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Huang W, Tu C, Tian Q, Wang K, Yang C, Ma C, Xu X, Yan W. Synergistic Effects of 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-Based Derivative and Modified Sepiolite on Flame-Retarded Poly (Ethylene Oxide)-Poly (Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:45. [PMID: 38201710 PMCID: PMC10781121 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based derivative (PN-DOPO) combined with aluminium phosphates-coated sepiolite (Sep@AlPO4) was used to improve the flame retardance, thermal stability and mechanical performances of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. The synergistic effects of PN-DOPO and Sep@AlPO4 on flame-retarded PEO/PBAT composites were systematically discussed. Results indicated that introducing 5 wt% Sep@AlPO4 with 10 wt% PN-DOPO into PEO/PBAT achieved a V-1 rating for the UL-94 test and increased the limiting oxygen index value to 23.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (p-HRR), average HRR and total heat release values of PEO/PBAT/PN10%/Sep5% composites decreased by 35.6%, 11.0% and 23.0% compared with those of PEO/PBAT, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed that PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 enhanced the initial thermal stability and char yield of PEO/PBAT matrix, and TGA/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry results revealed that the composites exhibited the characteristic absorption peaks of phosphorous-containing groups and an increase in gas-phase volatiles during thermal degradation. The morphological structures of the residues indicated that PN-DOPO and Sep@AlPO4 mixtures produced a more dense and continuous char layer on the composite surface during burning. Rheological behaviour revealed that higher complex viscosity and modulus values of PEO/PBAT/PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 sample could also promote the crosslinking network structure of condensed phases during combustion. Furthermore, the PEO/PBAT/PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 composites exhibited superior elongation at break and flexural performance than the PEO/PBAT system. All results demonstrated that the PEO/PBAT system modified with PN-DOPO/Sep@AlPO4 showed remarkable flame retardance, and improved thermal stability and mechanical properties, indicating its potential application in areas requiring fire safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chunyun Tu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Qin Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Kui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Chunlin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China; (C.T.); (Q.T.); (K.W.); (C.Y.); (C.M.); (X.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
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Kervran M, Shabanian M, Vagner C, Ponçot M, Meier-Haack J, Laoutid F, Gaan S, Vahabi H. Flame retardancy of sustainable polylactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126208. [PMID: 37567537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, development of new biobased/biodegradable polymers from biological resources is of great interest from a sustainability standpoint. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) are two biopolymers obtained from renewable resources. In this study, the flame-retardant effect of a newly developed flame retardant (FR) based on melamine in a PLA/PHB blend was studied. Several combinations containing this new FR combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and sepiolite were introduced in a PLA/PHB blend. 20 wt% of FR were introduced into a matrix containing 75 wt% PLA and 25 wt% PHB blended with a microcompounder. According to pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) analyses, all the FR formulations exhibited reduced flammability. The results revealed a considerable decrease in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) by 33 % in the presence of the new FR while a reduction of about 60 % for combinations with APP and sepiolite. The new FR system significantly enhanced the fire behaviour of PLA/PHB blend. The work presents the first cone calorimeter analyses of PLA/PHB composites. The fire behaviour evolved from thin sample to a thick charring behaviour highlighted by an increase of the residue after cone calorimeter from 0 to 14.7 % with this FR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kervran
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - M Shabanian
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Vagner
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - M Ponçot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - J Meier-Haack
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Laoutid
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, University of Mons UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - S Gaan
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
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3
