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de Souza LM, Pereira E, Amaral TBDS, Monteiro SN, de Azevedo ARG. Corrosion Study on Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S31803 Subjected to Solutions Containing Chloride Ions. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1974. [PMID: 38730781 PMCID: PMC11084689 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, the influence of a corrosive environment and temperature on the corrosion resistance properties of duplex stainless steel S31803 was evaluated. The corrosive process was carried out using solutions of 1.5% HCl (m/m) and 6% FeCl3 (m/m), at temperatures of 25 and 50 °C. The microstructure of UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel is composed of two phases, ferrite and austenite, oriented in the rolling direction, containing a ferrite percentage of 46.2% in the rolling direction and 56.1% in the normal direction. Samples, when subjected to corrosive media and temperature, tend to decrease their mechanical property values. It was observed, in both corrosive media, that with increasing test temperature, there is an increase in the corrosion rate, both uniform and pitting. The sample in HCl solution obtained a uniform corrosion rate of 0.85% at 25 °C and 0.92% at 50 °C and pitting rates of 0.77% and 1.47% at the same temperatures, respectively. When tested in FeCl3 solution, it obtained uniform corrosion of 0.0006% and 0.93% and pitting of 0.53% and 18.5%, at the same temperatures. A reduction in dissolution potentials is also noted, thus characterizing greater corrosion in the samples with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Menezes de Souza
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (L.M.d.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Elaine Pereira
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil; (L.M.d.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Thiago Barreto da Silva Amaral
- Corrosion Laboratory, IFES—Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Av. Vitória, 1729, Jucutuquara, Vitória 29040-780, ES, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, IME—Military Institute of Engineering, Praça Gen. Tibúrcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- LECIV—Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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Chaves YS, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC, Rio TGD. Mechanical and Ballistic Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Babassu Fibers ( Attalea speciosa). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38611171 PMCID: PMC11013200 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and ballistic performance of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with 10, 20, and 30 vol.% of babassu fibers was investigated for the first time. The tests included tension, impact, and ballistic testing with 0.22 caliber ammunition. The results showed an improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation with the addition of babassu fiber, and the 30 vol.% composite stood out. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the fracture modes of the composites, highlighting brittle fractures in the epoxy matrix, as well as other mechanisms such as fiber breakage and delamination in the fiber composites. Izod impact tests also showed improvement with increasing babassu fiber content. In ballistic tests, there was an increase in absorbed energy. All composites surpassed plain epoxy by over 3.5 times in ballistic energy absorption, underscoring the potential of babassu fiber in engineering and defense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Teresa Gómez-del Rio
- Durability and Mechanical Integrity of Structural Materials Group (DIMME), School of Experimental Science and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain;
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Gondim FF, Rodrigues JGP, Aguiar VO, de Fátima Vieira Marques M, Monteiro SN. Biocomposites of Cellulose Isolated from Coffee Processing By-Products and Incorporation in Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) Matrix: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:314. [PMID: 38337203 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With its extensive production and consumption, the coffee industry generates significant amounts of lignocellulosic waste. This waste, primarily comprising coffee biomasses, is a potential source of cellulose. This cellulose can be extracted and utilized as a reinforcing agent in various biocomposites with polymer matrices, thereby creating high-value products. One such biodegradable polymer, Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), is notable for its properties that are comparable with low-density polyethylene, making it an excellent candidate for packaging applications. However, the wider adoption of PBAT is hindered by its relatively high cost and lower thermomechanical properties compared with conventional, non-biodegradable polymers. By reinforcing PBAT-based biocomposites with cellulose, it is possible to enhance their thermomechanical strength, as well as improve their water vapor and oxygen barrier capabilities, surpassing those of pure PBAT. Consequently, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest processing techniques for deriving cellulose from the coffee industry's lignocellulosic by-products and other coffee-related agro-industrial wastes. It also focuses on the preparation and characterization of cellulose-reinforced PBAT biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fabbri Gondim
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Passos Rodrigues
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Oliveira Aguiar
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Technology Center, Bloco J, Lab. J-122, Ilha do Fundão, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
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Barreto G, Restrepo S, Vieira CM, Monteiro SN, Colorado HA. Rice Husk with PLA: 3D Filament Making and Additive Manufacturing of Samples for Potential Structural Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:245. [PMID: 38257043 PMCID: PMC10819151 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has garnered significant attention as a versatile method for fabricating green and complex composite materials. This study delves into the fabrication of polymer composites by employing polylactic acid (PLA) in conjunction with rice husk as a reinforcing filler. The filaments were made by an extruded filament maker and then were used to make tensile and impact samples by another extrusion technology, fused deposition modeling (FDM). The structural and morphological characteristics of the composite materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy SEM. Results show that both the filament and samples are very reliable in producing polymer parts with this rice husk solid waste. This research contributes to increasing materials' circularity and potentially creating a local social economy around rice production, where this waste is not much used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Barreto
- CCComposites Laboratory, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (G.B.); (S.R.)
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, LAMAV, UENF—State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Santiago Restrepo
- CCComposites Laboratory, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (G.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Carlos Mauricio Vieira
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, LAMAV, UENF—State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Henry A. Colorado
- CCComposites Laboratory, Engineering School, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (G.B.); (S.R.)
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Camillo MDO, Gonçalves BMM, Candido VS, Dias LDC, Moulin JC, Monteiro SN, Oliveira MP. Assessment of Hydrothermal Treatment Effects on Coir Fibers for Incorporation into Polyurethane Matrix Biocomposites Derived from Castor Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4614. [PMID: 38232049 PMCID: PMC10708770 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites has witnessed significant growth due to their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate castor-oil-based polyurethane (COPU), incorporating different contents of coconut coir fibers, 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The investigation includes analysis of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of these composites. Additionally, this study evaluates the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the fibers, conducted at 120 °C and 98 kPa for 30 min, on the biocomposites' properties. Both coir fibers (CFs) and hydrothermal-treated coir fibers (HTCFs) were subjected to comprehensive characterization, including lignocellulosic composition analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biocomposites were subjected to water absorption analysis, bending tests, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The results indicate that the 30 min hydrothermal treatment reduces the extractive content, enhancing the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix, as evidenced by SEM. Notably, the composite containing 5 wt% CF exhibits a reduced water absorption, approaching the level observed in pure COPU. The inclusion of 15 wt% HTCF results in a remarkable improvement in the composite's flexural strength (100%), elastic modulus (98%), and toughness (280%) compared to neat COPU. TGA highlights that incorporating CFs into the COPU matrix enhances the material's thermal stability, allowing it to withstand temperatures of up to 500 °C. These findings underscore the potential of CFs as a ductile, lightweight, and cost-effective reinforcement in COPU matrix biocomposites, particularly for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Bárbara Maria Mateus Gonçalves
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Veronica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará, Ananindeua 67140-709, PA, Brazil;
| | - Luciano Da Costa Dias
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Jordão Cabral Moulin
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
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Chaves YS, da Silveira PHPM, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Babassu Coconut Fibers: Investigation of Chemical and Surface Properties ( Attalea speciosa.). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3863. [PMID: 37835912 PMCID: PMC10574988 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To complement previous results, an analysis of the chemical and morphological properties of babassu fibers (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) was conducted in order to evaluate their potential as reinforcements in the production of composites with epoxy matrix. The diameter distribution was analyzed in a sample of one hundred fibers, allowing the verification of its variation. The determination of the chemical properties involved experimental analyses of the constituent index and X-ray diffraction. The diffractogram was used to calculate the crystallinity index and the microfibril angle, which are crucial parameters that indicate the consistency of the mechanical properties of babassu fibers and the feasibility of their use in composites. The results revealed that babassu fiber has a chemical composition, with contents of 28.53% lignin, 32.34% hemicellulose, and 37.97% cellulose. In addition, it showed a high crystallinity index of 81.06% and a microfibril angle of 7.67°. These characteristics, together with previous results, indicate that babassu fibers have favorable chemical and morphological properties to be used as reinforcements in composites, highlighting its potential as an important material for applications in technology areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, RJ, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, RJ, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tíburcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 222290-270, RJ, Brazil; (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
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Oliveira MS, Pereira AC, Colorado HA, Meliande NM, da Cunha JDSC, Figueiredo ABHDS, Monteiro SN. Thermal and Colorimetric Parameter Evaluation of Thermally Aged Materials: A Study of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A/Triethylenetetramine System and Fique Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3761. [PMID: 37765616 PMCID: PMC10536536 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main modifications of thermal and colorimetric parameters after thermal aging of DGEBA/TETA system (plain epoxy) and fique-fiber woven fabric-reinforced epoxy composites are described. As a preliminary study, thermal analysis was carried out on epoxy matrix composites reinforced with 15, 30, 40 and 50% fique-fiber woven fabric. After this previous analysis, the 40% composite was chosen to be thermally aged, at 170 °C. Three exposure times were considered, namely, 0, 72, 120 and 240 h. Samples were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and colorimetry analysis. Significant color changes were observed after thermal aging combined with oxidation. It was also found that the thermal behavior of the plain epoxy showed greater resistance after thermal exposure. By contrast, the composites were more sensitive to temperature variations as a result of thermal stresses induced between fique fibers and the epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Henry Alonso Colorado
- CComposites Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Street 70, n° 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Natalin Michele Meliande
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
- Modeling, Metrology, Simulation and Additive Manufacture Section, Brazilian Army Technology Center-CTEx, Avenida das Américas, 28.705, Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Juliana dos Santos Carneiro da Cunha
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
- Department of Polymeric Materials, Federal University of Amazonas, Avenue General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | - André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.C.P.); (N.M.M.); (J.d.S.C.d.C.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
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Cardoso RLB, da Silva Rodrigues J, Ramos RPB, de Castro Correa A, Leão Filha EM, Monteiro SN, da Silva ACR, Fujiyama RT, Candido VS. Use of Yarn and Carded Jute as Epoxy Matrix Reinforcement for the Production of Composite Materials for Application in the Wind Sector: A Preliminary Analysis for the Manufacture of Blades for Low-Intensity Winds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3682. [PMID: 37765536 PMCID: PMC10537900 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of wind turbines for regions with low wind speeds imposes a challenge to the expansion of the corresponding energy generation capacity. The present work consists of an evaluation of the potential carded jute fiber and jute yarn to be used in the construction of a wind blade for regions of low wind intensity. The fibers used were supplied by Company Textile of Castanhal (Castanhal-Para-Brazil) and used in the study without chemical treatment in the form of single-filament fibers and yarns with a surface twist of 18.5°. The composites were produced through the resin infusion technique and underwent tensile and shear tests using 120-Ohm strain gauges and a blade extensometer to obtain the Young's modulus. In the analysis of the results, the ANOVA test was applied with a 0.05 significance level, followed by Tukey's test. The results showed that long, aligned jute fibers can be a good option for laminated structures applied in composites for small wind turbine blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Luis Baleeiro Cardoso
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Para—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (R.L.B.C.); (R.T.F.)
