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Bheel N, Kumar S, Kirgiz MS, Ali M, Almujibah HR, Ahmad M, Gonzalez-Lezcano RA. Effect of wheat straw ash as cementitious material on the mechanical characteristics and embodied carbon of concrete reinforced with coir fiber. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24313. [PMID: 38298623 PMCID: PMC10828647 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of supplementary cementitious materials has been widely accepted due to increasing global carbon emissions resulting from demand and the consequent production of Portland cement. Moreover, researchers are also working on complementing the strength deficiencies of concrete; fiber reinforcement is one of those techniques. This study aims to assess the influence of recycling wheat straw ash (WSA) as cement replacement material and coir/coconut fibers (CF) as reinforcement ingredients together on the mechanical properties, permeability and embodied carbon of concrete. A total of 255 concrete samples were prepared with 1:1.5:3 mix proportions at 0.52 water-cement ratio and these all-concrete specimens were cured for 28 days. It was revealed that the addition of 10 % WSA and 2 % CF in concrete were recorded the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths by 33 MPa, 3.55 MPa and 5.16 MPa which is greater than control mix concrete at 28 days respectively. Moreover, it was also observed that the permeability of concrete incorporating 4 % of coir fiber and 20 % of WSA was reduced by 63.40 % than that of the control mix after 28 days which can prevent the propagation of major and minor cracks. In addition, the embodied carbon of concrete is getting reduced when the replacement level of cement with WSA along with CF increases in concrete. Furthermore, based on the results obtained, the optimum amount of WSA was suggested to be 10 % and that of coir fiber reinforcement was suggested to be 2 % for improved results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naraindas Bheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak, 32610, Malaysia
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Sindh Building Control Authority (SBCA), Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mehmet Serkan Kirgiz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, T.R. Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcilar, Istanbul 34310, Turkey
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mohsin Ali
- Graduate school of Urban innovation, Department of Civil Engineering, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hamad R. Almujibah
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Bannu 28100, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Alonso Gonzalez-Lezcano
- Department of Architecture and Design, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Montepríncipe Campus, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28668 Madrid, Spain
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Yaisun S, Trongsatitkul T. PLA-Based Hybrid Biocomposites: Effects of Fiber Type, Fiber Content, and Annealing on Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4106. [PMID: 37896350 PMCID: PMC10610468 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilized a hybridization approach for two different fibers to overcome the drawbacks of single-fiber-reinforced PLA composites. Coir fiber and bamboo leaf fiber were used as reinforcing natural fibers as their properties complement one another. Additionally, we combined thermal annealing with hybridization techniques to further improve the overall properties of the composites. The results showed that the hybridization of BF: CF with a ratio of 1:2 gave PLA-based hybrid composites optimal mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, the improvement in the thermal stability of hybrid composites, attributable to an increase in crystallinity, was a result of thermal annealing. The improvement in HDT in annealed 1BF:2CF hybrid composite was about 13.76% higher than that of the neat PLA. Annealing of the composites led to increased crystallinity, which was confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The synergistic effect of hybridization and annealing, leading to the improvement in the thermal properties, opened up the possibilities for the use of PLA-based composites. In this study, we demonstrated that a combined technique can be utilized as a strategy for improving the properties of 100% biocomposites and help overcome some limitations of the use of PLA in many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitcha Yaisun
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
- Center for Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tatiya Trongsatitkul
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
- Center for Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Martinelli FRB, Ribeiro FRC, Marvila MT, Monteiro SN, Filho FDCG, Azevedo ARGD. A Review of the Use of Coconut Fiber in Cement Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051309. [PMID: 36904550 PMCID: PMC10007414 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plant fibers in cementitious composites has been gaining prominence with the need for more sustainable construction materials. It occurs due to the advantages natural fibers provide to these composites, such as the reduction of density, fragmentation, and propagation of cracks in concrete. The consumption of coconut, a fruit grown in tropical countries, generates shells that are improperly disposed of in the environment. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the use of coconut fibers and coconut fiber textile mesh in cement-based materials. For this purpose, discussions were conducted on plant fibers, the production and characteristics of coconut fibers, cementitious composites reinforced with coconut fibers, cementitious composites reinforced with textile mesh as an innovative material to absorb coconut fibers, and treatments of coconut fiber for improved product performance and durability. Finally, future perspectives on this field of study have also been highlighted. Thus, this paper aims to understand the behavior of cementitious matrices reinforced with plant fibers and demonstrate that coconut fiber has a high capacity to be used in cementitious composites instead of synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Bianchi Martinelli
- LAMAV-Advanced Materials Laboratory, Campos dos Goytacazes, State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, IME-Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho
- Department of Materials Science, IME-Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo
- LECIV-Civil Engineering Laboratory, UENF-State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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Wang S, Song S, Huang M, Xie Z, Zhang L, Zheng W. Effect of Water Immersion on Compressive Properties of Coir Fiber Magnesium Phosphate Cement. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36559704 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is a new type of inorganic cementitious rapid repair material, but it has poor toughness and is easy to crack. According to our previous research, these problems can be ameliorated by adding natural coir fiber (CF) into MPC. As coir fiber magnesium phosphate cement (CF-MPC) may be used in humid or rainy areas, its water resistance is an important property in consideration. However, at present, little research has focused on this aspect to provide a good theoretical and experimental basis for the practical application of CF-MPC. In this paper, static compression test and solubility test were used to study the mechanical properties and solubility of CF-MPC under water. At the same time, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to test the changes of hydration composition and microstructure of the test specimen, so as to understand the deterioration mechanism of CF-MPC in water. The results suggested that, when compared with CF-MPC cured in air, CF-MPC cured in water is more prone to encounter oblique cracks and through cracks in the compression process. Moreover, with the extension of curing time, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of CF-MPC cured in water will continue to decrease, the concentrations of PH, K+, and Mg2+ in the curing solution will change significantly, resulting in the gradual decrease in the mass ratio of MgO and MgKPO4·6H2O in CF-MPC matrix, cracks and pores, and looseness in the microstructure.