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Kang F, Tu J, Zhao H, Bai Z, Zhang T. Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Silicone Rubber Foam with Microencapsulated Sepiolite and Zinc Borate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2927. [PMID: 37447572 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The flame-retardant micro-encapsulated sepiolite (MSEP) was successfully prepared by sol-gel method. Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were utilized to prove that sepiolite was encapsulated. Then, the mechanical properties, flame retardance, smoke suppression, and pyrolysis characteristics of silicone rubber foam (SiFs) with MSEP and zinc borate (ZB) were analyzed. The results indicated that the tensile and compressive properties of SiFs could evidently improve with the incorporation of MSEP/ZB. SiFs with 3 wt% MSEP and 6 wt% ZB could achieve an limiting oxygen index value of 30.9 vol% and UL-94 V-0 rating, the time to ignition was 64.7% above that of pure SiFs, the peak heat release rate and total heat release were 42.7% and 25.0% lower than that of pure SiFs, respectively. Furthermore, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production of SiFs with 3 wt% MSEP and 6 wt% ZB were merely 54.22% and 64.10% of pure SiFs. Especially, the thermal stability of SiFs was significantly enhanced, and the carbon residue of SiFs became denser and more complete after adding 3 wt% MSEP and 6 wt% ZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furu Kang
- Postdoctoral Station of Geological Resource and Geological Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jiayao Tu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zujin Bai
- Postdoctoral Station of Geological Resource and Geological Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
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4
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Ke Q, Bai J, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang M. Simultaneously Enhancing the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, and Mechanical Properties of Flame-Retardant Polypropylene via a Linear Vinyl Polysiloxane-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092074. [PMID: 37177219 PMCID: PMC10181116 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to improve the water resistance, flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and balance of halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. For this purpose, a linear vinyl polysiloxane (PD) was synthesized and then self-crosslinked under benzoyl peroxide to prepare surface-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP@PD). Apparently, this linear vinyl polysiloxane self-crosslinking coating strategy was completely different from the commonly used sol-gel-coated APP with silane monomers. After coating, the water contact angles (WCA) of APP and APP@PD were 26.8° and 111.7°, respectively, showing high hydrophobicity. More importantly, PP/APP@PD/dipentaerythritol (DPER) showed a higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) and better UL-94 V-0 rate in comparison with PP/APP/DPER composites. After water immersion at 70 °C for 168 h, only PP/APP@PD/DPER kept the UL-94 V-0 rate and lowered the deterioration of the LOI, reflecting the better water-resistance property of APP@PD. Consistently, the cone calorimeter test results displayed a 26.2% and 16.7% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. Meanwhile, the time to peak smoke production rate (TPSPR) increased by 90.2%. The interfacial free energy (IFE) between APP@PD and PP was calculated to evaluate the interfacial interaction between PP and APP@PD. A reduction of 84.2% in the IFE between APP@PD and PP is responsible for the improvement in compatibility and the increase in flame retardancy, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junchen Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Wu G, Lei L, Wu Y, Yu F, Li J, He H. Preparation and Characterization of Polypropylene/Sepiolite Nanocomposites for Potential Application in Automotive Lightweight Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040802. [PMID: 36850086 PMCID: PMC9958923 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP)/sepiolite nanocomposites were prepared using the melt blending technique. The effects of nano-sepiolite content on the mechanical property, thermal property, crystallinity, morphology and rheological property of PP/sepiolite nanocomposites were investigated. The organic modified sepiolites (OSep) were dispersed evenly in PP matrix after surface treatment. The addition of OSep improved the storage modulus and thermal stability, showing a strong interaction between OSep and PP matrix. With the increase of OSep content, the fluidity of PP/OSep composites first increased due to the lubrication of surface modifiers and then decreased due to the interaction between OSep and PP. The size of the toughening agent elastomer first increased and then decreased, and the impact notched strength of PP/Osep composites first decreased and then increased. The loading of OSep also reduced the crystallinity and shrinkage rate of PP. PP/OSep nanocomposites have potential applications in high-performance automotive lightweight materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Liang Lei
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yijian Wu
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Fei Yu
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence:
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6
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Tang W, Qian L, Prolongo SG, Wang DY. Small core of piperazine/silane aggregation initiate efficient charring flame retardant effect in polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Xiao F, Fontaine G, Li K, Bourbigot S. Solid‐state
NMR
characterization of multi‐component intumescent flame retardant polybutylene succinate formulations. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 ‐ UMET ‐ Unité Matériaux et Transformations Lille France
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 ‐ UMET ‐ Unité Matériaux et Transformations Lille France
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 ‐ UMET ‐ Unité Matériaux et Transformations Lille France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) Paris France
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8