| | - Jean da Silva Rodrigues
- Materials Engineering Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Para—IFPA, Belem 66645-240, Brazil; (J.d.S.R.); (R.P.B.R.); (A.d.C.C.); (E.M.L.F.)
| | - Roberto Paulo Barbosa Ramos
- Materials Engineering Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Para—IFPA, Belem 66645-240, Brazil; (J.d.S.R.); (R.P.B.R.); (A.d.C.C.); (E.M.L.F.)
| | - Alessandro de Castro Correa
- Materials Engineering Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Para—IFPA, Belem 66645-240, Brazil; (J.d.S.R.); (R.P.B.R.); (A.d.C.C.); (E.M.L.F.)
| | - Elza Monteiro Leão Filha
- Materials Engineering Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Para—IFPA, Belem 66645-240, Brazil; (J.d.S.R.); (R.P.B.R.); (A.d.C.C.); (E.M.L.F.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Engineering Institute—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Material Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Para—UFPA, Ananindeua 67000-000, Brazil;
| | - Roberto Tetsuo Fujiyama
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Para—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (R.L.B.C.); (R.T.F.)
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Para—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (R.L.B.C.); (R.T.F.)
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da Cunha JDSC, Nascimento LFC, Costa UO, Bezerra WBA, Oliveira MS, Marques MDFV, Soares APS, Monteiro SN. Ballistic Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Amazon Titica Vine Fibers ( Heteropsis flexuosa) in Multilayered Armor System and as Stand-Alone Target. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3550. [PMID: 37688176 PMCID: PMC10490357 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeking to improve personal armor equipment by providing mobility and resistance to penetration, this research aimed to explore the potential of sustainable materials in order to assess their ability in ballistic applications. Titica vine fibers (TVFs) extracted from aerial roots of Heteropsis flexuosa from the Amazon region were incorporated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 vol% into an epoxy matrix for applications in ballistic multilayered armor systems (MASs) and stand-alone tests for personal protection against high-velocity 7.62 mm ammunition. The back-face signature (BFS) depth measured for composites with 20 and 40 vol% TVFs used as an intermediate layer in MASs was 25.6 and 32.5 mm, respectively, and below the maximum limit of 44 mm set by the international standard. Fracture mechanisms found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attested the relevance of increasing the fiber content for applications in MASs. The results of stand-alone tests showed that the control (0 vol%) and samples with 20 vol% TVFs absorbed the highest impact energy (Eabs) (212-176 J), and consequently displayed limit velocity (VL) values (213-194 m/s), when compared with 40 vol% fiber composites. However, the macroscopic evaluation found that, referring to the control samples, the plain epoxy shattered completely. In addition, for 10 and 20 vol% TVFs, the composites were fragmented or exhibited delamination fractures, which compromised their physical integrity. On the other hand, composites with 30 and 40 vol% TVFs, whose Eabs and VL varied between 166-130 J and 189-167 m/s, respectively, showed the best physical stability. The SEM images indicated that for composites with 10 and 20 vol% TVFs, the fracture mode was predominantly brittle due to the greater participation of the epoxy resin and the discrete action of the fibers, while for composites with 30 and 40 vol% TVFs, there was activation of more complex mechanisms such as pullout, shearing, and fiber rupture. These results indicate that the TVF composite has great potential for use in bulletproof vests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana dos Santos Carneiro da Cunha
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Institute of Macromolecules Professor Eloisa Mano, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Horácio Macedo Av., 2.030, Bloco J, University City, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula Senra Soares
- Department of Organic Processes, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
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da Silveira PHPM, dos Santos MCC, Chaves YS, Ribeiro MP, Marchi BZ, Monteiro SN, Gomes AV, Tapanes NDLCO, Pereira PSDC, Bastos DC. Characterization of Thermo-Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Polypropylene/Hemp Fiber Biocomposites: Impact of Maleic Anhydride Compatibilizer and Fiber Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3271. [PMID: 37571165 PMCID: PMC10422450 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive study on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with hemp fibers (HF) and compatibilized with maleic anhydride (MAPP). The composites were processed using a twin-screw extruder, followed by hot compression at 190 °C. Subsequently, the composites were analyzed using Izod impact and Shore D hardness tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. Thermal properties were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to study their chemical properties. Additionally, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the average results of the impact and hardness tests. XRD analysis revealed that the addition of HF and MAPP led to the disappearance of peaks corresponding to the beta phase in pure PP. Hemp fibers exhibited an impressive crystallinity of 82.10%, surpassing other natural fibers, and had a significant molecular orientation angle (MFA) of 6.06°, making them highly desirable for engineering applications. The crystallite size was observed to be relatively large, at 32.49 nm. FTIR analysis demonstrated strong interactions between the fiber, compatibilizing agent, and polymer matrix. TGA tests showed that the addition of 5 and 10 wt.% MAPP resulted in complete degradation of the composites, similar to pure PP. DSC analyses indicated a reduction in crystallinity (Xc) due to the incorporation of HF and MAPP. Shore D hardness tests revealed an increase in hardness with the addition of 5 wt.% MAPP, while a steep decline in this property was observed with 10 wt.% MAPP. In terms of impact resistance, fractions of 3 and 5 wt.% MAPP in the composites exhibited improved performance compared to the pure polymer. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to ensure the statistical reliability of the mechanical test results. This comprehensive study sheds light on the diverse properties of PP composites reinforced with hemp fibers and compatibilized with MAPP, emphasizing their potential as sustainable materials for engineering applications. The results contribute to the understanding of the structural and functional aspects of these composites, guiding future research and developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Mônica Cristina Celestino dos Santos
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Belayne Zanini Marchi
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Alaelson Vieira Gomes
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Neyda de La Caridad Om Tapanes
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Patricia Soares da Costa Pereira
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Daniele Cruz Bastos
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
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11
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Meliande NM, Oliveira MS, Lemos MF, Pereira AC, Figueiredo ABHDS, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Thermal Behavior of Curaua-Aramid Hybrid Laminated Composites for Ballistic Helmet. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3214. [PMID: 37571110 PMCID: PMC10422199 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid composites are expanding applications in cutting-edge technology industries, which need materials capable of meeting combined properties in order to guarantee high performance and cost-effectiveness. This original article aimed for the first time to investigate the hybrid laminated composite thermal behavior, made of two types of fibers: synthetic Twaron® fabric and natural curaua non-woven mat, reinforcing epoxy matrix. The composite processing was based on the ballistic helmets methodology from the North American Personal Armor System for Ground Troops, currently used by the Brazilian Army, aiming at reduced costs, total weight, and environmental impact associated with the material without compromising ballistic performance. Thermal properties of plain epoxy, aramid fabric, and curaua mat were evaluated, as well as the other five configurations of hybrid laminated composites. These properties were compared using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with its derivative (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The results showed that the plain epoxy begins thermal degradation at 208 °C while the curaua mat at 231 °C and the aramid fabric at 477 °C. The hybrid laminated composites curves showed two or three inflections in terms of mass loss. The only sample that underwent thermal expansion was the five-aramid and three-curaua layers composite. In the third analyzed temperature interval, related to the glass transition temperature of the composites, there was, in general, an increasing thermal stability behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalin Michele Meliande
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (N.M.M.); (A.C.P.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
- Modeling, Metrology, Simulation and Additive Manufacture Section, Brazilian Army Technology Center—CTEx, Avenida das Américas, 28.705, Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (N.M.M.); (A.C.P.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | | | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (N.M.M.); (A.C.P.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (N.M.M.); (A.C.P.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (N.M.M.); (A.C.P.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (N.M.M.); (A.C.P.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.); (L.F.C.N.)
