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Goswami DG, Singh SK, Okoyeocha EOM, Roney AK, Madadgar O, Tuttle R, Sosna W, Anantharam P, Croutch CR, Agarwal R, Tewari-Singh N. Dermal Exposure to Vesicating Nettle Agent Phosgene Oxime: Clinically Relevant Biomarkers and Skin Injury Progression in Murine Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:536-545. [PMID: 37652710 PMCID: PMC10801780 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosgene oxime (CX), categorized as a vesicating chemical threat agent, causes effects that resemble an urticant or nettle agent. CX is an emerging potential threat agent that can be deployed alone or with other chemical threat agents to enhance their toxic effects. Studies on CX-induced skin toxicity, injury progression, and related biomarkers are largely unknown. To study the physiologic changes, skin clinical lesions and their progression, skin exposure of SKH-1 and C57BL/6 mice was carried out with vapor from 10 μl CX for 0.5-minute or 1.0-minute durations using a designed exposure system for consistent CX vapor exposure. One-minute exposure caused sharp (SKH-1) or sustained (C57BL/6) decrease in respiratory and heart rate, leading to mortality in both mouse strains. Both exposures caused immediate blanching, erythema with erythematous ring (wheel) and edema, and an increase in skin bifold thickness. Necrosis was also observed in the 0.5-minute CX exposure group. Both mouse strains showed comparative skin clinical lesions upon CX exposure; however, skin bifold thickness and erythema remained elevated up to 14 days postexposure in SKH-1 mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. Our data suggest that CX causes immediate changes in the physiologic parameters and gross skin lesions resembling urticaria, which could involve mast cell activation and intense systemic toxicity. This novel study recorded and compared the progression of skin injury to establish clinical biomarkers of CX dermal exposure in both the sexes of two murine strains relevant for skin and systemic injury studies and therapeutic target identification. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Phosgene oxime (CX), categorized as a vesicating agent, is considered as a potent chemical weapon and is of high military and terrorist threat interest since it produces rapid onset of severe injury as an urticant. However, biomarkers of clinical relevance related to its toxicity and injury progression are not studied. Data from this study provide useful clinical markers of CX skin toxicity in mouse models using a reliable CX exposure system for future mechanistic and efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Satyendra K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Ebenezar O M Okoyeocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Andrew K Roney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Rick Tuttle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - William Sosna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Poojya Anantharam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Claire R Croutch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
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Shahid A, Yeung S, Miwalian R, Mercado A, Andresen BT, Huang Y. Mitigation of Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Skin Injury by the β-Blocker Carvedilol and Its Enantiomers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:495-505. [PMID: 37827703 PMCID: PMC10801755 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard and its structural analog nitrogen mustard (NM) cause severe vesicating skin injuries. The pathologic mechanisms for the skin injury following mustard exposure are poorly understood; therefore, no effective countermeasure is available. Previous reports demonstrated the protective activity of carvedilol, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved β-blocker, against UV radiation-induced skin damage. Thus, the current study evaluated the effects of carvedilol on NM-induced skin injuries in vitro and in vivo. In the murine epidermal cell line JB6 Cl 41-5a, β-blockers with different receptor subtype selectivity were examined. Carvedilol and both of its enantiomers, R- and S-carvedilol, were the only tested ligands statistically reducing NM-induced cytotoxicity. Carvedilol also reduced NM-induced apoptosis and p53 expression. In SKH-1 mice, NM increased epidermal thickness, damaged skin architecture, and induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-related proinflammatory genes as assessed by RT2 Profiler PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Arrays. To model chemical warfare scenario, 30 minutes after exposure to NM, 10 μM carvedilol was applied topically. Twenty-four hours after NM exposure, carvedilol attenuated NM-induced epidermal thickening, Ki-67 expression, a marker of cellular proliferation, and multiple proinflammatory genes. Supporting the in vitro data, the non-β-blocking R-enantiomer of carvedilol had similar effects as racemic carvedilol, and there was no difference between carvedilol and R-carvedilol in the PCR array data, suggesting that the skin protective effects are independent of the β-adrenergic receptors. These data suggest that the β-blocker carvedilol and its enantiomers can be repurposed as countermeasures against mustard-induced skin injuries. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard and its structural analog nitrogen mustard cause severe vesicating skin injuries for which no effective countermeasure is available. This study evaluated the effects of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved β-blocker carvedilol on nitrogen mustard-induced skin injuries to repurpose this cardiovascular drug as a medical countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Shahid
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Steven Yeung
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Rita Miwalian
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Angela Mercado
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Bradley T Andresen
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