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Yang Z, Kang X, Lu S, Wang Z, Fang X, Li J, Liu B, Ding T, Xu Y. Synergistic effects of molybdenum disulfide on a novel intumescent flame retardant polyformaldehyde system. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xinglong Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Shike Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Jiantong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
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9
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Albayrak Hacioglu O, Tasdelen MA. Synergistic effect of organically modified sepiolite clay in intumescent flame retardant polyolefin elastomer-based cable outer sheath compounds. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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11
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Puertas ML, Durán T, Bartolomé JF, Esteban-Cubillo A. Synthesis of a Zinc Hydroxystannate/Sepiolite Hybrid Additive to Avoid Fire Propagation and Reduce Smoke Emission of EPDM Rubber Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6297. [PMID: 36143608 PMCID: PMC9503001 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A zinc hydroxystannate/sepiolite (SEPZHS) hybrid additive was successfully prepared following a facile wet chemical route synthesis where zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) nanoparticles were grown on the sepiolite's surface. SEPZHS particles have a fibrillar structure with ZHS nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed and with significantly smaller particle sizes than the synthesized ZHS nanoparticles alone. Sepiolite and SEPZHS were organically modified and introduced in a basic ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) formulation for cable to evaluate the nanocomposite behavior under direct fire sources. The results confirmed the synergistic effect of the hybrid SEPZHS additive in the formation of a most stable and efficient char barrier, thus improving the flame-retardant behavior of EPDM nanocomposite in terms of heat emission, with reductions of more than 40% in the peak of Heat Release Rate (cone calorimeter test), and smoke suppression, with more than 25% reduction in the Total Smoke Production and Smoke Density parameters (smoke chamber test). Moreover, the addition of sepiolite-based additives increased the mechanical properties (hardness) of the nanocomposites, as a result of the matrix reinforcement. This suggests that the SEPZHS hybrid additive may provide a promising option for a new, cost-effective, eco-friendly, yet efficient flame-retardant solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Puertas
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Department, Tolsa S. A., 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Durán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Florindo Bartolomé
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zhang Y, Yu C, Feng X. Simultaneously Improving Flame Retardant Performance, Thermal Stability and Conductivity of Copolymers of Polyethylene‐octene by Addition of a Ternary Composite Flame Retardant System. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xijing University, Xi'an 710123 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Chunming Yu
- School of Automobile and Transportation Wuxi Institute of Technology Wuxi 214121, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xi Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xijing University, Xi'an 710123 Shaanxi Province China
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13
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Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Based Flame Retardant Composites by Surface Modification of Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173524. [PMID: 36080598 PMCID: PMC9460618 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant refers to a substance that can be added to a material having the property of being efficiently combusted to improve the material physically and chemically. It should not affect the physical properties required for the final product. Halogen-based compounds are representative flame retardants with excellent flame retardancy. However, their use is limited due to restrictions on the use of chemicals introduced due to human safety. Magnesium hydroxide, one alternative material of halogen flame retardants, is widely used as an eco-friendly flame retardant. However, the most significant disadvantage is high load. To find a solution to this problem, many studies have been conducted by mixing magnesium hydroxide with other additives to create a synergistic effect. In this study, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene-based flame retardant composites as a function of mixing surface-modified magnesium hydroxide with phosphorus-based flame retardants were investigated. All materials including PP, additives, and flame retardants were mixed using an extrusion process. Specimens were prepared by an injection process of the compound made after mixing. As a result of the evaluation of the mechanical properties by the modified flame retardant, the relational expression of the mechanical performance degradation as a function of the amount of addition was obtained, and the tensile (CBATS) and bending strength (CBABS) were performed on the amount of flame retardant added. The relational expression obtained in this study is considered to be a formula for predicting the strength reduction according to the addition amount of the modified flame retardant and can be used in industry. In addition, it was found that the addition amount of the modified flame retardant had a greater effect on the lowering of the bending strength.