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12
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Marchi BZ, da Silveira PHPM, Bezerra WBA, Nascimento LFC, Lopes FPD, Candido VS, da Silva ACR, Monteiro SN. Ballistic Performance, Thermal and Chemical Characterization of Ubim Fiber ( Geonoma baculifera) Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3220. [PMID: 37571114 PMCID: PMC10421134 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for unexplored natural materials as an alternative to synthetic components has driven the development of novel polymeric composites reinforced with environmentally-friendly materials. Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been highlighted as potential reinforcement in composite materials for engineering applications. In this work, a less known Amazonian fiber, the ubim fiber (Geonoma baculifera), is investigated as a possible reinforcement in epoxy composites and was, for the first time, thermally characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, its chemical structure was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ballistic tests were also performed against the threat of a 7.62 mm high-speed lead projectile. The results were statistically analyzed by the Weibull statistical analysis method. FTIR analysis showed the functional groups normally found for NLFs highly rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The TGA/DTG results showed the onset of thermal degradation for the composites (325~335 °C), which represents better thermal stability than isolated ubim fiber (259 °C), but slightly lower than that of pure epoxy (352 °C). The DSC results of the composites indicate endothermic peaks between 54 and 56 °C, and for the ubim fibers, at 71 °C. Ballistic tests revealed higher energy absorption in composites with lower fiber content due to the more intense action of the brittle fracture mechanisms of the epoxy resin, which tended to dissipate more energy. These failure mechanisms revealed the presence of river marks, cracks, and broken fibers with a detachment interface. These results may contribute to the production of ubim fiber-reinforced composites in engineering applications, such as ballistic armors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belayne Zanini Marchi
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
| | | | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials—LAMAV, State University of North Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para, UFPA, Highway BR-316, km 7.5–9.0, Ananindeua 67000-000, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para, UFPA, Highway BR-316, km 7.5–9.0, Ananindeua 67000-000, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (W.B.A.B.); (L.F.C.N.); (S.N.M.)
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13
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Pinheiro VD, Alexandre J, Xavier GDC, Marvila MT, Monteiro SN, de Azevedo ARG. Methods for Evaluating Pozzolanic Reactivity in Calcined Clays: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4778. [PMID: 37445092 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternative materials to replace ordinary Portland cement has been the object of work that enhances the investigation of the use of pozzolanic materials and the reduction of the carbon footprint with supplementary cementitious materials. However, not all materials are available to meet the large-scale demand for cement replacement. A relevant exception is the calcined clay, a material found worldwide that, when subjected to appropriate heat treatment, presents pozzolanic reactivity and can be used as a supplementary material to cement. This review presents, through a systematic search, methods for measuring the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined clays, namely, direct, indirect, qualitative, quantitative, chemical and physical methods such as electrical conductivity (Lùxan), the force activity index, the modified Chapelle, R3, Frattini test, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The most usual methods to assess the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined clays were exposed and analyzed. It should be pointed out that there is greater use of the Frattini and modified Chapelle methods as well as the analysis of the mechanical strength behavior of the material in cementitious matrices. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis were exposed as the most used correlation methods but it was also concluded that different tests are needed to generate accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valber Domingos Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alexandre
- Civil Engineering Laboratory, State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Castro Xavier
- Civil Engineering Laboratory, State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, IME-Military Institute of Engineering, Square General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
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14
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Costa UO, Garcia Filho FDC, Río TGD, Rodrigues JGP, Simonassi NT, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Mechanical Properties Optimization of Hybrid Aramid and Jute Fabrics-Reinforced Graphene Nanoplatelets in Functionalized HDPE Matrix Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112460. [PMID: 37299259 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been used as a reinforcement for polymer matrix composites in the past couple of decades. Their biodegradability, renewability, and abundance make them appealing for sustainable materials. However, synthetic fibers surpass NLFs in mechanical and thermal properties. Combining these fibers as a hybrid reinforcement in polymeric materials shows promise for multifunctional materials and structures. Functionalizing these composites with graphene-based materials could lead to superior properties. This research optimized the tensile and impact resistance of a jute/aramid/HDPE hybrid nanocomposite by the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). The hybrid structure with 10 jute/10 aramid layers and 0.10 wt.% GNP exhibited a 2433% increase in mechanical toughness, a 591% increase in tensile strength, and a 462% reduction in ductility compared to neat jute/HDPE composites. A SEM analysis revealed the influence of GNP nano-functionalization on the failure mechanisms of these hybrid nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Materials Science Department of Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa Gómez-Del Río
- Durability and Mechanical Integrity of Structural Materials Group (DIMME), School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán, s/n. Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - João Gabriel Passos Rodrigues
- Catalysis Laboratory for Polymerization, Recycling and Biodegradable Polymers (LCPRB), Professor Eloisa Mano Macromolecules Institute-IMA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Noan Tonini Simonassi
- Materials Science Department of State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Department of Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
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Neuba LDM, Junio RFP, Souza AT, Chaves YS, Tavares S, Palmeira AA, Monteiro SN, Pereira AC. Alkaline Treatment Investigation for Sedge Fibers ( Cyperus malaccensis): A Promising Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092153. [PMID: 37177299 PMCID: PMC10181289 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers have some advantages in comparison to synthetic fibers, especially because they are more environmentally friendly. For this reason, using them as a reinforcement for polymeric matrices is growing exponentially. However, they present the disadvantage of having the hydrophilic nature, which strongly reduces the interface interaction. Sedge fibers have been investigated when reinforcing an epoxy matrix in terms of ballistic properties and mechanical performance. Aiming to enhance the fiber-matrix interface, an alkali treatment was proposed. The group conditions were divided into three NaOH concentrations (3%, 5%, and 10%), as well as the three periods of immersion (24, 48, and 72 h). Therefore, nine different conditions were investigated in terms of their thermal behaviors, chemical structures, physical structures, and morphological aspects. Based on TGA curves, it could be noticed that treatments related to 3% NaOH for 24 h and 48 h exhibited better thermal stability properties. For the time of 48 h, better thermal stability with for a decay of the thermal DSC curve was shown for all treatment conditions. The FTIR spectra has shown a reduction of waxes for higher NaOH concentrations. The XRD diffractogram exhibited an increase in the crystallinity index only for 5% NaOH and an immersion time of 48 h. The morphological aspects of fibers treated with 5% and 10% of NaOH have shown that the treatments have damaged the fiber, which highlighted the crystallinity index reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa Teixeira Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sheron Tavares
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Pinheiro MA, Ribeiro MM, Rosa DLS, Nascimento DDCB, da Silva ACR, Dos Reis MAL, Monteiro SN, Candido VS. Periquiteira ( Cochlospermum orinocense): A Promising Amazon Fiber for Application in Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092120. [PMID: 37177266 PMCID: PMC10181227 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have in recent decades appeared as sustainable reinforcement alternatives to replace synthetic fibers in polymer composite material applications. In this work, for the first time, the periquiteira (Cochlospermum orinocense), a lesser known NLF from the Amazon region, was analyzed for its density and, by X-ray diffraction (XRD), to calculate the crystallinity index as well as the microfibrillar angle (MFA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron analysis (SEM) and tensile strength. The apparent density found for the periquiteira fiber was 0.43 g/cm3, one of the NLF's lowest. XRD analysis indicated a crystallinity index of 70.49% and MFA of 7.32°. The TGA disclosed thermal stability up to 250 °C. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of functional groups characteristic of NLFs. The SEM morphological analysis revealed that the periquiteira fiber presents fine bundles of fibrils and a rough surface throughout its entire length. The average strength value of the periquiteira fiber was found as 178 MPa. These preliminary results indicate that the periquiteira fiber has the potential to be used as a reinforcing agent in polymeric matrices and can generate a lightweight composite with excellent mechanical properties that can be used in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane Alexandrino Pinheiro
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maurício Maia Ribeiro
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Diemison Lira Santa Rosa
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil
| | | | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil
| | - Marcos Allan Leite Dos Reis
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil
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17
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Martinelli FRB, Ribeiro FRC, Marvila MT, Monteiro SN, Filho FDCG, Azevedo ARGD. A Review of the Use of Coconut Fiber in Cement Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051309. [PMID: 36904550 PMCID: PMC10007414 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plant fibers in cementitious composites has been gaining prominence with the need for more sustainable construction materials. It occurs due to the advantages natural fibers provide to these composites, such as the reduction of density, fragmentation, and propagation of cracks in concrete. The consumption of coconut, a fruit grown in tropical countries, generates shells that are improperly disposed of in the environment. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the use of coconut fibers and coconut fiber textile mesh in cement-based materials. For this purpose, discussions were conducted on plant fibers, the production and characteristics of coconut fibers, cementitious composites reinforced with coconut fibers, cementitious composites reinforced with textile mesh as an innovative material to absorb coconut fibers, and treatments of coconut fiber for improved product performance and durability. Finally, future perspectives on this field of study have also been highlighted. Thus, this paper aims to understand the behavior of cementitious matrices reinforced with plant fibers and demonstrate that coconut fiber has a high capacity to be used in cementitious composites instead of synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Bianchi Martinelli
- LAMAV-Advanced Materials Laboratory, Campos dos Goytacazes, State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, IME-Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho
- Department of Materials Science, IME-Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- LECIV-Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF-State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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Coverdale Rangel Velasco D, Perissé Duarte Lopes F, Souza D, Colorado Lopera HA, Neves Monteiro S, Fontes Vieira CM. Evaluation of Composites Reinforced by Processed and Unprocessed Coconut Husk Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051195. [PMID: 36904436 PMCID: PMC10007051 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering activities aim to satisfy the demands of society. Not only should the economic and technological aspects be considered, but also the socio-environmental impact. In this sense, the development of composites with the incorporation of waste has been highlighted, aiming not only for better and/or cheaper materials, but also optimizing the use of natural resources. To obtain better results using industrial agro waste, we need to treat this waste to incorporate engineered composites and obtain the optimal results for each application desired. The objective of this work is to compare the effect of processing coconut husk particulates on the mechanical and thermal behavior of epoxy matrix composites, since we will need a smooth composite in the near future to be applied by brushes and sprayers with a high quality surface finish. This processing was carried out in a ball mill for 24 h. The matrix was a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA)/triethylenetetramine (TETA) epoxy system. The tests that were performed were resistance to impact and compression, as well as the linear expansion test. Through this work, it can be observed that the processing of coconut husk powder was beneficial, allowing not only positive improvements to the properties of the composite, but also a better workability and wettability of the particulates, which was attributed to the change in the average size and shape of particulates. That means that the composites with processed coconut husk powders have improved impact strength (46 up to 51%) and compressive strength (88 up to 334%), in comparison with unprocessed particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coverdale Rangel Velasco
