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Wang Y, Tang S, Jiang L, Yuan Z, Zhang Y. A review of lignin application in hydrogel dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135786. [PMID: 39366610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant natural aromatic polymer in the world. Currently, researchers have developed a number of lignin-based composite materials that are widely used in various fields, including industry, agriculture and medicine. Especially in recent years, lignin has attracted great interest as a high-value product for biomedical applications. Due to its antioxidant, antibacterial, adhesive and other properties, lignin is a promising candidate for the development of hydrogel dressings. However, there is no comprehensive overview of the application of lignin-based hydrogel dressings. In this review, lignin-based hydrogel skin dressings were first presented, and the preparation methods of physical and chemical crosslinking in lignin-based hydrogel dressings were discussed. In addition, various functional and environmentally responsive lignin-based hydrogel dressings were primarily reviewed. Finally, the prospects for the development of novel multifunctional lignin-based hydrogel dressings in the future were presented. In conclusion, this review provided a timely and comprehensive summary of the latest advances in the use of lignin as a biomaterial for hydrogel dressings, which would provide valuable guidance for the further development of lignin-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Shuo Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Liuyun Jiang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Zhu Yuan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Light Energy Conversion Materials of Hunan Province College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
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2
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Gondim FF, Rodrigues JGP, Aguiar VO, de Fátima Vieira Marques M, Monteiro SN. Biocomposites of Cellulose Isolated from Coffee Processing By-Products and Incorporation in Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) Matrix: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:314. [PMID: 38337203 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With its extensive production and consumption, the coffee industry generates significant amounts of lignocellulosic waste. This waste, primarily comprising coffee biomasses, is a potential source of cellulose. This cellulose can be extracted and utilized as a reinforcing agent in various biocomposites with polymer matrices, thereby creating high-value products. One such biodegradable polymer, Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), is notable for its properties that are comparable with low-density polyethylene, making it an excellent candidate for packaging applications. However, the wider adoption of PBAT is hindered by its relatively high cost and lower thermomechanical properties compared with conventional, non-biodegradable polymers. By reinforcing PBAT-based biocomposites with cellulose, it is possible to enhance their thermomechanical strength, as well as improve their water vapor and oxygen barrier capabilities, surpassing those of pure PBAT. Consequently, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest processing techniques for deriving cellulose from the coffee industry's lignocellulosic by-products and other coffee-related agro-industrial wastes. It also focuses on the preparation and characterization of cellulose-reinforced PBAT biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fabbri Gondim
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Passos Rodrigues
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Oliveira Aguiar
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
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3
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Zhang W, Gao P, Jiang Q, Xia W. Green fabrication of lignin nanoparticles/chitosan films for refrigerated fish preservation application. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Hasan MJ, Westphal E, Chen P, Saini A, Chu IW, Watzman SJ, Ureña-Benavides E, Vasquez ES. Adsorptive properties and on-demand magnetic response of lignin@Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles at castor oil-water interfaces. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2768-2779. [PMID: 36756408 PMCID: PMC9850361 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticles adsorb at oil-water interfaces, form Pickering emulsions, induce on-demand magnetic responses to break emulsions, and can sequester oil from water. Lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared using a pH-induced precipitation method and were fully characterized. These were used to prepare Pickering emulsions with castor oil/Sudan red G dye and water at various oil/water volume ratios and nanoparticle concentrations. The stability and demulsification of the emulsions under different magnetic fields generated with permanent magnets (0-540 mT) were investigated using microscopy images and by visual inspection over time. The results showed that the Pickering emulsions were more stable at the castor oil/water ratio of 50/50 and above. Increasing the concentration of lignin@Fe3O4 improved the emulsion stability and demulsification rates with 540 mT applied magnetic field strength. The adsorption of lignin@Fe3O4 nanoparticles at the oil/water interface using 1-pentanol evaporation through Marangoni effects was demonstrated, and magnetic manipulation of a lignin@Fe3O4 stabilized castor oil spill in water was shown. Nanoparticle concentration and applied magnetic field strengths were analyzed for the recovery of spilled oil from water; it was observed that increasing the magnetic strength increased oil spill motion for a lignin@Fe3O4 concentration of up to 0.8 mg mL-1 at 540 mT. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of lignin-magnetite nanocomposites for rapid on-demand magnetic responses to externally induced stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jahid Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San AntonioOne UTSA CircleSan Antonio78249TXUSA