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Li H, Li Z, Li X, Cai C, Zhao SL, Merritt RE, Zhou X, Tan T, Bergdall V, Ma J. MG53 Mitigates Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Skin Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1915. [PMID: 37508578 PMCID: PMC10378386 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are vesicant agents that cause skin injury and blistering through complicated cellular events, involving DNA damage, free radical formation, and lipid peroxidation. The development of therapeutic approaches targeting the multi-cellular process of tissue injury repair can potentially provide effective countermeasures to combat vesicant-induced dermal lesions. MG53 is a vital component of cell membrane repair. Previous studies have demonstrated that topical application of recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) protein has the potential to promote wound healing. In this study, we further investigate the role of MG53 in NM-induced skin injury. Compared with wild-type mice, mg53-/- mice are more susceptible to NM-induced dermal injuries, whereas mice with sustained elevation of MG53 in circulation are resistant to dermal exposure of NM. Exposure of keratinocytes and human follicle stem cells to NM causes elevation of oxidative stress and intracellular aggregation of MG53, thus compromising MG53's intrinsic cell membrane repair function. Topical rhMG53 application mitigates NM-induced dermal injury in mice. Histologic examination reveals the therapeutic benefits of rhMG53 are associated with the preservation of epidermal integrity and hair follicle structure in mice with dermal NM exposure. Overall, these findings identify MG53 as a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate vesicant-induced skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichang Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhongguang Li
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Serena Li Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert E Merritt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tao Tan
- TRIM-Edicine, Inc., 1275 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Valerie Bergdall
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Roldan TL, Li S, Laskin JD, Gao D, Sinko PJ. Depilatory double-disc mouse model for evaluation of vesicant dermal injury pharmacotherapy countermeasures. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:57-65. [PMID: 36872306 PMCID: PMC9986227 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare vesicant that severely injures exposed eyes, lungs, and skin. Mechlorethamine hydrochloride (NM) is widely used as an SM surrogate. This study aimed to develop a depilatory double-disc (DDD) NM skin burn model for investigating vesicant pharmacotherapy countermeasures. METHODS Hair removal method (clipping only versus clipping followed by a depilatory), the effect of acetone in the vesicant administration vehicle, NM dose (0.5-20 μmol), vehicle volume (5-20 μl), and time course (0.5-21 days) were investigated using male and female CD-1 mice. Edema, an indicator of burn response, was assessed by biopsy skin weight. The ideal NM dose to induce partial-thickness burns was assessed by edema and histopathologic evaluation. The optimized DDD model was validated using an established reagent, NDH-4338, a cyclooxygenase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prodrug. RESULTS Clipping/depilatory resulted in a 5-fold higher skin edematous response and was highly reproducible (18-fold lower %CV) compared to clipping alone. Acetone did not affect edema formation. Peak edema occurred 24-48 h after NM administration using optimized dosing methods and volume. Ideal partial-thickness burns were achieved with 5 μmol of NM and responded to treatment with NDH-4338. No differences in burn edematous responses were observed between males and females. CONCLUSION A highly reproducible and sensitive partial-thickness skin burn model was developed for assessing vesicant pharmacotherapy countermeasures. This model provides clinically relevant wound severity and eliminates the need for organic solvents that induce changes to the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas L. Roldan
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shike Li
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthRutgers University School of Public HealthPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- CounterACT Center of ExcellenceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Dayuan Gao
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- CounterACT Center of ExcellenceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Patrick J. Sinko
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- CounterACT Center of ExcellenceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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Ghosh A, Lahiri A, Mukherjee S, Roy M, Datta A. Prevention of inorganic arsenic induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in Swiss albino mice by black tea through epigenetic modulation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10341. [PMID: 36061029 PMCID: PMC9429555 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Gómez García FJ, Del Vecchio A, Romeo U, Martínez Díaz F, García Carrillo N, Camacho Alonso F. Study of the Effect of Photobiomodulation on a Skin Repair Model in SKH-1 Mice. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:325-333. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Gómez García
- Group Odontología: Medicina Oral, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Romeo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francisco Martínez Díaz
- Group Odontología: Medicina Oral, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria García Carrillo
- Group Odontología: Medicina Oral, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fabio Camacho Alonso
- Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Ye F, Dan G, Zhao Y, Yu W, Cheng J, Chen M, Sai Y, Zou Z. Small-interfering RNA for c-Jun attenuates cell death by preventing JNK-dependent PARP1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation in nitrogen mustard-injured immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1034-1044. [PMID: 34733488 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (a type of vesicant) can directly damage lung bronchial epithelium via aerosol inhalation, and prevalent cell death is an early event that obstructs the respiratory tract. JNK/c-Jun is a stress response pathway, but its role in cell death of the injured cells is not clear. Here, we report that JNK/c-Jun was activated in immortalized human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells exposed to a lethal dose (20 μM) of nitrogen mustard (NM, a sulfur mustard analog). c-Jun silencing using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) rendered the cells resistant to NM-mediated cell death by blocking poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) cleavage and DNA fragmentation. In addition, the transduction of upstream extrinsic (Fasl-Fas-caspase-8) and intrinsic (loss of Bcl-2 and mitochondrial membrane potential, ΔΨm) apoptosis pathways, as well as phosphorylated (p)-H2AX (Ser139), an epigenetic marker contributing to DNA fragmentation and PARP1 activity, was partially suppressed. To mimic the detachment of cells by NM, HBE cells were trypsinized and seeded on culture plates that were pre-coated with poly-HEMA to prevent cell adhesion. The JNK/c-Jun pathway was found to be activated in the detached cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that JNK/c-Jun pathway activation is necessary for NM-caused HBE cell death and further suggest that c-Jun silencing may be a potential approach to protect HBE cells from vesicant damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guorong Dan
