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Bellomo A, Herbert J, Kudlak MJ, Laskin JD, Gow AJ, Laskin DL. Identification of early events in nitrogen mustard pulmonary toxicity that are independent of infiltrating inflammatory cells using precision cut lung slices. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116941. [PMID: 38677601 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM; mechlorethamine) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause acute lung injury which can progress to chronic disease. Due to the complex nature of NM injury, it has been difficult to analyze early responses of resident lung cells that initiate inflammation and disease progression. To investigate this, we developed a model of acute NM toxicity using murine precision cut lung slices (PCLS), which contain all resident lung cell populations. PCLS were exposed to NM (1-100 μM) for 0.5-3 h and analyzed 1 and 3 d later. NM caused a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity and a reduction in metabolic activity, as measured by LDH release and WST-1 activity, respectively. Optimal responses were observed with 50 μM NM after 1 h incubation and these conditions were used in further experiments. Analysis of PCLS bioenergetics using an Agilent Seahorse showed that NM impaired both glycolytic activity and mitochondrial respiration. This was associated with injury to the bronchial epithelium and a reduction in methacholine-induced airway contraction. NM was also found to cause DNA damage in bronchial epithelial cells in PCLS, as measured by expression of γ-H2AX, and to induce oxidative stress, which was evident by a reduction in glutathione levels and upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme catalase. Cleaved caspase-3 was also upregulated in airway smooth muscle cells indicating apoptotic cell death. Characterizing early events in NM toxicity is key in identifying therapeutic targets for the development of efficacious countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Bellomo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julia Herbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Melissa J Kudlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Malaviya R, Meshanni JA, Sunil VR, Venosa A, Guo C, Abramova EV, Vayas KN, Jiang C, Cervelli JA, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of macrophage bioenergetics in N-acetylcysteine-mediated mitigation of lung injury and oxidative stress induced by nitrogen mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116908. [PMID: 38513841 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a toxic vesicant that causes acute injury to the respiratory tract. This is accompanied by an accumulation of activated macrophages in the lung and oxidative stress which have been implicated in tissue injury. In these studies, we analyzed the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of oxidative stress and inflammation on NM-induced lung injury, macrophage activation and bioenergetics. Treatment of rats with NAC (150 mg/kg, i.p., daily) beginning 30 min after administration of NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) reduced histopathologic alterations in the lung including alveolar interstitial thickening, blood vessel hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, alveolar inflammation, and bronchiolization of alveolar walls within 3 d of exposure; damage to the alveolar-epithelial barrier, measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein and cells, was also reduced by NAC, along with oxidative stress as measured by heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and Ym-1 expression in the lung. Treatment of rats with NAC attenuated the accumulation of macrophages in the lung expressing proinflammatory genes including Ptgs2, Nos2, Il-6 and Il-12; macrophages expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α protein were also reduced in histologic sections. Conversely, NAC had no effect on macrophages expressing the anti-inflammatory proteins arginase-1 or mannose receptor, or on NM-induced increases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), markers of tissue repair. Following NM exposure, lung macrophage basal and maximal glycolytic activity increased, while basal respiration decreased indicating greater reliance on glycolysis to generate ATP. NAC increased both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, in macrophages from both control and NM treated animals, NAC treatment resulted in increased S-nitrosylation of ATP synthase, protecting the enzyme from oxidative damage. Taken together, these data suggest that alterations in NM-induced macrophage activation and bioenergetics contribute to the efficacy of NAC in mitigating lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Chenghui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Roldan TL, Li S, Guillon C, Heindel ND, Laskin JD, Lee IH, Gao D, Sinko PJ. Optimizing Nanosuspension Drug Release and Wound Healing Using a Design of Experiments Approach: Improving the Drug Delivery Potential of NDH-4338 for Treating Chemical Burns. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:471. [PMID: 38675132 PMCID: PMC11053863 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
NDH-4338 is a highly lipophilic prodrug comprising indomethacin and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. A design of experiments approach was used to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the wound healing efficacy of optimized NDH-4338 nanosuspensions against nitrogen mustard-induced skin injury. Nanosuspensions were prepared by sonoprecipitation in the presence of a Vitamin E TPGS aqueous stabilizer solution. Critical processing parameters and material attributes were optimized to reduce particle size and determine the effect on dissolution rate and burn healing efficacy. The antisolvent/solvent ratio (A/S), dose concentration (DC), and drug/stabilizer ratio (D/S) were the critical sonoprecipitation factors that control particle size. These factors were subjected to a Box-Behnken design and response surface analysis, and model quality was assessed. Maximize desirability and simulation experiment optimization approaches were used to determine nanosuspension parameters with the smallest size and the lowest defect rate within the 10-50 nm specification limits. Optimized and unoptimized nanosuspensions were prepared and characterized. An established depilatory double-disc mouse model was used to evaluate the healing of nitrogen mustard-induced dermal injuries. Optimized nanosuspensions (A/S = 6.2, DC = 2% w/v, D/S = 2.8) achieved a particle size of 31.46 nm with a narrow size range (PDI = 0.110) and a reduced defect rate (42.2 to 6.1%). The optimized nanosuspensions were stable and re-dispersible, and they showed a ~45% increase in cumulative drug release and significant edema reduction in mice. Optimized NDH-4338 nanosuspensions were smaller with more uniform sizes that led to improved physical stability, faster dissolution, and enhanced burn healing efficacy compared to unoptimized nanosuspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas L. Roldan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (S.L.); (I.H.L.); (D.G.)
| | - Shike Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (S.L.); (I.H.L.); (D.G.)
| | - Christophe Guillon
- CounterACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.G.); (N.D.H.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ned D. Heindel
- CounterACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.G.); (N.D.H.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- CounterACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.G.); (N.D.H.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - In Heon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (S.L.); (I.H.L.); (D.G.)
| | - Dayuan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (S.L.); (I.H.L.); (D.G.)
- CounterACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.G.); (N.D.H.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Patrick J. Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (S.L.); (I.H.L.); (D.G.)
- CounterACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.G.); (N.D.H.); (J.D.L.)
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Meshanni JA, Lee JM, Vayas KN, Sun R, Jiang C, Guo GL, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Suppression of Lung Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis following Nitrogen Mustard Exposure by the Selective Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Obeticholic Acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:586-595. [PMID: 37188530 PMCID: PMC10801770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause pulmonary injury that can progress to fibrosis. NM toxicity is associated with an influx of inflammatory macrophages in the lung. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in bile acid and lipid homeostasis that has anti-inflammatory activity. In these studies, we analyzed the effects of FXR activation on lung injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis induced by NM. Male Wistar rats were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control) or NM (0.125 mg/kg) by intratracheal Penncentury-MicroSprayer aerosolization; this was followed by treatment with the FXR synthetic agonist, obeticholic acid (OCA, 15 mg/kg), or vehicle control (0.13-0.18 g peanut butter) 2 hours later and then once per day, 5 days per week thereafter for 28 days. NM caused histopathological changes in the lung, including epithelial thickening, alveolar circularization, and pulmonary edema. Picrosirius red staining and lung hydroxyproline content were increased, indicative of fibrosis; foamy lipid-laden macrophages were also identified in the lung. This was associated with aberrations in pulmonary function, including increases in resistance and hysteresis. Following NM exposure, lung expression of HO-1 and iNOS, and the ratio of nitrates/nitrites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), markers of oxidative stress increased, along with BAL levels of inflammatory proteins, fibrinogen, and sRAGE. Administration of OCA attenuated NM-induced histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered lung function. These findings demonstrate that FXR plays a role in limiting NM-induced lung injury and chronic disease, suggesting that activating FXR may represent an effective approach to limiting NM-induced toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, the role of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) in mustard vesicant-induced pulmonary toxicity was analyzed using nitrogen mustard (NM) as a model. This study's findings that administration of obeticholic acid, an FXR agonist, to rats reduces NM-induced pulmonary injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis provide novel mechanistic insights into vesicant toxicity, which may be useful in the development of efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jordan M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rachel Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Chenghui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Laskin JD, Ozkuyumcu K, Zhou P, Croutch CR, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Joseph LB. Skin Models Used to Define Mechanisms of Action of Sulfur Mustard. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e551. [PMID: 37849329 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a threat to both civilian and military populations. Human skin is highly sensitive to SM, causing delayed erythema, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration, followed by the appearance of large fluid-filled blisters. Skin wound repair is prolonged following blistering, which can result in impaired barrier function. Key to understanding the action of SM in the skin is the development of animal models that have a pathophysiology comparable to humans such that quantitative assessments of therapeutic drugs efficacy can be assessed. Two animal models, hairless guinea pigs and swine, are preferred to evaluate dermal products because their skin is morphologically similar to human skin. In these animal models, SM induces degradation of epidermal and dermal tissues but does not induce overt blistering, only microblistering. Mechanisms of wound healing are distinct in these animal models. Whereas a guinea pig heals by contraction, swine skin, like humans, heals by re-epithelialization. Mice, rats, and rabbits are also used for SM mechanistic studies. However, healing is also mediated by contraction; moreover, only microblistering is observed. Improvements in animal models are essential for the development of therapeutics to mitigate toxicity resulting from dermal exposure to SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Ozkuyumcu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Malaviya R, Laskin JD, Businaro R, Laskin DL. Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha to Mitigate Lung Injury Induced by Mustard Vesicants and Radiation. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e553. [PMID: 37848400 PMCID: PMC10841250 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary injury induced by mustard vesicants and radiation is characterized by DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This is associated with increases in levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α in the lung and upregulation of its receptor TNFR1. Dysregulated production of TNFα and TNFα signaling has been implicated in lung injury, oxidative and nitrosative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis, which contribute to tissue damage, chronic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and tissue remodeling. These findings suggest that targeting production of TNFα or TNFα activity may represent an efficacious approach to mitigating lung toxicity induced by both mustards and radiation. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of TNFα in pathologies associated with exposure to mustard vesicants and radiation, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of TNFα-targeting agents in reducing acute injury and chronic disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Smith LC, Gow AJ, Abramova E, Vayas K, Guo C, Noto J, Lyman J, Rodriquez J, Gelfand-Titiyevskiy B, Malcolm C, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of PPARγ in dyslipidemia and altered pulmonary functioning in mice following ozone exposure. Toxicol Sci 2023; 194:109-119. [PMID: 37202362 PMCID: PMC10306402 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ozone causes decrements in pulmonary function, a response associated with alterations in lung lipids. Pulmonary lipid homeostasis is dependent on the activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid uptake and catabolism by alveolar macrophages (AMs). Herein, we assessed the role of PPARγ in ozone-induced dyslipidemia and aberrant lung function in mice. Exposure of mice to ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) resulted in a significant reduction in lung hysteresivity at 72 h post exposure; this correlated with increases in levels of total phospholipids, specifically cholesteryl esters, ceramides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphorylethanolamines, sphingomyelins, and di- and triacylglycerols in lung lining fluid. This was accompanied by a reduction in relative surfactant protein-B (SP-B) content, consistent with surfactant dysfunction. Administration of the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) reduced total lung lipids, increased relative amounts of SP-B, and normalized pulmonary function in ozone-exposed mice. This was associated with increases in lung macrophage expression of CD36, a scavenger receptor important in lipid uptake and a transcriptional target of PPARγ. These findings highlight the role of alveolar lipids as regulators of surfactant activity and pulmonary function following ozone exposure and suggest that targeting lipid uptake by lung macrophages may be an efficacious approach for treating altered respiratory mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Elena Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kinal Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jack Noto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jack Lyman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Benjamin Gelfand-Titiyevskiy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Callum Malcolm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Herbert J, Kelty JS, Laskin JD, Laskin DL, Gow AJ. Menthol flavoring in e-cigarette condensate causes pulmonary dysfunction and cytotoxicity in precision cut lung slices. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L345-L357. [PMID: 36692165 PMCID: PMC10026991 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00222.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette consumption is under scrutiny by regulatory authorities due to concerns about product toxicity, lack of manufacturing standards, and increasing reports of e-cigarette- or vaping-associated acute lung injury. In vitro studies have demonstrated cytotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress induced by unflavored e-cigarette aerosols and flavoring additives. However, e-cigarette effects on the complex lung parenchyma remain unclear. Herein, the impact of e-cigarette condensates with or without menthol flavoring on functional, structural, and cellular responses was investigated using mouse precision cut lung slices (PCLS). PCLS were exposed to e-cigarette condensates prepared from aerosolized vehicle, nicotine, nicotine + menthol, and menthol e-fluids at doses from 50 to 500 mM. Doses were normalized to the glycerin content of vehicle. Video-microscopy of PCLS revealed impaired contractile responsiveness of airways to methacholine and dampened ciliary beating following exposure to menthol-containing condensates at concentrations greater than 300 mM. Following 500 mM menthol-containing condensate exposure, epithelial exfoliation in intrabronchial airways was identified in histological sections of PCLS. Measurement of lactate dehydrogenase release, mitochondrial water-soluble-tetrazolium salt-1 conversion, and glutathione content supported earlier findings of nicotine or nicotine + menthol e-cigarette-induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses. Evaluation of PCLS metabolic activity revealed dose-related impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis after exposure to menthol-containing condensates. Taken together, these data demonstrate prominent menthol-induced pulmonary toxicity and impairment of essential physiological functions in the lung, which warrants concerns about e-cigarette consumer safety and emphasizes the need for further investigations of molecular mechanisms of toxicity and menthol effects in an experimental model of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jacklyn S Kelty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
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Malaviya R, Gardner CR, Rancourt RC, Smith LC, Abramova EV, Vayas KN, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Lung injury and oxidative stress induced by inhaled chlorine in mice is associated with proinflammatory activation of macrophages and altered bioenergetics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 461:116388. [PMID: 36690086 PMCID: PMC9960611 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) gas is a highly toxic and oxidizing irritant that causes life-threatening lung injuries. Herein, we investigated the impact of Cl2-induced injury and oxidative stress on lung macrophage phenotype and function. Spontaneously breathing male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to air or Cl2 (300 ppm, 25 min) in a whole-body exposure chamber. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells, and lung tissue were collected 24 h later and analyzed for markers of injury, oxidative stress and macrophage activation. Exposure of mice to Cl2 resulted in increases in numbers of BAL cells and levels of IgM, total protein, and fibrinogen, indicating alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation. BAL levels of inflammatory proteins including surfactant protein (SP)-D, soluble receptor for glycation end product (sRAGE) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were also increased. Cl2 inhalation resulted in upregulation of phospho-histone H2A.X, a marker of double-strand DNA breaks in the bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar cells; oxidative stress proteins, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and catalase were also upregulated. Flow cytometric analysis of BAL cells revealed increases in proinflammatory macrophages following Cl2 exposure, whereas numbers of resident and antiinflammatory macrophages were not altered. This was associated with increases in numbers of macrophages expressing cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), markers of proinflammatory activation, with no effect on mannose receptor (MR) or Ym-1 expression, markers of antiinflammatory activation. Metabolic analysis of lung cells showed increases in glycolytic activity following Cl2 exposure in line with proinflammatory macrophage activation. Mechanistic understanding of Cl2-induced injury will be useful in the identification of efficacious countermeasures for mitigating morbidity and mortality of this highly toxic gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Carol R Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, USA.
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10
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Roldan TL, Li S, Laskin JD, Gao D, Sinko PJ. Depilatory double-disc mouse model for evaluation of vesicant dermal injury pharmacotherapy countermeasures. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:57-65. [PMID: 36872306 PMCID: PMC9986227 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare vesicant that severely injures exposed eyes, lungs, and skin. Mechlorethamine hydrochloride (NM) is widely used as an SM surrogate. This study aimed to develop a depilatory double-disc (DDD) NM skin burn model for investigating vesicant pharmacotherapy countermeasures. METHODS Hair removal method (clipping only versus clipping followed by a depilatory), the effect of acetone in the vesicant administration vehicle, NM dose (0.5-20 μmol), vehicle volume (5-20 μl), and time course (0.5-21 days) were investigated using male and female CD-1 mice. Edema, an indicator of burn response, was assessed by biopsy skin weight. The ideal NM dose to induce partial-thickness burns was assessed by edema and histopathologic evaluation. The optimized DDD model was validated using an established reagent, NDH-4338, a cyclooxygenase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prodrug. RESULTS Clipping/depilatory resulted in a 5-fold higher skin edematous response and was highly reproducible (18-fold lower %CV) compared to clipping alone. Acetone did not affect edema formation. Peak edema occurred 24-48 h after NM administration using optimized dosing methods and volume. Ideal partial-thickness burns were achieved with 5 μmol of NM and responded to treatment with NDH-4338. No differences in burn edematous responses were observed between males and females. CONCLUSION A highly reproducible and sensitive partial-thickness skin burn model was developed for assessing vesicant pharmacotherapy countermeasures. This model provides clinically relevant wound severity and eliminates the need for organic solvents that induce changes to the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas L. Roldan
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shike Li
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthRutgers University School of Public HealthPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- CounterACT Center of ExcellenceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Dayuan Gao
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- CounterACT Center of ExcellenceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Patrick J. Sinko
- Department of PharmaceuticsRutgers University Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
- CounterACT Center of ExcellenceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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11
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Radbel J, Meshanni JA, Gardner CR, Le-Hoang O, Cervelli J, Laskin JD, Gow AJ, Laskin DL. Novel method to assess resident alveolar macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by flow cytometry. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 460:116359. [PMID: 36565939 PMCID: PMC9870943 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (PMNs) plays a key role in the resolution of inflammation. In these studies, we describe a novel flow cytometric method to assess efferocytosis of apoptotic PMNs. Resident alveolar macrophages and PMNs were collected from lungs of mice exposed to inhaled ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) followed by lipopolysaccharide (3 mg/kg, i.v.) to induce acute lung injury. PMNs were labeled with PKH26 or DilC18(5)-DS (D12730) cell membrane dye and then incubated with resident alveolar macrophages at a ratio of 5:1. After 90 min, macrophage efferocytosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and confirmed by confocal microscopy. Whereas alveolar macrophages incubated with D12730-labeled PMNs could readily be identified as efferocytotic or non-efferocytotic, this was not possible with PKH26 labeled PMNs due to confounding macrophage autofluorescence. Using D12730 labeled PMNs, subsets of resident alveolar macrophages were identified with varying capacities to perform efferocytosis, which may be linked to the activation state of these cells. Future applications of this method will be useful in assessing the role of efferocytosis in the resolution of inflammation in response to toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Radbel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America.
| | - Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Carol R Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Oanh Le-Hoang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
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12
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Murray A, Banota T, Guo GL, Smith LC, Meshanni JA, Lee J, Kong B, Abramova EV, Goedken M, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Farnesoid X receptor regulates lung macrophage activation and injury following nitrogen mustard exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 454:116208. [PMID: 35998709 PMCID: PMC9960619 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause acute lung injury which progresses to fibrosis; this is associated with a sequential accumulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages in the lung which have been implicated in NM toxicity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammation. In these studies, we analyzed the role of FXR in inflammatory macrophage activation, lung injury and oxidative stress following NM exposure. Wild-type (WT) and FXR-/- mice were treated intratracheally with PBS (control) or NM (0.08 mg/kg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and lung tissue were collected 3, 14 and 28 d later. NM caused progressive histopathologic alterations in the lung including inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar wall thickening and increases in protein and cells in BAL; oxidative stress was also noted, as reflected by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1. These changes were more prominent in male FXR-/- mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that loss of FXR resulted in increases in proinflammatory macrophages at 3 d post NM; this correlated with upregulation of COX-2 and ARL11, markers of macrophage activation. Markers of anti-inflammatory macrophage activation, CD163 and STAT6, were also upregulated after NM; this response was exacerbated in FXR-/- mice at 14 d post-NM. These findings demonstrate that FXR plays a role in limiting macrophage inflammatory responses important in lung injury and oxidative stress. Maintaining or enhancing FXR function may represent a useful strategy in the development of countermeasures to treat mustard lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tanvi Banota
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jordan Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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13
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Joseph LB, Gordon MK, Zhou P, Hahn RA, Lababidi H, Croutch CR, Sinko PJ, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Sulfur mustard corneal injury is associated with alterations in the epithelial basement membrane and stromal extracellular matrix. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 128:104807. [PMID: 35798063 PMCID: PMC10044521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM; bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agent synthesized for chemical warfare. The eyes are particularly sensitive to SM where it causes irritation, pain, photophobia, and blepharitis, depending on the dose and duration of exposure. In these studies, we examined the effects of SM vapor on the corneas of New Zealand white male rabbits. Edema and hazing of the cornea, signs of acute injury, were observed within one day of exposure to SM, followed by neovascularization, a sign of chronic or late phase pathology, which persisted for at least 28 days. Significant epithelial-stromal separation ranging from ~8-17% of the epithelial surface was observed. In the stroma, there was a marked increase in CD45+ leukocytes and a decrease of keratocytes, along with areas of disorganization of collagen fibers. SM also disrupted the corneal basement membrane and altered the expression of perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and cellular fibronectin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein. This was associated with an increase in basement membrane matrix metalloproteinases including ADAM17, which is important in remodeling of the basement membrane during wound healing. Tenascin-C, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, was also upregulated in the stroma 14-28 d post SM, a finding consistent with its role in organizing structural components of the stroma necessary for corneal transparency. These data demonstrate that SM vapor causes persistent alterations in structural components of the cornea. Further characterization of SM-induced injury in rabbit cornea will be useful for the identification of targets for the development of ocular countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Rita A Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Hamdi Lababidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
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14
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Mishin V, Heck DE, Jan YH, Richardson JR, Laskin JD. Distinct effects of form selective cytochrome P450 inhibitors on cytochrome P450-mediated monooxygenase and hydrogen peroxide generating NADPH oxidase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 455:116258. [PMID: 36174671 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is their ability to generate H2O2, either directly or indirectly via superoxide anion, a reaction referred to as "NADPH oxidase" activity. H2O2 production by CYPs can lead to the accumulation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species which can compromise cellular functioning and contribute to tissue injury. Herein we determined if form selective CYP inhibitors could distinguish between the activities of the monooxygenase and NADPH oxidase activities of rat recombinant CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 and CYP1A1/2-enriched β-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver microsomes, CYP2E1-enriched isoniazide-induced rat liver microsomes and CYP3A subfamily-enriched dexamethasone-induced rat liver microsomes. In the presence of 7,8-benzoflavone (2.0 μM) for CYP1A2 and 4-methylpyrazole (32 μM) or DMSO (16 mM) for CYP2E1, monooxygenase activity was blocked without affecting NADPH oxidase activity for both the recombinant enzymes and microsomal preparations. Ketoconazole (1.0 μM), a form selective inhibitor for CYP3A subfamily enzymes, completely inhibited monooxygenase activity of rat recombinant CYP3A1/3A2 and CYP3A subfamily in rat liver microsomes; it also partially inhibited NADPH oxidase activity. 7,8-benzoflavone is a type I ligand, which competes with substrate binding, while 4-methylpyrazole and DMSO are type II heme binding ligands. Interactions of heme with these type II ligands was not sufficient to interfere with oxygen activation, which is required for NADPH oxidase activity. Ketoconazole, a type II ligand known to bind multiple sites on CYP3A subfamily enzymes in close proximity to heme, also interfered, at least in part, with oxygen activation. These data indicate that form specific inhibitors can be used to distinguish between monooxygenase reactions and H2O2 generating NADPH oxidase of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1. Mechanisms by which ketoconazole inhibits CYP3A NADPH oxidase remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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15
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Aleksunes LM, Gray JP, Andres J, Laskin JD, Laskin D. Re‐Purposing Drugs as Countermeasures for Chemical Weapon Toxicities: Interactive Pharmacology Training. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ
- Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ
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16
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Carnino JM, Lee H, Smith LC, Sunil VR, Rancourt RC, Vayas K, Cervelli J, Kwok ZH, Ni K, Laskin JD, Jin Y, Laskin DL. Microvesicle-Derived miRNAs Regulate Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation in the Lung Following Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:162-174. [PMID: 35201360 PMCID: PMC9041552 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant that causes lung damage and altered functioning. Evidence suggests that proinflammatory macrophages contribute to ozone toxicity. Herein, we analyzed the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNA (miRNA) cargo in ozone-induced macrophage activation. Exposure of mice to ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) resulted in increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid EVs, which were comprised predominantly of microvesicles (MVs). NanoFACS analysis revealed that MVs generated following both air and ozone exposure was largely from CD45+ myeloid cells; these MVs were readily taken up by macrophages. Functionally, MVs from ozone, but not air treated mice, upregulated mRNA expression of inflammatory proteins in macrophages including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and interleukin (IL)-1β. The miRNA profile of MVs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was altered after ozone exposure; thus, increases in miR-21, miR-145, miR320a, miR-155, let-7b, miR744, miR181, miR-17, miR-92a, and miR-199a-3p were observed, whereas miR-24-3p and miR-20 were reduced. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that these miRNAs regulate pathways that promote inflammatory macrophage activation, and predicted that let-7a-5p/let-7b, miR-24-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-17, and miR-181a-5p are key upstream regulators of inflammatory proteins. After ozone exposure, miR-199a-3p, but not precursor miR-199a-3p, was increased in lung macrophages, indicating that it is derived from MV-mediated delivery. Furthermore, lung macrophage mRNA expression of IL-1β was upregulated after administration of MVs containing miR-199a-3p mimic but downregulated by miR-199a-3p inhibitor. Collectively, these data suggest that MVs generated following ozone exposure contribute to proinflammatory macrophage activation via MV-derived miRNAs including miR-199a-3p. These findings identify a novel pathway regulating macrophage inflammatory responses to inhaled ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Carnino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kinal Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jessica Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Zhi Hao Kwok
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Kareemah Ni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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17
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Jan YH, Heck DE, An Y, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Nitrogen Mustard Alkylates and Cross-Links p53 in Human Keratinocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:636-650. [PMID: 35312310 PMCID: PMC9491701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic blistering agents such as sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustard (HN2) were synthesized for chemical warfare. Toxicity is due to reactive chloroethyl side chains that modify and damage cellular macromolecules including DNA and proteins. In response to DNA damage, cells initiate a DNA damage response directed at the recruitment and activation of repair-related proteins. A central mediator of the DNA damage response is p53, a protein that plays a critical role in regulating DNA repair. We found that HN2 causes cytosolic and nuclear accumulation of p53 in HaCaT keratinocytes; HN2 also induced post-translational modifications on p53 including S15 phosphorylation and K382 acetylation, which enhance p53 stability, promote DNA repair, and mediate cellular metabolic responses to stress. HN2 also cross-linked p53, forming dimers and high-molecular-weight protein complexes in the cells. Cross-linked multimers were also modified by K48-linked ubiquitination indicating that they are targets for proteasome degradation. HN2-induced modifications transiently suppressed the transcriptional activity of p53. Using recombinant human p53, HN2 alkylation was found to be concentration- and redox status-dependent. Dithiothreitol-reduced protein was more efficiently cross-linked indicating that p53 cysteine residues play a key role in protein modification. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that HN2 directly alkylated p53 at C124, C135, C141, C176, C182, C275, C277, H115, H178, K132, and K139, forming both monoadducts and cross-links. The formation of intermolecular complexes was a consequence of HN2 cross-linked cysteine residues between two molecules of p53. Together, these data demonstrate that p53 is a molecular target for mustard vesicants. Modification of p53 likely mediates cellular responses to HN2 including DNA repair and cell survival contributing to vesicant-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Yunqi An
