1
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Sung EA, Park MH, Song S, Alanya H, Henegariu O, Liu J, Erson-Omay EZ, Sime PJ, Chae WJ. Thrombocyte-derived Dickkopf1 promotes macrophage polarization in the Bleomycin-induced lung injury model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247330. [PMID: 38162655 PMCID: PMC10757334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are crucial to maintaining tissue homeostasis upon tissue injury. Upon various types of challenges, macrophages play a central role in regulating inflammation and tissue repair processes. While an immunomodulatory role of Wnt antagonist Dickkopf1 (DKK1) has been implicated, the role of Wnt antagonist DKK1 in regulating macrophage polarization in inflammation and the tissue repair process remains elusive. Here we found that DKK1 induces gene expression profiles to promote inflammation and tissue repair in macrophages. Importantly, DKK1 induced various genes, including inflammation and tissue repair, via JNK (c-jun N-terminal kinase) in macrophages. Furthermore, DKK1 potentiated IL-13-mediated macrophage polarization and activation. The co-inhibition of JNK and STAT6 markedly decreased gene expressions relevant to inflammation and fibrosis by DKK1 and IL-13. Interestingly, thrombocyte-specific deletion of DKK1 in mice reduced collagen deposition and decreased Arg1, CD206, HIF1α, and IL1β protein expressions in monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages in the acute sterile bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury model. These data suggested that thrombocytes communicate with macrophages via DKK1 to orchestrate inflammation and repair in this model. Taken together, our study demonstrates DKK1's role as an important regulatory ligand for macrophage polarization in the injury-induced inflammation and repair process in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Sung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Min Hee Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - SuJeong Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hasan Alanya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Octavian Henegariu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - E Zeynep Erson-Omay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Patricia J. Sime
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Wook-Jin Chae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Phillips Oral Health Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Ye X, Li J, Liu Z, Sun X, Wei D, Song L, Wu C. Peptide mediated therapy in fibrosis: Mechanisms, advances and prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113978. [PMID: 36423541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, a disease characterized by an excess accumulation of extracellular matrix components, could lead to organ failure and death, and is to blame for up to 45 % of all fatalities in developed nations. These disorders all share the common trait of an unchecked and increasing accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the affected organs, which leads to their malfunction and eventual failure, even if their underlying causes are highly diverse and, in some cases, remain unclear. Numerous studies have identified activated myofibroblasts as the common cellular elements ultimately responsible for the replacement of normal tissues with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. The transforming growth factor-β pathway, for instance, plays a significant role in practically all kinds of fibrosis. However, there is no specific drug for the treatment of fibrosis, several medications with anti-hepatic fibrosis properties are still in the research and development stages. Peptide, which refers to a substance consisting of 2-50 amino acids, is characterized by structural diversity, low toxicity, biological activities, easy absorption, specific targeting, few side effects, and has been proven to be effective in anti-fibrosis. Here, we summarized various anti-fibrosis peptides in fibrosis including the liver, lungs, kidneys, and other organs. This review will provide a new insight into peptide mediated anti-fibrosis and is helpful to creation of antifibrotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Jinhu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Zibo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Daneng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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3
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Pacurari M, Mitra A, Turner T. Idiopathic Pulmonary Comorbidities and Mechanisms. Int J Inflam 2021; 2021:3963659. [PMID: 34691383 PMCID: PMC8528608 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3963659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with an unknown etiology mainly characterized by a progressive decline of lung function due to the scarring of the tissue deep in the lungs. The overall survival after diagnosis remains low between 3 and 5 years. IPF is a heterogeneous disease and much progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the disease mechanisms that contributed to the development of two new drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, which improved the therapeutic management of the disease. The understanding of the cofactors and comorbidities of IPF also contributed to improved management of the disease outcome. In the present review, we evaluate scientific evidence which indicates IPF as a risk factor for other diseases based on the complexity of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the disease development and of comorbidities. We conclude from the existing literature that while much progress has been made in understating the mechanisms involved in IPF development, further studies are still necessary to fully understand IPF pathogenesis which will contribute to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for IPF management as well as other diseases for which IPF is a major risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricica Pacurari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Amal Mitra