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenpei Yu
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Sai
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Cruz-Hernandez A, Mendoza RP, Nguyen K, Harder A, Evans CM, Bauer AK, Tewari-Singh N, Brown JM. Mast Cells Promote Nitrogen Mustard-Mediated Toxicity in the Lung Associated With Proinflammatory Cytokine and Bioactive Lipid Mediator Production. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:127-141. [PMID: 34453837 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) has been widely used as a chemical warfare agent including most recently in Syria. Mice exposed to SM exhibit an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by immune cell infiltration in the lung, however, the mechanisms leading to these inflammatory responses has not been completely elucidated. Mast cells are one of the first responding innate immune cells found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and have been reported to be activated by SM in the skin. Therefore, we hypothesized that nitrogen mustard (NM: a surrogate for SM) exposure promotes activation of mast cells causing chronic respiratory inflammation. To assess the role of mast cells in NM-mediated pulmonary toxicity, we compared the effects of NM exposure between C57BL/6 and B6.Cg-KitW-sh/HNihrJaeBsmJ (KitW-sh; mast cell deficient) mice. Lung injury was observed in C57BL/6J mice following NM exposure (0.125 mg/kg) at 72 h, which was significantly abrogated in KitW-sh mice. Although both strains exhibited damage from NM, C57BL/6J mice had higher inflammatory cell infiltration and more elevated prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with KitW-sh mice. Additionally, we utilized murine bone marrow-derived mast cells to assess NM-induced early and late activation. Although NM exposure did not result in mast cell degranulation, we observed an upregulation in PGD2 and IL-6 levels following exposure to NM. Results suggest that mast cells play a prominent role in lung injury induced by NM and may contribute to the acute and potentially long-term lung injury observed caused by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cruz-Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Ryan P Mendoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Anna Harder
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Singh SK, Goswami DG, Wright HN, Kant R, Ali IA, Braucher LN, Klein JA, Godziela MG, Ammar DA, Pate KM, Tewari-Singh N. Effect of supersaturated oxygen emulsion treatment on chloropicrin-induced chemical injury in ex vivo rabbit cornea. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:124-133. [PMID: 34153409 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With a possibility for the use of chemical weapons in battlefield or in terrorist activities, effective therapies against the devastating ocular injuries, from their exposure, are needed. Oxygen plays a vital role in ocular tissue preservation and wound repair. We tested the efficacy of supersaturated oxygen emulsion (SSOE) in reducing ex vivo corneal and keratocyte injury from chloropicrin (CP). CP, currently used as a pesticide, is a chemical threat agent like the vesicating mustard agents and causes severe corneal injury. Since our previous study in human corneal epithelial cells showed the treatment potential of SSOE (55 %), we further tested its efficacy in an ex vivo CP-induced rabbit corneal injury model. Corneas were exposed to CP (700 nmol) for 2 h, washed and cultured with or without SSOE for 24 h or 96 h. At 96 h post CP exposure, SSOE treatment presented a healing tendency of the corneal epithelial layer, and abrogated the CP-induced epithelial apoptotic cell death. SSOE treatment also reduced the CP induced DNA damage (H2A.X phosphorylation) and inflammatory markers (e.g. MMP9, IL-21, MIP-1β, TNFα). Further examination of the treatment efficacy of SSOE alone or in combination with other therapies in in vivo cornea injury models for CP and vesicants, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Dinesh G Goswami
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Holly N Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Rama Kant
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Izza A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Leah N Braucher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Joshua A Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Madeline G Godziela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - David A Ammar
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | | | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States.
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Targeting TRPV1-mediated autophagy attenuates nitrogen mustard-induced dermal toxicity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:29. [PMID: 33487631 PMCID: PMC7829253 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) causes severe vesicating skin injury, which lacks effective targeted therapies. The major limitation is that the specific mechanism of NM-induced skin injury is not well understood. Recently, autophagy has been found to play important roles in physical and chemical exposure-caused cutaneous injuries. However, whether autophagy contributes to NM-induced dermal toxicity is unclear. Herein, we initially confirmed that NM dose-dependently caused cell death and induced autophagy in keratinocytes. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, and bafilomycin A1 or ATG5 siRNA attenuated NM-induced keratinocyte cell death. Furthermore, NM increased transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expression, intracellular Ca2+ content, and the activities of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). NM-induced autophagy in keratinocytes was abolished by treatment with inhibitors of TRPV1 (capsazepine), CaMKKβ (STO-609), AMPK (compound C), and ULK1 (SBI-0206965) as well as TRPV1, CaMKKβ, and AMPK siRNA transfection. In addition, an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) had no significant effect on NM-stimulated autophagy or cell death of keratinocytes. Finally, the results of the in vivo experiment in NM-treated skin tissues were consistent with the findings of the in vitro experiment. In conclusion, NM-caused dermal toxicity by overactivating autophagy partially through the activation of TRPV1-Ca2+-CaMKKβ-AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that blocking TRPV1-dependent autophagy could be a potential treatment strategy for NM-caused cutaneous injury.