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Francis M, Guo G, Kong B, Abramova EV, Cervelli JA, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of Lung Macrophage Activation and Oxidative Stress Following Ozone Exposure by Farnesoid X Receptor. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:441-453. [PMID: 32984886 PMCID: PMC7548292 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages are known to contribute to ozone toxicity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulating bile acid and lipid homeostasis; it also exerts anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing macrophage NF-κB. Herein, we analyzed the role of FXR in regulating macrophage activation in the lung following ozone exposure. Treatment of wild-type (WT) mice with ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) resulted in increases in proinflammatory (F4/80+CD11c+CD11b+Ly6CHi) and anti-inflammatory (F4/80+CD11c+CD11b+Ly6CLo) macrophages in the lung. The accumulation of proinflammatory macrophages was increased in FXR-/- mice compared with WT mice; however, anti-inflammatory macrophage activation was blunted as reflected by reduced arginase and mannose receptor expression, a response correlated with decreased Nur77. This was associated with prolonged oxidative stress, as measured by 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in the lung. Loss of FXR was accompanied by protracted increases in lung NF-κB activity and its target, inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to ozone. Levels of Tnf-α, Il-1β, Ccr2, Ccl2, Cx3cr1, and Cx3cl1 were also increased in lungs of FXR-/- relative to WT mice; conversely, genes regulating lipid homeostasis including Lxrα, Apoe, Vldlr, Abcg1, and Abca1 were downregulated, irrespective of ozone exposure. In FXR-/- mice, ozone caused an increase in total lung phospholipids, with no effect on SP-B or SP-D. Dyslipidemia was correlated with blunting of ozone-induced increases in positive end-expiratory pressure-dependent quasi-static pressure volume curves indicating a stiffer lung in FXR-/- mice. These findings identify FXR as a regulator of macrophage activation following ozone exposure suggesting that FXR ligands may be useful in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress induced by pulmonary irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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Joseph LB, Gordon MK, Kang J, Croutch CR, Zhou P, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Characterization of the rabbit conjunctiva: Effects of sulfur mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 121:104656. [PMID: 34081961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM; bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a potent vesicant which causes irritation of the conjunctiva and damage to the cornea. In the present studies, we characterized the ocular effects of SM in New Zealand white rabbits. Within one day of exposure to SM, edema and hazing of the cornea were observed, followed by neovascularization which persisted for at least 28 days. This was associated with upper and lower eyelid edema and conjunctival inflammation. The conjunctiva is composed of a proliferating epithelium largely consisting of stratified columnar epithelial cells overlying a well-defined dermis. Superficial layers of the conjunctival epithelium were found to express keratin 1, a marker of differentiating squamous epithelium, while in cells overlying the basement membrane expressed keratin 17, a marker of stratified squamous epithelium. SM exposure upregulated keratin 17 expression. Mucin 5 ac producing goblet cells were interspersed within the conjunctiva. These cells generated both acidic and neutral mucins. Increased numbers of goblet cells producing neutral mucins were evident after SM exposure; upregulation of expression of membrane-associated mucin 1 and mucin 4 in the superficial layers of the conjunctival epithelium were also noted. These data demonstrate that ocular exposure of rabbits to SM causes significant damage not only to the cornea, but to the eyelid and conjunctiva, suggesting multiple targets within the eye that should be assessed when evaluating the efficacy of potential countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jieun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | | | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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20
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Venosa A, Smith LC, Gow AJ, Zarbl H, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Macrophage activation in the lung during the progression of nitrogen mustard induced injury is associated with histone modifications and altered miRNA expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115569. [PMID: 33971176 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activated macrophages have been implicated in lung injury and fibrosis induced by the cytotoxic alkylating agent, nitrogen mustard (NM). Herein, we determined if macrophage activation is associated with histone modifications and altered miRNA expression. Treatment of rats with NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) resulted in increases in phosphorylation of H2A.X in lung macrophages at 1 d and 3 d post-exposure. This DNA damage response was accompanied by methylation of histone (H) 3 lysine (K) 4 and acetylation of H3K9, marks of transcriptional activation, and methylation of H3K36 and H3K9, marks associated with transcriptional repression. Increases in histone acetyl transferase and histone deacetylase were also observed in macrophages 1 d and 28 d post-NM exposure. PCR array analysis of miRNAs (miR)s involved in inflammation and fibrosis revealed unique and overlapping expression profiles in macrophages isolated 1, 3, 7, and 28 d post-NM. An IPA Core Analysis of predicted mRNA targets of differentially expressed miRNAs identified significant enrichment of Diseases and Functions related to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, cell movement, cell adhesion, lipid metabolism, and inflammation 1 d and 28 d post NM. miRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis revealed highly connected miRNAs representing key upstream regulators of mRNAs involved in significantly enriched pathways including miR-34c-5p and miR-27a-3p at 1 d post NM and miR-125b-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-30c-5p, miR-19b-3p and miR-148b-3p at 28 d post NM. Collectively, these data show that NM promotes histone remodeling and alterations in miRNA expression linked to lung macrophage responses during inflammatory injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - L Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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21
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Sandhu SK, Kumar S, Raut J, Singh M, Kaur S, Sharma G, Roldan TL, Trehan S, Holloway J, Wahler G, Laskin JD, Sinko PJ, Berthiaume F, Michniak-Kohn B, Rishi P, Ganesh N, Kaur IP. Systematic Development and Characterization of Novel, High Drug-Loaded, Photostable, Curcumin Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Hydrogel for Wound Healing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:725. [PMID: 34063003 PMCID: PMC8148018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to develop high drug-loaded (about 15% lipid matrix) curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs) for wound healing. CSLNs prepared by hot, high-pressure homogenization, without using organic solvents, were optimized using the Taguchi design followed by the central composite design. The optimized CSLNs exhibited a high assay/drug content (0.6% w/w), solubility (6 × 105 times), and EE (75%) with a particle size < 200 nm (PDI-0.143). The CSLNs were safe (in vitro and in vivo), photostable, autoclavable, stable up to one year at 30 °C and under refrigeration and exhibited a controlled release (zero-order; 5 days). XRD, FTIR, and DSC confirmed solubilization and entrapment of the curcumin within the SLNs. TEM and FESEM revealed a smooth and spherical shape. The CSLNs showed a significant antimicrobial effect (MIC of 64 µg/mL for planktonic cells; 512 µg/mL for biofilm formation; and 2 mg/mL for mature biofilm) against Staphylococcus aureus 9144, while free curcumin dispersion did not exhibit any effect. This is the first report on the disruption of mature biofilms by curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs). The cell proliferation potential of CSLNs was also evaluated in vitro while the wound healing potential of CSLNs (incorporated in a hydrogel) was assessed in vivo. In (i) nitrogen mustard gas and (ii) a full-thickness excision wound model, CSLNs exhibited (a) significantly faster wound closure, (b) histologically and immunohistochemically better healing, (c) lower oxidative stress (LPO) and (d) inflammation (TNFα), and (e) increased angiogenesis (VEGF) and antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase and GSH levels. CSLNs thus offer a promising modern wound therapy especially for infected wounds, considering their effects in mature biofilm disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simarjot Kaur Sandhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (S.K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (S.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Jayant Raut
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (S.K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (S.K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (S.K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Garima Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (S.K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Tomas L. Roldan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (J.H.); (P.J.S.); (B.M.-K.)
- Counter ACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (G.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Sonia Trehan
- Center for Dermal Research (CDR), Life Sciences Building, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Jennifer Holloway
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (J.H.); (P.J.S.); (B.M.-K.)
- Counter ACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (G.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Gabriella Wahler
- Counter ACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (G.W.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Counter ACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (G.W.); (J.D.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Patrick J. Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (J.H.); (P.J.S.); (B.M.-K.)
- Counter ACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (G.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (S.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.L.R.); (J.H.); (P.J.S.); (B.M.-K.)
- Center for Dermal Research (CDR), Life Sciences Building, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Narayanan Ganesh
- Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal 462001, India;
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (S.K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (G.S.)
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22
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Smith LC, Venosa A, Gow AJ, Zarbl H, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Macrophage Activation in the Lung during the Progression of Nitrogen Mustard Induced Injury is Associated with Altered miRNA Expression. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.97.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activated macrophages have been implicated in lung injury and fibrosis induced by the cytotoxic alkylating agent, nitrogen mustard (NM). Accumulating evidence suggests that phenotypic activation of macrophages during initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammatory responses is regulated by groups of miRNAs that act in concert to coordinate cellular activity. Herein, we determined if macrophage activation after NM injury was associated with altered miRNA expression. Male rats were exposed to NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) and PCR array analysis of miRNAs involved in inflammation and fibrosis was performed in alveolar macrophages recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage. Results revealed unique and overlapping miRNA expression profiles in macrophages isolated 1, 3, 7, and 28 d post-NM. Seven miRNAs were upregulated in macrophages throughout the time-course, while three miRNAs were uniquely expressed 1 d post-NM, six at 3 d, six at 7 d, and nineteen at 28 d. Linkage with macrophage RNA-seq data showed differentially expressed miRNAs regulated mRNAs involved in STAT3, IL-6 and iNOS inflammatory signaling pathways at 1 d, and IL-4, PPAR and Sirtuin signaling at 28 d post-NM. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted miR-21-5p, miR-29, miR-26a, miR-34a and let-7a as key regulators of macrophage mobilization, activation, and lipid homeostasis after NM. Collectively, these data show that NM promotes alterations in miRNA expression linked to lung macrophage responses during inflammatory injury and fibrosis. These findings provide clues on pathways regulating macrophage activation and may help identify novel therapeutic targets. This work was supported by NIH grants AR055073, ES004738, HL086621, ES005022, ES030984, and ES007148.