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, State University of the North of Rio de Janeiro Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Av Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, State University of the North of Rio de Janeiro Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Av Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Djalma Souza
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, State University of the North of Rio de Janeiro Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Av Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, State University of the North of Rio de Janeiro Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Av Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, State University of the North of Rio de Janeiro Darcy Ribeiro—UENF, Av Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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19
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Ribeiro MP, da Silveira PHPM, de Oliveira Braga F, Monteiro SN. Fabric Impregnation with Shear Thickening Fluid for Ballistic Armor Polymer Composites: An Updated Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204357. [PMID: 36297935 PMCID: PMC9611053 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As destructive power of firearms raises over the years, ballistic armors are in continuous need of enhancement. For soft armors, this improvement is invariably related to the increase of stacked layers of high-strength fiber fabrics, which potentially restrains wearer mobility. A different solution was created in the early 2000s, when a research work proposed a new treatment of the ballistic panels with non-Newtonian colloidal shear thickening fluid (STF), in view of weight decreasing with strength reinforcement and cost-effective production. Since then, databases reveal a surge in publications generally pointing to acceptable features under ballistic impact by exploring different conditions of the materials adopted. As a result, several works have not been covered in recent reviews for a wider discussion of their methodologies and results, which could be a barrier to a deeper understanding of the behavior of STF-impregnated fabrics. Therefore, the present work aims to overview the unexplored state-of-art on the effectiveness of STF addition to high-strength fabrics for ballistic applications to compile achievements regarding the ballistic strength of this novel material through different parameters. From the screened papers, SiO2, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 and 400, and Aramid are extensively being incorporated into the STF/Fabric composites. Besides, parameters such as initial and residual velocity, energy absorbed, ballistic limit, and back face signature are common metrics for a comprehensive analysis of the ballistic performance of the material. The overview also points to a promising application of natural fiber fabrics and auxetic fabrics with STF fluids, as well as the demand for the adoption of new materials and more homogeneous ballistic test parameters. Finally, the work emphasizes that the ballistic application for STF-impregnated fabric based on NIJ standards is feasible for several conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Fábio de Oliveira Braga
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Fluminense University—UFF, Niterói 24210-240, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
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Neuba LDM, Junio RFP, Souza AT, Ribeiro MP, da Silveira PHPM, da Silva TT, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN. Evaluation of the Change in Density with the Diameter and Thermal Analysis of the Seven-Islands-Sedge Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173687. [PMID: 36080761 PMCID: PMC9460121 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic properties of sedge fibers from the seven-islands-sedge plant (Cyperus malaccensis) were investigated with possible application in reinforcing composite materials. A dimensional distribution and the effect of fiber diameter on density were investigated using gas pycnometry. The Weibull method, used to statistically analyze the acquired data from the diameter intervals, indicated an inverse dependence, where the thinnest fibers had the highest density values. The morphology of the fibers was obtained through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in which a lower presence of defects was revealed in the thinner fibers, corroborating the inverse density dependence. In addition, the sedge fiber was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, which indicate an initial thermal degradation at around 241 °C. These results revealed for the first time that thinner sedge fibers might be promising reinforcement for polymer composites with a limit in temperature application.
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21
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Fernandes RAP, da Silveira PHPM, Bastos BC, Pereira PSDC, de Melo VA, Monteiro SN, Tapanes NDLCO, Bastos DC. Bio-Based Composites for Light Automotive Parts: Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties; Effect of Matrix and Alkali Treatment in Sisal Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173566. [PMID: 36080641 PMCID: PMC9460829 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites based on virgin and recycled polypropylene (PP and rPP) reinforced with 15 wt% sisal fibers, with and without alkali treatment, were prepared by compression molding in a mat composed of a three-layer sandwich structure. The sisal was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The composites were characterized according to physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, a factorial experimental design was used to statistically evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite. The FTIR and XRD indicated the partial removal of amorphous materials from the surface of the sisal after alkali treatment. The composites’ density results varied from 0.892 to 0.927 g·cm−3, which was in the desirable range for producing lightweight automotive components. A slight decrease in the hardness of the pure rPP and rPP composites in relation to the PP was observed. The water absorption was higher in rPP composites, regardless of the chemical treatment. Moreover, the impact resistance of PP and its composites was higher than the values for rPP. Statistical analysis showed that the alkali treatment was a significant factor for the hardness of the rPP and PP composites, and that the addition of the sisal layer was relevant to improve the impact resistance of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Anastacia Palermo Fernandes
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | | | - Beatriz Cruz Bastos
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro—IFRJ, Rua Lúcio Tavares, 1045-Centro, Nilópolis 26530-060, Brazil;
| | - Patricia Soares da Costa Pereira
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Valdir Agustinho de Melo
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Neyda de La Caridad Om Tapanes
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Daniele Cruz Bastos
- Departamento de Materiais, State University of Rio de Janeiro, West Zone Campus—UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (R.A.P.F.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (V.A.d.M.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (D.C.B.)
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22
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de Melo ECR, Camillo MDO, Marcelino PRC, Barbosa dos Santos da Silva R, Colares Firmino T, Ferreira de Oliveira B, Profeti D, Camposo Pereira A, Neves Monteiro S, Picanço Oliveira M. Influence of Silanization Treatment of Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) Fibers on the Reinforcement of Polyester Composites: A Brief Report. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163311. [PMID: 36015569 PMCID: PMC9415829 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have been extensively investigated and applied as reinforcements for polymers composites owing to improved properties associated with their cost-effectiveness and their sustainable characteristics as compared to synthetic fibers. However, an intrinsic difficulty of the hydrophilic NFL adhesion to a hydrophobic polymer matrix is still a major limitation, which might be overcome via fiber surface treatments. Among the less-known NLFs, sponge gourd (Lufta cylindrica) is a promising reinforcement for polymer composites owing to its natural network of intertwined fibers. The present work investigated for the first time the influence of a chemical treatment using silane as a coupling agent for 30 wt.% sponge gourd incorporated into a polyester matrix composite. The novel composite performance was compared with that of an untreated fiber composite via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Charpy impact tests, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The XRD results revealed that the silanization increased the crystallinity index by 37%, which attests to the effective fiber–matrix interaction stretching of the C-H bond, as observed in its FTIR band. The silanization also increased the mean impact resistance by 10%. Although the temperatures associated with the beginning of the thermal degradation by the TGA were not affected, both the silane-treated fibers and composite displayed less thermal degradation compared with the untreated fibers. The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) results disclosed an improved sponge gourd fiber morphology after the silanization, which caused greater adherence to the polyester matrix. These results revealed a promising novel composite compared with other NLF polymer composites in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thierry Colares Firmino
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil
| | | | - Demetrius Profeti
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Porto Alegre 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Marvila M, de Matos P, Rodríguez E, Monteiro SN, de Azevedo ARG. Recycled Aggregate: A Viable Solution for Sustainable Concrete Production. Materials 2022; 15:ma15155276. [PMID: 35955212 PMCID: PMC9369566 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Construction and demolition activities consume large amounts of natural resources, generating 4.5 bi tons of solid waste/year, called construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and other wastes, such as ceramic, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), glass, and slag. Furthermore, around 32 bi tons of natural aggregate (NA) are extracted annually. In this scenario, replacing NA with recycled aggregate (RA) from C&DW and other wastes can mitigate environmental problems. We review the use of RA for concrete production and draw the main challenges and outlook. RA reduces concrete’s fresh and hardened performance compared to NA, but these reductions are often negligible when the replacement levels are kept up to 30%. Furthermore, we point out efficient strategies to mitigate these performance reductions. Efforts must be spent on improving the efficiency of RA processing and the international standardization of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markssuel Marvila
- Advanced Materials Laboratory (LAMAV), UFV—Federal University of Viçosa Campus Rio Paranaíba (UFV-CRP), Rodovia BR 230 KM 7, Rio Paranaíba 38810-000, Brazil;
| | - Paulo de Matos
- Department of Structures and Civil Construction, UFSM—Federal University of Santa Maria, Coordenadoria Acadêmica, Rodovia Taufik Germano, 3013, Cachoeira do Sul 96503-205, Brazil; (P.d.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Erich Rodríguez
- Department of Structures and Civil Construction, UFSM—Federal University of Santa Maria, Coordenadoria Acadêmica, Rodovia Taufik Germano, 3013, Cachoeira do Sul 96503-205, Brazil; (P.d.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Engineering Institute, IME—Materials Science Program, Praça Gen. Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Afonso R. G. de Azevedo
- LECIV—Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Meliande NM, da Silveira PHPM, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Tensile Properties of Curaua–Aramid Hybrid Laminated Composites for Ballistic Helmet. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132588. [PMID: 35808633 PMCID: PMC9268913 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A typical ballistic protection helmet for ground military troops has an inside laminate polymer composite reinforced with 19 layers of the aramid, which are neither recyclable or biodegradable and are relatively expensive. The hybridization of synthetic aramid with a natural lignocellulosic fiber (NLF) can provide a lower cost and desirable sustainability to the helmet. In the present work, the curaua fiber, one of the strongest NLFs, is, for the first time, considered in non-woven mat layers to partially replace the aramid woven fabric layers. To investigate the possible advantage of this replacement, the tensile and impact properties of aramid/curaua hybrid laminated composites intended for ballistic helmets, in which up to four layers of curaua were substituted for the aramid, were evaluated. Tensile strength, toughness, and elastic modulus decreased with the replacement of the aramid while the deformation of rupture was improved for the replacement of nine aramid layers by two layers of curaua. Preliminary impact tests corroborate the decreasing tendency found in the tensile properties with the replacement of the aramid by curaua. Novel proposed Reduction Maps showed that, except for the replacement of four aramid layers by one layer of curaua, the decrease percentage of any tensile property value was lower than the corresponding volume percentage of replaced aramid, which revealed advantageous hybridization for the replacement of nine or more aramid layers.
