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Ruiz C, Alborelli I, Manzo M, Calgua B, Keller E, Vuaroqueaux V, Quagliata L, Rentsch CA, Spagnoli GC, Diener PA, Bubendorf L, Morant R, Eppenberger-Castori S. Critical Evaluation of Transcripts and Long Noncoding RNA Expression Levels in Prostate Cancer Following Radical Prostatectomy. Pathobiology 2023; 90:400-408. [PMID: 37463569 PMCID: PMC10733933 DOI: 10.1159/000531175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical course of prostate cancer (PCa) is highly variable, ranging from indolent behavior to rapid metastatic progression. The Gleason score is widely accepted as the primary histologic assessment tool with significant prognostic value. However, additional biomarkers are required to better stratify patients, particularly those at intermediate risk. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the expression of 86 cancer hallmark genes in 171 patients with PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy and focused on the outcome of the 137 patients with postoperative R0-PSA0 status. RESULTS Low expression of the IGF1 and SRD52A, and high expression of TIMP2, PLAUR, S100A2, and CANX genes were associated with biochemical recurrence (BR), defined as an increase of prostate-specific antigen above 0.2 ng/mL. Furthermore, the analysis of the expression of 462 noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) in a sub-cohort of 39 patients with Gleason score 7 tumors revealed that high levels of expression of the ncRNAs LINC00624, LINC00593, LINC00482, and cd27-AS1 were significantly associated with BR. Our findings provide further evidence for tumor-promoting roles of ncRNAs in PCa patients at intermediate risk. The strong correlation between expression of LINC00624 and KRT8 gene, encoding a well-known cell surface protein present in PCa, further supports a potential contribution of this ncRNA to PCa progression. CONCLUSION While larger and further studies are needed to define the role of these genes/ncRNA in PCa, our findings pave the way toward the identification of a subgroup of patients at intermediate risk who may benefit from adjuvant treatments and new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ruiz
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Alborelli
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Manzo
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Byron Calgua
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Keller
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Quagliata
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical Affairs Team, Genetic Sciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy
| | - Cyrill A. Rentsch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio C. Spagnoli
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Morant
- Tumor-und Brustzentrum ZeTuP, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - on behalf of the former members of the Urology Team in St. Gallen**
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- 4HF Biotec, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Affairs Team, Genetic Sciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
- Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Tumor-und Brustzentrum ZeTuP, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Pereira ÉR, Pinheiro LCL, Francelino AL, Miqueloto CA, Guembarovski AFML, de Oliveira KB, Fuganti PE, de Syllos Cólus IM, Guembarovski RL. Tissue immunostaining of candidate prognostic proteins in metastatic and non-metastatic prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:567-577. [PMID: 36008689 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) lacks specific markers capable of distinguishing aggressive tumors from those with indolent behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunostaining of candidate proteins (PTEN, AKT, TRPM8, and NKX3.1) through the immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) on patients with metastatic and non-metastatic PCa. METHODS Tissues from 60 patients were divided into three groups categorized according to prognostic parameters: better prognosis (n = 20), worse prognosis (n = 23), and metastatic (n = 17). Immunostaining was analyzed by a pathologist and staining classifications were considered according to signal intensity: (0) no staining, (+) weak, and (++ and +++) intermediate to strong. RESULTS AKT protein was associated (p = 0.012) and correlated (p = 0.014; Tau = - 0.288) with the prognostic groups. The immunostaining for TRPM8 (p = 0.010) and NKX3.1 (p = 0.003) proteins differed between malignant tumor and non-tumoral adjacent tissue as well as for proteins in cellular locations (nucleus and cytoplasm). TRPM8 was independently associated with the ISUP grade ≥ 4 (p = 0.024; OR = 8.373; 95% CI = 1.319-53.164). The NKX3.1 showed positive and predominantly strong immunostaining in all patients in both tumoral and non-tumoral adjacent tissues. All metastatic samples had positive immunostaining, with strong intensity for NKX3.1 (p = 0.021; Tau = - 0.302). In the non-metastatic group, this strong protein staining was not observed in any patients. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that NKX3.1 is highly specific for prostate tissue and indicated that NKX3.1, AKT, and TRPM8 may be candidate markers for prostate cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Romão Pereira
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Laís Capelasso Lucas Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Letícia Francelino
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Miqueloto
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Science, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Cólus
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate as a Cause of Prostate Cancer Metastasis: A Molecular Portrait. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030820. [PMID: 35159086 PMCID: PMC8834356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most men with prostate cancer will live as long as those who do not have prostate cancer. However, some men will die early of their disease due to a particular type of prostate cancer associated with recurrence and metastasis: intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. In this review, we discuss the associations between intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and metastasis, and the contemporary knowledge about the molecular alterations of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. Abstract Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is one of the most aggressive types of prostate cancer (PCa). IDC-P is identified in approximately 20% of PCa patients and is associated with recurrence, metastasis, and PCa-specific death. The main feature of this histological variant is the colonization of benign glands by PCa cells. Although IDC-P is a well-recognized independent parameter for metastasis, mechanisms by which IDC-P cells can spread and colonize other tissues are not fully known. In this review, we discuss the molecular portraits of IDC-P determined by immunohistochemistry and genomic approaches and highlight the areas in which more research is needed.