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23
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Banota T, Murray A, Sowinski A, Kong B, Guo GL, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Farnesoid X receptor regulates macrophage activation and recruitment to the lung following exposure of mice to nitrogen mustard. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a toxic vesicant known to cause acute lung injury which progresses to fibrosis. This is accompanied by the accumulation of pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages in the lung. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile-acid activated nuclear receptor involved in lipid homeostasis; it has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activity. In these studies, we analyzed the role of FXR in regulating macrophage accumulation and activation in the lung following NM exposure. Male and female wild type (WT) and FXR−/− mice were treated with PBS (control) or NM (0.08 mg/kg) via intratracheal instillation. Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected 3, 14, and 28 days later. NM caused histopathologic alterations in the lung including inflammatory cell infiltration, septal damage, and epithelial thickening, which were more prominent in FXR−/− mice relative to WT mice at all post exposure time points. This correlated with aggravated increases in BAL protein and cell content. Flow cytometric analysis revealed pro-inflammatory macrophages were most abundant in BAL 3 days post NM, a response more pronounced in FXR−/− mice. In male but not female mice, increases in proinflammatory macrophages persisted in the lung for at least 28 d post NM. In contrast, while anti-inflammatory macrophages also increased in the lung following NM administration, no differences were observed between WT and FXR−/− mice. These findings demonstrate that FXR modulates proinflammatory macrophage responses to NM in a sex-dependent manner and suggest a potential new target for the development of therapeutics to blunt mustard vesicant induced lung inflammation and injury.
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24
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Murray A, Gow AJ, Venosa A, Andres J, Malaviya R, Adler D, Yurkow E, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Assessment of mustard vesicant lung injury and anti-TNF-α efficacy in rodents using live-animal imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:246-256. [PMID: 33165947 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) causes acute lung injury, which progresses to fibrosis. This is associated with a macrophage-dominant inflammatory response and the production of proinflammatory/profibrotic mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Herein, we refined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging methodologies to track the progression of NM-induced lung injury in rodents and assess the efficacy of anti-TNF-α antibody in mitigating toxicity. Anti-TNF-α antibody was administered to rats (15 mg/kg, every 8 days, intravenously) beginning 30 min after treatment with phosphate-buffered saline control or NM (0.125 mg/kg, intratracheally). Animals were imaged by MRI and CT prior to exposure and 1-28 days postexposure. Using MRI, we characterized acute lung injury and fibrosis by quantifying high-signal lung volume, which represents edema, inflammation, and tissue consolidation; these pathologies were found to persist for 28 days following NM exposure. CT scans were used to assess structural components of the lung and to register changes in tissue radiodensities. CT scans showed that in control animals, total lung volume increased with time. Treatment of rats with NM caused loss of lung volume; anti-TNF-α antibody mitigated this decrease. These studies demonstrate that MRI and CT can be used to monitor lung disease and the impact of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jaclynn Andres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Derek Adler
- Molecular Imaging Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Edward Yurkow
- Molecular Imaging Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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25
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Herbert J, Laskin DL, Gow AJ, Laskin JD. Chemical warfare agent research in precision-cut tissue slices-a useful alternative approach. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:44-53. [PMID: 32808309 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in military conflicts and against civilians is a recurrent problem. Despite ongoing CWA research using in vitro or in vivo models, progress to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity and to develop effective therapies, decontamination procedures, and general countermeasures is still limited. Novel scientific approaches to address these questions are needed to expand perspectives on existing knowledge and gain new insights. To achieve this, the use of ex vivo techniques like precision-cut tissue slices (PCTSs) can be a valuable approach. Existing studies employing this economical and relatively easy to implement method show model suitability and comparability with the use of in vitro and in vivo models. In this article, we review research on CWAs in PCTSs to illustrate the advantages of the approach and to promote future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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26
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Radbel J, Laskin DL, Laskin JD, Kipen HM. Disease-modifying treatment of chemical threat agent-induced acute lung injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:14-29. [PMID: 32726497 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highly morbid lung pathology induced by exposure to chemical warfare agents, including vesicants, phosgene, chlorine, and ricin. In this review, we describe the pathology associated with the development of ARDS in humans and experimental models of acute lung injury following animal exposure to these high-priority threat agents. Potential future approaches to disease-modifying treatment used in preclinical animal studies, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, biologics, and mesenchymal stem cells, are also described. As respiratory pathologies, including ARDS, are the major cause of morbidity and mortality following exposure to chemical threat agents, understanding mechanisms of disease pathogenesis is key to the development of efficacious therapeutics beyond the primary intervention principle, which remains mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Radbel
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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27
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Malaviya R, Abramova EV, Rancourt RC, Sunil VR, Napierala M, Weinstock D, Croutch CR, Roseman J, Tuttle R, Peters E, Casillas RP, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Progressive Lung Injury, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Rats Following Inhalation of Sulfur Mustard. Toxicol Sci 2020; 178:358-374. [PMID: 33002157 PMCID: PMC7751178 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes debilitating pulmonary injury in humans which progresses to fibrosis. Herein, we developed a rat model of SM toxicity which parallels pathological changes in the respiratory tract observed in humans. SM vapor inhalation caused dose (0.2-0.6 mg/kg)-related damage to the respiratory tract within 3 days of exposure. At 0.4-0.6 mg/kg, ulceration of the proximal bronchioles, edema and inflammation were observed, along with a proteinaceous exudate containing inflammatory cells in alveolar regions. Time course studies revealed that the pathologic response was biphasic. Thus, changes observed at 3 days post-SM were reduced at 7-16 days; this was followed by more robust aberrations at 28 days, including epithelial necrosis and hyperplasia in the distal bronchioles, thickened alveolar walls, enlarged vacuolated macrophages, and interstitial fibrosis. Histopathologic changes were correlated with biphasic increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell and protein content and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Proinflammatory proteins receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE), high-mobility group box protein (HMGB)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 also increased in a biphasic manner following SM inhalation, along with surfactant protein-D (SP-D). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inflammatory proteins implicated in mustard lung toxicity, and the proinflammatory/profibrotic protein, galectin (Gal)-3, were upregulated in alveolar macrophages and in bronchiolar regions at 3 and 28 days post-SM. Inflammatory changes in the lung were associated with oxidative stress, as reflected by increased expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. These data demonstrate a similar pathologic response to inhaled SM in rats and humans suggesting that this rodent model can be used for mechanistic studies and for the identification of efficacious therapeutics for mitigating toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Marta Napierala
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel Weinstock
- Janssen Boitherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Claire R Croutch
- Medical Research Portfolio, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Julie Roseman
- Medical Research Portfolio, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Rick Tuttle
- Medical Research Portfolio, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Eric Peters
- Medical Research Portfolio, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | | | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854. E-mail:
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Mishin V, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. The amplex red/horseradish peroxidase assay requires superoxide dismutase to measure hydrogen peroxide in the presence of NAD(P)H. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:620-628. [PMID: 32912004 PMCID: PMC7874521 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1821883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive fluorescence assay based on Amplex Red (AR) oxidation by horseradish peroxidase (AR/HRP) is described which continuously monitor rates of H2O2 production by microsomal enzymes in the presence of relatively high concentrations of NADPH. NADPH and NADH are known to interact with HRP and generate significant quantities of superoxide anion, a radical that spontaneously dismutates to form H2O2 which interferes with the AR/HRP assay. Microsomal enzymes generate H2O2 as a consequence of electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome P450 hemoproteins with subsequent oxygen activation. We found that superoxide anion formation via the interaction of NADPH with HRP was inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD) without affecting H2O2 generation by microsomal enzymes. Using SOD in enzyme assays, we consistently detected rates of H2O2 production using microgram quantities of microsomal proteins (2.62 ± 0.20 picomol/min/µg protein for liver microsomes from naïve female rats, 12.27 ± 1.29 for liver microsomes from dexamethasone induced male rats, and 2.17 ± 0.25 picomol/min/µg protein for human liver microsomes). This method can also be applied to quantify rates of H2O2 production by oxidases where superoxide anion generation by NADH or NADPH and HRP can interfere with enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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29
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Smith LC, Venosa A, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Transcriptional profiling of lung macrophages during pulmonary injury induced by nitrogen mustard. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:146-154. [PMID: 32767459 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) and sulfur mustard are cytotoxic alkylating agents that cause severe and progressive damage to the respiratory tract. Evidence indicates that macrophages play a key role in the acute inflammatory phase and the later resolution/profibrotic phase of the pathogenic response. These diverse roles are mediated by inflammatory macrophages broadly classified as M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory that sequentially accumulate in the lung in response to injury. The goal of the present study was to identify signaling mechanisms contributing to macrophage activation in response to mustards. To accomplish this, we used RNA sequencing to analyze the gene expression profiles of lung macrophages isolated 1 and 28 days after intratracheal exposure of rats to NM (0.125 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline control. We identified 641 and 792 differentially expressed genes 1 and 28 days post-NM exposure, respectively. These genes are primarily involved in processes related to cell movement and are regulated by cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-1β. Some of the most significantly enriched canonical pathways included STAT3 and NF-κB signaling. These cytokines and pathways may represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention to mitigate mustard-induced lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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30
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Guillon C, Vetrano AM, Saxena J, Hunter A, Verderone G, Finetti TM, Wisnoski J, DeMatteo PW, Rapp RD, Heindel ND, Joseph LB, Heck DE, Laskin JD. Derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole imines acting as dual iNOS and tumor cell growth inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104128. [PMID: 32745761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A set of 4-(R2-imino)-3-mercapto-5-(R1)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles derivatives were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in PAM212 mouse keratinocytes, which led to the discovery and the subsequent evaluation of their growth inhibitory cytotoxic potency toward that same mouse cell line together with a number of human cells lines (PC3, HT-29 and HeLa). Some limited SAR could be established for both NO production inhibition potency and growth inhibition cytotoxicity. Noticeably, the compounds designed to be nitrofurantoin mimics were the most potent anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jaya Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Angela Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Thomas M Finetti
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wisnoski
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Peter W DeMatteo
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Robert D Rapp
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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31
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Chang YC, Hahn RA, Gordon MK, Laskin JD, Gerecke DR. A type IV collagenase inhibitor, N-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-(4-phenylbenzenesulfonamido) propanamide (BiPS), suppresses skin injury induced by sulfur mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115078. [PMID: 32479919 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic blistering agent thought to mediate its action, in part, by activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the skin and disrupting components of the basement membrane zone (BMZ). Type IV collagenases (MMP-9) degrade type IV collagen in the skin, a major component of the BMZ at the dermal-epidermal junction. In the present studies, a type IV collagenase inhibitor, N-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-(4-phenylbenzenesulfonamido) propanamide (BiPS), was tested for its ability to protect the skin against injury induced by SM in the mouse ear vesicant model. SM induced inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia and microblistering at the dermal/epidermal junction of mouse ears 24-168 h post-exposure. This was associated with upregulation of MMP-9 mRNA and protein in the skin. Dual immunofluorescence labeling showed increases in MMP-9 in the epidermis and in the adjacent dermal matrix of the SM injured skin, as well as breakdown of type IV collagen in the basement membrane. Pretreatment of the skin with BiPS reduced signs of SM-induced cutaneous toxicity; expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein was also downregulated in the skin by BiPS. Following BiPS pretreatment, type IV collagen appeared intact and was similar to control skin. These results demonstrate that inhibiting type IV collagenases in the skin improves basement membrane integrity after exposure to SM. BiPS may hold promise as a potential protective agent to mitigate SM induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke-Chen Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America.
