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Solopov P, Colunga Biancatelli RML, Marinova M, Dimitropoulou C, Catravas JD. The HSP90 Inhibitor, AUY-922, Ameliorates the Development of Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Dysfunction in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134740. [PMID: 32635192 PMCID: PMC7369861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) have been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and the use of HSP90 inhibitors constitutes a potential therapeutic approach. Similarly, acute exposure to nitrogen mustard (NM) is related to the development of chronic lung injury driven by TNF-α, TGF-β, ERK and HSP90. Thus, we developed a murine model of NM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by instilling C57BI/6J mice with 0.625 mg/kg mechlorethamine hydrochloride. After 24 h, mice began receiving AUY-922, a second generation HSP90 inhibitor, at 1 mg/kg 2 times per week or 2 mg/kg 3 times per week, for either 10 or 30 days. AUY-922 suppressed the NM-induced sustained inflammation, as reflected in the reduction of leukocyte and protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and inhibited the activation of pro-fibrotic biomarkers, ERK and HSP90. Furthermore, AUY-922 maintained normal lung function, decreased the overexpression and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, and dramatically reduced histologic evidence of fibrosis in the lungs of mice exposed to NM. The HSP90 inhibitor, AUY-922, successfully blocked the adverse effects associated with acute exposures to NM, representing a promising approach against NM-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Solopov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (P.S.); (R.M.L.C.B.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Ruben M. L. Colunga Biancatelli
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (P.S.); (R.M.L.C.B.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Margarita Marinova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (P.S.); (R.M.L.C.B.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Christiana Dimitropoulou
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (P.S.); (R.M.L.C.B.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
| | - John D. Catravas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; (P.S.); (R.M.L.C.B.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
- School of Medical Diagnostic & Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-757-683-7029
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Goswami DG, Kant R, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and pleiotropic agents in reversing nitrogen mustard-induced injury in ex vivo cultured rabbit cornea. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:127-132. [PMID: 29174984 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vesicating agent, Sulfur mustard (SM), causes devastating eye injury; however, there are no effective antidotes available. Using nitrogen mustard (NM), a bi-functional analog of SM, we have earlier reported that NM-induced corneal injury in ex vivo rabbit cornea organ culture model parallels corneal injury reported with SM. Using this model, we have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone (DEX), doxycycline (DOX) and silibinin (SB) in reversing NM (2h exposure)-induced corneal injuries when added immediately after washing NM. In the present study, we further examined the efficacy of similar/higher doses of these agents when added immediately, 2, or 4h after washing NM following its 2h exposure. All three treatment agents caused a reversal in established NM-induced injury biomarkers when added immediately or 2h after washing NM following its 2h exposure; however, when treatments were carried out 4h after washing NM, there was no significant effect. Together, our results further show the beneficial effect of these agents in reversing NM-induced corneal injury and indicate the time window for effective treatment. This could be useful towards future development of targeted therapeutics against vesicant-induced ocular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Macit E, Yaren H, Aydin I, Kunak ZI, Yaman H, Onguru O, Uysal B, Korkmaz A, Turel S, Kenar L. The protective effect of melatonin and S-methylisothiourea treatments in nitrogen mustard induced lung toxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36:1283-1290. [PMID: 24211764 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mustard is highly toxic to the lung. Its toxic effects are associated with inflammatory cell accumulation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of melatonin (MEL) and S-methylisothiourea (SMT) on mechlorethamine (MEC) induced lung toxicity. METHODS Thirty-six male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, MEC, MEC+MEL, and MEC+SMT. Control group was given saline only via transdermal route. Other groups were exposured to a single dose of MEC (3.5 mg/kg) via transdermal route. MEL (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the application of MEC, and after the same dose of MEL was given every 12 h for a total of six doses. SMT (50 mg/kg) was also given intraperitoneally 30 min after the application of MEC. RESULTS MEC injection resulted in alveolar epithelial injury, hemorrhage, inflammation, edema and interalveolar septal thickening in the lung tissues. The tissue TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels were found significantly different for all groups (p<0.001). TNF-α and IL-1β levels increased significantly with MEC exposure, and MEL and SMT ameliorated these increases in lung tissues. MEC also elevated NOx levels in lung tissue. Melatonin showed meaningful protection against lung injury. But protection of SMT was weaker. CONCLUSION Inflammation plays an important role in the MEC induced lung toxicity as well as oxidative and nitrosative stress. Melatonin has also anti-inflammatory properties similar to SMT, as well as anti-oxidant properties. But melatonin treatment was found more efficient than SMT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Macit
