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Virág L, Egedy A, Varga C, Erdős G, Berezvai S, Kovács L, Ulbert Z. Determination of the most significant rubber components influencing the hardness of natural rubber (NR) using various statistical methods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25170. [PMID: 38322875 PMCID: PMC10844055 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Manufacturers use a large number of components in the production of modern rubber products. The selection of the constituents of the rubber recipe is primarily determined by the purpose of use. The different fields of applications of rubbers require the presence of appropriate mechanical properties. In this respect, it can be useful to know which substances forming the rubber recipe have significant influence on the different mechanical properties. In this study, the statistical analysis of the influence of rubber components on the hardness of natural rubber (NR) is proposed based on literature review. Based on the literature data, various statistical analyses, like linear regression, constrained linear regression, Ridge regression, Ridge sparse regression and binary classification decision trees were performed to determine which rubber components have the most significant effect on the hardness. In the statistical analyses, the effect of a total of 42 constituents of rubber compound on hardness was investigated. Most of the applied statistical methods confirmed that the traditional frequently used rubber components, such as carbon black and sulfur, have a primary effect on the hardness. However, the substances forming the rubber compound that are not widely used in practice or newly developed components appear differently in the lists of significant additives obtained by the different statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Virág
- Department of MOL Hydrocarbon and Coal Processing, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Attila Egedy
- Department of Process Engineering, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Csilla Varga
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Gergely Erdős
- ECon Engineering Kft. H1116, Budapest, Kondorosi út 3, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Berezvai
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- ECon Engineering Kft. H1116, Budapest, Kondorosi út 3, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ulbert
- Department of Process Engineering, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
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Marzocca AJ, Mansilla MA. Dynamic mechanical properties in natural rubber/styrene‐butadiene rubber blends: The local strain behavior in the glass transition region. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Marzocca
- Laboratorio de Polímeros y Materiales Compuestos, Departamento de Física Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. A. Mansilla
- INTI, CONICET, Dirección Técnica de Materiales Avanzados San Martín Argentina
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Deng S, Xu W, Zhang J, Xu YG. Tunable mechanical properties of vulcanised styrene-butadiene rubber by regulating cross-linked molecular network structures. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2133152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Deng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin-gen Xu
- Ningbo Runhe High-Tech Materials Co., Ltd., Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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Hou Q, Yin L, Xu L, Tan J. Effects of composite reinforcing filler, vulcanizing temperature, and pressure on mechanical properties of gasket material for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hou
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Li Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Lifeng Xu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jinzhu Tan
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu China
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Marzocca AJ, Rodríguez Garraza AL, Anbinder S, Macchi C, Somoza A. CHANGES IN THE MECHANICAL, MICRO-, AND NANO-STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED VULCANIZED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS: THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE SiO2/CB RATIO. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.78991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Marzocca
- Gerencia de Investigación y Desarrollo, Fate S.A.I.C.I., Av. Blanco Encalada 3003 (B1644GPK) Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Polímeros y Materiales Compuestos, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana L. Rodríguez Garraza
- Gerencia de Investigación y Desarrollo, Fate S.A.I.C.I., Av. Blanco Encalada 3003 (B1644GPK) Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Anbinder
- Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil–IFIMAT (UNCPBA) and CIFICEN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Pinto 399, (B7000GHG) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Macchi
- Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil–IFIMAT (UNCPBA) and CIFICEN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Pinto 399, (B7000GHG) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Alberto Somoza
- Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil–IFIMAT (UNCPBA) and CIFICEN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Pinto 399, (B7000GHG) Tandil, Argentina
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Zinc Complexes with 1,3-Diketones as Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene-Butadiene Elastomer Filled with Carbon Black. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143804. [PMID: 34300723 PMCID: PMC8307741 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (N-ZnO) and zinc complexes with 1,3-diketones of different structures were applied instead of microsized zinc oxide (M-ZnO) to activate the sulfur vulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The influence of vulcanization activators on the cure characteristics of rubber compounds, as well as crosslink density and functional properties of SBR vulcanizates, such as tensile properties, hardness, damping behavior, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging was explored. Applying N-ZnO allowed to reduce the content of zinc by 40% compared to M-ZnO without detrimental influence on the cure characteristic and performance of SBR composites. The activity of zinc complexes in vulcanization seems to strongly depend on their structure, i.e., availability of zinc to react with curatives. The lower the steric hindrance of the substituents and thus the better the availability of zinc ions, the greater was the activity of the zinc complex and consequently the higher the crosslink density of the vulcanizates. Zinc complexes had no detrimental effect on the time and temperature of SBR vulcanization. Despite lower crosslink density, most vulcanizates with zinc complexes demonstrated similar or improved functional properties in comparison with SBR containing M-ZnO. Most importantly, zinc complexes allowed the content of zinc in SBR compounds to be reduced by approximately 90% compared to M-ZnO.