| | - Rita A Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
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32
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Laskin JD, Wahler G, Croutch CR, Sinko PJ, Laskin DL, Heck DE, Joseph LB. Skin remodeling and wound healing in the Gottingen minipig following exposure to sulfur mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 115:104470. [PMID: 32445752 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a dermal vesicant that has been used in chemical warfare, causes inflammation, edema and epidermal erosions depending on the dose and time following exposure. Herein, a minipig model was used to characterize wound healing following dermal exposure to SM. Saturated SM vapor caps were placed on the dorsal flanks of 3-month-old male Gottingen minipigs for 30 min. After 48 h the control and SM wounded sites were debrided daily for 7 days with wet to wet saline gauze soaks. Animals were then euthanized, and full thickness skin biopsies prepared for histology and immunohistochemistry. Control skin contained a well differentiated epidermis with a prominent stratum corneum. A well-developed eschar covered the skin of SM treated animals, however, the epidermis beneath the eschar displayed significant wound healing with a hyperplastic epidermis. Stratum corneum shedding and a multilayered basal epithelium consisting of cuboidal and columnar cells were also evident in the neoepidermis. Nuclear expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was contiguous in cells along the basal epidermal layer of control and SM exposed skin; SM caused a significant increase in PCNA expression in basal and suprabasal cells. SM exposure was also associated with marked changes in expression of markers of wound healing including increases in keratin 10, keratin 17 and loricrin and decreases in E-cadherin. Trichrome staining of control skin showed a well-developed collagen network with no delineation between the papillary and reticular dermis. Conversely, a major delineation was observed in SM-exposed skin including a web-like papillary dermis composed of filamentous extracellular matrix, and compact collagen fibrils in the lower reticular dermis. Although the dermis below the wound site was disrupted, there was substantive epidermal regeneration following SM-induced injury. Further studies analyzing the wound healing process in minipig skin will be important to provide a model to evaluate potential vesicant countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Wahler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
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33
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Chang YC, Wang JD, Chang HY, Zhou P, Hahn RA, Gordon MK, Laskin JD, Gerecke DR. Expression of Laminin γ2 Proteolytic Fragments in Murine Skin Following Exposure to Sulfur Mustard. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:1642-1652. [PMID: 32421930 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laminin-332 is a basement membrane protein composed of three genetically distinct polypeptide chains that actively promote both skin epidermal cell adhesion and migration. Proteolytic fragments of the laminin γ2 chain stimulate migration and scattering of keratinocytes and cancer cells. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that induces separation of basal keratinocytes from the dermal-epidermal junction and invokes a strong inflammatory response leading to delayed wound repair. In the present studies, the role of laminin γ2 in SM-induced skin injury and wound repair was investigated using the mouse ear vesicant model. We found that laminin γ2 chain mRNA was preferentially upregulated in mouse ear skin exposed to SM. In situ hybridization confirmed overexpression of laminin γ2 transcript. Western blot analysis showed increased protein expression of the full-length proform of laminin γ2 and smaller processed fragments of laminin γ2 in skin exposed to SM. Dual immunofluorescence labeling indicated that laminin γ2 fragments are prevalent in suprabasal keratinocytes behind the leading edge in areas of hyperplasia in injured skin. In addition, co-expression of laminin γ2 and the senescent marker, p16-INK4a was found to overlap with the hyperplastic migratory epithelial sheet. This observation is similar to hypermotile keratinocytes reported in invasive carcinoma cells. Overall, our studies indicate that laminin γ2 is preferentially expressed in skin post SM exposure and that protein expression appears to become progressively more fragmented. The laminin γ2 fragments may play a role in regulating SM-induced skin wound repair. Anat Rec, 2020. © 2020 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke-Chen Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - James D Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hui-Ying Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rita A Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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34
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Lee J, Sunil VR, Vayas K, Abramova E, Cervelli J, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Abrogation of Ozone‐induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Aberrant Pulmonary Mechanics by Valproic Acid. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Szilagyi JT, Gorczyca L, Brinker A, Buckley B, Laskin JD, Aleksunes LM. Placental BCRP/ABCG2 Transporter Prevents Fetal Exposure to the Estrogenic Mycotoxin Zearalenone. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:394-404. [PMID: 30576553 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the placenta, the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 efflux transporter limits the maternal-to-fetal transfer of drugs and chemicals. Previous research has pointed to the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone as a potential substrate for BCRP. Here, we sought to assess the role of the BCRP transporter in the transplacental disposition of zearalenone during pregnancy. In vitro transwell transport assays employing BCRP/Bcrp-transfected Madine-Darby canine kidney cells and BeWo trophoblasts with reduced BCRP expression were used to characterize the impact of BCRP on the bidirectional transport of zearalenone. In both models, the presence of BCRP protein increased the basolateral-to-apical transport and reduced the apical-to-basolateral transport of zearalenone over a 2-h period. In vivo pharmacokinetic analyses were then performed using pregnant wild-type and Bcrp-/- mice after a single tail vein injection of zearalenone. Zearalenone and its metabolite α-zearalenol were detectable in serum, placentas, and fetuses from all animals, and β-zearalenol was detected in serum and fetuses, but not placentas. There were no significant differences in the maternal serum concentrations of any analytes between the two genotypes. In Bcrp-/- mice, the free fetal concentrations of zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol were increased by 115%, 84%, and 150%, respectively, when compared with wild-type mice. Concentrations of free zearalenone and α-zearalenol were elevated 145% and 78% in Bcrp-/- placentas, respectively, when compared with wild-type placentas. Taken together, these data indicate that the placental BCRP transporter functions to reduce the fetal accumulation of zearalenone, which may impact susceptibility to developmental toxicities associated with in utero zearalenone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Szilagyi
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University School of Graduate Studies, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Ludwik Gorczyca
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University School of Graduate Studies, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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36
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Wahler G, Heck DE, Heindel ND, Laskin DL, Laskin JD, Joseph LB. Antioxidant/stress response in mouse epidermis following exposure to nitrogen mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 114:104410. [PMID: 32113906 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agent that induces inflammation, edema and blistering in skin. An important mechanism mediating the action of NM and related mustards is oxidative stress. In these studies a modified murine patch-test model was used to analyze DNA damage and the antioxidant/stress response following NM exposure in isolated epidermis. NM (20 μmol) was applied to glass microfiber filters affixed to a shaved dorsal region of skin of CD-1 mice. NM caused structural damage to the stratum corneum as reflected by increases in transepidermal water loss and skin hydration. This was coordinate with edema, mast cell degranulation and epidermal hyperplasia. Within 3 h of NM exposure, a 4-fold increase in phosphorylated histone H2AX, a marker of DNA double-stranded breaks, and a 25-fold increase in phosphorylated p53, a DNA damage marker, were observed in the epidermis. This was associated with a 40% increase in 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine modified DNA in the epidermis and a 4-fold increase in 4-hydroxynonenal modified epidermal proteins. At 12 h post NM, there was a 3-75 fold increase in epidermal expression of antioxidant/stress proteins including heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, heat shock protein 27 and cyclooxygenase 2. These data indicate that NM induces early oxidative epidermal injury in mouse skin leading to an antioxidant/stress response. Agents that enhance this response may be useful in mitigating mustard-induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Wahler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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37
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Andres J, Smith LC, Murray A, Jin Y, Businaro R, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of extracellular vesicles in cell-cell communication and inflammation following exposure to pulmonary toxicants. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 51:12-18. [PMID: 31901309 PMCID: PMC7052797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key regulators of cell-cell communication during inflammatory responses to lung injury induced by diverse pulmonary toxicants including cigarette smoke, air pollutants, hyperoxia, acids, and endotoxin. Many lung cell types, including epithelial cells and endothelial cells, as well as infiltrating macrophages generate EVs. EVs appear to function by transporting cargo to recipient cells that, in most instances, promote their inflammatory activity. Biologically active cargo transported by EVs include miRNAs, cytokines/chemokines, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), tissue factor (TF)s, and caspases. Findings that EVs are taken up by target cells such as macrophages, and that this leads to increased proinflammatory functioning provide support for their role in the development of pathologies associated with toxicant exposure. Understanding the nature of EVs responding to toxic exposures and their cargo may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to mitigating lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn Andres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Alexa Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
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38