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Timothy Turner
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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4
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CG223, a novel BET inhibitor, exerts TGF-β1-mediated antifibrotic effects in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 70:102057. [PMID: 34425215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. In this study, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of CG223, a novel inhibitor of bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) proteins, on pulmonary fibrosis by focusing on the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway. In a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, CG223 attenuated fibrosis while reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs. Fibroblasts expressing BRD4, a member of the BET protein family, were enriched in the tissue regions corresponding to bleomycin-induced fibrotic lesions. Additionally, pulmonary fibroblasts isolated from bleomycin-instilled mice showed a significantly increased association of BRD4 with the promoters of two pro-fibrotic genes linked to the entry into the TGF-β1 autocrine/paracrine loop, thrombospondin 1 (Thbs1) and integrin β3 (Itgb3), as well as with the promoter of a myofibroblast marker gene, actin alpha 2 (Acta2). Subsequent in vitro studies with murine primary lung fibroblasts showed that the mRNA induction of Thbs1, Itgb3, and Acta2 by TGF-β1 can be inhibited by CG223 in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, CG223-induced BRD4 inhibition suppressed lung fibrogenesis by affecting multiple genes, including those involved in the triggering of the TGF-β1 autocrine/paracrine loop.
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5
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Berra G, Farkona S, Mohammed-Ali Z, Kotlyar M, Levy L, Clotet-Freixas S, Ly P, Renaud-Picard B, Zehong G, Daigneault T, Duong A, Batruch I, Jurisica I, Konvalinka A, Martinu T. Association between renin-angiotensin system and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.02975-2020. [PMID: 33863738 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02975-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the major cause of death after lung transplantation. Angiotensin II (AngII), the main effector of the renin-angiotensin (RA) system, elicits fibrosis in both kidney and lung. We identified 6 AngII-regulated proteins (RHOB, BST1, LYPA1, GLNA, TSP1, LAMB1) increased in urine of patients with kidney allograft fibrosis. We hypothesized that RA system is active in CLAD and that AngII-regulated proteins are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of CLAD patients.We performed immunostaining of AngII receptors (AGTR1 and AGTR2) and TSP1/GLNA in 10 CLAD lungs and 5 controls. Using mass spectrometry, we quantified peptides corresponding to AngII-regulated proteins in BAL of 40 lung transplant recipients (CLAD, stable and acute lung allograft dysfunction (ALAD)). Machine learning algorithms were developed to predict CLAD based on BAL peptide concentrations.Immunostaining demonstrated significantly more AGTR1+ cells in CLAD versus control lungs (p=0.02). TSP1 and GLNA immunostaining positively correlated with the degree of lung fibrosis (R2=0.42 and 0.57, respectively). In BAL, we noted a trend toward higher concentrations of AngII-regulated peptides in patients with CLAD at the time of bronchoscopy, and significantly higher concentrations of BST1, GLNA and RHOB peptides in patients that developed CLAD at follow-up (p<0.05). Support vector machine classifier discriminated CLAD from stable and ALAD patients at the time of bronchoscopy with AUC 0.86, and accurately predicted subsequent CLAD development (AUC 0.97).Proteins involved in the RA system are increased in CLAD lung and BAL. AngII-regulated peptides measured in BAL may accurately identify patients with CLAD and predict subsequent CLAD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Berra
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,First two authors contributed equally
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,First two authors contributed equally
| | - Zahraa Mohammed-Ali
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, Canada
| | - Liran Levy
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Phillip Ly
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Renaud-Picard
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guan Zehong
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tina Daigneault
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allen Duong
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Last two authors contributed equally
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Last two authors contributed equally
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6