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14
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Fang Q, Zhan Y, Chen X, Wu R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wu X, He Y, Zhou J, Yuan B. A bio-based intumescent flame retardant with biomolecules functionalized ammonium polyphosphate enables polylactic acid with excellent flame retardancy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Zhao C, Yang H, Jiang Y, Cui H, Luo Z, Kong D, Peng H, Esmaeili N. Thermal decomposition behaviors of a self‐intumescent flame retardant epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Shou Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Han‐Ming Yang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yi‐Song Jiang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Hong‐wei Cui
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Zhen‐Jun Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - De‐Yan Kong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Hua‐Qiao Peng
- Fuel & Chemical Airworthiness Certification Center The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China Chengdu China
| | - Nima Esmaeili
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
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16
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Effect of Sepiolite-Loaded Fe2O3 on Flame Retardancy of Waterborne Polyurethane. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3596591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a kind of inorganic composite flame retardant (Sep@Fe2O3) was prepared by combining solution deposition and calcination methods using sepiolite microfiber material as carrier. This inorganic compound flame retardant was combined with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) through layer-by-layer method to prepare WPU composites. The SEM and EDS, TEM, and XRD were used to characterize the microscopic morphology and crystal structure of WPU composites. Thermogravimetric analysis tests confirmed the good thermal stability of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites; at the temperature of 600°C, the carbon residual percentage of WPU/Sep, WPU/Fe2O3, and WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites is 7.3%, 12.2%, and 13.4%, respectively, higher than that of WPU (1.4%). Vertical combustion tests proved better flame-retardant property of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composite-coated cotton than noncoated cotton. The microcalorimeter test proved that the PHRR of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites decreased by 61% compared with that of WPU. In addition, after combining with Sep@Fe2O3, the breaking strength of WPU increased by 35%.
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17
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Yue X, Li Y, Li J, Xu Y. Improving fire behavior and smoke suppression of
flame‐retardant PBS
composites using lignin chelate as carbonization agent and catalyst. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yue
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yu Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jian Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
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18
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Mu J, Zhou R, Liu C, Su T. Synergistic effect of intumescent flame retardant and zinc borate on linear
low‐density
polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing jing Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Teng Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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19
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Dang L, Lv Z, Liu X. Influences of
4ZnO
·
B
2
O
3
·
H
2
O
whisker based intumescent flame retardant on the mechanical, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Zhihui Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Technology Research and Development Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lakes Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining China
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20
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Li X, Liang D, Hu Z, He J, Bian X, Cui J. Synergistic effects of polyoxometalate‐based ionic liquid‐doped sepiolite in intumescent flame‐retardant high‐density polyethylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Dong Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Jilai He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Xiangcheng Bian
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Jianlan Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
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21
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Chen K, Cheng J, Wu B, Liu C, Guo J. Synergistic effects of strontium carbonate on a novel intumescent
flame‐retardant
polypropylene system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jingwei Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Chengjuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jianing Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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22
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Pan Y, Liang Q, Song L, Zhao H. Fabrication of layer-by-layer self-assembled coating modified cotton fabric with flame retardancy and hydrophobicity based on sepiolite. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1904982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qianyong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Safety Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, PR China
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23
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Huang Z, Wang Z. Synthesis of a copper hydroxystannate modified graphene oxide nanohybrid and its high performance in flexible polyvinyl chloride with simultaneously improved flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Fire Protective Surface Coating Containing Nanoparticles for Marine Composite Laminates. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based coating containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and sepiolite nanofillers (SP) and supported by a glass fabric was developed to fire-protect a glass-fiber-reinforced unsaturated-polyester-based (UP) polymer (GFRP). The fire behavior and thermal stability of the PVA coatings were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a cone calorimeter. The coatings’ residues were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results from the cone calorimeter showed that the addition of sepiolite significantly improves the flame retardancy of PVA/APP/SP coatings. The addition of both additives promoted the formation of a cohesive layer composed of a silico-phosphate structure resulting from the reactivity between APP and SP. The fire resistance of the composite laminate protected by PVA coatings was evaluated using a cone calorimeter by measuring the temperature of the back face. Photogrammetry was used to assess the swelling of residues after heat exposure. The interaction between APP and SP in PVA coating leads to the formation of an effective thermal barrier layer. The presence of SP reduces the layer expansion but greatly decreases the backside temperature during the initial period of exposure. The effect was assigned to high thermal stability of the layer and its ability to dissipate heat by re-radiation.