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Zhu S, Xu Z, Zeng Y, Long Y, Fan G, Ding Q, Wen Y, Cao J, Dai T, Han W, Xie Y. ADNP Upregulation Promotes Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation via the AKT Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:491129. [PMID: 33240802 PMCID: PMC7680929 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.491129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), which is involved in embryonic development and neurogenesis, has been proven to be upregulated in some human tumors. However, its role in bladder cancer (BC) has never been studied. Objective We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which ADNP promotes the progression of BC. Methods ADNP expressions in BC cell lines and paired BC and adjacent normal tissues were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), trypan blue exclusion assay, flow cytometry, and nude mice tumorigenesis assay were performed to explore the effects of ADNP on growth of BC in vivo and in vitro. The impacts of ADNP on AKT signaling pathways were measured by Western blot. Results The expression of ADNP mRNA and protein was significantly upregulated in BC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of 221 BC and 51 adjacent normal tissue paraffin sections indicated that ADNP expression was significantly associated with histological classification and pathological T and N stages. Survival analysis revealed that patients with high ADNP expression have worse prognosis with respect to overall survival and progression-free disease. ADNP knockdown markedly delayed propagation of BC in vitro and the development of BC in vivo. ADNP overexpression showed the opposite effect. In addition, ADNP can markedly promote G1-S cell cycle transition in BC cells. On the molecular level, we confirmed that ADNP mediated acceleration of G1-S transition was associated with activation of the AKT pathways in BC. Conclusion ADNP is overexpressed in BC and promotes BC growth partly through AKT pathways. ADNP is crucial in predicting the outcome of BC patients and may be a potential therapeutic target in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhou Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Clinical Translational Research Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Long
- Clinical Translational Research Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Clinical Translational Research Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yuheng Wen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Dai
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Weiqing Han
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
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12
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Wahler G, Heck DE, Heindel ND, Laskin DL, Laskin JD, Joseph LB. Antioxidant/stress response in mouse epidermis following exposure to nitrogen mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 114:104410. [PMID: 32113906 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agent that induces inflammation, edema and blistering in skin. An important mechanism mediating the action of NM and related mustards is oxidative stress. In these studies a modified murine patch-test model was used to analyze DNA damage and the antioxidant/stress response following NM exposure in isolated epidermis. NM (20 μmol) was applied to glass microfiber filters affixed to a shaved dorsal region of skin of CD-1 mice. NM caused structural damage to the stratum corneum as reflected by increases in transepidermal water loss and skin hydration. This was coordinate with edema, mast cell degranulation and epidermal hyperplasia. Within 3 h of NM exposure, a 4-fold increase in phosphorylated histone H2AX, a marker of DNA double-stranded breaks, and a 25-fold increase in phosphorylated p53, a DNA damage marker, were observed in the epidermis. This was associated with a 40% increase in 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine modified DNA in the epidermis and a 4-fold increase in 4-hydroxynonenal modified epidermal proteins. At 12 h post NM, there was a 3-75 fold increase in epidermal expression of antioxidant/stress proteins including heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, heat shock protein 27 and cyclooxygenase 2. These data indicate that NM induces early oxidative epidermal injury in mouse skin leading to an antioxidant/stress response. Agents that enhance this response may be useful in mitigating mustard-induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Wahler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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13
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Ye F, Zeng Q, Dan G, Dong X, Chen M, Sai Y, Lin H, Zou Z. Nitrogen mustard prevents transport of Fra-1 into the nucleus to promote c-Fos- and FosB-dependent IL-8 induction in injured mouse epidermis. Toxicol Lett 2019; 319:256-263. [PMID: 31639410 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor activator protein (AP)-1 can be activated in nitrogen-mustard-injured mouse skin, and is thought to participate in the inflammatory response. AP-1 consists of homo- or heterodimers of Fos [c-Fos, Fos-B, fos-related antigen (Fra)-1 and Fra-2] and Jun (c-Jun, JunB and JunD) family members, and information about their expression, location and function are still unclear. In nitrogen-mustard-exposed mouse skin, we found p-ERK activation increased Fra-1 and FosB. Unlike the nucleus location of c-Fos and FosB, Fra-1 and Fra-2 were mainly expressed in the cytoplasm. In nitrogen-mustard-exposed cultured immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), Fra-1 in the nucleus functioned as an inhibitor of inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that Fra-1 formed dimers with IL-8 transcription factors c-Jun, JunB and JunD. Fra-1 depletion increased c-Fos and FosB in the nucleus, accompanied by increased heterodimers of c-Fos/c-Jun, c-Fos/JunB, c-Fos/JunD, and FosB/JunB. In conclusion, Fra-1 trapped in the cytoplasm after nitrogen mustard exposure might be a driving force for IL-8 over-expression in injured skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qinya Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Guorong Dan
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xunhu Dong
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Sai
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- Department of Chemical Defense, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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14