- Department of Toxicology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
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Vijayaraghavan R, Kumar P, Joshi U, Raza SK, Lakshmana Rao PV, Malhotra RC, Jaiswal DK. Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Toxicology 2001; 163:83-91. [PMID: 11516517 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The successful implication of the chemical weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigour on the destruction of the stockpiled sulphur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Due to simple method of preparation, SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogues were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogues by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulphur atom were synthesised and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD(50) of amifostine and its analogues were estimated through intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogues were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD(50) (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD(50) of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogues, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD(50)) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD(50) of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estimated through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, respectively). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD(50), p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD(50)). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD(50), p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body weight and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD(50), p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacological and toxicological properties of DRDE-07.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vijayaraghavan
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Wormser U, Brodsky B, Green BS, Arad-Yellin R, Nyska A. Protective effect of povidone-iodine ointment against skin lesions induced by sulphur and nitrogen mustards and by non-mustard vesicants. Arch Toxicol 1997; 71:165-70. [PMID: 9049053 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mustard gas (sulphur mustard, SM) is a powerful vesicant employed as a chemical weapon. The present study demonstrates the effect of povidone iodine (PI) ointment against skin toxicity caused by SM. Gross and histopathological examinations showed that application of PI up to 20 min following exposure to the vesicant resulted in marked skin protection. The shorter the interval between exposure and treatment the better was the protection achieved. PI was also effective against other mustards such as carboxybutyl chloroethyl sulphide (CBCS) and mechlorethamine. The fact that PI protected the skin against agents which cannot be oxidized such as iodoacetic acid, divinylsulphone and cantharidine showed that the antidotal effect of PI was unrelated to oxidation of the nitrogen and sulphur atoms of the mustards. PI ointment is proposed as an efficient protective agent against skin toxicity caused by mustards and other alkylators.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wormser
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Marathi UK, Howell SR, Ashmun RA, Brent TP. The Fanconi anemia complementation group C protein corrects DNA interstrand cross-link-specific apoptosis in HSC536N cells. Blood 1996; 88:2298-305. [PMID: 8822951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) cells are hypersensitive to cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, and chromosomal aberrations induced by DNA cross-linking agents, such as mitomycin C (MMC) and nitrogen mustard (HN2). Although MMC hypersensitivity is complemented in a subset of FA cells (complementation group C [FA-C]) by wild-type FAC cDNA, the cytoprotective mechanism is unknown. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that FAC protein functions in the suppression of DNA interstand cross-link (ISC)-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Comparison of HN2-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with those of its non-cross-linking analogs, diethylaminoethyl chloride and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride, delineated the DNA ISC specificity of FAC-mediated cytoprotection. Overexpression of wild-type FAC cDNA in FA-C lymphoblasts (HSC536N cell line) prevented HN2-induced growth inhibition, G2 arrest, and DNA fragmentation that is characteristic of apoptosis. In contrast cytoprotection was not conferred against the effects of the non-cross-linking mustards. Our data show that DNA ISCs induce apoptosis more potently than do DNA monoadducts and suggest that FAC suppresses specifically DNA ISC-induced apoptosis in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Marathi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN 38101, USA