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Foulsham W, Dohlman TH, Mittal SK, Taketani Y, Singh RB, Masli S, Dana R. Thrombospondin-1 in ocular surface health and disease. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:374-383. [PMID: 31173926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) is an extracellular matrix protein that interacts with a wide array of ligands including cell receptors, growth factors, cytokines and proteases to regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Constitutively expressed by certain ocular surface tissues (e.g. corneal and conjunctival epithelium), TSP-1 expression is modulated during ocular surface inflammation. TSP-1 is an important activator of latent TGF-β, serving to promote the immunomodulatory and wound healing functions of TGF-β. Mounting research has deepened our understanding of how TSP-1 expression (and lack thereof) contributes to ocular surface homeostasis and disease. Here, we review current knowledge of the function of TSP-1 in dry eye disease, ocular allergy, angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, corneal transplantation, corneal wound healing and infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sharad K Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yukako Taketani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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7
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Yun SM, Kim SH, Kim EH. The Molecular Mechanism of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling for Intestinal Fibrosis: A Mini-Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:162. [PMID: 30873033 PMCID: PMC6400889 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is known as the most chronic inflammatory disorder in colon, which subsequently progresses to intestinal obstruction and fistula formation. Many studies to date for the treatment of IBD have been focused on inflammation. However, most of the anti-inflammatory agents do not have anti-fibrotic effects and could not relieve intestinal stricture in IBD patients. Because preventing or reversing intestinal fibrosis in IBD is a major therapeutic target, we analyzed the papers focusing on TGF-β signaling in intestinal fibrosis. TGF-β is a good candidate to treat the intestinal fibrosis in IBD which involves TGF-β signaling pathway, EMT, EndMT, ECM, and other regulators. Understanding the mechanism involved in TGF-β signaling will contribute to the treatment and diagnosis of intestinal fibrosis occurring in IBD as well as the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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8
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Xu X, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhen G, Crane JL, Zhou X, Cao X. Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis. Bone Res 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29423331 PMCID: PMC5802812 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-017-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β 1-3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The biological functions of TGF-β in adults can only be delivered after ligand activation, mostly in response to environmental perturbations. Although involved in multiple biological and pathological processes of the human body, the exact roles of TGF-β in maintaining stem cells and tissue homeostasis have not been well-documented until recent advances, which delineate their functions in a given context. Our recent findings, along with data reported by others, have clearly shown that temporal and spatial activation of TGF-β is involved in the recruitment of stem/progenitor cell participation in tissue regeneration/remodeling process, whereas sustained abnormalities in TGF-β ligand activation, regardless of genetic or environmental origin, will inevitably disrupt the normal physiology and lead to pathobiology of major diseases. Modulation of TGF-β signaling with different approaches has proven effective pre-clinically in the treatment of multiple pathologies such as sclerosis/fibrosis, tumor metastasis, osteoarthritis, and immune disorders. Thus, further elucidation of the mechanisms by which TGF-β is activated in different tissues/organs and how targeted cells respond in a context-dependent way can likely be translated with clinical benefits in the management of a broad range of diseases with the involvement of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janet L. Crane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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9
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Murray LA, Habiel DM, Hohmann M, Camelo A, Shang H, Zhou Y, Coelho AL, Peng X, Gulati M, Crestani B, Sleeman MA, Mustelin T, Moore MW, Ryu C, Osafo-Addo AD, Elias JA, Lee CG, Hu B, Herazo-Maya JD, Knight DA, Hogaboam CM, Herzog EL. Antifibrotic role of vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92192. [PMID: 28814671 PMCID: PMC5621899 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic progressive decline in lung function observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) appears to result from persistent nonresolving injury to the epithelium, impaired restitution of the epithelial barrier in the lung, and enhanced fibroblast activation. Thus, understanding these key mechanisms and pathways modulating both is essential to greater understanding of IPF pathogenesis. We examined the association of VEGF with the IPF disease state and preclinical models in vivo and in vitro. Tissue and circulating levels of VEGF were significantly reduced in patients with IPF, particularly in those with a rapidly progressive phenotype, compared with healthy controls. Lung-specific overexpression of VEGF significantly protected mice following intratracheal bleomycin challenge, with a decrease in fibrosis and bleomycin-induced cell death observed in the VEGF transgenic mice. In vitro, apoptotic endothelial cell–derived mediators enhanced epithelial cell injury and reduced epithelial wound closure. This process was rescued by VEGF pretreatment of the endothelial cells via a mechanism involving thrombospondin-1 (TSP1). Taken together, these data indicate beneficial roles for VEGF during lung fibrosis via modulating epithelial homeostasis through a previously unrecognized mechanism involving the endothelium. Elevated VEGF is associated with less severe disease in IPF patients, and VEGF overexpression ameliorates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Habiel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miriam Hohmann