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Costa UO, Nascimento LFC, Bezerra WBA, Neves PP, Huaman NRC, Monteiro SN, Pinheiro WA. Dynamic and Ballistic Performance of Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091859. [PMID: 35567028 PMCID: PMC9105903 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) functionalized curaua fiber (CF) has been shown to improve the mechanical properties and ballistic performance of epoxy matrix (EM) nanocomposites with 30 vol% fiber. However, the possibility of further improvement in the property and performance of nanocomposites with a greater percentage of GO functionalized CF is still a challenging endeavor. In the present work, a novel epoxy composite reinforced with 40 vol% CF coated with 0.1 wt% GO (40GOCF/EM), was subjected to Izod and ballistic impact tests as well as corresponding fractographic analysis in comparison with a GO-free composite (40CF/EM). One important achievement of this work was to determine the characteristics of the GO by means of FE-SEM and TEM. A zeta potential of −21.46 mV disclosed a relatively low stability of the applied GO, which was attributed to more multilayered structures rather than mono- or few-layer flakes. FE-SEM images revealed GO deposition, with thickness around 30 nm, onto the CF. Izod impact-absorbed energy of 813 J/m for the 40GOCF/EM was not only higher than that of 620 J/m for the 40CF/EM but also higher than other values reported for fiber composites in the literature. The GO-functionalized nanocomposite was more optimized for ballistic application against a 7.62 mm projectile, with a lower depth of penetration (24.80 mm) as compared with the 30 vol% GO-functionalized CF/epoxy nanocomposite previously reported (27.43 mm). Fractographic analysis identified five main events in the ballistic-tested 40GOCF/EM composed of multilayered armor: CF rupture, epoxy matrix rupture, CF/matrix delamination, CF fibril split, and capture of ceramic fragments by the CF. Microcracks were associated with the morphological aspects of the CF surface. A brief cost-effective analysis confirmed that 40GOCF/EM may be one of the most promising materials for personal multilayered ballistic armor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21982418125
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Pamela Pinto Neves
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Noemi Raquel Checca Huaman
- Brazilian Center for Physics Research, CBPF, Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (P.P.N.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
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Ferreira EDS, Paranhos SB, da Paz SPA, Canelas CADA, do Nascimento LAS, Passos MF, da Silva ACR, Monteiro SN, Paula MVDS, Candido VS. Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Polymeric Membranes Composed of Chitosan, Green Banana Peel Extract and Andiroba Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061105. [PMID: 35335436 PMCID: PMC8950070 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan comprises polymeric macromolecules with technical and biological properties that have been used in biomedical healing applications requiring anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory capacities worldwide. In the tropical regions, green banana peel extract and andiroba oil are considered natural products with wound healing properties. The present study, for the first time, synthesized chitosan/green banana peel extract/andiroba oil (CGA) membranes and analyzed them using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the swelling and moisture tests. The CGA membranes together with control membranes of plain chitosan and chitosan plus green banana peel extract, were characterized by contact angle measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Macroscopic analysis showed significant differences in color and transparency caused by the number of decoction days used for extract preparation and the oil content. SEM observations disclosed the formation of two phases, lipid and polymer, in the CGA. The number of decoction days and the andiroba oil content were inversely related to the swelling moisture uptake. All membranes were found to be hydrophilic with contact angles less than 90°. The incorporation of plant extract and oil promoted the appearance of related XRD peaks. DSC curves revealed a reduction in the enthalpy of the CGA membranes compared with plain chitosan, which might be attributed to the evaporation of the natural extract and oil. Based on these findings, the studied newly synthesized membranes demonstrated a potential for healing epithelial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisângela da Silva Ferreira
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; (E.d.S.F.); (S.B.P.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
| | - Sheila Barbosa Paranhos
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; (E.d.S.F.); (S.B.P.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
| | - Simone Patrícia Aranha da Paz
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; (E.d.S.F.); (S.B.P.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
| | - Caio Augusto de Almeida Canelas
- Laboratory of Amazon Oils, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Augusto Corrêa Street, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.C.); (L.A.S.d.N.)
| | - Luís Adriano Santos do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Amazon Oils, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Augusto Corrêa Street, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.C.); (L.A.S.d.N.)
| | - Marcele Fonseca Passos
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pa. Tv We 26, Ananindeua, Pará 67130-660, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pa. Tv We 26, Ananindeua, Pará 67130-660, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | | | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil; (E.d.S.F.); (S.B.P.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Paranhos SB, Ferreira EDS, Canelas CADA, da Paz SPA, Passos MF, da Costa CEF, da Silva ACR, Monteiro SN, Candido VS. Chitosan Membrane Containing Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.) for Skin Wound Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010035. [PMID: 35012060 PMCID: PMC8747624 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of copaiba oil in the polymer matrix of chitosan can produce a favorable synergistic effect and potentiate properties. Indeed, the bioactive principles present in copaiba oil have anti-inflammatory and healing action. In the present work, chitosan membranes containing different contents of copaiba oil copaíba (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% (v/v)) were for the first time investigated. The membranes were developed by the casting method and analyzed for their morphology, degree of intumescence, moisture content, contact angle, Scanning Electron Microscope, and X-ray diffractometry. These chitosan/copaiba oil porous membranes disclosed fluid absorption capacity, hydrophilic surface, and moisture. In addition, the results showed that chitosan membranes with the addition of 1.0% (v/v) of copaiba oil presented oil drops with larger diameters, around 123.78 μm. The highest fluid absorption indexes were observed in chitosan membranes containing 0.1 and 0.5% (v/v) of copaiba oil. In addition, the copaiba oil modified the crystalline structure of chitosan. Such characteristics are expected to favor wound treatment. However, biological studies are necessary for the safe use of chitosan/copaiba oil membrane as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Barbosa Paranhos
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Correa 01, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (S.B.P.); (E.d.S.F.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
| | - Elisângela da Silva Ferreira
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Correa 01, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (S.B.P.); (E.d.S.F.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
| | - Caio Augusto de Almeida Canelas
- Amazon Oil Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Correa 01, Belem 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Simone Patrícia Aranha da Paz
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Correa 01, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (S.B.P.); (E.d.S.F.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
| | - Marcele Fonseca Passos
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Tv We 26, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | | | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Tv We 26, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tiburcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Rua Augusto Correa 01, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (S.B.P.); (E.d.S.F.); (S.P.A.d.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-991917375
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Gonçalves BMM, Camillo MDO, Oliveira MP, Carreira LG, Moulin JC, Fantuzzi Neto H, de Oliveira BF, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN. Surface Treatments of Coffee Husk Fiber Waste for Effective Incorporation into Polymer Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193428. [PMID: 34641246 PMCID: PMC8512342 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural lignocellulose fibers have been extensively investigated and applied as a reinforcement of polymer composites in industrial applications from food packing to automotive parts. Among the advantages of natural fibers stands their relatively low cost and sustainable characteristics. These are accentuated in the case of residual fibers such as those obtained from coffee husks, an agribusiness waste, usually burnt or disposed into the environment. As composite reinforcement, hydrophilic natural fibers display adhesion problems to the most hydrophobic polymer matrices. This adhesion might be improved with distinct types of fibers surface treatments. In the present work, the effectiveness of three surface treatments applied to coffee husk fiber wastes (CHFW) were investigated, aiming to improve the tensile performance of castor oil-based polyurethane (COPU) biocomposites. The effects of treatments associated with (i) chemical with sodium hydroxide, (ii) physical by temperature and pressure and hydrothermic treatment, and (iii) biological by fermentation with Phanerochaete Chrysosporium fungus were evaluated by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses and morphology by scanning electron microscopy for different concentration of NaOH, different hydrothermic times at 121 °C/98 kPa and exposition to P. chrysosporium. The most effective treatment was the hydrothermal one at 121 °C and 98.06 kPa for 30 min. Preliminary tensile tests were performed in COPU biocomposites reinforced with 20% CHFWs subjected to the optimized conditions for each distinct type of treatment. The results indicated that the hydrothermal treatment promoted significant enhancement in the fiber/matrix interfacial bond, increasing the tensile strength up to 60% compared to COPU reinforced with in natura CHFWs fibers. It is important to mention that these composites can be applied as plastic wood for household items’ internal parts and in the automobile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Maria Mateus Gonçalves
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Lilian Gasparelli Carreira
- Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil;
| | - Jordão Cabral Moulin
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Humberto Fantuzzi Neto
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, Vitória 29550-000, Brazil; (B.M.M.G.); (M.d.O.C.); (M.P.O.); (J.C.M.); (H.F.N.)