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Weltin D, Aupeix K, Iltis C, Cuillerot JM, Dufour P, Marchal J, Bischoff P. N-acetylcysteine protects lymphocytes from nitrogen mustard-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51:1123-9. [PMID: 8645333 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(96)83389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine to prevent apoptosis induced in lymphocytes by nitrogen mustard (HN2) was investigated. HN2 caused a concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis on C3H murine spleen cells, as identified by two criteria: morphological features revealed by microscopical observations and DNA fragmentation visualized by the characteristic "ladder" pattern observed upon agarose gel electrophoresis, as well as by hypodiploid DNA-containing cells revealed by the flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide labelled cells. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was found to markedly reduce the occurrence of HN2-induced apoptosis in these cells. This protective effect will still obtained when NAC was added 30 min after HN2. In contrast, the pretreatment of spleen cells with this antioxidant did not provide any significant protection. We also showed that lymphocytes protected by NAC are still able to respond to a mitogenic stimulation. To gain some insight into the mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective action of NAC against HN2, we tested whether or not poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, EC 2.4.2.30), a nuclear enzyme that participates in the triggering of apoptosis induced by alkylating agents, is involved. We report that 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, a potent PARP inhibitor, did not affect the ability of NAC to prevent HN2-induced apoptosis under our experimental conditions. Thus, the exact mechanism by which NAC protects lymphocytes from HN2 cytotoxicity has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weltin
- Institut d'Hematologie et d'Immunologie, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Application of nitrogen mustard to the eye of rabbits causes an anterior segment irritation and a biphasic elevation of intraocular pressure. This intraocular pressure response is composed of an initial peak, produced by neuropeptides released by excited sensory nerves, and a second, slower rise due to prostaglandins. We studied the effect of diltiazem, a calcium antagonist that selectively blocks chemical excitation of sensory nerves, on the inflammatory response to nitrogen mustard. In adult rabbits, intraocular pressure was determined by pneumatonometry; pupil diameter and palpebral opening were measured with a ruler while conjunctival vasodilation, edema and secretion were scored in subjective units (0-8). Aqueous humor protein content was analysed at the end of the experiment. Bilateral application of 1% nitrogen mustard evoked within the first 6 hr an intraocular pressure elevation followed by ocular hypotony, miosis, palpebral closure, conjunctival vasodilation, edema and an elevation of aqueous proteins. Topical application of 10 mM diltiazem, prior to administration of nitrogen mustard elicited by itself a transient, small intraocular pressure increase and reduced significantly the acute intraocular pressure elevation and conjunctival vasodilation evoked by the irritant; delayed conjunctival edema and palpebral closure were also attenuated by 10 mM diltiazem. The decrease of miotic response and of aqueous humor protein content was not significant. Diltiazem at 2.8 mM was effective only in reducing significantly conjunctival edema and vasodilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Alicante, Spain
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Abstract
Compounds containing the chloroethyl group are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis and cell growth. Tacrine, a choline carrier inhibitor, was found to protect both HeLa cells and rat thymocytes against the effects of nitrogen mustard. DNA synthesis was restored from 13 to 71% of the control value and cell viability restored from 27 to 57% of the control value by exposure of the cells to an equimolar concentration of tacrine immediately prior to nitrogen mustard. In contrast, tacrine was unable to significantly protect rat thymocytes against the toxic effects of sulphur mustard. These results have implications for the clinical use of nitrogen mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gray
- Materials Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Ascot Vale, Australia
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Abstract