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Goto K, Hiramoto K, Ooi K. Th2 and Th17 Induce Dry Skin in a Mouse Model of Arthritis. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:468-474. [PMID: 30828078 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin dryness is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model mice. However, the mechanism underlying the induction of dry skin by RA is unclear. We hypothesized that T helper (Th)2 and Th17 cells mediate this process. A mouse model of DBA/1JJmsSlc collagen-induced arthritis was treated with Th2 or Th17 cell inhibitor, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the expression of markers associated with allergic reaction and inflammation were evaluated. TEWL and plasma levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-6 and -17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased in the arthritis mouse model compared to that in control mice. Administration of Th2 cell inhibitor abolished the increase in TEWL, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, whereas Th17 cell inhibitor reversed TEWL and decreased IL-17 level. Th2 and Th17 cells contribute to the induction of dry skin, but via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Goto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Keiichi Hiramoto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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15
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Goswami DG, Kant R, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and pleiotropic agents in reversing nitrogen mustard-induced injury in ex vivo cultured rabbit cornea. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:127-132. [PMID: 29174984 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vesicating agent, Sulfur mustard (SM), causes devastating eye injury; however, there are no effective antidotes available. Using nitrogen mustard (NM), a bi-functional analog of SM, we have earlier reported that NM-induced corneal injury in ex vivo rabbit cornea organ culture model parallels corneal injury reported with SM. Using this model, we have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone (DEX), doxycycline (DOX) and silibinin (SB) in reversing NM (2h exposure)-induced corneal injuries when added immediately after washing NM. In the present study, we further examined the efficacy of similar/higher doses of these agents when added immediately, 2, or 4h after washing NM following its 2h exposure. All three treatment agents caused a reversal in established NM-induced injury biomarkers when added immediately or 2h after washing NM following its 2h exposure; however, when treatments were carried out 4h after washing NM, there was no significant effect. Together, our results further show the beneficial effect of these agents in reversing NM-induced corneal injury and indicate the time window for effective treatment. This could be useful towards future development of targeted therapeutics against vesicant-induced ocular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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16
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Uberti F, Morsanuto V, Ghirlanda S, Ruga S, Clemente N, Boieri C, Boldorini R, Molinari C. Highly Diluted Acetylcholine Promotes Wound Repair in an In Vivo Model. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:121-133. [PMID: 29675337 PMCID: PMC5905879 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Wound healing is a dynamic, interactive, and complex process that involves a series of events, including inflammation, migration, proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and matrix remodeling. Despite the high frequency of serious slow-healing wounds, there is still no adequate therapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate a new highly diluted acetylcholine (Ach) formulation obtained through a sequential kinetic activation (SKA) method applied to a wound healing in vivo model to verify the hypothesis that a low dose of Ach could be a more physiological stimulus for healing, by stimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and their related intracellular pathways. Approach: Two different concentrations (10 fg/mL and 1 pg/mL) and two formulations (either kinetically or nonkinetically activated) of Ach were used to verify the wound healing process. Area closure, histological aspect, and nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), Nestin, and von Willebrand's factor have been assessed by Western blot or ELISA and compared to 147 ng/mL Ach, used as positive control. Moreover, the systemic effect through plasmatic radical oxygen species (ROS) production and Ach concentration has been evaluated. Results: Ach SKA 1 pg/mL revealed a significant capacity to restore the integrity of tissue compared to other formulation and this effect was more evident after a single administration. Innovation: Topical application on skin of Ach SKA 1 pg/mL accelerates wound closure stimulating non-neuronal cholinergic system. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate for the first time the importance in an in vivo model of highly diluted SKA Ach during wound healing, suggesting a potential use in skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Uberti
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Vera Morsanuto
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Ghirlanda
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Ruga
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Nausicaa Clemente
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Boieri
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Molinari
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, UPO, Novara, Italy
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17
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Goswami DG, Agarwal R, Tewari-Singh N. Phosgene oxime: Injury and associated mechanisms compared to vesicating agents sulfur mustard and lewisite. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:112-119. [PMID: 29141200 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosgene Oxime (CX, Cl2CNOH), a halogenated oxime, is a potent chemical weapon that causes immediate acute injury and systemic effects. CX, grouped together with vesicating agents, is an urticant or nettle agent with highly volatile, reactive, corrosive, and irritating vapor, and has considerably different chemical properties and toxicity compared to other vesicants. CX is absorbed quickly through clothing with faster cutaneous penetration compared to other vesicating agents causing instantaneous and severe damage. For this reason, it could be produced as a weaponized mixture with other chemical warfare agents to enhance their deleterious effects. The immediate devastating effects of CX and easy synthesis makes it a dangerous chemical with both military and terrorist potentials. Although CX is the most potent vesicating agent, it is one of the least studied chemical warfare agents and the pathophysiology as well as long term effects are largely unknown. CX exposure results in immediate pain and inflammation, and it mainly affects skin, eye and respiratory system. There are no antidotes available against CX-induced injury and the treatment is only supportive. This review summarizes existing knowledge regarding exposure, toxicity and the probable underlying mechanisms of CX compared to other important vesicants' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Giri Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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18