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Ma C, Wang Y, Wilson KM, Mucci LA, Stampfer MJ, Pollak M, Penney KL. Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1-Related Biomarkers and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2022; 6:pkab091. [PMID: 35047751 PMCID: PMC8763370 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental and epidemiologic evidence supports the role of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels with the risk of prostate cancer. Most circulating IGF-1 is bound to specific binding proteins, and only about 5% circulates in a free form. We explored the relation of free IGF-1 and other components of the IGF system with lethal prostate cancer. Methods Using prospectively collected samples, we undertook a nested case-only analysis among 434 men with lethal prostate cancer and 524 men with indolent, nonlethal prostate cancer in the Physicians’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Prediagnostic plasma samples were assayed for free IGF-1 and total IGF-1, acid labile subunit, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), and intact and total IGF binding protein 4. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between IGF-1–related biomarkers and lethal prostate cancer using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, height, and body mass index. Results Men in the highest quartile of PAPP-A levels had 42% higher odds of lethal prostate cancer (pooled adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.92) compared with men in the lowest 3 quartiles. There were no statistically significant differences in the other plasma analytes. The positive association between PAPP-A and lethal prostate cancer was present among men with intact PTEN but not among those with tumor PTEN loss (2-sided Pinteraction = .001). Conclusions Our study provides suggestive evidence that among men who later develop prostate cancer, higher plasma PAPP-A levels measured prior to diagnosis are associated with increased risk of lethal compared with indolent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Chaoran Ma, MD, PhD, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA (e-mail: )
| | - Ye Wang
- Oncology Department, McGill University and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Pollak
- Oncology Department, McGill University and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Zapała P, Fus Ł, Lewandowski Z, Garbas K, Zapała Ł, Górnicka B, Radziszewski P. E-Cadherin, Integrin Alpha2 (Cd49b), and Transferrin Receptor-1 (Tfr1) Are Promising Immunohistochemical Markers of Selected Adverse Pathological Features in Patients Treated with Radical Prostatectomy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235587. [PMID: 34884287 PMCID: PMC8658679 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients treated for prostate cancer (PCa) with radical prostatectomy (RP), determining the risk of extraprostatic extension (EPE) and nodal involvement (NI) remains crucial for planning nerve-sparing and extended lymphadenectomy. The study aimed to determine proteins that could serve as immunohistochemical markers of locally advanced PCa. To select candidate proteins associated with adverse pathologic features (APF) reverse-phase protein array data of 498 patients was retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The analysis yielded 6 proteins which were then validated as predictors of APF utilizing immunohistochemistry in a randomly selected retrospective cohort of 53 patients. For univariate and multivariate analysis, logistic regression was used. Positive expression of TfR1 (OR 13.74; p = 0.015), reduced expression of CD49b (OR 10.15; p = 0.013), and PSA (OR 1.29; p = 0.013) constituted independent predictors of EPE, whereas reduced expression of e-cadherin (OR 10.22; p = 0.005), reduced expression of CD49b (OR 24.44; p = 0.017), and PSA (OR 1.18; p = 0.002) were independently associated with NI. Both models achieved high discrimination (AUROC 0.879 and 0.888, respectively). Immunohistochemistry constitutes a straightforward tool that might be easily utilized before RP. Expression of TfR1 and CD49b is associated with EPE, whereas expression of e-cadherin and CD49b is associated with NI. Since following immunohistochemical markers predicts respective APFs independently from PSA, in the future they might supplement existing preoperative nomograms or be implemented in novel tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Zapała
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.Z.); (K.G.); (Ł.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Łukasz Fus
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-57-20-710
| | - Zbigniew Lewandowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Garbas
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.Z.); (K.G.); (Ł.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Łukasz Zapała
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.Z.); (K.G.); (Ł.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Barbara Górnicka
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Radziszewski
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.Z.); (K.G.); (Ł.Z.); (P.R.)