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25
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High‐efficiency
ammonium polyphosphate intumescent encapsulated polypropylene flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Liu W, Nie L, Luo L, Yue J, Gan L, Lu J, Huang J, Liu C. Enhanced dispersibility and uniform distribution of iron phosphonate to intensify its synergistic effect on polypropylene‐based intumescent flame‐retardant system. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Application Technology for 3D Printing Chongqing 400714 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Nie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Liehong Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Food Science and Chemical Engineering Hubei University of Arts and Science Xiangyang 441053 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Application Technology for 3D Printing Chongqing 400714 People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Application Technology for 3D Printing Chongqing 400714 People's Republic of China
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27
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Li WX, Zhang HJ, Hu XP, Yang WX, Cheng Z, Xie CQ. Highly efficient replacement of traditional intumescent flame retardants in polypropylene by manganese ions doped melamine phytate nanosheets. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:123001. [PMID: 32768832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The intumescent flame retardant (IFR) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the main component has many defects in practical applications, more than that, APP can be traced to non-renewable phosphate rock resources. For the foregoing reasons, the melamine phytate supramolecular nanosheet flame retardant incorporating manganese ion (PAMA-Mn) was successfully prepared with a facile and environmental friendly hydrothermal procedure based on renewable bio-based material phytic acid (PA). The flame retardant polypropylene composite (PPI) with 13.5 wt% APP and 4.5 wt% pentaerythritol (PER) failed to the UL-94 test, and its limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was only 26.5%. After 33 wt% of APP was replaced by PAMA-Mn, the PPMn33 incorporating only 18 wt% flame retardant additives passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and its LOI value was increased to 31.9%. Compared with PP, pHRR and pSPR values of PPMn33 were reduced by 56% and 23%, respectively. The fire retardant mechanism of PPMn33 was thoroughly discussed via a variety of characterization methods. It was found that the peak of the Gram-Schmidt curve of PPMn33 was drastically reduced by 49% relative to that of PPI, indicating a remarkably decrease of combustible volatile products owing to the incorporation of PAMA-Mn, thereby rapidly reducing the fire hazard risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China.