| | - Emily Westphal
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park Dayton OH 45469-0256 USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park Dayton OH 45469-0256 USA
| | - Abhishek Saini
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati2901Woodside DriveCincinnatiOH45221USA
| | - I-Wei Chu
- Institute of Imaging and Analytical Technology, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMS39762USA
| | - Sarah J. Watzman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati2901Woodside DriveCincinnatiOH45221USA
| | - Esteban Ureña-Benavides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San AntonioOne UTSA CircleSan Antonio78249TXUSA
| | - Erick S. Vasquez
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College ParkDaytonOH45469-0256USA,Integrative Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, 300 College ParkDaytonOH45469USA
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5
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Haider MK, Kharaghani D, Sun L, Ullah S, Sarwar MN, Ullah A, Khatri M, Yoshiko Y, Gopiraman M, Kim IS. Synthesized bioactive lignin nanoparticles/polycaprolactone nanofibers: A novel nanobiocomposite for bone tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 144:213203. [PMID: 36436430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of artificial biomaterial with enhanced bioactivity for osteostimulation is a major research concern at present days. In this research, antibacterial and osteostimulative core-shell lignin nanoparticles (LgNP) were synthesized from alkali lignin using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent via a simultaneous pH and solvent shifting technology. Later, LgNP-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) composite nanofibers were fabricated via the electrospinning technique. The addition of LgNP significantly increased the diameter of the nanofibers, ranging from 400 to 2200 nm. The addition of LgNP reduced the mechanical performance, crystallinity, and porosity of the nanofibers while improving surface wetting and swelling properties of the inherently hydrophobic PCL polymer. The prepared nanofibers showed excellent bactericidal efficacy against major bone infectious Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains. The incorporation of LgNP imparted superior antioxidant activity and boosted the biodegradation process of the nanofibers. The deposition of biomineral apatite with platelet-like clustered protrusions having a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 was observed while incubating the scaffold in simulated body fluid. Based on the results of the LDH and WST-1 assay, it was demonstrated that the composite nanofibers are non-toxic to pre-osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1) when they are placed in direct contact with the LgNP/PCL scaffold nanofibers. The MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited excellent proliferation and attachment on the prepared composite scaffold via filopodial and lamellipodial expansion with cell-secreted Ca deposition. According to the alkaline phosphatase activity test, LgNP/PCL nanofiber scaffolds significantly improved osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells compared to neat PCL nanofibers. Overall, our findings suggest that LgNP/PCL nanofiber scaffold could be a promising functional biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kaiser Haider
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Davood Kharaghani
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Lei Sun
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Sana Ullah
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Mohammad Nauman Sarwar
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Azeem Ullah
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Muzamil Khatri
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mayakrishnan Gopiraman
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Ick Soo Kim
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.
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Li Y, Chen Y, Wu Q, Huang J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wang S. Improved Hydrophobic, UV Barrier and Antibacterial Properties of Multifunctional PVA Nanocomposite Films Reinforced with Modified Lignin Contained Cellulose Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091705. [PMID: 35566875 PMCID: PMC9102542 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we reported PVA nanocomposite films enhanced by polyethyleneimine (PEI)-lignin contained cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) via the solvent casting method. An easy and available method was preformed to prepare LCNFs using a supermasscolloider from unbleached bamboo waste after a mild alkaline pretreatment. The results demonstrate that LCNF–PEI can greatly improve mechanical, hydrophobic, anti-UV shielding and antibacterial properties of the composite films. The tensile strength of LPP1 film was improved to 54.56 MPa, which was higher than 39.37 MPa of PVA film. The water contact angle of films increased from 35° to 104° with an increase in LCNF content from 0 to 6 wt%. Meanwhile, the nanocomposite film demonstrated the effect of full shielding against ultraviolet light when the amount of LCNF–PEI reached 6 wt%. The addition of LCNF–PEI endowed excellent antibacterial activity (against S. aureus and E. coli), which indicated potential applications in the packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingda Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Yadong Zhao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China;
| | - Qian Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (S.W.)