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Gao PP, Qi XW, Sun N, Sun YY, Zhang Y, Tan XN, Ding J, Han F, Zhang Y. The emerging roles of dual-specificity phosphatases and their specific characteristics in human cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188562. [PMID: 33964330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, controlled by kinases and phosphatases, is involved in various cellular processes. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) can dephosphorylate phosphorylated serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. This family consists of 61 members, 44 of which have been identified in human, and these 44 members are classified into six subgroups, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein phosphatases (PTENs), mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs), atypical DUSPs, cell division cycle 14 (CDC14) phosphatases (CDC14s), slingshot protein phosphatases (SSHs), and phosphatases of the regenerating liver (PRLs). Growing evidence has revealed dysregulation of DUSPs as one of the common phenomenons and highlighted their key roles in human cancers. Furthermore, their differential expression may be a potential biomarker for tumor prognosis. Despite this, there are still many unstudied members of DUSPs need to further explore their precise roles and mechanism in cancers. Most importantly, the systematic review is very limited on the functional/mechanistic characteristics and clinical application of DUSPs at present. In this review, the structures, functions and underlying mechanisms of DUSPs are systematically reviewed, and the molecular and functional characteristics of DUSPs in different tumor types according to the current researches are summarized. In addition, the potential roles of the unstudied members and the possible different mechanisms of DUSPs in cancer are discussed and classified based on homology alignment and structural domain analyses. Moreover, the specific characteristics of their expression and prognosis are further determined in more than 30 types of human cancers by using the online databases. Finally, their potential application in precise diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of different types of cancers, and the main possible problems for the clinical application at present are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Gao
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Qi
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Na Sun
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130023, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xuan-Ni Tan
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Ramberg H, Richardsen E, de Souza GA, Rakaee M, Stensland ME, Braadland PR, Nygård S, Ögren O, Guldvik IJ, Berge V, Svindland A, Taskén KA, Andersen S. Proteomic analyses identify major vault protein as a prognostic biomarker for fatal prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:685-693. [PMID: 33609362 PMCID: PMC8163044 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographic shift toward an older population will increase the number of prostate cancer cases. A challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer is to avoid undertreatment of patients at high risk of progression following curative treatment. These men can benefit from early salvage treatment. An explorative cohort consisting of tissue from 16 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, and were either alive or had died from prostate cancer within 10 years postsurgery, was analyzed by mass spectrometry analysis. Following proteomic and bioinformatic analyses, major vault protein (MVP) was identified as a putative prognostic biomarker. A publicly available tissue proteomics dataset and a retrospective cohort of 368 prostate cancer patients were used for validation. The prognostic value of the MVP was verified by scoring immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray. High level of MVP was associated with more than 4-fold higher risk for death from prostate cancer (hazard ratio = 4.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.45–13.38; P = 0.009) in a Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessments Post-surgical (CAPRA-S) score and perineural invasion. Decision curve analyses suggested an improved standardized net benefit, ranging from 0.06 to 0.18, of adding MVP onto CAPRA-S score. This observation was confirmed by receiver operator characteristics curve analyses for the CAPRA-S score versus CAPRA-S and MVP score (area under the curve: 0.58 versus 0.73). From these analyses, one can infer that MVP levels in combination with CAPRA-S score might add onto established risk parameters to identify patients with lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Ramberg
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Richardsen
- Department of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gustavo A de Souza
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Proteomics Core Facility, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mehrdad Rakaee
- Department of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Ekman Stensland
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Proteomics Core Facility, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Nygård
- Department of Tumorbiology, Bioinformatic Core Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olov Ögren
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid J Guldvik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Viktor Berge
- Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin A Taskén