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ana Camelo
- MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Huilan Shang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xueyan Peng
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mridu Gulati
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bruno Crestani
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de Compétences des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM Unité 1152, Paris
| | | | | | - Meagan W Moore
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jack A Elias
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Chun G Lee
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Buqu Hu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Darryl A Knight
- Viva program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Ma H, Qiao S, Wang Z, Geng S, Zhao Y, Hou X, Tian W, Chen X, Yao L. Microencapsulation of Lefty-secreting engineered cells for pulmonary fibrosis therapy in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L741-L747. [PMID: 28213468 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00295.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease that causes unremitting deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, thus resulting in distortion of the pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. Associated with high morbidity and mortality, IPF is generally refractory to current pharmacological therapies. Lefty A, a potent inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β signaling, has been shown to have promising antifibrotic ability in vitro for the treatment of renal fibrosis and other potential organ fibroses. Here, we determined whether Lefty A can attenuate bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo based on a novel therapeutic strategy where human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells are genetically engineered with the Lefty A-associated GFP gene. The engineered HEK293 cells were encapsulated in alginate microcapsules and then subcutaneously implanted in ICR mice that had 1 wk earlier been intratracheally administered BLM to induce pulmonary fibrosis. The severity of fibrosis in lung tissue was assessed using pathological morphology and collagen expression to examine the effect of Lefty A released from the microencapsulated cells. The engineered HEK293 cells with Lefty A significantly reduced the expression of connective tissue growth factor and collagen type I mRNA, lessened the morphological fibrotic effects induced by BLM, and increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. This illustrates that engineered HEK293 cells with Lefty A can attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in vivo, thus providing a novel method to treat human pulmonary fibrotic disease and other organ fibroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shupei Qiao
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zeli Wang
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and
| | - Yufang Zhao
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolu Hou
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Tian
- Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lifen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China;
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11
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Pacurari M, Kafoury R, Turner T, Taylor S, Tchounwou PB. Thrombospondin-1 and microRNA-1 expression in response to multiwalled carbon nanotubes in alveolar epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1596-1606. [PMID: 28128526 PMCID: PMC5392133 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a glycoprotein that plays a role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Previously, we have shown that multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) regulate ECM components TGFβ and its target Col3A1 in alveolar epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of MWCNT on TSP-1 and microRNA-1 (miR-1) in the regulation of TGFβ in ECM remodeling using alveolar epithelial A549 cells. A549 cells were treated with MWCNT (20 or 50 µg/mL) for 6 or 24 h and the expression of TSP-1 and miR-1, and the exogenous miR-1 effect on cell morphology were analyzed. MWCNT induced in a time- and dose-dependent manner the expression of TSP-1. miR-1 was suppressed by MWCNT after 6 or 24 h of treatment regardless of the dose. TSP-1 and miR-1 negatively correlated with each other, r = -0.58. Exogenous administration of miR-1 induced alveolar epithelial cell morphology changes including cell clustering, whereas inhibition of miR-1 induced less cell to cell contact, cell rounding, and cellular projections. IntAct molecular network interactions analysis revealed that TSP-1 interacts with 21 molecular factors including ECM genes, and molecules. These results indicate a relationship between that TSP-1, MWCNT, and TGFβ, and suggest TSP-1 may play a role in MWCNT-induced TGFβ and ECM remodeling. Moreover, these data also suggest an inverse relationship between TSP-1 and miR-1 and a potential role of miR-1 in MWCNT-induced fibrotic signaling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1596-1606, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pacurari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Heath, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