The alkylating anticancer drugs, mechlorethamine (HN2), chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, carmustine and lomustine readily induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocyte glutathione (GSH) was depleted rapidly following addition of the drugs. Lipid peroxidation ensued following GSH depletion and before cytotoxicity occurred. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was delayed by the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and alpha-tocopherol, the ferric iron chelator desferoxamine or the radical trap 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) even when added 10 min later. HN2 was much less toxic to hepatocytes under nitrogen and caused much less lipid peroxidation than under aerobic conditions. Cytotoxicity induced by HN2 was also prevented by choline, suggesting that a choline carrier is responsible for HN2 uptake in the hepatocytes. Various sulfur compounds acted as antidotes for HN2 cytotoxicity. Thiosulfate was still effective when added 30 min after HN2. Depletion of GSH in the hepatocytes markedly increased their susceptibility to HN2. However, BHA, desferoxamine or TEMPO protected these hepatocytes from HN2. This suggests that antioxidants could prove useful in preventing the increased risk of hepatotoxicity if GSH-depleting agents are used to overcome tumor resistance to nitrogen mustards.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ritter C, Rutman RJ, Prood C. In vitro inhibition of nitrogen mustard efficacy by postincubation of treated cells in serum protein. Cancer Biochem Biophys 1989; 10:299-302. [PMID: 2620291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lettre-Ehrlich cells were loaded with sufficient HN2 to produce about a 98% cell kill. Postincubation of the HN2-loaded cells in PBS resulted in the loss of about 40% of their HN2 without changing the cytolytic effect, supporting the proposal that only bound drug was effective. Postincubation of the HN2-loaded cells in PBS which contained 2% bovine serum albumin or in cell-free mouse ascitic fluid (1.8% protein) resulted in the same relative cellular HN2 loss as well as a 79% decrease in the cell kill. The cytolytic effect of HN2 is believed to be dependent on the degree to which the drug crosslinks DNA in 2 sequential reactions. It seems likely that such crosslinking occurred in nearly all of the PBS-postincubated cells, as they were nearly all killed. By analogy, albumin postincubation apparently blocked the competition of such crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ritter
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Nagy B, Grdina DJ. Protective effects of 2-[(aminopropyl)amino] ethanethiol against bleomycin and nitrogen mustard-induced mutagenicity in V79 cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1986; 12:1475-8. [PMID: 2428793 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(86)90197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of the radioprotector 2-[(aminopropyl)amino] ethanethiol (WR-1065) on bleomycin (BLM) and nitrogen mustard- (HN2) induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in V79 Chinese hamster cells. The anti-mutagenic effect of WR-1065 on cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-DDP) and radiation- (XRT) induced HGPRT mutations was also evaluated for comparative purposes. WR-1065 (4 mM) was added prior to exposure of cells to therapy agents. All exposure times were 30 min. and both cell survival and mutagenesis were assayed. WR-1065 was effective in protecting against both effects. The induction of mutants corrected for background by BLM, HN2, cis-DDP, or XRT was linear in all cases. Mutation frequencies without WR-1065 were 78 X 10(-6) per unit BLM, 66 X 10(-7) per microgram HN2, 25 X 10(-7) per microgram cis-DDP; and 87 X 10(-7) per Gy of XRT. With WR-1065, these were reduced to 37 X 10(-6) per unit BLM, 40 X 10(-7) per microgram HN2, 1 X 10(-7) per microgram cis-DDP, and 44 X 10(-7) per Gy of XRT. Mutation protection factors (MPF), a ratio of the corresponding slopes of the mutation induction curves, with and without WR-1065 were: BLM, MPF = 2.8; HN2, MPF = 3.4; cis-DDP, MPF = 7.1; and XRT, MPF = 5.1. Single-strand-break (SSB) formation in DNA by BLM or HN2, assayed by alkaline elution, was protected against by WR-1065. WR-1065 did not induce SSB in control cells. The reduction of the mutagenic effects of agents used in radiation and chemotherapy by radioprotectors may be an important additional benefit for consideration in their use in cancer treatment.
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Naujokaitis SA, Fisher JM, Rabinovitz M. Protection of murine L1210 leukemia and bone marrow progenitor cells against mechlorethamine and inhibition of choline uptake as a structure-activity relationship of 2-dimethylaminoethanol and its analogues. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73:34-9. [PMID: 6694079 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600730109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships of 2-dimethylaminoethanol and its analogues as protectors against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and as inhibitors of choline uptake were evaluated. Of a series of inhibitors and protectors, 2-dimethylaminoethanol was the most potent inhibitor of choline uptake and the most potent protector of both hematopoietic progenitor cells and murine L1210 leukemia cells. Two analogues that exhibited both potent protection and inhibition were 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol and 2-ethylmethylaminoethanol. 2-Di-n-butylaminoethanol, while protecting against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity, was not an inhibitor of choline uptake. 2-n-Butylmethylaminoethanol, while an inhibitor of choline uptake, was not a protector against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity. Addition of 2-dimethylaminoethanol to mechlorethamine in a mole ratio of 1000:1 did not improve survival of tumor-bearing mice beyond that of mice treated with mechlorethamine alone.