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigve Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Sopyllo K, Erickson AM, Mirtti T. Grading Evolution and Contemporary Prognostic Biomarkers of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040628. [PMID: 33562508 PMCID: PMC7914622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer treatment decisions are based on clinical stage and histological diagnosis, including Gleason grading assessed by a pathologist, in biopsies. Prior to staging and grading, serum or blood prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are measured and often trigger diagnostic examinations. However, PSA is best suited as a marker of cancer relapse after initial treatment. In this review, we first narratively describe the evolution of histological grading, the current status of Gleason pattern-based diagnostics and glance into future methodology of risk assessment by histological examination. In the second part, we systematically review the biomarkers that have been shown, independent from clinical characteristics, to correlate with clinically relevant end-points, i.e., occurrence of metastases, disease-specific mortality and overall survival after initial treatment of localized prostate cancer. Abstract Gleason grading remains the strongest prognostic parameter in localized prostate adenocarcinoma. We have here outlined the evolution and contemporary practices in pathological evaluation of prostate tissue samples for Gleason score and Grade group. The state of more observer-independent grading methods with the aid of artificial intelligence is also reviewed. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of biomarkers that hold promise in adding independent prognostic or predictive value on top of clinical parameters, Grade group and PSA. We especially focused on hard end points during the follow-up, i.e., occurrence of metastasis, disease-specific mortality and overall mortality. In peripheral blood, biopsy-detected prostate cancer or in surgical specimens, we can conclude that there are more than sixty biomarkers that have been shown to have independent prognostic significance when adjusted to conventional risk assessment or grouping. Our search brought up some known putative markers and panels, as expected. Also, the synthesis in the systematic review indicated markers that ought to be further studied as part of prospective trials and in well characterized patient cohorts in order to increase the resolution of the current clinico-pathological prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sopyllo
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Andrew M. Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Pectasides E, Chatzidakis I, Kotoula V, Koliou GA, Papadopoulou K, Giannoulatou E, Giannouzakos VG, Bobos M, Papavasileiou C, Chrisafi S, Florou A, Pectasides D, Fountzilas G. Prognostic Biomarkers in Early-stage Gastric Adenocarcinoma Treated With Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 17:277-290. [PMID: 32345669 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Early-stage gastric cancer has a high risk of recurrence, despite trimodality therapy with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. To improve patient selection for adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, we evaluated the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical and genetic biomarkers in patients with resected gastric adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumors from 119 patients were subjected to immunohistochemistry for 12 protein biomarkers, as well as next-generation sequencing. Clinical and biomarker data were available for 91 patients. RESULTS EBV-positive tumors and tumors with mutations had higher intratumoral CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density (p=0.009 and p=0.017, respectively). PIK3CA mutations were correlated with VEGFA overexpression (p=0.042), while KRAS mutations and HER2 expression were mutually exclusive (p=0.036). PTEN expression univariately confirmed longer overall survival (HR=0.27; p=0.046), while there was a trend between the presence of KRAS mutations and inferior disease-free and overall survival. CONCLUSION PTEN protein expression and KRAS mutations may predict disease outcome in early-stage gastric cancer. These results need to be further validated in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pectasides
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, U.S.A.
| | - Ioannis Chatzidakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic, Oncology Section, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Vasilios G Giannouzakos
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Papavasileiou
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Florou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic, Oncology Section, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic, Oncology Section, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,German Oncology Center, Limassol, Cyprus
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10
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Turnham DJ, Bullock N, Dass MS, Staffurth JN, Pearson HB. The PTEN Conundrum: How to Target PTEN-Deficient Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2342. [PMID: 33105713 PMCID: PMC7690430 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is strongly linked to advanced prostate cancer progression and poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being explored to combat PTEN-deficient tumors. These include classical inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network, as well as new approaches that restore PTEN function, or target PTEN regulation of chromosome stability, DNA damage repair and the tumor microenvironment. While targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer remains a clinical challenge, new advances in the field of precision medicine indicate that PTEN loss provides a valuable biomarker to stratify prostate cancer patients for treatments, which may improve overall outcome. Here, we discuss the clinical implications of PTEN loss in the management of prostate cancer and review recent therapeutic advances in targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Deepening our understanding of how PTEN loss contributes to prostate cancer growth and therapeutic resistance will inform the design of future clinical studies and precision-medicine strategies that will ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Turnham