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7
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Diaz TJ, Cerrutti P, Chiacchiarelli LM. In‐situ thermal aging of biobased and conventional rigid polyurethane foams nanostructured with bacterial nanocellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Joaquin Diaz
- CONICET‐UBA Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- CONICET‐UBA Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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8
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Circular Hazelnut Protection by Lignocellulosic Waste Valorization for Nanopesticides Development. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hazelnut represents a relevant agro-food supply chain in many countries worldwide. Several biological adversities threaten hazelnut cultivation, but among them bacterial blight is one of the most feared and pernicious since its control can be achieved only by prevention through the observation of good agricultural practices and the use of cupric salts. The aim of this work was to evaluate the lignocellulosic biomasses obtained from hazelnut pruning and shelling residues as a renewable source of cellulose nanocrystals and lignin nanoparticles and to investigate their antimicrobial properties against hazelnut bacterial blight. Cellulose nanocrystals were obtained through an acid hydrolysis after a chemical bleaching, while lignin nanoparticles were synthesized by a solvent–antisolvent method after an enzymatic digestion. Both collected nanomaterials were chemically and morphologically characterized before being tested for their in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity and biocompatibility on hazelnut plants. Results indicated the selected biomasses as a promising starting material for lignocellulosic nanocarriers synthesis, confirming at the same time the potential of cellulose nanocrystals and lignin nanoparticles as innovative tools to control hazelnut bacterial blight infections without showing any detrimental effects on the biological development of treated hazelnut plants.
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9
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Wei X, Cui S, Xie Y. Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties of Oligomeric Dehydrogenation Polymer from Lignin Precursors. Molecules 2022; 27:1466. [PMID: 35268566 PMCID: PMC8911982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The lignin precursors of coniferin and syringin were synthesised, and guaiacyl-type and guaiacyl-syringyl-type oligomeric lignin dehydrogenation polymers (DHP and DHP-GS) were prepared with the bulk method. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that both DHP-G and DHP-GS contained β-O-4, β-5, β-β, β-1, and 5-5 substructures. Extraction with petroleum ether, ether, ethanol, and acetone resulted in four fractions for each of DHP-G (C11-C14) and DHP-GS (C21-C24). The antibacterial experiments showed that the fractions with lower molecular weight had relatively strong antibacterial activity. The ether-soluble fractions (C12 of DHP-G and C22 of DHP-GS) had strong antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus. The C12 and C22 fractions were further separated by preparative chromatography, and 10 bioactive compounds (G1-G5 and GS1-GS5) were obtained. The overall antibacterial activities of these 10 compounds was stronger against E. coli than S. aureus. Compounds G1, G2, G3, and GS1, which had the most significant antibacterial activities, contained β-5 substructures. Of these, G1 had the best antibacterial activity. Its inhibition zone diameter was 19.81 ± 0.82 mm, and the minimum inhibition concentration was 56.3 ± 6.20 μg/mL. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) showed that the antibacterial activity of G1 was attributable to a phenylcoumarin dimer, while the introduction of syringyl units reduced antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Sheng Cui
- Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Yimin Xie
- Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (X.W.); (S.C.)
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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10
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Benavides S, Armanasco F, Cerrutti P, Chiacchiarelli LM. Nanostructured rigid polyurethane foams with improved specific thermo‐mechanical properties using bacterial nanocellulose as a hard segment. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Benavides
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Franco Armanasco
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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Zhang Z, Terrasson V, Guénin E. Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051336. [PMID: 34069477 PMCID: PMC8159083 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to fossil-based chemicals and products for some potential added-value applications, which benefits from their structural diversity and biodegradability. This review elucidates a perspective in recent research on nanolignins and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the different nanolignin preparation methods, emphasizing anti-solvent precipitation, self-assembly and interfacial crosslinking. Also described are the preparation of various nanocomposites by the chemical modification of nanolignin and compounds with inorganic materials or polymers. Additionally, advances in numerous potential high-value applications, such as use in food packaging, biomedical, chemical engineering and biorefineries, are described.