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Joseph LB, Composto GM, Perez RM, Kim HD, Casillas RP, Heindel ND, Young SC, Lacey CJ, Saxena J, Guillon CD, Croutch CR, Laskin JD, Heck DE. Sulfur mustard induced mast cell degranulation in mouse skin is inhibited by a novel anti-inflammatory and anticholinergic bifunctional prodrug. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:77-81. [PMID: 29127031 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, bis(2-chloroethyl sulfide) is a potent vesicating agent known to cause skin inflammation, necrosis and blistering. Evidence suggests that inflammatory cells and mediators that they generate are important in the pathogenic responses to SM. In the present studies we investigated the role of mast cells in SM-induced skin injury using a murine vapor cup exposure model. Mast cells, identified by toluidine blue staining, were localized in the dermis, adjacent to dermal appendages and at the dermal/epidermal junction. In control mice, 48-61% of mast cells were degranulated. SM exposure (1.4g/m3 in air for 6min) resulted in increased numbers of degranulated mast cells 1-14days post-exposure. Treatment of mice topically with an indomethacin choline bioisostere containing prodrug linked by an aromatic ester-carbonate that targets cyclooxygenases (COX) enzymes and acetylcholinesterase (1% in an ointment) 1-14days after SM reduced skin inflammation and injury and enhanced tissue repair. This was associated with a decrease in mast cell degranulation from 90% to 49% 1-3days post SM, and from 84% to 44% 7-14days post SM. These data suggest that reduced inflammation and injury in response to the bifunctional indomethacin prodrug may be due, at least in part, to abrogating mast cell degranulation. The use of inhibitors of mast cell degranulation may be an effective strategy for mitigating skin injury induced by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong-Duck Kim
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaya Saxena
- Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Diane E Heck
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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19
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Das LM, Binko AM, Traylor ZP, Duesler L, Lu KQ. Defining the timing of 25(OH)D rescue following nitrogen mustard exposure. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 37:127-132. [PMID: 28737434 PMCID: PMC6025804 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1355315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Mass exposure to alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustard (NM), whether accidental or intentional as during warfare, are known to cause systemic toxicity and severe blistering from cutaneous exposure. Thus, establishing the timing and appropriate dose of any potential drug designed to reverse or impede these toxicities is critical for wound repair and survival. Our previous data demonstrates that a single intraperitoneal injection of low-dose 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) given as early as 1 h following NM exposure is sufficient to rescue mice from pancytopenia and death. However, the duration of time following exposure where intervention is still effective as a countermeasure is unknown. In this study, we sought to assess the maximal time permissible following NM exposure where 25(OH)D still affords protection against NM-induced cutaneous injury. Additionally, we determined if a higher dose of 25(OH)D would be more efficacious at time interval where low dose 25(OH)D is no longer effective. Methods Low (5 ng) and high (50 ng) doses of 25(OH)D were administered intraperitoneally to mice following exposure to topical NM to assess wound resolution and survival. Mice were imaged and weighed daily to measure wound healing and to monitor systemic toxicity. Results We demonstrated that 5 ng 25(OH)D administered as early as 1 h and as late as 24 h post-NM exposure is able to achieve 100% recovery in mice. In contrast, intervention at and beyond 48 h of NM exposure failed to achieve full recovery and resulted in ≥60% death between days 6 and 12, demonstrating the critical nature of timely intervention with 25(OH)D at each respective dose. In order to circumvent the observed failure at >48 h exposure, we provided two consecutive doses of 5 ng or 50 ng of 25(OH)D at 48 h and 72 h post-NM exposure. Repeat dosing with 25(OH)D at 48 h and beyond led to marked improvement of lesion size with 75% recovery from mortality. Conclusions The opportunity to use 25(OH)D as a medical countermeasure for NM-induced toxicity has a finite of window for intervention. However, modifications such as repeat dosing can be an effective strategy to extend the intervention potential of 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopa M Das
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Amy M Binko
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Zachary P Traylor
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Lori Duesler
- c Department of Biology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Kurt Q Lu
- a Department of Dermatology , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , OH , USA.,b Department of Dermatology , University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland , OH , USA
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20
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Cutaneous exposure to vesicant phosgene oxime: Acute effects on the skin and systemic toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 317:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Corneal Injury Involves DNA Damage and Pathways Related to Inflammation, Epithelial-Stromal Separation, and Neovascularization. Cornea 2016; 35:257-66. [PMID: 26555588 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the toxic effects and associated mechanisms in corneal tissue exposed to the vesicating agent, nitrogen mustard (NM), a bifunctional alkylating analog of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. METHODS Toxic effects and associated mechanisms were examined in maximally affected corneal tissue using corneal cultures and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells exposed to NM. RESULTS Analysis of ex vivo rabbit corneas showed that NM exposure increased apoptotic cell death, epithelial thickness, epithelial-stromal separation, and levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In HCE cells, NM exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and proliferation, which was associated with DNA damage in terms of an increase in p53 ser15, total p53, and H2A.X ser139 levels. NM exposure also induced caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage, suggesting their involvement in NM-induced apoptotic death in the rabbit cornea and HCE cells. Similar to rabbit cornea, NM exposure caused an increase in cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in HCE cells, indicating a role of these molecules and related pathways in NM-induced corneal inflammation, epithelial-stromal separation, and neovascularization. NM exposure also induced activation of activator protein 1 transcription factor proteins and upstream signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt protein kinase, suggesting that these could be key factors involved in NM-induced corneal injury. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study provide insight into the molecular targets and pathways that could be involved in NM-induced corneal injuries laying the background for further investigation of these pathways in vesicant-induced ocular injuries, which could be helpful in the development of targeted therapies.