| | - Bárbara Ferreira de Oliveira
- Advanced Materials Department, Darcy Ribeiro Northern Fluminense State University, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: or
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Souza ERS, Weber RP, Monteiro SN, Oliveira SDS. Microstructure Effect of Heat Input on Ballistic Performance of Welded High Strength Armor Steel. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14195789. [PMID: 34640186 PMCID: PMC8510201 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of two different heat inputs, 1.2 and 0.8 kJ/ mg, on the microstructure associated with a welded high hardness armor (HHA) steel was investigated by ballistic tests. A novel way of comparing the ballistic performance between fusion zone (FZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM) of the HHA joint plate was applied by using results of the limit velocity V50. These results of V50 were combined with those of ballistic absorbed impact energy, microhardness, and Charpy and tensile strength revealing that the higher ballistic performance was attained for the lower heat input. Indeed, the lower heat input was associated with a superior performance of the HAZ, by reaching a V50 projectile limit velocity of 668 m/s, as compared to V50 of 622 m/s for higher heat input as well as to both FZ and BM, with 556 and 567 m/s, respectively. Another relevant result, which is for the first time disclosed, refers to the comparative lower microhardness of the HAZ (445 HV) vs. BM (503 HV), in spite of the HAZ superior ballistic performance. This apparent contradiction is attributed to the HAZ bainitic microstructure with a relatively greater toughness, which was found more determinant for the ballistic resistance than the harder microstructure of the BM tempered martensite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Pondé Weber
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Suzane de Sant’Ana Oliveira
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro—UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
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Oliveira MS, da Luz FS, Lopera HAC, Nascimento LFC, Garcia Filho FDC, Monteiro SN. Energy Absorption and Limit Velocity of Epoxy Composites Incorporated with Fique Fabric as Ballistic Armor-A Brief Report. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162727. [PMID: 34451267 PMCID: PMC8402047 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites reinforced with natural fabric have recently been investigated as possible ballistic armor for personal protection against different levels of ammunition. In particular, fabric made of fique fibers, which is extracted from the leaves of the Furcraea andina, was applied as reinforcement for polymer composites used in a multilayered armor system (MAS). The superior performance of the fique fabric composites as a second MAS layer motivated this brief report on the determination of the absorbed energy and capability to limit velocity in the stand-alone ballistic tests. The single plates of epoxy composites, which were reinforced with up to 50 vol% of fique fabric, were ballistic tested as targets against 7.62 mm high-speed, ~840 m/s, impact ammunition for the first time. The results were statistically analyzed by the Weibull method and ANOVA. The absorbed energies of the 200–219 J and limit velocities of 202–211 m/s were found statistically similar to the epoxy composites reinforced with the fique fabric from 15 to 50 vol%. Predominantly, these findings are better than those reported for the plain epoxy and aramid fabric (KevlarTM) used as stand-alone plates with the same thickness. Macrocracks in the 15 and 30 vol% fique fabric composites compromise their application as armor plates. The delamination rupture mechanism was revealed by scanning electron microscopy. By contrast, the integrity was maintained in the 40 and 50 vol% composites, ensuring superior ballistic protection compared to the use of KevlarTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (M.S.O.); (L.F.C.N.); (F.d.C.G.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Fernanda Santos da Luz
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (M.S.O.); (L.F.C.N.); (F.d.C.G.F.); (S.N.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (M.S.O.); (L.F.C.N.); (F.d.C.G.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (M.S.O.); (L.F.C.N.); (F.d.C.G.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (M.S.O.); (L.F.C.N.); (F.d.C.G.F.); (S.N.M.)
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Marvila MT, de Azevedo ARG, de Matos PR, Monteiro SN, Vieira CMF. Materials for Production of High and Ultra-High Performance Concrete: Review and Perspective of Possible Novel Materials. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14154304. [PMID: 34361498 PMCID: PMC8347951 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article proposes the identification and basic concepts of materials that might be used for the production of high-performance concrete (HPC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Although other reviews have addressed this topic, the present work differs by presenting relevant aspects on possible materials applied in the production of HPC and UHPC. The main innovation of this review article is to identify the perspectives for new materials that can be considered in the production of novel special concretes. After consulting different bibliographic databases, some information related to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), mineral additions, aggregates, and chemical additives used for the production of HPC and UHPC were highlighted. Relevant information on the application of synthetic and natural fibers is also highlighted in association with a cement matrix of HPC and UHPC, forming composites with properties superior to conventional concrete used in civil construction. The article also presents some relevant characteristics for the application of HPC and UHPC produced with alkali-activated cement, an alternative binder to OPC produced through the reaction between two essential components: precursors and activators. Some information about the main types of precursors, subdivided into materials rich in aluminosilicates and rich in calcium, were also highlighted. Finally, suggestions for future work related to the application of HPC and UHPC are highlighted, guiding future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markssuel Teixeira Marvila
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (M.T.M.); (C.M.F.V.)
| | - Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- LECIV—Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulo R. de Matos
- Department of Civil Engineering, UFSC—Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rua João Pio Duarte Silva, 205, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
- Coordenadoria Acadêmica, UFSM—Federal University of Santa Maria, Rodovia Taufik Germano, 3013, Cachoeira do Sul 96503-205, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, IME—Military Institute of Engineering, Square General Tibúrcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira
- LAMAV—Advanced Materials Laboratory, UENF—State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil; (M.T.M.); (C.M.F.V.)
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da Silva TT, da Silveira PHPM, Ribeiro MP, Lemos MF, da Silva AP, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Thermal and Chemical Characterization of Kenaf Fiber ( Hibiscus cannabinus) Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122016. [PMID: 34203077 PMCID: PMC8235200 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is one of the most investigated and industrially applied natural fibers for polymer composite reinforcement. However, relatively limited information is available regarding its epoxy composites. In this work, both thermal and chemical properties were, for the first time, determined in kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites. Through XRD analysis, a microfibrillar angle of 7.1° and crystallinity index of 44.3% was obtained. The FTIR analysis showed the functional groups normally found for natural lignocellulosic fibers. TMA analysis of the composites with 10 vol% and 20 vol% of kenaf fibers disclosed a higher coefficient of thermal expansion. The TG/DTG results of the epoxy composites revealed enhanced thermal stability when compared to plain epoxy. The DSC results corroborated the results obtained by TGA, which indicated a higher mass loss in the first stage for kenaf when compared to its composites. These results might contribute to kenaf fiber composite applications requiring superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuane Teixeira da Silva
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Maurício Ferrapontoff Lemos
- Brazilian Navy Research Institute—IPqM, Materials Technology Group; Rua Ipiru, 02, Cacuia, Rio de Janeiro 21931-095, Brazil; (M.F.L.)
| | - Ana Paula da Silva
- Brazilian Navy Research Institute—IPqM, Materials Technology Group; Rua Ipiru, 02, Cacuia, Rio de Janeiro 21931-095, Brazil; (M.F.L.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (T.T.d.S.); (P.H.P.M.d.S.); (M.P.R.); (L.F.C.N.)
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Costa UO, Nascimento LFC, Almeida Bezerra WB, de Oliveira Aguiar V, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN, Pinheiro WA. Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: A Brief Report. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111897. [PMID: 34200455 PMCID: PMC8201326 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coating of natural fiber by graphene oxide (GO) has, over, this past decade, attracted increasing attention as an effective way to improve the adhesion to polymer matrices and enhance the composite properties. In particular, the GO-functionalized 30 vol% curaua fiber (Ananas Erectifolius) reinforcing epoxy composite was found to display superior tensile and thermogravimetric properties as well as higher fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength. In this brief report, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was conducted in up to 50 vol% GO-functionalized curaua fiber reinforced epoxy matrix (EM) composites. The objective was not only to extend the amount incorporated but also for the first time investigate the composite viscoelastic behavior. The GO functionalization of curaua fibers (GOCF) improved the DMA storage (E′) and loss (E″) modulus compared to the non-functionalized fiber composites. Values at 30 °C of both E′ (13.44 GPa) and E″ (0.67 GPa) for 50 vol% GO-functionalized curaua fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites (50GOCF/EM) were substantially higher than those of 20 GOCF/EM with E′ (7.08 GPa) and E″ (0.22 GPa) as well as non-functionalized 50CF/EM with E′ (11.04 GPa) and E″ (0.45 GPa). All these results are above the neat epoxy previously reported values of E′ (3.86 GPa) and E″ (0.09 GPa). As for the tangent delta, the parameters associated with damping factor and glass transition temperature were not found to be significantly changed by GO functionalization, but decreased with respect to the neat epoxy due to chain mobility restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (A.C.P.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-9824-18125
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (A.C.P.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (A.C.P.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Vinícius de Oliveira Aguiar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Institute of Macromolecules Professor Eloisa Mano, IMA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (A.C.P.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (A.C.P.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro
- Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (W.B.A.B.); (A.C.P.); (S.N.M.); (W.A.P.)