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In-situ dielectric cure monitoring as a method of measuring the influence of cure temperature on natural rubber vulcanization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) as polymeric crosslinking accelerator for sulphur network formation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04659. [PMID: 32904204 PMCID: PMC7452554 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major controlling factors that determine the various mechanical properties of an elastomer system are type of chemical crosslinking and crosslink density of the polymer network. In this study, a catalytic amount of acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer (NBR) was used as a co-accelerator for the curing of polybutadiene (BR) elastomer. After the addition of this copolymer along with other conventional sulphur ingredients in polybutadiene compounds, a clear and distinct effect on the curing and other physical characteristics was noticed. The crosslinking density of BR was increased, as evidenced by rheometric properties, solid-state NMR and swelling studies. The vulcanization kinetics study revealed a substantial lowering of the activation energy of the sulphur crosslinking process when acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer was used in the formulation. The compounds were also prepared in the presence of carbon black and silica, and it was found that in the carbon black filled system the catalytic effect of the NBR was eminent. The effect was not only reflected in the mechanical performance but also the low-temperature crystallization behavior of BR systems was altered.
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Dong H, Luo Y, Lin J, Bai J, Chen Y, Zhong B, Jia D. Effects of modified silica on the co‐vulcanization kinetics and mechanical performances of natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Dong
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Bangchao Zhong
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Demin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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Pal S, Chatterjee T, Naskar K. Temperature‐triggered three‐dimensional network formation in graphene–polybutadiene nanocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pal
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Tuhin Chatterjee
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
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Xiao C, Jiang L, Dan Y. Effect of Long-Chain Branch of Poly(methyl acrylate-co-1-octene) on the Vulcanization and Mechanical Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changfa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Quasi-analytical kinetic model for natural rubber and polybutadiene rubber blends. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Polgar L, Kingma A, Roelfs M, van Essen M, van Duin M, Picchioni F. Kinetics of cross-linking and de-cross-linking of EPM rubber with thermoreversible Diels-Alder chemistry. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Influence of the chemical structure of cross-linking agents on properties of thermally reversible networks. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It is well-known that the properties of cross-linked rubbers are strongly affected by the cross-link density. In this work it is shown that for thermoreversibly cross-linked elastomers, the type and length of the cross-linker also have a significant effect. A homologous series of diamine and bismaleimide cross-linkers was used to cross-link maleic-anhydride-grafted EPM irreversibly and furan-modified EPM thermoreversibly, respectively. Bismaleimide cross-linkers with a polarity close to that of EPM and a relatively low melting point have a better solubility in the rubber matrix, which results in higher chemical conversion and, thus, higher cross-link densities at the same molar amount of cross-linker. Samples cross-linked with different spacers (aromatic and aliphatic spacers of different lengths) were compared at the same cross-link density to interpret the effects on the material properties. The rigid character of the short aliphatic and the aromatic cross-linkers accounts for the observed increase in hardness, Young´s modulus and tensile strength with respect to the longer, more flexible aliphatic cross-linkers. In conclusion, the structure of the cross-linking agent can be considered as an alternative variable in tuning the rubber properties, especially for thermoreversibly cross-linked rubber.
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Effect of entanglements in the microstructure of cured NR/SBR blends prepared by solution and mixing in a two-roll mill. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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