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - Nicholas Bullock
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Manisha S. Dass
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - John N. Staffurth
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
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11
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Stopsack KH, Huang Y, Tyekucheva S, Gerke TA, Bango C, Elfandy H, Bowden M, Penney KL, Roberts TM, Parmigiani G, Kantoff PW, Mucci LA, Loda M. Multiplex Immunofluorescence in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissue to Identify Single-Cell-Level PI3K Pathway Activation. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5903-5913. [PMID: 32913135 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identifying cancers with high PI3K pathway activity is critical for treatment selection and eligibility into clinical trials of PI3K inhibitors. Assessments of tumor signaling pathway activity need to consider intratumoral heterogeneity and multiple regulatory nodes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established a novel, mechanistically informed approach to assessing tumor signaling pathways by quantifying single-cell-level multiplex immunofluorescence using custom algorithms. In a proof-of-concept study, we stained archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from patients with primary prostate cancer in two prospective cohort studies, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Physicians' Health Study. PTEN, stathmin, and phospho-S6 were quantified on 14 tissue microarrays as indicators of PI3K activation to derive cell-level PI3K scores. RESULTS In 1,001 men, 988,254 tumor cells were assessed (median, 743 per tumor; interquartile range, 290-1,377). PI3K scores were higher in tumors with PTEN loss scored by a pathologist, higher Gleason grade, and a new, validated bulk PI3K transcriptional signature. Unsupervised machine-learning approaches resulted in similar clustering. Within-tumor heterogeneity in cell-level PI3K scores was high. During long-term follow-up (median, 15.3 years), rates of progression to metastases and death from prostate cancer were twice as high in the highest quartile of PI3K activation compared with the lowest quartile (hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.68). CONCLUSIONS Our novel pathway-focused approach to quantifying single-cell-level immunofluorescence in FFPE tissue identifies prostate tumors with PI3K pathway activation that are more aggressive and may respond to pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad H Stopsack
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Travis A Gerke
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Clyde Bango
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Habiba Elfandy
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Bowden
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giovanni Parmigiani
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,New York Genome Center, New York, New York
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12
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Luszczak S, Simpson BS, Stopka-Farooqui U, Sathyadevan VK, Echeverria LMC, Kumar C, Costa H, Haider A, Freeman A, Jameson C, Ratynska M, Ben-Salha I, Sridhar A, Shaw G, Kelly JD, Pye H, Gately KA, Whitaker HC, Heavey S. Co-targeting PIM and PI3K/mTOR using multikinase inhibitor AUM302 and a combination of AZD-1208 and BEZ235 in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14380. [PMID: 32873828 PMCID: PMC7463239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PIM and PI3K/mTOR pathways are often dysregulated in prostate cancer, and may lead to decreased survival, increased metastasis and invasion. The pathways are heavily interconnected and act on a variety of common effectors that can lead to the development of resistance to drug inhibitors. Most current treatments exhibit issues with toxicity and resistance. We investigated the novel multikinase PIM/PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, AUM302, versus a combination of the PIM inhibitor, AZD-1208, and the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 (Dactolisib) to determine their impact on mRNA and phosphoprotein expression, as well as their functional efficacy. We have determined that around 20% of prostate cancer patients overexpress the direct targets of these drugs, and this cohort are more likely to have a high Gleason grade tumour (≥ Gleason 8). A co-targeted inhibition approach offered broader inhibition of genes and phosphoproteins in the PI3K/mTOR pathway, when compared to single kinase inhibition. The preclinical inhibitor AUM302, used at a lower dose, elicited a comparable or superior functional outcome compared with combined AZD-1208 + BEZ235, which have been investigated in clinical trials, and could help to reduce treatment toxicity in future trials. We believe that a co-targeting approach is a viable therapeutic strategy that should be developed further in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Luszczak
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin S Simpson
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Costa
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aiman Haider
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Jameson
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marzena Ratynska
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Imen Ben-Salha
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashwin Sridhar
- Department of Uro-Oncology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Greg Shaw
- Department of Uro-Oncology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Department of Uro-Oncology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hayley Pye
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathy A Gately
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK.