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Maradini GDS, Oliveira MP, Carreira LG, Guimarães D, Profeti D, Dias Júnior AF, Boschetti WTN, de Oliveira BF, Pereira AC, Monteiro SN. Impact and Tensile Properties of Polyester Nanocomposites Reinforced with Conifer Fiber Cellulose Nanocrystal: A Previous Study Extension. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111878. [PMID: 34198848 PMCID: PMC8201277 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent paper, novel polyester nanocomposites reinforced with up to 3 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from conifer fiber were characterized for their crystallinity index, water absorption, and flexural and thermal resistance. The use of this novel class of nanocomposites as a possible substitute for conventional glass fiber composites (fiberglass) was then suggested, especially for the 1 and 2 wt% CNC composites due to promising bending, density, and water absorption results. However, for effective engineering applications requiring impact and tensile performance, the corresponding properties need to be evaluated. Therefore, this extension of the previous work presents additional results on Izod and tensile tests of 1 and 2 wt% CNC-reinforced polyester composites, together with a comparative cost analysis with fiberglass. The chemical effect caused by incorporation of CNCs into polyester was also investigated by FTIR. In comparison to the neat polyester, the Izod impact energy increased 50% and 16% for the 1 and 2 wt% composites, respectively. On the other hand, the tensile strength and Young's modulus remained constant within the ANOVA statistical analysis. FTIR analysis failed to reveal any chemical modification caused by up to 2 wt% CNC incorporation. The present impact and tensile results corroborate the promising substitution of a polyester composite reinforced with very low amount of CNCs for common fiberglass in engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle da Silva Maradini
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (A.F.D.J.)
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (A.F.D.J.)
| | - Lilian Gasparelli Carreira
- Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil; (L.G.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Damaris Guimarães
- Rural Engineering Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil; (L.G.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Demetrius Profeti
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, sn., Alegre 29500-000, Brazil;
| | - Ananias Francisco Dias Júnior
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (A.F.D.J.)
| | | | - Bárbara Ferreira de Oliveira
- Advanced Materials Department, Northern Fluminense State University Campos dos Goytacazes, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: or
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Maradini GDS, Oliveira MP, Guanaes GMDS, Passamani GZ, Carreira LG, Boschetti WTN, Monteiro SN, Pereira AC, de Oliveira BF. Characterization of Polyester Nanocomposites Reinforced with Conifer Fiber Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2838. [PMID: 33260682 PMCID: PMC7760286 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of cellulose nanocrystal has lately been investigated as polymer composites reinforcement owing to favorable characteristics of biodegradability and cost effectiveness as well as superior mechanical properties. In the present work novel nanocomposites of unsaturated polyester matrix reinforced with low amount of 1, 2, and 3 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals obtained from conifer fiber (CNC) were characterized. The polyester matrix and nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), bending test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result showed that the addition of only 2 wt% CNC increased the nanocomposite flexural strength by 159%, the ductility by 500% and the toughness by 1420%. Fracture analyses by SEM revealed a uniform participation of the CNC in the polyester microstructure. The resistance to thermal degradation of the CNC reinforced nanocomposites was improved in more than 20 °C as compared to neat polyester. No significant changes were detected in the water absorptions and XRD pattern of the neat polyester with incorporations up to 3 wt% CNC. These results reveal that the 2 wt% CNC nanocomposite might be a promising more ductile, lightweight and cost-effective substitute for conventional glass fiber composites in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle da Silva Maradini
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (G.M.d.S.G.); (G.Z.P.); (L.G.C.)
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (G.M.d.S.G.); (G.Z.P.); (L.G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Madeira da Silva Guanaes
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (G.M.d.S.G.); (G.Z.P.); (L.G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Zuqui Passamani
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (G.M.d.S.G.); (G.Z.P.); (L.G.C.)
| | - Lilian Gasparelli Carreira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, Brazil; (G.d.S.M.); (M.P.O.); (G.M.d.S.G.); (G.Z.P.); (L.G.C.)
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Bárbara Ferreira de Oliveira
- Advanced Materials Department, Northern Fluminense State University, Av Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil;
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Junio RFP, Nascimento LFC, Neuba LDM, Souza AT, Moura JVB, Garcia Filho FDC, Monteiro SN. Copernicia Prunifera Leaf Fiber: A Promising New Reinforcement for Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092090. [PMID: 32937924 PMCID: PMC7570309 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A basic characterization of novel epoxy matrix composites incorporated with up to 40 vol% of processed leaf fibers from the Copernicia prunifera palm tree, known as carnauba fibers, was performed. The tensile properties for the composite reinforced with 40 vol% of carnauba fibers showed an increase (40%) in the tensile strength and (69%) for the elastic modulus. All composites presented superior elongation values in comparison to neat epoxy. Izod impact tests complemented by fibers/matrix interfacial strength evaluation by pullout test and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed for the first time a significant reinforcement effect (> 9 times) caused by the carnauba fiber to polymer matrix. Additional thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) showed the onset of thermal degradation for the composites (326 ~ 306 °C), which represents a better thermal stability than the plain carnauba fiber (267 °C) but slightly lower than that of the neat epoxy (342 °C). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) disclosed an endothermic peak at 63 °C for the neat epoxy associated with the glass transition temperature (Tg). DSC endothermic peaks for the composites, between 73 to 103 °C, and for the plain carnauba fibers, 107 °C, are attributed to moisture release. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirms Tg of 64 °C for the neat epoxy and slightly higher composite values (82–84 °C) due to the carnauba fiber interference with the epoxy macromolecular chain mobility. Both by its higher impact resistance and thermal behavior, the novel carnauba fibers epoxy composites might be considered a viable substitute for commonly used glass fiber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (R.F.P.J.); (L.F.C.N.); (L.d.M.N.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (R.F.P.J.); (L.F.C.N.); (L.d.M.N.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (R.F.P.J.); (L.F.C.N.); (L.d.M.N.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Andressa Teixeira Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (R.F.P.J.); (L.F.C.N.); (L.d.M.N.); (A.T.S.)
| | | | - Fábio da Costa Garcia Filho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego—UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (R.F.P.J.); (L.F.C.N.); (L.d.M.N.); (A.T.S.)
- Correspondence: or
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Souza AT, Pereira Junio RF, Neuba LDM, Candido VS, da Silva ACR, de Azevedo ARG, Monteiro SN, Nascimento LFC. Caranan Fiber from Mauritiella armata Palm Tree as Novel Reinforcement for Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092037. [PMID: 32911597 PMCID: PMC7570344 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing environmental concern is increasing the search for new sustainable materials. In this scenario, natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) became an important alternative to replace synthetic fibers commonly used as composites reinforcement. In this regard, unknown NLFs such as the caranan fiber (Mauritiella armata) found in South American rain forests revealed promising properties for engineering applications. Thus, for the first time, the present work conducted a technical characterization of caranan fiber-incorporated composites. Epoxy matrix composites with 10, 20 and 30 vol% of continuous and aligned caranan fibers were investigated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Composites with more than 10% vol of caranan fibers significantly increase the elastic modulus and toughness in comparison to the neat epoxy. Indeed, the composite with 30 vol% was 50% stiffer, 130% tougher, and 100% stronger, which characterized an effective reinforcement. As for the elastic modulus, total strain and tensile toughness, there is a clear tendency of improvement with the amount of caranan fiber. The TGA disclosed the highest onset temperature of degradation (298 °C) with the least mass loss (36.8%) for the 30 vol% caranan fiber composite. It also displayed a higher degradation peak at 334 °C among the studied composites. The lowest glass transition temperature of 63 °C was obtained by DSC, while the highest of 113 °C by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for the 30 vol% caranan composite. These basic technical findings emphasize the caranan fiber potential as reinforcement for polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Teixeira Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.T.S.); (R.F.P.J.); (L.d.M.N.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.T.S.); (R.F.P.J.); (L.d.M.N.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.T.S.); (R.F.P.J.); (L.d.M.N.); (L.F.C.N.)
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para-UFPA, Rodovia BR-316, km 7.5-9.0, Centro, Ananindeua, 67000-000, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Alisson Clay Rios da Silva
- Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Para-UFPA, Rodovia BR-316, km 7.5-9.0, Centro, Ananindeua, 67000-000, Brazil; (V.S.C.); (A.C.R.d.S.)
| | - Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environment, Federal Fluminense University—UFF, Rua Passo da Pátria, 156, São Domingo, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24210-240, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.T.S.); (R.F.P.J.); (L.d.M.N.); (L.F.C.N.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (A.T.S.); (R.F.P.J.); (L.d.M.N.); (L.F.C.N.)