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Mamat Razali NA, Ismail MF, Abdul Aziz F. Characterization of nanocellulose from
Indica
rice straw as reinforcing agent in epoxy‐based nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amira Mamat Razali
- Department of Physics, Centre For Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fareez Ismail
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry MAHSA University Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Physics, Centre For Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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13
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Cerro D, Bustos G, Villegas C, Buendia N, Truffa G, Godoy MP, Rodríguez F, Rojas A, Galotto MJ, Constandil L, Yáñez-S M, Romero J, Torres A. Effect of supercritical incorporation of cinnamaldehyde on physical-chemical properties, disintegration and toxicity studies of PLA/lignin nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:255-266. [PMID: 33246007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid)/lignin nanocomposites (PLA/Lig-Np) containing cinnamaldehyde (Ci) were obtained by a combination of melt extrusion and supercritical impregnation process. In this work, Ci impregnation tests were carried out in a high-pressure cell at 40 °C for 3 h using 12 MPa and 1 MPa min-1 of depressurization rate, obtaining impregnation yields ranging from 5.7 to 10.8% w/w. Thermal, mechanical and colorimetric properties of the developed films were affected by the incorporation of lignin nanoparticles and the active compound, obtaining biodegradable plastic materials with a strong UV-light barrier property compared to PLA films. In addition, disintegrability tests under composting conditions confirmed the biodegradable character of nanocomposites developed. On day 23, a disintegration percentage greater than 90% was determined for all bionanocomposites. Finally, to establish the possible toxicity effect of the nanocomposites obtained, studies in vivo were performed in normal rats. Toxicity studies showed normal blood parameters after a single dose of nanocomposites. PLA/Ci/Lig-Np bionanocomposite films could be potentially applied to design biodegradable UV-light barrier materials for food packaging and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cerro
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Bustos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina Villegas
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile
| | - Nicolás Buendia
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Giannina Truffa
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María Paz Godoy
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile
| | - Adrián Rojas
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María José Galotto
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile
| | - Luis Constandil
- CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mauricio Yáñez-S
- Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Center for Packaging Innovation (LABEN), Food Science and Technology Department, Technological Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile; CEDENNA, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Chile.
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14
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Thermomechanical, antioxidant and moisture behaviour of PVA films in presence of citric acid esterified cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:617-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Yan Z, Liao G, Zou X, Zhao M, Wu T, Chen Y, Fang G. Size-Controlled and Super Long-Term Stable Lignin Nanospheres through a Facile Self-Assembly Strategy from Kraft Lignin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8341-8349. [PMID: 32662998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In diverse fields, much attention has been concentrated on the preparation of lignin nanospheres with various structures. Here we report a facile self-assembly strategy for preparing super long-term stable hollow and solid nanospheres based on lignin fractionation. We found that different lignins obtained at different pHs during fractionation can form nanospheres with different particle sizes and structures. The self-assembled and formation mechanisms of the nanospheres were surveyed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis results showed that the phenolic hydroxyl groups and the intermolecular π-π interaction play a decisive effect in the formation of nanospheres. This study can not only facilitate the advance of lignin-based nanotechnologies but also provide a broad prospect for the use of black liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangfu Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Composites, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengke Zhao
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian 710000, Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanhang Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guigan Fang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- College of Light Industry and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Lin Q, Yan Y, Liu X, He B, Wang X, Wang X, Liu C, Ren J. Production of Xylooligosaccharide, Nanolignin, and Nanocellulose through a Fractionation Strategy of Corncob for Biomass Valorization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Bei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Junli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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17
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Boonsuk P, Sukolrat A, Kaewtatip K, Chantarak S, Kelarakis A, Chaibundit C. Modified cassava starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films plasticized by glycerol: Structure and properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phetdaphat Boonsuk
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Apinya Sukolrat
- Office of Scientific Instrument and TestingPrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Kaewta Kaewtatip
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Sirinya Chantarak
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Antonios Kelarakis
- School of Physical Sciences and ComputingUniversity of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE UK
| | - Chiraphon Chaibundit
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
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18