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13
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Ashrafizadeh M, Najafi M, Ang HL, Moghadam ER, Mahabady MK, Zabolian A, Jafaripour L, Bejandi AK, Hushmandi K, Saleki H, Zarrabi A, Kumar AP. PTEN, a Barrier for Proliferation and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer Cells: From Molecular Pathways to Targeting and Regulation. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E264. [PMID: 32756305 PMCID: PMC7460532 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the life-threatening disorders that, in spite of excellent advances in medicine and technology, there is no effective cure for. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are extensively applied in cancer therapy, but their efficacy in eradication of cancer cells, suppressing metastasis, and improving overall survival of patients is low. This is due to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells and their high migratory ability. Finding molecular pathways involved in malignant behavior of cancer cells can pave the road to effective cancer therapy. In the present review, we focus on phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling as a tumor-suppressor molecular pathway in gastric cancer (GC). PTEN inhibits the PI3K/Akt pathway from interfering with the migration and growth of GC cells. Its activation leads to better survival of patients with GC. Different upstream mediators of PTEN in GC have been identified that can regulate PTEN in suppressing growth and invasion of GC cells, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. It seems that antitumor agents enhance the expression of PTEN in overcoming GC. This review focuses on aforementioned topics to provide a new insight into involvement of PTEN and its downstream and upstream mediators in GC. This will direct further studies for evaluation of novel signaling networks and their targeting for suppressing GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran;
| | - Hui Li Ang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
- Kazerun Health Technology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 6461665145, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.Z.); (A.K.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Leila Jafaripour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful 3419759811, Iran;
| | - Atefe Kazemzade Bejandi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.Z.); (A.K.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417414418, Iran;
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.Z.); (A.K.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
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14
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Somatic HOXB13 Expression Correlates with Metastatic Progression in Men with Localized Prostate Cancer Following Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 4:955-962. [PMID: 32540218 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox B13 (HOXB13) expression regulates normal prostate development and mutations are associated with prostate cancer (PCa) formation. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of HOXB13 mRNA expression in PCa progression following radical prostatectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genome-wide expression profiles were queried from two retrospective prostatectomy cohorts with follow-up data (Mayo Clinic, n=780; Johns Hopkins Medical Institute [JHMI], n=355), and a prospective genomic registry (n=5239). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Multivariable Cox regressions were used to analyze metastasis-free survival (MFS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS HOXB13 expression in primary PCa increased with increasing tumor grade and with high metastatic potential based on a genomic signature. The highest quartile of HOXB13 expression was associated with worse MFS compared with the lowest quartile (Mayo Clinic: adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-2.06, and JHMI: AHR 1.80, 95% CI 1.02-3.19). The combinations of high HOXB13 expression and low expression of its binding partner, MEIS1 (AHR 2.03, 95% CI 1.54-2.66) or MEIS2 (AHR 1.73, 95% CI 1.33-2.26), portended worse MFS. Additionally, high HOXB13 expression in combination with low MEIS1/2 expression correlated with high expression of androgen receptor-mediated genes. The retrospective nature of this study subjects the findings to a bias due to unmeasured variables. CONCLUSIONS Primary PCa tumors with increased HOXB13 expression have an increased propensity for metastases following prostatectomy, particularly in the setting of low MEIS1/2 expression. High androgen receptor output may account for worse outcomes for these tumors and suggests heightened sensitivity to androgen suppression. PATIENT SUMMARY Using genomic data from a large number of prostate cancer (PCa) tumors, we found that increased expression of homeobox B13 (HOXB13), a gene related to normal prostate development, was associated with worse outcomes following surgery for PCa. A biomarker signature suggests that these tumors would be more susceptible to androgen suppression, a common treatment for PCa. Take Home Messagece:: In multiple large cohorts, prostate cancer tumors with high homeobox B13 (HOXB13) expression and low expression of its binding partner MEIS1/2 were enriched with high androgen receptor output and had an increased propensity for metastases following surgery.
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15
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MicroRNAs that regulate PTEN as potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:809-820. [PMID: 32146564 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and drug resistance to multiple cancers. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a cancer suppressor gene that has been certified to be regulated by miRNAs in various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In this review, we screened articles focusing on low PTEN expression in CRC, observed the expression of related miRNAs, analyzed their correlation and relationship with clinicopathological features, and discussed the possibility of these miRNAs as prognostic molecules. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for articles published in the Web of Science, PubMed and EBSCO databases between January 1, 2002, and July 18, 2019. We identified these studies by using combinations of the following index entries and key words: 'colorectal tumor OR colorectal neoplasm OR colorectal carcinoma OR colorectal cancer OR CRC', 'protein tyrosine phosphatase OR PTEN', and 'microRNA OR MiRNA OR miRNA OR MicroRNA'. Moreover, we evaluated the underlying association between alterations in PTEN and CRC prognosis. RESULTS PTEN expression was obviously lower in CRC tissues than in normal mucosa. However, PTEN expression did not differ significantly between adenoma and normal tissues. PTEN tends to be negatively associated with tumor size and metastasis. MiR-21, miR-200a, miR-543, miR-32, miR-92a, miR-26a, miR-106a and miR-181a were correlated with the downregulation of PTEN. MiR-26a, miR-106a and miR-181a were obviously higher in CRC tissues than in normal tissues, while PTEN was downregulated in CRC tissues. Additionally, miRNAs were mainly positively correlated with distant metastasis, followed by TNM stage. The relationship between miRNAs and tumor differentiation is controversial. However, there were no significant differences between miRNAs and either sex or age. CONCLUSIONS The loss of PTEN may be a diagnostic factor for CRC patients. The above-mentioned miRNAs may function as oncogenes in CRC and represent potential targets for CRC therapy. However, further prospective clinical studies are necessary.
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