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Venosa A, Smith LC, Murray A, Banota T, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of Macrophage Foam Cell Formation During Nitrogen Mustard (NM)-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Lung Lipids. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:344-358. [PMID: 31428777 PMCID: PMC6876262 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a vesicant known to target the lung, causing acute injury which progresses to fibrosis. Evidence suggests that activated macrophages contribute to the pathologic response to NM. In these studies, we analyzed the role of lung lipids generated following NM exposure on macrophage activation and phenotype. Treatment of rats with NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) resulted in a time-related increase in enlarged vacuolated macrophages in the lung. At 28 days postexposure, macrophages stained positively for Oil Red O, a marker of neutral lipids. This was correlated with an accumulation of oxidized phospholipids in lung macrophages and epithelial cells and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) phospholipids and cholesterol. RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that lipid handling pathways under the control of the transcription factors liver-X receptor (LXR), farnesoid-X receptor (FXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-ɣ, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) were significantly altered following NM exposure. Whereas at 1-3 days post NM, FXR and the downstream oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor, Cd36, were increased, Lxr and the lipid efflux transporters, Abca1 and Abcg1, were reduced. Treatment of naïve lung macrophages with phospholipid and cholesterol enriched large aggregate fractions of BAL prepared 3 days after NM exposure resulted in upregulation of Nos2 and Ptgs2, markers of proinflammatory activation, whereas large aggregate fractions prepared 28 days post NM upregulated expression of the anti-inflammatory markers, Il10, Cd163, and Cx3cr1, and induced the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. These data suggest that NM-induced alterations in lipid handling and metabolism drive macrophage foam cell formation, potentially contributing to the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Alexa Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Tanvi Banota
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
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Sunil VR, Vayas KN, Abramova EV, Rancourt R, Cervelli JA, Malaviya R, Goedken M, Venosa A, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Lung injury, oxidative stress and fibrosis in mice following exposure to nitrogen mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 387:114798. [PMID: 31678244 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause acute lung injury which progresses to fibrosis. Herein, we developed a murine model of NM-induced pulmonary toxicity with the goal of assessing inflammatory mechanisms of injury. C57BL/6J mice were euthanized 1-28 d following intratracheal exposure to NM (0.08 mg/kg) or PBS control. NM caused progressive alveolar epithelial thickening, perivascular inflammation, bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial fibroplasia and fibrosis, peaking 14 d post exposure. Enlarged foamy macrophages were also observed in the lung 14 d post NM, along with increased numbers of microparticles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Following NM exposure, rapid and prolonged increases in BAL cells, protein, total phospholipids and surfactant protein (SP)-D were also detected. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD11b+Ly6G-F4/80+Ly6Chi proinflammatory macrophages accumulated in the lung after NM, peaking at 3 d. This was associated with macrophage expression of HMGB1 and TNFα in histologic sections. CD11b+Ly6G-F4/80+Ly6Clo anti-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic macrophages also increased in the lung after NM peaking at 14 d, a time coordinate with increases in TGFβ expression and fibrosis. NM exposure also resulted in alterations in pulmonary mechanics including increases in tissue elastance and decreases in compliance and static compliance, most prominently at 14 d. These findings demonstrate that NM induces structural and inflammatory changes in the lung that correlate with aberrations in pulmonary function. This mouse model will be useful for mechanistic studies of mustard lung injury and for assessing potential countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Raymond Rancourt
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Michael Goedken
- Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854;, United States of America.
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
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40
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Guillon C, Jan YH, Heck DE, Mariano TM, Rapp RD, Jetter M, Kardos K, Whittemore M, Akyea E, Jabin I, Laskin JD, Heindel ND. Phototoxicity of 7-oxycoumarins with keratinocytes in culture. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103014. [PMID: 31170642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-one 7-oxycoumarins, 66 synthesized and 5 commercially sourced, were tested for their ability to inhibit growth in murine PAM212 keratinocytes. Forty-nine compounds from the library demonstrated light-induced lethality. None was toxic in the absence of UVA light. Structure-activity correlations indicate that the ability of the compounds to inhibit cell growth was dependent not only on their physiochemical characteristics, but also on their ability to absorb UVA light. Relative lipophilicity was an important factor as was electron density in the pyrone ring. Coumarins with electron withdrawing moieties - cyano and fluoro at C3 - were considerably less active while those with bromines or iodine at that location displayed enhanced activity. Coumarins that were found to inhibit keratinocyte growth were also tested for photo-induced DNA plasmid nicking. A concentration-dependent alteration in migration on neutral gels caused by nicking was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Thomas M Mariano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Robert D Rapp
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Michele Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Keith Kardos
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Eric Akyea
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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41
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Son Y, Mishin V, Laskin JD, Mainelis G, Wackowski OA, Delnevo C, Schwander S, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Hydroxyl Radicals in E-Cigarette Vapor and E-Vapor Oxidative Potentials under Different Vaping Patterns. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1087-1095. [PMID: 30977360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Available studies, while limited in number, suggest that e-cigarette vaping induces oxidative stress, with one potential mechanism being the direct formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in e-vapor. In the present studies, we measured the formation of hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most destructive ROS, in e-vapor under a range of vaping patterns (i.e., power settings, solvent concentrations, flavorings). Study results show that increased power output and puff volume correspond with the formation of significantly higher amounts of •OH in e-vapor because of elevated coil temperature and oxygen supply. Vegetable glycerin (VG) e-liquids generated higher •OH levels than propylene glycol (PG) e-liquids, as did flavored e-liquids relative to nonflavored e-liquids. E-vapor in combination with ascorbic acid, which is an abundant biological molecule in human epithelial lining fluid, can also induce •OH formation. The dose of radical per puff associated with e-cigarette vaping was 10-1000 times lower than the reported dose generated by cigarette smoking. However, the daily average •OH dose can be comparable to that from cigarette smoking depending on vaping patterns. Overall, e-cigarette users who use VG-based flavored e-cigarettes at higher power output settings may be at increased risk for •OH exposures and related health consequences such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada 89512 , United States
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States.,Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States.,Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States.,Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada 89512 , United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada 89512 , United States
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States
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42
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Jan YH, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Sulfur Mustard Analog Mechlorethamine (Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine) Modulates Cell Cycle Progression via the DNA Damage Response in Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1123-1133. [PMID: 30964658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine (bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine; HN2), and sulfur mustard are potent vesicants that modify and disrupt cellular macromolecules including DNA leading to cytotoxicity and tissue injury. In many cell types, HN2 upregulates DNA damage signaling pathways including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and Rad3-related (ATR) as well as DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). In the present studies, we investigated crosstalk between the HN2-induced DNA damage response and cell cycle progression using human A549 lung epithelial cells. HN2 (1-20 μM; 24 h) caused a concentration-dependent arrest of cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. This was associated with inhibition of DNA synthesis, as measured by incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) into S phase cells. Cell cycle arrest was correlated with activation of DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoint signaling. Thus, HN2 treatment resulted in time- and concentration-dependent increases in expression of phosphorylated ATM (Ser1981), Chk2 (Thr68), H2AX (Ser139), and p53 (Ser15). Activation of DNA damage signaling was most pronounced in S-phase cells followed by G2/M-phase cells. HN2-induced cell cycle arrest was suppressed by the ATM and DNA-PK inhibitors, KU55933 and NU7441, respectively, and to a lesser extent by VE821, an ATR inhibitor. This was correlated with abrogation of DNA damage checkpoints signaling. These data indicate that activation of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK signaling pathways by HN2 are important in the mechanism of vesicant-induced cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity. Drugs that inhibit activation of DNA damage signaling may be effective countermeasures for vesicant-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers University School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science , New York Medical College , Valhalla , New York 10595 , United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers University School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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Abstract
A diverse group of toxicants has been identified that cause injury to the lung including gases (eg, ozone, chlorine), particulates/aerosols (eg, diesel exhaust, fly ash, other combustion products, mustards, nanomaterials, silica, asbestos), chemotherapeutics (eg, bleomycin), and radiation. The pathologic response to these toxicants depends on the dose and duration of exposure and their physical/chemical properties. A common response to pulmonary toxicant exposure is an accumulation of proinflammatory/cytotoxic M1 macrophages at sites of tissue injury, followed by the appearance of anti-inflammatory/wound repair M2 macrophages. It is thought that the outcome of the pathogenic responses to toxicants depends on the balance in the activity of these macrophage subpopulations. Overactivation of either M1 or M2 macrophages leads to injury and disease pathogenesis. Thus, the very same macrophage-derived mediators, released in controlled amounts to destroy injurious materials and pathogens (eg, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, proteases, tumor necrosis factor α) and initiate wound repair (eg, transforming growth factor β, connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor), can exacerbate acute lung injury and/or induce chronic disease such as fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, when released in excess. This review focuses on the role of macrophage subsets in acute lung injury and chronic fibrosis. Understanding how these pathologies develop following exposure to toxicants, and the contribution of resident and inflammatory macrophages to disease pathogenesis may lead to the development of novel approaches for treating lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy,To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854. Fax: 1-732-445-0119. E-mail:
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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44
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Lee JM, Sunil VR, Vayas K, Murray A, Venosa A, Cervelli J, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Valproic Acid Decreases Ozone‐induced Lung Injury and Oxidative Stress in Mice. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.542.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