| | - Wen-Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Chang-Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
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28
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Seidi F, Movahedifar E, Naderi G, Akbari V, Ducos F, Shamsi R, Vahabi H, Saeb MR. Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081701. [PMID: 32751298 PMCID: PMC7464193 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Ghasem Naderi
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Vahideh Akbari
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Franck Ducos
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Moselle Est, IUTSGM, 57600 Forbach, France;
| | - Ramin Shamsi
- Research and Development Center, Marun Petrochemical Company, Mahshahr 63531 69311, Iran;
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
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29
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Carretier V, Delcroix J, Pucci MF, Rublon P, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of Sepiolite and Lignin as Potential Synergists on Flame Retardant Systems in Polylactide (PLA) and Polyurethane Elastomer (PUE). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2450. [PMID: 32481499 PMCID: PMC7321226 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the influence of sepiolite and lignin as potential synergists for fire retardant (FR) systems based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) has been carried out in polyurethane elastomer and polylactide. Different ratios of kraft lignin and sepiolite were tested in combination with APP in both polymers. The thermal stability and the fire behavior of the corresponding composites were evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), a Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) and Cone Calorimeter (CC). The mechanisms of flame retardancy imparted by APP and other components were investigated. Synergistic effects were highlighted but only for specific ratios between APP and sepiolite in polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and polylactide (PLA) on one hand, and between APP and lignin in PLA on the other hand. Sepiolite acts as char reinforcement but through the formation of new phosphorus compounds it is also able to form a protective layer. Conversely, only complementary effects on fire performance were noted for lignin in PUE due to a dramatic influence on thermal stability despite its action on char formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Carretier
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Julien Delcroix
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Centre d’expertise des Structures et Matériaux Navals (CESMAN), Naval Group Research, Technocampus Océan, 6 rue de l’Halbrane, 44340 Bouguenais, France;
| | - Monica Francesca Pucci
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Pierre Rublon
- Centre d’expertise des Structures et Matériaux Navals (CESMAN), Naval Group Research, Technocampus Océan, 6 rue de l’Halbrane, 44340 Bouguenais, France;
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; (J.D.); (M.F.P.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
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30
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Mangin R, Vahabi H, Sonnier R, Chivas-Joly C, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Cochez M. Assessment of the protective effect of PMMA on water immersion ageing of flame retarded PLA/PMMA blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Tang W, Qian L, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Xu B, Li J. Joint‐aggregation intumescent flame‐retardant effect of ammonium polyphosphate and charring agent in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of non‐halogen flame retardants for polymers Beijing China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang China
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32
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Kang BH, Yang XY, Lu X. Effect of hollow glass microsphere on the flame retardancy and combustion behavior of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Thermal Stability and Flammability Behavior of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Based Composites. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142239. [PMID: 31336793 PMCID: PMC6678119 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of samples based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) containing five different additives were prepared and their thermal stability and flammability were discussed. The samples first underwent flammability screening by using Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) analyses. Then, four samples were selected for further investigations. PHB composites containing sepiolite (Sep.) inorganic nanofiller, and also organic ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were examined for flammability and thermal behavior using PCFC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flame test, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses. Moreover, burning behavior of samples were captured on a digital camera to give a deeper sense of their flammability character for comparison. The results revealed a significant improvement of flammability and thermal stability of composites, particularly in the presence of sepiolite with respect to the value obtained for unfilled PHB. Regarding TGA results, the char residue yield was increased to ca. 20.0 wt.% in the presence of sepiolite, while 0.0 wt.% was observed for PHB. PCFC measurements uncovered higher performance of PHB-Sep. sample as signaled by 40% reduction in the peak of heat release rate with respect to PHB. According to observations, PHB-Sep. sample showed non-dripping behavior with high capacity of charring in the presence of Sep. in a vertical flame test.
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34
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Li W, Liao D, Hu X, Cheng Z, Xie C. Synergistic improvement of fire retardancy and mechanical properties of ferrocene‐based polymer in intumescent polypropylene composite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Dui‐Jun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Xiao‐Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Chang‐Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
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35