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22
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White CW, Rancourt RC, Veress LA. Sulfur mustard inhalation: mechanisms of injury, alteration of coagulation, and fibrinolytic therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:87-95. [PMID: 27384912 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury due to sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes the formation of airway fibrin casts that obstruct airways at multiple levels, leading to acute respiratory failure and death. These pathophysiological effects are seen in rodent models of acute SM vapor inhalation, as well as in human victims of acute SM inhalation. In rat models, the initial steps in activation of the coagulation system at extravascular sites depend on tissue factor (TF) expression by airway cells, especially in the microparticle fraction, and these effects can be inhibited by TF pathway inhibitor protein. Not only does the procoagulant environment of the acutely injured lung contribute to airway cast formation, but these lesions persist in airways because of the activation of multiple antifibrinolytic pathways, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and α2-antiplasmin. Airway administration of tissue plasminogen activator can overwhelm these effects and save lives by preventing fibrin-dependent airway obstruction, gas-exchange abnormalities, and respiratory failure. In human survivors of SM inhalation, fibrotic processes, including bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, are among the most disabling chronic lesions. Antifibrotic therapies may prove useful in preventing either or both of these forms of chronic lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W White
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Livia A Veress
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Joseph LB, Composto GM, Heck DE. Tissue injury and repair following cutaneous exposure of mice to sulfur mustard. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:118-123. [PMID: 27371823 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM and the duration of exposure. Initial responses include erythema, pruritus, edema, and xerosis; this is followed by an accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the tissue, activation of mast cells, and the release of mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. These proinflammatory mediators contribute to damaging the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and to disruption of the epidermal basement membrane. This can lead to separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in a blister, which ruptures, leading to the formation of an eschar. The eschar stimulates the formation of a neoepidermis and wound repair and may result in persistent epidermal hyperplasia. Epidermal damage and repair is associated with upregulation of enzymes generating proinflammatory and pro-growth/pro-wound healing mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, which generates prostanoids, inducible nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and galectin-3. Characterization of the mediators regulating structural changes in the skin during SM-induced tissue damage and wound healing will aid in the development of therapeutic modalities to mitigate toxicity and stimulate tissue repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Mustard vesicating agent-induced toxicity in the skin tissue and silibinin as a potential countermeasure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:184-92. [PMID: 27326543 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) causes severe skin injury with delayed blistering. Depending upon the dose and time of their exposure, edema and erythema develop into blisters, ulceration, necrosis, desquamation, and pigmentation changes, which persist weeks and even years after exposure. Research advances have generated data that have started to explain the probable mechanism of action of vesicant-induced skin toxicity; however, despite these advances, effective and targeted therapies are still deficient. This review highlights studies on two SM analogs, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and NM, and CEES- and NM-induced skin injury mouse models that have substantially added to the knowledge on the complex pathways involved in mustard vesicating agent-induced skin injury. Furthermore, employing these mouse models, studies under the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats program have identified the flavanone silibinin as a novel therapeutic intervention with the potential to be developed as an effective countermeasure against skin injury following exposure to mustard vesicating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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25
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Composto GM, Laskin JD, Laskin DL, Gerecke DR, Casillas RP, Heindel ND, Joseph LB, Heck DE. Mitigation of nitrogen mustard mediated skin injury by a novel indomethacin bifunctional prodrug. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:522-31. [PMID: 27189522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that is highly reactive in the skin causing extensive tissue damage and blistering. In the present studies, a modified cutaneous murine patch model was developed to characterize NM-induced injury and to evaluate the efficacy of an indomethacin pro-drug in mitigating toxicity. NM (20μmol) or vehicle control was applied onto 6mm glass microfiber filters affixed to the shaved dorsal skin of CD-1 mice for 6min. This resulted in absorption of approximately 4μmol of NM. NM caused localized skin damage within 1 d, progressing to an eschar within 2-3 d, followed by wound healing after 4-5 d. NM-induced injury was associated with increases in skin thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced numbers of sebocytes, basal keratinocyte double stranded DNA breaks, as measured by phospho-histone 2A.X expression, mast cell degranulation and increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Wound healing was characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and marked increases in basal cells expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen. A novel indomethacin-anticholinergic prodrug (4338) designed to target cyclooxygenases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was found to markedly suppress NM toxicity, decreasing wound thickness and eschar formation. The prodrug also inhibited mast cell degranulation, suppressed keratinocyte expression of iNOS and COX-2, as well as markers of epidermal proliferation. These findings indicate that a novel bifunctional pro-drug is effective in limiting NM mediated dermal injury. Moreover, our newly developed cutaneous patch model is a sensitive and reproducible method to assess the mechanism of action of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.
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26
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Kumar D, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal C, Jain AK, Inturi S, Kant R, White CW, Agarwal R. Nitrogen mustard exposure of murine skin induces DNA damage, oxidative stress and activation of MAPK/Akt-AP1 pathway leading to induction of inflammatory and proteolytic mediators. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:161-71. [PMID: 25891025 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our recent studies in SKH-1 hairless mice have demonstrated that topical exposure to nitrogen mustard (NM), an analog of sulfur mustard (SM), triggers the inflammatory response, microvesication and apoptotic cell death. Here, we sought to identify the mechanism/s involved in these NM-induced injury responses. Results obtained show that NM exposure of SKH-1 hairless mouse skin caused H2A.X and p53 phosphorylation and increased p53 accumulation, indicating DNA damage. In addition, NM also induced the activation of MAPKs/ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 as well as that of Akt together with the activation of transcription factor AP1. Also, NM exposure induced robust expression of pro-inflammatory mediators namely cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, and increased the levels of proteolytic mediator matrix metalloproteinase 9. NM exposure of skin also increased lipid peroxidation, 5,5-dimethyl-2-(8-octanoic acid)-1-pyrroline N-oxide protein adduct formation, protein and DNA oxidation indicating an elevated oxidative stress. We also found NM-induced increase in the homologous recombinant repair pathway, suggesting its involvement in the repair of NM-induced DNA damage. Collectively, these results indicate that NM induces oxidative stress, mainly a bi-phasic response in DNA damage and activation of MAPK and Akt pathways, which activate transcription factor AP1 and induce the expression of inflammatory and proteolytic mediators, contributing to the skin injury response by NM. In conclusion, this study for the first time links NM-induced mechanistic changes with our earlier reported murine skin injury lesions with NM, which could be valuable to identify potential therapeutic targets and rescue agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045, CO, USA.