| | - Vasanthi R. Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
| | - Kinal Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
| | - Alexa Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
| | - Jessica Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthSchool of Public Health, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRutgers University, Ernest Mario School of PharmacyPiscatawayNJ
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45
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Szilagyi JT, Composto-Wahler GM, Joseph LB, Wang B, Rosen T, Laskin JD, Aleksunes LM. Anandamide down-regulates placental transporter expression through CB2 receptor-mediated inhibition of cAMP synthesis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:331-342. [PMID: 30610963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The BCRP/ABCG2 efflux transporter is expressed on the membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblasts and protects the fetus from toxicant exposure. Syncytiotrophoblasts arise from the fusion of cytotrophoblasts, a process negatively regulated by the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA). It is unknown whether AEA can influence fetal concentrations of xenobiotics by modulating the expression of transporters in syncytiotrophoblasts. Here, we sought to characterize and identify the mechanism(s) responsible for AEA-mediated down-regulation of the BCRP transporter in human placental explants and BeWo trophoblasts. Treatment of human placental explants with AEA (1 μM, 24 h) reduced hCGα, syncytin-1, and BCRP mRNAs by ˜30%. Similarly, treatment of BeWo trophoblasts with AEA (0-10 μM, 3-24 h) coordinately down-regulated mRNAs for hCGß, syncytin-2, and BCRP. In turn, AEA increased the sensitivity of trophoblasts to the cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone, a known BCRP substrate, and environmental and dietary contaminants including mycoestrogens and perfluorinated chemicals. AEA-treated trophoblasts also demonstrated reduced BCRP transport of the mycoestrogen zearalenone and the diabetes drug glyburide, labeled with BODIPY. The AEA-mediated reduction of BCRP mRNA was abrogated when placental cells were co-treated with AM630, a CB2 receptor inhibitor, or 8-Br-cAMP, a cAMP analog. AEA reduced intracellular cAMP levels in trophoblasts by 75% at 1 h, and completely inhibited forskolin-induced phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). AEA also decreased p-CREB binding to the BCRP promoter. Taken together, our data indicate that AEA down-regulates placental transporter expression and activity via CB2-cAMP signaling. This novel mechanism may explain the repression of placental BCRP expression observed during diseases of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Szilagyi
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, School of Graduate Studies, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Gabriella M Composto-Wahler
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, School of Graduate Studies, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Todd Rosen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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46
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Guillon CD, Jan YH, Foster N, Ressner J, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Heindel ND. Synthetically modified methoxsalen for enhanced cytotoxicity in light and dark reactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:619-622. [PMID: 30638875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Linear furocoumarins, also known as psoralens, are clinically useful photo-activated pharmaceuticals employed to address hyperproliferative skin diseases. Seven diverse cytotoxic pharmacophores have been synthetically attached to 8-methoxypsoralen via a 5-amino functionality. The resulting unique set of compounds was evaluated for dark and light toxicity against PAM212 keratinocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natalie Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Joel Ressner
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
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47
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Sunil VR, Vayas KN, Cervelli JA, Ebramova EV, Gow AJ, Goedken M, Malaviya R, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Protective Role of Surfactant Protein-D Against Lung Injury and Oxidative Stress Induced by Nitrogen Mustard. Toxicol Sci 2018; 166:108-122. [PMID: 30060251 PMCID: PMC6204765 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a vesicant known to cause acute pulmonary injury which progresses to fibrosis. Macrophages contribute to both of these pathologies. Surfactant protein (SP)-D is a pulmonary collectin that suppresses lung macrophage activity. Herein, we analyzed the effects of loss of SP-D on NM-induced macrophage activation and lung toxicity. Wild-type (WT) and SP-D-/- mice were treated intratracheally with PBS or NM (0.08 mg/kg). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and tissue were collected 14 days later. In WT mice, NM caused an increase in total SP-D levels in BAL; multiple lower molecular weight forms of SP-D were also identified, consistent with lung injury and oxidative stress. Flow cytometric analysis of BAL cells from NM treated WT mice revealed the presence of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages. Whereas loss of SP-D had no effect on numbers of these cells, their activation state, as measured by proinflammatory (iNOS, MMP-9), and anti-inflammatory (MR-1, Ym-1) protein expression, was amplified. Loss of SP-D also exacerbated NM-induced oxidative stress and alveolar epithelial injury, as reflected by increases in heme oxygenase-1 expression, and BAL cell and protein content. This was correlated with alterations in pulmonary mechanics. In NM-treated SP-D-/-, but not WT mice, there was evidence of edema, epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis, as well as increases in BAL phospholipid content. These data demonstrate that activated lung macrophages play a role in NM-induced lung injury and oxidative stress. Elucidating mechanisms regulating macrophage activity may be important in developing therapeutics to treat mustard-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Elena V Ebramova
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Michael Goedken
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Research Pathology Services
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy
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Guillon CD, Jan YH, Foster N, Choudhuri M, Saxena J, Mariano TM, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Heindel ND. SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL ETHERS OF METHOXSALEN FOR PROLIFERATIVE SKIN DISORDERS. Heterocycl Lett 2018; 8:729-736. [PMID: 33575202 PMCID: PMC7875182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural product 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen or 8-MOP) in combination with long wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA, 320-400 nm), also referred to as PUVA therapy, is used for the treatment of cutaneous proliferative disorders including psoriasis, vitiligo and mycosis fungoides. The use of 8-MOP (3) is limited by its poor water solubility and there remains a need to develop more water-soluble psoralens to enhance bioavailability following oral administration of the drug. In the present studies a water-soluble dimethylaminoethyl ether analog of 8-MOP was synthesized and analyzed for biological activity. This analog, (8-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]-psoralen hydrochloride (1) [or CAS name: 9-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, hydrochloride], was found to be significantly more active than 3 in keratinocyte growth inhibition assays (IC50 = 12 nM and 130 nM for 1 and 3, respectively). The partially reduced dihydro derivative of 1, 8-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]-4',5'-dihydropsoralen hydrochloride (2) [or CAS name: 9-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-2,3-dihydro-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, hydrochloride] and the partially reduced 4',5'-dihydro-8-methoxypsoralen (4) lacking the water-solubilizing side-chain were significantly less active. As inhibitors of keratinocyte growth they ranked as IC50 = 13,000 nM and 70,000 nM for 2 and 4, respectively, indicating that an unsaturated furan ring in the psoralen was required for maximal activity. Compound (1) was found to readily intercalate and damage DNA following UVA light treatment as determined by plasmid DNA nicking and unwinding experiments in neutral and alkaline agarose gels. Taken together, these data demonstrate that a water-soluble dimethylaminoethyl ether psoralen targets DNA, is highly active as a photosensitizer, and may be useful in the treatment of skin diseases involving abnormal keratinocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Natalie Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015 USA
| | - Mridula Choudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015 USA
| | - Jaya Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015 USA
| | - Thomas M. Mariano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Diane E. Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ned D. Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015 USA
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Chang YC, Soriano M, Hahn RA, Casillas RP, Gordon MK, Laskin JD, Gerecke DR. Expression of cytokines and chemokines in mouse skin treated with sulfur mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 355:52-59. [PMID: 29935281 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, SM) is a chemical warfare agent that generates an inflammatory response in the skin and causes severe tissue damage and blistering. In earlier studies, we identified cutaneous damage induced by SM in mouse ear skin including edema, erythema, epidermal hyperplasia and microblistering. The present work was focused on determining if SM-induced injury was associated with alterations in mRNA and protein expression of specific cytokines and chemokines in the ear skin. We found that SM caused an accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the tissue within one day which persisted for at least 7 days. This was associated with a 2-15 fold increase in expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α at time points up to 7 days post-SM exposure. Marked increases (20-1000 fold) in expression of chemokines associated with recruitment and activation of macrophages were also noted in the tissue including growth-regulated oncogene α (GROα/CXCL1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF/CSF3), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α/CCL3), and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP10/CXCL10). The pattern of cytokines/chemokine expression was coordinate with expression of macrophage elastase/MMP12 and neutrophil collagenase/MMP8 suggesting that macrophages and neutrophils were, at least in part, a source of cytokines and chemokines. These data support the idea that inflammatory cell-derived mediators contribute to the pathogenesis of SM induced skin damage. Modulating the infiltration of inflammatory cells and reducing the expression of inflammatory mediators in the skin may be an important strategy for mitigating SM-induced cutaneous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke-Chen Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Melannie Soriano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rita A Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Laskin JD, Jan YH, Jetter MM, Guillon CD, Mariano TM, Heck DE, Heindel ND. Identification of a Pyranocoumarin Photosensitizer that is a Potent Inhibitor of Keratinocyte Growth. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:577-582. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute; Rutgers University School of Public Health; Piscataway NJ USA
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute; Rutgers University School of Public Health; Piscataway NJ USA
| | | | | | - Thomas M. Mariano
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute; Rutgers University School of Public Health; Piscataway NJ USA
| | - Diane E. Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science; New York Medical College; Valhalla NY USA
| | - Ned D. Heindel
- Department of Chemistry; Lehigh University; Bethlehem PA USA
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