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Zirnstein B, Schulze D, Schartel B. Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1932. [PMID: 31208036 PMCID: PMC6630469 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, multicomponent flame retardant systems, consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and polyaniline (PANI), were used in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The multicomponent system was designed to improve flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of the rubber compounds, while simultaneously reducing the amount of filler. PANI was applied at low loadings (7 phr) and combined with the phosphorous APP (21 phr) and the mineral flame retardant ATH (50 phr). A comprehensive study of six EPDM rubbers was carried out by systematically varying the fillers to explain the impact of multicomponent flame retardant systems on mechanical properties. The six EPDM materials were investigated via the UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and the cone calorimeter, showing that multicomponent flame retardant systems led to improved fire performance. In cone calorimeter tests the EPDM/APP/ATH/PANI composite reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) to 142 kW·m-2, a value 50% lower than that for the unfilled EPDM rubber. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorus in the residues was quantified and the mode of action of the phosphorous flame retardant APP was explained. The data from the cone calorimeter were used to determine the protective layer effect of the multicomponent flame retardant systems in the EPDM compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zirnstein
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Schulze
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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Siddique S, Smith GD, Yates K, Mishra AK, Matthews K, Csetenyi LJ, Njuguna J. Structural and thermal degradation behaviour of reclaimed clay nano-reinforced low-density polyethylene nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vahabi H, Kandola BK, Saeb MR. Flame Retardancy Index for Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030407. [PMID: 30960391 PMCID: PMC6473221 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame Retardancy Index, FRI, was defined as a simple yet universal dimensionless criterion born out of cone calorimetry data on thermoplastic composites and then put into practice for quantifying the flame retardancy performance of different polymer composites on a set of reliable data. Four types of thermoplastic composites filled with a wide variety of flame retardant additives were chosen for making comparative evaluations regardless of the type and loading level of the additive as well as the irradiance flux. The main features of cone calorimetry including peak of Heat Release Rate (pHRR), Total Heat Release (THR), and Time-To-Ignition (TTI) served to calculate a dimensionless measure that reflects an improvement in the flame retardancy of nominated thermoplastic composites with respect to the neat thermoplastic, quantitatively. A meaningful trend was observed among well-classified ranges of FRI quantities calculated for the studied dataset on thermoplastic composites by which “Poor”, “Good”, and “Excellent” flame retardancy performances were explicitly defined and exhibited on logarithmic scales of FRI axis. The proposed index remains adaptable to thermoplastic systems whatever the polymer or additive is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire MOPS E.A. 4423, F-57070 Metz, France.
| | - Baljinder K Kandola
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire MOPS E.A. 4423, F-57070 Metz, France.
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu X, Sun J, Zhang S, Guo J, Tang W, Li H, Gu X. Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan microencapsulated melamine polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and water resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Bio-inspired engineering of boron nitride with iron-derived nanocatalyst toward enhanced fire retardancy of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molecular Firefighting-How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10450-10467. [PMID: 29318752 PMCID: PMC6099334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molekulare Brandbekämpfung – wie moderne Phosphorchemie zur Lösung der Flammschutzaufgabe beitragen kann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Exzellenz-Graduiertenschule “Materials Science in Mainz” Staudinger Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Zhang S, Tang W, Guo J, Jin X, Li H, Gu X, Sun J. Improvement of flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene by P-type hydrated silica aluminate containing lanthanum. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nie SB, Dong X, Yang JN, Dai GL. Morphology Influence of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphate on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The morphology of nanoporous nickel phosphate (NP) has a close relationship with its properties, so in this work NP with needle-like and mushroom-like shape was synthesized. Then NP with needle-like and mushroom-like shape was applied in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. With the addition of suitable content of NP, both mushroom-like and needle-like NP can improve the combustion and thermal properties of intumescent flame retardant PP composites. Needle-like NP shows a better thermal ant flame retardant synergist effect with intumescent flame retardants compared to mushroom-like NP. However, mushroom-like NP shows a better effect on smoke suppression. With the addition of suitable content of needle-like NP, the peak heat release rate of flame retardant PP composite decreases by 68.2 % comparing with that of the pure PP, and decreases by 23.8 % comparing with that of flame retardant PP composite without NP. The maximum weight loss temperature of PP composites can be increased from 408 °C to 485 °C with the addition of needle-like NP. Furthermore, the pyrolysis products of flame retardant PP composite with needle-like NP were investigated. From the research, it provides a further understanding of the influence on synergic effects in intumescent flame retardant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-B. Nie
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining of Ministry of Education , School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
| | - X. Dong