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de Mendonça Neuba L, Pereira Junio RF, Ribeiro MP, Souza AT, de Sousa Lima E, Garcia Filho FDC, Figueiredo ABHDS, Braga FDO, de Azevedo ARG, Monteiro SN. Promising Mechanical, Thermal, and Ballistic Properties of Novel Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Cyperus malaccensis Sedge Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081776. [PMID: 32784467 PMCID: PMC7464109 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Composites reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) are gaining relevance as the worldwide demand for renewable and sustainable materials increases. To develop novel natural composites with satisfactory properties, less common NLFs should also be investigated. Among these, the Cyperus malaccensis (CM), a type of sedge fiber, is already used in simple items like ropes, furniture, and paper, but has not yet been investigated as composite reinforcement for possible engineering applications. Therefore, the present work evaluated for the first time the properties of novel epoxy composites incorporated with 10, 20, and 30 vol.% of CM sedge fibers. Tensile, Izod-impact, and ballistic impact tests were performed, as well as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermal analysis of the composites. Results disclosed a decrease (−55%) in tensile strengths as compared to the neat epoxy. However, the elastic modulus of the 30 vol.% sedge fiber composite increased (+127%). The total strain and absorbed ballistic energy did not show significant variation. The Izod impact energy of the 30 vol.% composite was found to be 181% higher than the values obtained for the neat epoxy as a control sample. An increase in both stiffness and toughness characterized a reinforcement effect of the sedge fiber. The thermal analysis revealed a slight decrease (−15%) in the degradation temperature of the CM sedge fiber composites compared to the neat epoxy. The glass-transition temperatures were determined to be in the range of 67 to 81 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Andressa Teixeira Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Eduardo de Sousa Lima
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Fábio da Costa Garcia Filho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego—UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Braga
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Fluminense University—UFF, Niterói 24210240, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290270, Brazil; (L.d.M.N.); (R.F.P.J.); (M.P.R.); (A.T.S.); (E.d.S.L.); (A.B.-H.d.S.F.); (S.N.M.)
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da Luz FS, Garcia Filho FDC, del-Río MTG, Nascimento LFC, Pinheiro WA, Monteiro SN. Graphene-Incorporated Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A First Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071601. [PMID: 32708475 PMCID: PMC7408016 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of graphene-based materials incorporated into natural lignocellulosic fiber (NLF) polymer composites is surging since 2011. The present overview is the first attempt to compile achievements regarding this novel class of composites both in terms of technical and scientific researches as well as development of innovative products. A brief description of the graphene nature and its recent isolation from graphite is initially presented together with the processing of its main derivatives. In particular, graphene-based materials, such as nanographene (NG), exfoliated graphene/graphite nanoplatelet (GNP), graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as other carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotube (CNT), are effectively being incorporated into NLF composites. Their disclosed superior mechanical, thermal, electrical, and ballistic properties are discussed in specific publications. Interfacial shear strength of 575 MPa and tensile strength of 379 MPa were attained in 1 wt % GO-jute fiber and 0.75 wt % jute fiber, respectively, epoxy composites. Moreover, a Young’s modulus of 44.4 GPa was reported for 0.75 wt % GO-jute fiber composite. An important point of interest concerning this incorporation is the fact that the amphiphilic character of graphene allows a better way to enhance the interfacial adhesion between hydrophilic NLF and hydrophobic polymer matrix. As indicated in this overview, two basic incorporation strategies have so far been adopted. In the first, NG, GNP, GO, rGO and CNT are used as hybrid filler together with NLF to reinforce polymer composites. The second one starts with GO or rGO as a coating to functionalize molecular bonding with NLF, which is then added into a polymeric matrix. Both strategies are contributing to develop innovative products for energy storage, drug release, biosensor, functional electronic clothes, medical implants, and armor for ballistic protection. As such, this first overview intends to provide a critical assessment of a surging class of composite materials and unveil successful development associated with graphene incorporated NLF polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Santos da Luz
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (F.S.d.L.); (L.F.C.N.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego—UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA or (F.d.C.G.F.); (M.T.G.d.-R.)
| | - Maria Teresa Gómez del-Río
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego—UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA or (F.d.C.G.F.); (M.T.G.d.-R.)
- DIMME, Grupo de Durabilidad e Integridad Mecánica de Materiales Estructurales, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (F.S.d.L.); (L.F.C.N.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (F.S.d.L.); (L.F.C.N.); (W.A.P.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Materials Science Program, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (F.S.d.L.); (L.F.C.N.); (W.A.P.)
- Correspondence: or
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de Azevedo ARG, Marvila MT, da Silva Barroso L, Zanelato EB, Alexandre J, de Castro Xavier G, Monteiro SN. Effect of Granite Residue Incorporation on the Behavior of Mortars. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12091449. [PMID: 31060268 PMCID: PMC6539767 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Civil construction is one of the most resource-consuming sectors in the world. For this reason, the last years have witnessed the study of reusing industrial residues in building materials. The ornamental stone processing industry has a considerable environmental liability related to residue generation during the cutting stages of granite blocks. The objective of this work is to analyze the viability of incorporating granite residues, up to 100%, to substitute sand in coating mortars for building construction. Mortars without residue, as control, and incorporated with 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of granite residue were subjected to consistency tests, incorporated air and water retention together with the rheological characterization using the squeeze-flow and the dropping-ball methods. The results show that mortars with 40% granite residues presented greater plastic deformation, helping their applicability by also presenting improved technological properties in the fresh state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environment, Federal Fluminense University-UFF, Rua Passo da Pátria, 156, São Domingo, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24210-240, Brazil.
| | - Markssuel Teixeira Marvila
- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, State University of North Fluminense-UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, 2000, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Laimara da Silva Barroso
- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, State University of North Fluminense-UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, 2000, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Euzébio Bernabé Zanelato
- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, State University of North Fluminense-UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, 2000, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Jonas Alexandre
- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, State University of North Fluminense-UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, 2000, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo de Castro Xavier
- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, State University of North Fluminense-UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes, 2000, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, IME-Military Institute of Engineering, Square General Tibúrcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
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Neves Monteiro S, Salgado de Assis F, Ferreira CL, Tonini Simonassi N, Pondé Weber R, Souza Oliveira M, Colorado HA, Camposo Pereira A. Fique Fabric: A Promising Reinforcement for Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030246. [PMID: 30966281 PMCID: PMC6415137 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively unknown natural fiber extracted from the leaves of the fique plant, native of the South American Andes, has recently shown potential as reinforcement of polymer composites for engineering applications. Preliminary investigations indicated a promising substitute for synthetic fibers, competing with other well-known natural fibers. The fabric made from fique fibers have not yet been investigated as possible composite reinforcement. Therefore, in the present work a more thorough characterization of fique fabric as a reinforcement of composites with a polyester matrix was performed. Thermal mechanical properties of fique fabric composites were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The ballistic performance of plain woven fique fabric-reinforced polyester matrix composites was investigated as a second layer in a multilayered armor system (MAS). The results revealed a sensible improvement in thermal dynamic mechanical behavior. Both viscoelastic stiffness and glass transition temperature were increased with the amount of incorporated fique fabric. In terms of ballistic results, the fique fabric composites present a performance similar to that of the much stronger KevlarTM as an MAS second layer with the same thickness. A cost analysis indicated that armor vests with fique fabric composites as an MAS second layer would be 13 times less expensive than a similar creation made with Kevlar™.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Foluke Salgado de Assis
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Luiz Ferreira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Noan Tonini Simonassi
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Pondé Weber
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Henry A Colorado
- CCComposites Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia, UDeA, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia.
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
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Monteiro SN, Pereira AC, Ferreira CL, Pereira Júnior É, Weber RP, Assis FSD. Performance of Plain Woven Jute Fabric-Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composite in Multilayered Ballistic System. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030230. [PMID: 30966265 PMCID: PMC6415402 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ballistic performance of plain woven jute fabric-reinforced polyester matrix composites was investigated as the second layer in a multilayered armor system (MAS). Volume fractions of jute fabric, up to 30 vol %, were mixed with orthophthalic polyester to fabricate laminate composites. Ballistic tests were conducted using high velocity 7.62 mm ammunition. The depth of penetration caused by the bullet in a block of clay witness, simulating a human body, was used to evaluate the MAS ballistic performance according to the international standard. The fractured materials after tests were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that jute fabric composites present a performance similar to that of the much stronger Kevlar™, which is an aramid fabric laminate, as MAS second layer with the same thickness. The mechanism of this similar ballistic behavior as well as the comparative advantages of the jute fabric composites over the Kevlar™ are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Luiz Ferreira
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Édio Pereira Júnior
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Pondé Weber
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Foluke Salgado de Assis
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Neves Monteiro S, de Oliveira Braga F, Pereira Lima E, Henrique Leme Louro L, Wieslaw Drelich J. Promising curaua fiber-reinforced polyester composite for high-impact ballistic multilayered armor. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science; Military Institute of Engineering - IME; Praça General Tibúrcio, 80 Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 RJ Brazil
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Braga
- Department of Materials Science; Military Institute of Engineering - IME; Praça General Tibúrcio, 80 Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 RJ Brazil
| | - Edio Pereira Lima
- Department of Materials Science; Military Institute of Engineering - IME; Praça General Tibúrcio, 80 Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 RJ Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Leme Louro
- Department of Materials Science; Military Institute of Engineering - IME; Praça General Tibúrcio, 80 Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 RJ Brazil
| | - Jaroslaw Wieslaw Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton Michigan 49931
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de Almeida LH, May IL, Monteiro SN. Athermal and temperature dependent behavior of serrated flow in an austenitic stainless steel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(85)90149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Neves Monteiro S, Le May I, Henrique de Almeida L. Effects of strain rate and dynamic strain aging on work hardening of an austenitic stainless steel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0036-9748(81)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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