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Manikandan NA, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G. A closed-loop biorefinery approach for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production using sugars from carob pods as the sole raw material and downstream processing using the co-product lignin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123247. [PMID: 32234592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel closed-loop biorefinery model using carob pods as the feed material was developed for PHB production. The carob pods were delignified, and as the second step, sugars present in the delignified carob pods were extracted using water. Ralstonia eutropha and Bacillus megaterium were cultivated on the carob pod extract and its performance was evaluated using Taguchi experimental design. R. eutropha outperformed the B. megaterium in terms of its capability to grow at a maximum initial sugar concentration of 40 g L-1 with a maximum PHB production of 12.2 g L-1. Finally, the concentrated lignin from the first step was diluted with different proportion of chloroform to extract PHB from the bacterial biomass. The PHB yield and purity obtained were more than 90% respectively using either R. eutropha or B. megaterium. Properties of the PHB produced in this study were examined to establish its application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arul Manikandan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - G Pugazhenthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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19
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Atomic force microscopy reveals how relative humidity impacts the Young’s modulus of lignocellulosic polymers and their adhesion with cellulose nanocrystals at the nanoscale. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:1064-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Bangalore Ashok RP, Xiao Y, Lintinen K, Oinas P, Kostiainen MA, Österberg M. Self-assembly of colloidal lignin particles in a continuous flow tubular reactor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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22
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Facile fabrication and characterization of highly stretchable lignin-based hydroxyethyl cellulose self-healing hydrogel. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Ganewatta MS, Lokupitiya HN, Tang C. Lignin Biopolymers in the Age of Controlled Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1176. [PMID: 31336845 PMCID: PMC6680560 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers made from natural biomass are gaining interest due to the rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources. Lignin isolated from lignocellulosic biomass is the second most abundant natural polymer next to cellulose. The paper pulp process produces industrial lignin as a byproduct that is mostly used for energy and has less significant utility in materials applications. High abundance, rich chemical functionalities, CO2 neutrality, reinforcing properties, antioxidant and UV blocking abilities, as well as environmental friendliness, make lignin an interesting substrate for materials and chemical development. However, poor processability, low reactivity, and intrinsic structural heterogeneity limit lignins' polymeric applications in high-performance advanced materials. With the advent of controlled polymerization methods such as ATRP, RAFT, and ADMET, there has been a great interest in academia and industry to make value-added polymeric materials from lignin. This review focuses on recent investigations that utilize controlled polymerization methods to generate novel lignin-based polymeric materials. Polymers developed from lignin-based monomers, various polymer grafting technologies, copolymer properties, and their applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Ingevity Corporation, 5255 Virginia Avenue, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
| | - Hasala N Lokupitiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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24
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Collins MN, Nechifor M, Tanasă F, Zănoagă M, McLoughlin A, Stróżyk MA, Culebras M, Teacă CA. Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:828-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Herrán R, Amalvy JI, Chiacchiarelli LM. Highly functional lactic acid ring‐opened soybean polyols applied to rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Herrán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, CCT La Plata CONICET‐UNLP Diagonal 113 y 64, La Plata Argentina
| | - Javier Ignacio Amalvy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, CCT La Plata CONICET‐UNLP Diagonal 113 y 64, La Plata Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología, CONICET‐UBA Avenida General Las Heras 2214 Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería MecánicaInstituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Avenida Eduardo Madero 399 Buenos Aires Argentina
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26
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He X, Luzi F, Hao X, Yang W, Torre L, Xiao Z, Xie Y, Puglia D. Thermal, antioxidant and swelling behaviour of transparent polyvinyl (alcohol) films in presence of hydrophobic citric acid-modified lignin nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:665-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Iglesias Montes ML, Luzi F, Dominici F, Torre L, Cyras VP, Manfredi LB, Puglia D. Design and Characterization of PLA Bilayer Films Containing Lignin and Cellulose Nanostructures in Combination With Umbelliferone as Active Ingredient. Front Chem 2019; 7:157. [PMID: 30972324 PMCID: PMC6443720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) bilayer films, containing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or lignin nanoparticles (LNP) and Umbelliferone (UMB) were extruded and successfully layered by thermo-compression starting from monolayer films. Lignocellulosic nanostructures were used in PLA based film as nanofillers at 3 wt.%, while UMB was used as active ingredient (AI) at 15 wt.%. The effects of processing techniques, presence, typology and content of lignocellulosic nanoparticles have been analyzed and thermal, morphological, mechanical and optical characterization of PLA nanocomposites have been made. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies evaluated the presence of nanofillers and AI at chemical level. Bilayer formulations showed a good interfacial adhesion and improved stress at break with respect of PLA monolayers, although they were less stretchable and transparent. Data obtained from thermal, colorimetric and transparency investigations underlined that the presence of lignocellulosic nanofillers and AI in PLA monolayer and bilayer films induced relevant alterations in terms of overall color properties and thermal stability, while antioxidant activity of umbelliferone was enhanced by the addition of lignin in produced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L. Iglesias Montes