- Correspondence to: Maricica Pacurari, PhD;
| | - R Kafoury
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Heath, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - T Turner
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - S Taylor
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - PB Tchounwou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Heath, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
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12
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The role of epigenetics in the fibrotic processes associated with glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:750459. [PMID: 24800062 PMCID: PMC3988735 DOI: 10.1155/2014/750459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that affects 60 million people worldwide. The main risk factor for glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), this is currently the only target for treatment of glaucoma. However, some patients show disease progression despite well-controlled IOP. Another possible therapeutic target is the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in glaucoma. There is an accumulation of ECM in the lamina cribrosa (LC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) and upregulation of profibrotic factors such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), collagen1α1 (COL1A1), and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). One method of regulating fibrosis is through epigenetics; the study of heritable changes in gene function caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to drive renal and pulmonary fibrosis by upregulating profibrotic factors. Hypoxia alters epigenetic mechanisms through regulating the cell's response and there is a hypoxic environment in the LC and TM in glaucoma. This review looks at the role that hypoxia plays in inducing aberrant epigenetic mechanisms and the role these mechanisms play in inducing fibrosis. Evidence suggests that a hypoxic environment in glaucoma may induce aberrant epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to disease fibrosis. These may prove to be relevant therapeutic targets in glaucoma.
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Parks BW, Black LL, Zimmerman KA, Metz AE, Steele C, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Kabarowski JH. CD36, but not G2A, modulates efferocytosis, inflammation, and fibrosis following bleomycin-induced lung injury. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1114-23. [PMID: 23393303 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage G2A and CD36 lipid receptors are thought to mediate efferocytosis following tissue injury and thereby prevent excessive inflammation that could compromise tissue repair. To test this, we subjected mice lacking G2A or CD36 receptor to bleomycin-induced lung injury and measured efferocytosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Loss of CD36 (but not G2A) delayed clearance of apoptotic alveolar cells (mean 78% increase in apoptotic cells 7 days postinjury), potentiated inflammation (mean 56% increase in lung neutrophils and 75% increase in lung KC levels 7 days postinjury, 51% increase in lung macrophages 14 days postinjury), and reduced lung fibrosis (mean 41% and 29% reduction 14 and 21 days postinjury, respectively). Reduced fibrosis in CD36(-/-) mice was associated with lower levels of profibrotic TH2 cytokines (IL-9, IL-13, IL-4), decreased expression of the M2 macrophage marker Arginase-1, and reduced interstitial myofibroblasts. G2A, on the other hand, was required for optimal clearance of apoptotic neutrophils during zymosan-induced peritoneal inflammation (50.3% increase in apoptotic neutrophils and 30.6% increase in total neutrophils 24 h following zymosan administration in G2A(-/-) mice). Thus, CD36 is required for timely removal of apoptotic cells in the context of lung injury and modulates subsequent inflammatory and fibrotic processes relevant to fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Parks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Budd DC, Holmes AM. Targeting TGFβ superfamily ligand accessory proteins as novel therapeutics for chronic lung disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:279-91. [PMID: 22722064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway has been implicated to underlie a number of disease indications including chronic lung disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial pneumonias, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Consequently, the pharmaceutical industry has devoted significant resources in the pursuit of TGFβ pathway inhibitors that target the cognate type I and II receptors and respective ligands. The progress of these approaches has been painfully slow, due in part to dose-limiting safety issues that result from the antagonism of a pathway that is responsible for regulating many fundamental biological processes including immune surveillance and cardiovascular responses. These disappointments have led many in the field to conclude that modulating the TGFβ pathway for chronic indications with a sufficient safety window using conventional approaches may be extremely difficult to achieve. Here we review the rationale and limitations of the use of TGFβ pathway inhibitors in chronic lung disorders and the possibility of targeting TGFβ superfamily ligand accessory proteins to allow rheostatic regulation of signaling to achieve efficacy while maintaining a sufficient therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Budd
- Respiratory Drug Discovery, Inflammation, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA.