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27
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Flavanone silibinin treatment attenuates nitrogen mustard-induced toxic effects in mouse skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:71-8. [PMID: 25791923 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective antidote to prevent skin injuries by sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), which are vesicating agents with potential relevance to chemical warfare, terrorist attacks, or industrial/laboratory accidents. Our earlier report has demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of silibinin, a natural flavanone, in reversing monofunctional alkylating SM analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced toxic effects in mouse skin. To translate this effect to a bifunctional alkylating vesicant, herein, efficacy studies were carried out with NM. Topical application of silibinin (1 or 2mg) 30 min after NM exposure on the dorsal skin of male SKH-1 hairless mice significantly decreased NM-induced toxic lesions at 24, 72 or 120 h post-exposure. Specifically, silibinin treatment resulted in dose-dependent reduction of NM-induced increase in epidermal thickness, dead and denuded epidermis, parakeratosis and microvesication. Higher silibinin dose also caused a 79% and 51%reversal in NM-induced increases in myeloperoxidase activity and COX-2 levels, respectively. Furthermore, silibinin completely prevented NM-induced H2A.X phosphorylation, indicating reversal of DNA damage which could be an oxidative DNA damage as evidenced by high levels of 8-oxodG in NM-exposed mouse skin that was significantly reversed by silibinin. Together, these findings suggest that attenuation of NM-induced skin injury by silibinin is due to its effects on the pathways associated with DNA damage, inflammation, vesication and oxidative stress. In conclusion, results presented here support the optimization of silibinin as an effective treatment of skin injury by vesicants.
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28
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Goswami DG, Kumar D, Tewari-Singh N, Orlicky DJ, Jain AK, Kant R, Rancourt RC, Dhar D, Inturi S, Agarwal C, White CW, Agarwal R. Topical nitrogen mustard exposure causes systemic toxic effects in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:161-70. [PMID: 25481215 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are reported to be easily absorbed by skin upon exposure causing severe cutaneous injury and blistering. Our studies show that topical exposure of NM (3.2mg) onto SKH-1 hairless mouse skin, not only caused skin injury, but also led to significant body weight loss and 40-80% mortality (120 h post-exposure), suggesting its systemic effects. Accordingly, further studies herein show that NM exposure initiated an increase in circulating white blood cells by 24h (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and thereafter a decrease (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes). NM exposure also reduced both white and red pulp areas of the spleen. In the small intestine, NM exposure caused loss of membrane integrity of the surface epithelium, abnormal structure of glands and degeneration of villi. NM exposure also resulted in the dilation of glomerular capillaries of kidneys, and an increase in blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. Our results here with NM are consistent with earlier reports that exposure to higher SM levels can cause damage to the hematopoietic system, and kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal tract toxicity. These outcomes will add to our understanding of the toxic effects of topical vesicant exposure, which might be helpful towards developing effective countermeasures against injuries from acute topical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deepanshi Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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29
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Mouret S, Wartelle J, Batal M, Emorine S, Bertoni M, Poyot T, Cléry-Barraud C, Bakdouri NE, Peinnequin A, Douki T, Boudry I. Time course of skin features and inflammatory biomarkers after liquid sulfur mustard exposure in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:68-78. [PMID: 25275893 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong bifunctional alkylating agent that produces severe tissue injuries characterized by erythema, edema, subepidermal blisters and a delayed inflammatory response after cutaneous exposure. However, despite its long history, SM remains a threat because of the lack of effective medical countermeasures as the molecular mechanisms of these events remain unclear. This limited number of therapeutic options results in part of an absence of appropriate animal models. We propose here to use SKH-1 hairless mouse as the appropriate model for the design of therapeutic strategies against SM-induced skin toxicity. In the present study particular emphasis was placed on histopathological changes associated with inflammatory responses after topical exposure of dorsal skin to three different doses of SM (0.6, 6 and 60mg/kg) corresponding to a superficial, a second-degree and a third-degree burn. Firstly, clinical evaluation of SM-induced skin lesions using non invasive bioengineering methods showed that erythema and impairment of skin barrier increased in a dose-dependent manner. Histological evaluation of skin sections exposed to SM revealed that the time to onset and the severity of symptoms including disorganization of epidermal basal cells, number of pyknotic nuclei, activation of mast cells and neutrophils dermal invasion were dose-dependent. These histopathological changes were associated with a dose- and time-dependent increase in expression of specific mRNA for inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (IL1β and IL6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1α, MIP-2 and MIP-1αR) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC also called CXCL1) as well as adhesion molecules (L-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)) and growth factor (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Csf3)). A dose-dependent increase was also noted after SM exposure for mRNA of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9) and laminin-γ2 which are associated with SM-induced blisters formation. Taken together, our results show that SM-induced skin histopathological changes related to inflammation is similar in SKH-1 hairless mice and humans. SKH-1 mouse is thus a reliable animal model for investigating the SM-induced skin toxicity and to develop efficient treatment against SM-induced inflammatory skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouret
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Julien Wartelle
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Mohamed Batal
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France; UJF & CNRS, CEA, INAC, SCIB, LCIB (UMR_E 3CEA-UJF), Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38054, France
| | - Sandy Emorine
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thomas Poyot
- Pôle de Génomique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Cécile Cléry-Barraud
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Nacera El Bakdouri
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - André Peinnequin
- Pôle de Génomique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- UJF & CNRS, CEA, INAC, SCIB, LCIB (UMR_E 3CEA-UJF), Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38054, France
| | - Isabelle Boudry
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
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