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Franco Dominici
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - Viviana P. Cyras
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Liliana B. Manfredi
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
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28
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Luzi F, Torre L, Kenny JM, Puglia D. Bio- and Fossil-Based Polymeric Blends and Nanocomposites for Packaging: Structure⁻Property Relationship. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E471. [PMID: 30717499 PMCID: PMC6384613 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, the possibilities for blending of commodities and bio-based and/or biodegradable polymers for packaging purposes has been considered, limiting the analysis to this class of materials without considering blends where both components have a bio-based composition or origin. The production of blends with synthetic polymeric materials is among the strategies to modulate the main characteristics of biodegradable polymeric materials, altering disintegrability rates and decreasing the final cost of different products. Special emphasis has been given to blends functional behavior in the frame of packaging application (compostability, gas/water/light barrier properties, migration, antioxidant performance). In addition, to better analyze the presence of nanosized ingredients on the overall behavior of a nanocomposite system composed of synthetic polymers, combined with biodegradable and/or bio-based plastics, the nature and effect of the inclusion of bio-based nanofillers has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - José Maria Kenny
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
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29
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Fortunati E, Mazzaglia A, Balestra GM. Sustainable control strategies for plant protection and food packaging sectors by natural substances and novel nanotechnological approaches. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:986-1000. [PMID: 30191564 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An overview is provided of the current technological strategies (also at the nanoscale level) recently involved in plant and/or food protection. In addition, the potential use of natural and sustainable substances, instead of traditional synthesized molecules or chemical-based compounds, is addressed both with respect to packaging systems and novel pesticide formulations. In this context, nanotechnological approaches represent promising strategies for the entire agriculture industry chain, from the field to consumers. Traditional plant protection strategies are often insufficient and the application of chemical-based pesticides has negative effects on animals, humans and the environment. Novel greener tools could represent efficient alternatives for the management of plant diseases using promising strategies; the use of nanotechnologies allows the promotion of the more efficient assembly and subsequent release of environmentally sustainable active principles, limiting the use of chemicals in terms of economic losses. At the same time, new sustainable, antimicrobial and antioxidant systems have been rapidly promoted and investigated in the food packaging sector as a valid eco-friendly possibility for improving the safety and quality of food products and reducing and/or limiting the environmental impact with respect to traditional materials. Together, the scientific community and the growing interest of consumers have promoted the development of new edible and eco-friendly packaging that reduces waste and any environmental impact. In this context, the aim is to provide evidence of the usefulness of strategies aiming to limit agrochemicals, as well as the potential of nanomaterials, in sustainable plant and food protection for agriculture management and the packaging sector. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fortunati
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Angelo Mazzaglia
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giorgio M Balestra
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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30
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Sartore L, Schettini E, de Palma L, Brunetti G, Cocozza C, Vox G. Effect of hydrolyzed protein-based mulching coatings on the soil properties and productivity in a tunnel greenhouse crop system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1221-1229. [PMID: 30248847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric protein-based biocomposites were used in this work as water dispersions to generate, in situ, biobased mulching coatings by spray technique, as alternative to low density polyethylene films for soil mulching. At the end of their lifetime, these biodegradable coatings degrade in soil thank to the microbial community that mineralizes them. Protein hydrolysates (PH) were derived from waste products of the leather industry, while poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEG) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were used to make the biodegradable spray coatings. A study under greenhouse condition was carried out using seedling test plots in order to investigate the performance of the spray coatings and their possible influence on some aspects of leaf growth, functionality and nutritional quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Mortarella selection Romanella variety Duende) and on soil properties. The biodegradable coatings showed the same good agronomic performances comparable with the ones of a commercial low density polyethylene mulching film, maintaining the mulching effect for the requested cultivation period and ensuring at the same time a similar rate of plant growth and dry matter accumulation. The research showed that 2 months after the tillage carried out at the end of the cultivation the amount of coating residues present in the soil was <5% of the initial weight of the biodegradable coatings. At the end of the field test, the soil mulched with the polyethylene film recorded an electrical conductivity value lower with respect to the soil mulched with the sprayed coatings, which release nutrients in the soil during their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sartore