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Abstract
DNA repair synthesis was induced by nitrogen mustard in human peripheral leukocytes. When the cells were treated with increasing doses of doxorubicin or daunorubicin a decrease of the DNA repair synthesis was recorded. Daunorubicin had a significantly higher inhibitory effect on the DNA repair synthesis compared to doxorubicin. The inhibitory effect by doxorubicin or daunorubicin on nitrogen mustard induced DNA repair synthesis was compared with the inhibitory effect on replicative DNA and RNA synthesis in human lymphoblasts. The inhibition of DNA repair synthesis was significantly lower than the inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis for both drugs.
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Naujokaitis SA, Fisher JM, Rabinovitz M. Tetraalkylammonium ions: protection of murine L1210 leukemia and bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and inhibition of the choline transport system. Chem Biol Interact 1982; 40:133-40. [PMID: 7083390 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(82)90095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the series of tetraalkylammonium ions from tetramethylammonium to tetra-n-heptylammonium, tetra-n-pentylammonium ion was a potent protector of both murine L1210 leukemia and bone marrow progenitor cells against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity. It was also a non-competitive inhibitor of choline uptake. Phosphonium analogs of the tetraalkylammonium ions were equal to their corresponding tetraalkylammonium ions in their protection against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and in their inhibition of choline uptake. Treatment of tumor bearing L1210 leukemia mice with the combination of tetra-n-pentylammonium ion and mechlorethamine resulted in no major improvement in survival of the tumor-bearing mice compared to mechlorethamine treatment alone.
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Naujokaitis SA. Cain's quinolinium (NSC 176319): protection of murine L1210 leukemia cells and bone marrow progenitor cells against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and its application to combination chemotherapy. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1981; 34:97-104. [PMID: 7313308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cain's Quinolinium; quinolinium, 6-amino-1-methyl-4[[[[[[(1-methyl-pyridinium-4-yl)amino]phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl]amino] (NSC 176319), is a chemotherapeutic agent, which is equally cytotoxic in vitro to both murine L1210 leukemia cells and bone marrow progenitor cells. At non-toxic concentrations it equally protects L1210 cells and bone marrow progenitor cells against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity. However, treatment of murine L1210 leukemia bearing mice with the combination of Cain's Quinolinium and mechlorethamine at a mole ratio of 1:1 resulted in 100% long term survivors compared to 50% with Cain's Quinolinium alone or 0% with mechlorethamine alone.
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Naujokaitis SA. Thiamine protection of murine L1210 leukemia cells against mechlorethamine cytotoxicity and its relation to the choline uptake system. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1981; 32:317-27. [PMID: 7244366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine is an inhibitor of choline transport by murine L1210 leukemia cells and a protector of these cells from growth inhibition by mechlorethamine in vitro. Combination chemotherapy of tumor bearing mice with thiamine and mechlorethamine increased the mechlorethamine dosage required for a 50 to 60 percent increase in survival time but did not improve survival over that obtained with mechlorethamine alone.
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Yuhas JM. Differential protection of normal and malignant tissues against the cytotoxic effects of mechlorethamine. Cancer Treat Rep 1979; 63:971-6. [PMID: 223759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The radioprotective drug, WR-2721 (S,2-[3-aminopropylamino]ethyl-phosphorothioic acid), has been studied in terms of its ability to (a) protect mice against mechlorethamine (HN2)-induced hematopoietic death, and (b) alter the ability of HN2 injections to induce growth delay in a solid tumor, the Line 1 lung carcinoma. When WR-2721 was injected ip 15 minutes before iv injections of HN2, it increased resistance to hematopoietic death by a factor of 2, and the protection declined with a half-life of 1.5-2.0 hours. Similar administration of both drugs failed to alter the responsiveness of the Line 1 lung carcinoma to HN2-induced growth delays, except when the HN2 was given within 15 minutes after WR-2721. This interaction of the two drugs, when given within 5-15 minutes of each other, does not appear to be true protection at the tumor site, but rather appears to result from HN2 inactivation in the blood. When HN2 is given 30-60 minutes after WR-2721, it is possible to obtain a twofold increase in the tumor delay without risking increased hematopoietic injury.