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining of Ministry of Education , School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
| | - J.-N. Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
| | - G.-L. Dai
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining of Ministry of Education , School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
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Yuan G, Yang B, Chen Y, Jia Y. Preparation of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-silicone grafted graphene oxide and its synergistic effect on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene composites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36286-36297. [PMID: 35558501 PMCID: PMC9088261 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of PMGO and IFR significantly improves the flame retardancy and surface hydrophobicity of PP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- College of Science
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yinghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yinggang Jia
- College of Science
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
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Zope IS, Dasari A, Yu ZZ. Influence of Polymer-Clay Interfacial Interactions on the Ignition Time of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080935. [PMID: 28800095 PMCID: PMC5578301 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions present on smectite clay (montmorillonite) platelets have preferential reactivity towards peroxy/alkoxy groups during polyamide 6 (PA6) thermal decomposition. This changes the decomposition pathway and negatively affects the ignition response of PA6. To restrict these interfacial interactions, high-temperature-resistant polymers such as polyetherimide (PEI) and polyimide (PI) were used to coat clay layers. PEI was deposited on clay by solution-precipitation, whereas PI was deposited through a solution-imidization-precipitation technique before melt blending with PA6. The absence of polymer-clay interfacial interactions has resulted in a similar time-to-ignition of PA6/PEI-clay (133 s) and PA6/PI-clay (139 s) composites as neat PA6 (140 s). On the contrary, PA6 with conventional ammonium-based surfactant modified clay has showed a huge drop in time-to-ignition (81 s), as expected. The experimental evidences provided herein reveal the role of the catalytic activity of clay during the early stages of polymer decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel S Zope
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Aravind Dasari
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Wang C, Wang Z, Li J. Synergistic effects of dual imidazolium polyoxometalates on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengle Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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Kaynak E, Ureyen ME, Koparal AS. Thermal characterization and flammability of polypropylene containing sepiolite-APP combinations. E-POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2016-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of sepiolite on fire behavior of ammonium polyphosphate-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR)/polypropylene (PP) were investigated. The disaggregation of sepiolite bundles has been provided by wet-milling as the zeta potential value decreased from −9.6 to −31.3 mV. PP and additives were compounded by a twin-screw extruder and molded by injection. A total additive content of 20 wt% in PP and various proportions of sepiolite (1.0–10.0 wt%) in flame retardant (FR) formulation were studied. The flammability of the samples was measured by limit oxygen index (LOI) test and cone calorimetry. The LOI of neat PP (19%) was increased to 32.2% when sepiolite and IFR were used. The peak heat release rate of neat PP (1566.4 kW/m2) was also significantly reduced (94.7 kW/m2) when sepiolite was added with IFR. Thermal analyses results showed that, at higher temperature (700°C), IFR and sepiolite increased the char residue (9 wt%) compared to neat PP (0 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kaynak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Savaş Koparal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
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Rabe S, Chuenban Y, Schartel B. Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E455. [PMID: 28772815 PMCID: PMC5459085 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identified in each respective system and at each respective concentration. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in combination with infrared spectroscopy of the evolved gas to determine the pyrolysis behavior, residue formation and the release of phosphorus species. Forced flaming tests in the cone calorimeter provided insight into burning behavior and macroscopic residue effects. The results were put into relation to the phosphorus content to reveal correlations between phosphorus concentration in the gas phase and flame inhibition performance, as well as phosphorus concentration in the residue and condensed phase activity. Total heat evolved (fire load) and peak heat release rate were calculated based on changes in the effective heat of combustion and residue, and then compared with the measured values to address the modes of action of the flame retardants quantitatively. The quantification of flame inhibition, charring, and the protective layer effect measure the non-linear flame retardancy effects as functions of the phosphorus concentration. Overall, this screening approach using easily preparable polymer systems provides great insight into the effect of phosphorus in different flame retarded polymers, with regard to polymer structure, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rabe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuttapong Chuenban
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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Li X, Tang S, Zhou X, Gu S, Huang K, Xu J, Wang X, Li Y. Synergistic effect of amino silane functional montmorillonite on intumescent flame-retarded SEBS and its mechanism. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Shawei Tang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Shengheng Gu
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- DSM Resolve; P.O. Box 18 Geleen 6160 MD The Netherlands
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; Shanghai 200093 China
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