally, the review pointed out the gaps of current research and provided the directions for further study on OPEs in dust environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Dou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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13
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Sun T, Ji C, Li F, Wu H. Hormetic dose responses induced by organic flame retardants in aquatic animals: Occurrence and quantification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153295. [PMID: 35065129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic flame retardants (OFRs) have attracted global concerns due to their potential toxicity and ubiquitous presence in the aquatic environment. Hormesis refers to a biphasic dose response, characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. The present study provided substantial evidence for the widespread occurrence of OFRs-induced hormesis in aquatic animals, including 202 hormetic dose response relationships. The maximum stimulatory response (MAX) was commonly lower than 160% of the control response, with a combined value of 134%. Furthermore, the magnitude of MAX varied significantly among multiple factors and their interactions, such as chemical types and taxonomic groups. Moreover, the distance from the dose of MAX to the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) (NOAEL: MAX) was typically below 10-fold (median = 6-fold), while the width of the hormetic zone (from the lowest dose inducing hormesis to the NOAEL) was approximately 20-fold. Collectively, the quantitative features of OFRs-induced hormesis in aquatic animals were in accordance with the broader hormetic literature. In addition, the implications of hormetic dose response model for the risk assessment of OFRs were discussed. This study offered a novel insight for understanding the biological effects of low-to-high doses of OFRs on aquatic animals and assessing the potential risks of OFRs in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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