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Valotti 9, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Evelia Schettini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science DISAAT, University of Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Laura de Palma
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gennaro Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti - Di.S.S.P.A., University of Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Cocozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti - Di.S.S.P.A., University of Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliano Vox
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science DISAAT, University of Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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31
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Benito-González I, López-Rubio A, Martínez-Sanz M. Potential of lignocellulosic fractions from Posidonia oceanica to improve barrier and mechanical properties of bio-based packaging materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:542-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Abbati de Assis C, Greca LG, Ago M, Balakshin MY, Jameel H, Gonzalez R, Rojas OJ. Techno-Economic Assessment, Scalability, and Applications of Aerosol Lignin Micro- and Nanoparticles. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:11853-11868. [PMID: 30221095 PMCID: PMC6135578 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin micro- and nanoparticles (LMNPs) synthesized from side-streams of pulp and paper and biorefinery operations have been proposed for the generation of new, high-value materials. As sustainable alternatives to particles of synthetic or mineral origins, LMNPs viability depends on scale-up, manufacturing cost, and applications. By using experimental data as primary source of information, along with industrial know-how, we analyze dry and spherical LMNPs obtained by our recently reported aerosol/atomization method. First, a preliminary evaluation toward the commercial production of LMNPs from industrial lignin precursors is presented. Following, we introduce potential LMNPs applications from a financial perspective. Mass and energy balances, operating costs, and capital investment are estimated and discussed in view of LMNPs scalability prospects. The main potential market segments identified (from a financial perspective) include composite nanofillers, solid foams, emulsion stabilizers, chelating agents, and UV protection. Our technical, financial, and market assessment represent the basis for R&D planning and efforts to lower the risk related to expected industrialization efforts. Manufacturing costs were estimated between 870 and 1170 USD/t; also, minimum selling prices varied from 1240 and 1560 USD/t, depending on raw materials used. Sensitivity analysis indicated that manufacturing cost can be as low as 600 USD/t, depending on the process conditions considered. Finally, based on the financial assessment, potential applications were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Abbati de Assis
- Department
of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State
University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Mikhail Yu. Balakshin
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department
of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State
University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ronalds Gonzalez
- Department
of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State
University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Phone: +1 919-515-7477. E-mail: (R.W.G.)
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, Puumiehenkuja
2, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Phone: +358-(0)50-512 4227. E-mail: (O.J.R.)
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Yang W, Fortunati E, Bertoglio F, Owczarek J, Bruni G, Kozanecki M, Kenny J, Torre L, Visai L, Puglia D. Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan hydrogels with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties induced by lignin nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:275-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Xiong F, Wu Y, Li G, Han Y, Chu F. Transparent Nanocomposite Films of Lignin Nanospheres and Poly(vinyl alcohol) for UV-Absorbing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Xiong
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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Kargarzadeh H, Mariano M, Huang J, Lin N, Ahmad I, Dufresne A, Thomas S. Recent developments on nanocellulose reinforced polymer nanocomposites: A review. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Luzi F, Fortunati E, Giovanale G, Mazzaglia A, Torre L, Balestra GM. Cellulose nanocrystals from Actinidia deliciosa pruning residues combined with carvacrol in PVA_CH films with antioxidant/antimicrobial properties for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Bacterial Cellulose on Disintegrability in Composting Conditions of Plasticized PHB Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110561. [PMID: 30965865 PMCID: PMC6418597 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-based films, reinforced with bacterial cellulose (BC) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and plasticized using a molecular (tributyrin) or a polymeric plasticizer (poly(adipate diethylene)), were produced by solvent casting. Their morphological, thermal, wettability, and chemical properties were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of adding both plasticizers (20 wt % respect to the PHB content) and biobased selected nanofillers added at different contents (2 and 4 wt %) on disintegrability in composting conditions was studied. Results of contact angle measurements and calorimetric analysis validated the observed behavior during composting experiments, indicating how CNC aggregation, due to the hydrophilic nature of the filler, slows down the degradation rate but accelerates it in case of increasing content. In contrast, nanocomposites with BC presented an evolution in composting similar to neat PHB, possibly due to the lower hydrophilic character of this material. The addition of the two plasticizers contributed to a better dispersion of the nanoparticles by increasing the interaction between the cellulosic reinforcements and the matrix, whereas the increased crystallinity of the incubated samples in a second stage in composting provoked a reduction in the disintegration rate.