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15
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Samah M, El-Aidy AER, Tawfik MK, Ewais MMS. Evaluation of the antifibrotic effect of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 689:186-93. [PMID: 22659583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most prevalent chronic fibrosing lung disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma agonists provide potential therapy for fibrotic diseases of the lung. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha agonists may be helpful in the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases, however their therapeutic potential on the "fibro-proliferative" process and extracellular matrix accumulation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been less well studied. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effects of fenofibrate (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha agonist) alone and in combination with rosiglitazone (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma agonist) on lung injury induced by bleomycin administration. Oral administration of either rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg/d) or fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/d) for 14 days, attenuated the severity of bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis through decreasing lung water contents, lung fibrotic grading, lung hydroxyproline contents and lung transforming growth factor-beta1 levels; with no significant difference between them. Combined low doses of rosiglitazone (1 mg/kg/d) and fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/d) provided more benefits than full separate doses of each on the deleterious effects accompanied bleomycin administration. These findings suggested the potential use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha ligands as anti-fibrotic agents in lung fibrosis. Additionally, the concurrent administration of fenofibrate and rosiglitazone in low doses has synergistic effect and enhanced the beneficial effects afforded by either fenofibrate or rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Hayashi H, Sakai T. Biological Significance of Local TGF-β Activation in Liver Diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3:12. [PMID: 22363291 PMCID: PMC3277268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a pivotal role in a diverse range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, adhesion, angiogenesis, stimulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, and downregulation of ECM degradation. TGF-β and its receptors are ubiquitously expressed by most cell types and tissues in vivo. In intact adult tissues and organs, TGF-β is secreted in a biologically inactive (latent) form associated in a non-covalent complex with the ECM. In response to injury, local latent TGF-β complexes are converted into active TGF-β according to a tissue- and injury type-specific activation mechanism. Such a well and tightly orchestrated regulation in TGF-β activity enables an immediate, highly localized response to type-specific tissue injury. In the pathological process of liver fibrosis, TGF-β plays as a master profibrogenic cytokine in promoting activation and myofibroblastic differentiation of hepatic stellate cells, a central event in liver fibrogenesis. Continuous and/or persistent TGF-β signaling induces sustained production of ECM components and of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase synthesis. Therefore, the regulation of locally activated TGF-β levels is increasingly recognized as a therapeutic target for liver fibrogenesis. This review summarizes our present knowledge of the activation mechanisms and bioavailability of latent TGF-β in biological and pathological processes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sweetwyne MT, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin1 in tissue repair and fibrosis: TGF-β-dependent and independent mechanisms. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:178-86. [PMID: 22266026 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) plays major roles in both physiologic and pathologic tissue repair. TSP1 through its type 1 repeats is a known regulator of latent TGF-β activation and plays a role in wound healing and fibrosis. Binding of the TSP N-terminal domain to cell surface calreticulin in complex with LDL-receptor related protein 1 stimulates intermediate cell adhesion, cell migration, anoikis resistance, collagen expression and matrix deposition in an in vivo model of the foreign body response. There is also emerging evidence that TSP EGF-like repeats alter endothelial cell-cell interactions and stimulate epithelial migration through transactivation of EGF receptors. The mechanisms underlying these functions of TSP1 and the implications for physiologic and pathologic wound repair and fibrosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya T Sweetwyne
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