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Weissberg JB, Herion JC, Walker RI, Palmer JG. Effect of cycloheximide on the bone marrow toxicity of nitrogen mustard. Cancer Res 1978; 38:1523-7. [PMID: 656182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cycloheximide (CHM), a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, has been reported to protect rat intestinal crypt cells from mitotic inhibition by nitrogen mustard (HN2). For investigation of the effect of CHM on the bone marrow toxicity of HN2, CHM (1.0 mg/kg) and HN2 in doses up to 2.5 mg/kg were given i.p. to rats. Twenty-eight % (13 of 46) of rats given HN2 alone died within 5 days. Only 4% (2 of 45) of rats pretreated with CHM died within 5 days after the administration of HN2. Rats pretreated with CHM had significantly less leukopenia and granulocytopenia than did rats given HN2 alone, and their bone marrow cellularity, assessed by histological sections and total femoral marrow cell counts, was greater than that of animals given HN2 alone. Bone marrow DNA synthesis, as measured by in vitro [3H]thymidine incorporation, was decreased 2 hr after HN2 injection, appeared to recover at 4 hr, but was further decreased at 24 and 48 hr. CHM given up to 20 min before HN2 reversed the effect of HN2 on DNA synthesis at 2 and 4 hr. A variable protective effect of CHM was observed at 24 and 48 hr. These studies indicate that CHM increases the survival of HN2-treated rats and partially protects rat bone marrow cells from HN2 cytotoxicity.
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Whitehouse M, Beck FW. Irritancy of cyclophosphamide-derived aldehydes (acrolein, chloracetaldehyde) and their effect on lymphocyte distribution in vivo: protective effect of thiols and bisulphite ions1). Agents Actions 1975; 5:541-8. [PMID: 1220557 DOI: 10.1007/bf01972692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
(1) A strategy is described for investigating agents such as N-acetylcysteine or penicillamine that might be used as adjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide, to lessen the toxic side-effects of this latter drug caused by some of its metabolites. (2) The toxic effects of acrolein and chloracetaldehyde were determined by (a) their effects on lymphocyte circulation and (b) their oedemagenic activity in rats. (3) Stable thiols and bisulphite ions antagonised this aldehyde toxicity/irritancy; thiosulphate ions did not. (4) Thiosulphate and bisulphite ions antagonised the irritancy/toxicity of a mustard, mechlorethamine (HN-2). (5) The possible relationship of intrinsic irritancy to anti-inflammatory activity is discussed briefly.
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Fasth A, Sörbo B. Protective effect of thiosulfate and metabolic thiosulfate precursors against toxicity of nitrogen mustard (HN2). Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:1337-51. [PMID: 4727786 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Goldfarb DM, Goldberg GI, Chernin LS, Gukova LA, Avdienko ID, Kuznetsova BN, Kushner IC. A protein produced by male strains of Escherichia coli K-12 which increases the yield of recombinants in conjugation: its nature and mode of action. Mol Gen Genet 1973; 120:211-26. [PMID: 4568837 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rauen HM, Schriewer H, Ferié F. [Alkylans-alkylandum reactions. 11. The anti-alkylant effect of 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxazolidone (pemoline)]. Arzneimittelforschung 1972; 22:2069-70. [PMID: 4679172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Goldfarb DM, Chernin LS, Goldberg GI, Akatova NS, Gukova LA. Two kinds of activity promoted by culture filtrates of male strains of E. coli K-12. Inhibition of "nitrogen mustard after-effect" and stimulation of genetic recombination. Mol Gen Genet 1970; 106:315-22. [PMID: 4921207 DOI: 10.1007/bf00324049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Goldfarb DM, Chernin LS, Fomitchev YK. Inhibition of nitrogen mustard after-effect in F minus-cells by the factor produced by E. coli K-12 fertile strains. Mol Gen Genet 1969; 104:107-15. [PMID: 4897975 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yamamoto I, Kimura H, Iwatsubo K. Action of reserpine on the lethal effect of cytotoxic alkylating agents. Jpn J Pharmacol 1968; 18:39-47. [PMID: 5302459 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.18.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Schunk J. [Studies of the protective effect of mercaptopyridoxine and 5-hydroxytryptamine against nitrogen mustard]. Strahlentherapie 1966; 131:445-8. [PMID: 5998302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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