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Arrieta MP, Samper MD, Aldas M, López J. On the Use of PLA-PHB Blends for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1008. [PMID: 28850102 PMCID: PMC5615663 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most used biopolymer for food packaging applications. Several strategies have been made to improve PLA properties for extending its applications in the packaging field. Melt blending approaches are gaining considerable interest since they are easy, cost-effective and readily available processing technologies at the industrial level. With a similar melting temperature and high crystallinity, poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) represents a good candidate to blend with PLA. The ability of PHB to act as a nucleating agent for PLA improves its mechanical resistance and barrier performance. With the dual objective to improve PLAPHB processing performance and to obtain stretchable materials, plasticizers are frequently added. Current trends to enhance PLA-PHB miscibility are focused on the development of composite and nanocomposites. PLA-PHB blends are also interesting for the controlled release of active compounds in the development of active packaging systems. This review explains the most relevant processing aspects of PLA-PHB based blends such as the influence of polymers molecular weight, the PLA-PHB composition as well as the thermal stability. It also summarizes the recent developments in PLA-PHB formulations with an emphasis on their performance with interest in the sustainable food packaging field. PLA-PHB blends shows highly promising perspectives for the replacement of traditional petrochemical based polymers currently used for food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Patricia Arrieta
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Samper
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain.
| | - Miguel Aldas
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170517, Ecuador.
| | - Juan López
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain.
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Leskinen T, Witos J, Valle-Delgado JJ, Lintinen K, Kostiainen M, Wiedmer SK, Österberg M, Mattinen ML. Adsorption of Proteins on Colloidal Lignin Particles for Advanced Biomaterials. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2767-2776. [PMID: 28724292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coating of colloidal lignin particles (CLPs), or lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), with proteins was evaluated in order to establish a safe, self-assembly mediated modification technique to tune their surface chemistry. Gelatin and poly- l-lysine formed the most pronounced protein corona on the CLP surface, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements. Spherical morphology of individual protein coated CLPs was confirmed by transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy. A mechanistic adsorption study with several random coiled and globular model proteins was carried out using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The three-dimensional (3D) protein fold structure and certain amino acid interactions were decisive for the protein adsorption on the lignin surface. The main driving forces for protein adsorption were electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals interactions, and hydrogen bonding. The relative contributions of these interactions were highly dependent on the ionic strength of the surrounding medium. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided further evidence of the adsorption-enhancing role of specific amino acid residues such as serine and proline. These results have high impact on the utilization of lignin as colloidal particles in biomedicine and biodegradable materials, as the protein corona enables tailoring of the CLP surface chemistry for intended applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Leskinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (Bio2), Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Joanna Witos
- University of Helsinki , Department of Chemistry, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (Bio2), Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kalle Lintinen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (Bio2), Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mauri Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (Bio2), Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Susanne K Wiedmer
- University of Helsinki , Department of Chemistry, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (Bio2), Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija-Liisa Mattinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (Bio2), Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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Atz Dick T, Couve J, Gimello O, Mas A, Robin JJ. Chemical modification and plasma-induced grafting of pyrolitic lignin. Evaluation of the reinforcing effect on lignin/poly( l -lactide) composites. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Drupitha MP, Naskar K, Nando GB. Compatibilized TPU-PDMS blends: Pros and cons of melt mixing and solution mixing techniques. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Drupitha
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Golok B. Nando
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
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Ávila Ramírez JA, Fortunati E, Kenny JM, Torre L, Foresti ML. Simple citric acid-catalyzed surface esterification of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1358-1364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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