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Cursiefen C, Maruyama K, Bock F, Saban D, Sadrai Z, Lawler J, Dana R, Masli S. Thrombospondin 1 inhibits inflammatory lymphangiogenesis by CD36 ligation on monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1083-92. [PMID: 21536744 PMCID: PMC3092349 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in tumor metastasis and transplant outcome. Here, we show that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein and naturally occurring inhibitor of angiogenesis inhibits lymphangiogenesis in mice. Compared with wild-type mice, 6-mo-old TSP-1-deficient mice develop increased spontaneous corneal lymphangiogenesis. Similarly, in a model of inflammation-induced corneal neovascularization, young TSP-1-deficient mice develop exacerbated lymphangiogenesis, which can be reversed by topical application of recombinant human TSP-1. Such increased corneal lymphangiogenesis is also detected in mice lacking CD36, a receptor for TSP-1. In these mice, repopulation of corneal macrophages with predominantly WT mice via bone marrow reconstitution ameliorates their prolymphangiogenic phenotype. In vitro, exposure of WT macrophages to TSP-1 suppresses expression of lymphangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, but not of a primarily hemangiogenic factor VEGF-A. Inhibition of VEGF-C is not detected in the absence or blockade of CD36. These findings suggest that TSP-1, by ligating CD36 on monocytic cells, acts as an endogenous inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Avouac J, Clemessy M, Distler JH, Gasc JM, Ruiz B, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Wipff J, Kahan A, Boileau C, Corvol P, Allanore Y. Enhanced expression of ephrins and thrombospondins in the dermis of patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis: potential contribution to perturbed angiogenesis and fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:1494-504. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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20
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Arribillaga L, Dotor J, Basagoiti M, Riezu-Boj JI, Borrás-Cuesta F, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P, Cornet ME, Feijoó E. Therapeutic effect of a peptide inhibitor of TGF-β on pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine 2010; 53:327-33. [PMID: 21185199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis encompasses several respiratory diseases characterized by epithelial cell injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is one of the main profibrogenic cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. It induces fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts, which produce high levels of collagen and concomitantly loss of lung elasticity and reduction of the respiratory function. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of P17 (a TGF-β inhibitor peptide) on IMR-90 lung fibroblast differentiation in vitro, as well as on the inhibition of the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. It was found that in IMR-90 cells, P17 inhibited TGF-β1-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin. In vivo, treatment of mice with P17 2days after bleomycin administration decreased lung fibrosis, areas of myofibroblast-like cells and lymphocyte infiltrate. P17 also reduced mRNA expression of collagen type I, fibronectin and the fibronectin splice isoform EDA in the lung, and increased the expression of IFN-γ mRNA. Finally, therapeutic treatment with P17 in mice with already established fibrosis was able to significantly attenuate the progression of lung fibrosis. These results suggest that P17 may be useful in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Thrombospondin-1 is not the major activator of TGF-β1 in thrombopoietin-induced myelofibrosis. Blood 2010; 117:246-9. [PMID: 20944070 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-294447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is the most important cytokine involved in the promotion of myelofibrosis. Mechanisms leading to its local activation in the bone marrow environment remain unclear. As a recent study has highlighted the role of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in platelet-derived TGF-β1 activation, we investigated the role of TSP-1 in the TPO(high) murine model of myelofibrosis. Two groups of engrafted mice, WT TPO(high) and Tsp-1-null TPO(high), were constituted. All mice developed a similar myeloproliferative syndrome and an increase in total TGF-β1 levels in the plasma and in extracellular fluids of marrow and spleen. Surprisingly, we were able to detect the active form of TGF-β1 in Tsp-1-null TPO(high) mice. Accordingly, these mice developed marrow and spleen fibrosis, with intriguingly a higher grade than in WT TPO(high) mice. Our results show that TSP-1 is not the major activator of TGF-β1 in TPO-induced myelofibrosis, suggesting the contribution of another mechanism in the megakaryocyte/platelet compartment.
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Di Guglielmo GM. TSP-1 in lung fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:185-6. [PMID: 21234123 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is often treated with corticosteroids to reduce the inflammatory response, however, no effective treatment options exist for the underlying disease. An important player in the fibrotic cascade is the cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). TGFβ is converted from an inactive procytokine complex to active TGFβ by enzymes such as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). It is therefore presumed that TSP-1 deficient mice would fare better to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis because TGFβ would not be efficiently converted to the active form. Interestingly, a recent article by Ezzie and colleagues shows that TSP-1 deficiency does not protect mice from systemic bleomycin challenge. Indeed, they find the opposite, as TSP-1-null mice appear to exhibit greater lung fibrosis than wild type mice, although similar TGFβ signaling was observed in the lungs of both mouse strains.
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