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Zhang L, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Peng S, Chen P. Flexural Properties and Microstructure Mechanisms of Renewable Coir-Fiber-Reinforced Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Composite Considering Curing Ages. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2556. [PMID: 33142692 PMCID: PMC7692480 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a renewable natural plant fiber, Coir fiber (CF) can be used to as an alternative to improve poor toughness and crack resistance of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), replacing such artificial fibers as steel fiber and glass fiber and thereby reducing huge energy consumptions and large costs in artificial fibers' production and waste treatment. Aiming at examining the effects of CF volume concentrations on MPC flexural properties, this study employed a typical three-point bending test, including thirty cuboid specimens, to investigate the flexural strength, load-deflection behavior, and flexural toughness of MPC with different CF volume concentrations from 0% to 4% at the curing age of seven days and 28 days. Results demonstrated that CF presented similar effects on MPC's properties at two curing ages. At both curing ages, as CF grew, flexural strength increased first and then decreased; specimen stiffness, i.e., MPC elastic modulus, displayed a decreasing trend; and flexural toughness was improved continuously. Additionally, modern microtesting techniques, such as, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray detection (EDX), were adopted to analyze the microstructure and compositions of CF and specimens for explaining the properties microscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (S.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Zuqian Jiang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (S.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Sixue Peng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (S.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (S.P.); (P.C.)
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Zhang L, Jiang Z, Wu H, Zhang W, Lai Y, Zheng W, Li J. Flexural Properties of Renewable Coir Fiber Reinforced Magnesium Phosphate Cement, Considering Fiber Length. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173692. [PMID: 32825519 PMCID: PMC7503888 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coir fiber (CF), a renewable natural plant fiber, is more competitive in improving poor toughness and crack resistance of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) than artificial fibers, due to its slight energy consumptions and low costs in production and waste treatment. In this paper, a typical three-point bending test was carried out to study the effects of CF length on MPC flexural properties. A total of forty-two cuboid specimens were employed to investigate the flexural strength, load-deflection behavior, and flexural toughness of MPC, with CF lengths varying from 0 to 30 mm at the curing age of 7 days and 28 days. Results showed that, at both two curing ages, MPC flexural strength first increased with CF length increasing, and then deceased when CF length exceeded the threshold. However, with the increase of CF length, MPC flexural toughness increased continuously, while MPC elastic modulus displayed a decreasing trend. Additionally, Modern micro testing techniques, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were also used to study the microstructure and phase compositions of specimens for further explaining the themicroscopic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Zuqian Jiang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1515-185-6338
| | - Yushan Lai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Weile Zheng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (J.L.)
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Jiang Z, Zhang L, Geng T, Lai Y, Zheng W, Huang M. Study on the Compressive Properties of Magnesium Phosphate Cement Mixing with Eco-Friendly Coir Fiber Considering Fiber Length. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3194. [PMID: 32708951 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coir fiber (CF), an eco-friendly and renewable natural fiber, was introduced into magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) mortar to improve its crack resistance. A total of 21 specimens were employed to investigate the failure pattern, compressive strength, stress–strain curve, and energy absorption of MPC with varying CF lengths (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm) after a curing period of 28 days through a static compressive test. The results demonstrated that compressive strength, elastic modulus, and secant modulus decreased with the increase in CF length. However, energy absorption presented a convex curve, which increased to the maximum value (77.0% relative to the value of the specimen without CF) with a CF length of 20 mm and then declined. A series of modern micro-tests were then carried out to analyze the microstructure and composition of specimens to explain the properties microscopically.
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Bai Y, Liu J, Song Z, Chen Z, Jiang C, Lan X, Shi X, Bu F, Kanungo DP. Unconfined Compressive Properties of Composite Sand Stabilized with Organic Polymers and Natural Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101576. [PMID: 31569683 PMCID: PMC6835750 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As renewable and environment-friendly materials, coir and sisal natural fibers can be used in soil reinforcement with minimum cost and other benefits. In this study, we focused on their improvements of unconfined compressive properties of polymer treated sand. In total, 36 groups of unconfined compressive strength tests, combined with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope investigations were performed. We had studied the effects of polymer and fiber contents, and fiber types on the reinforcement effectiveness. The results showed that both coir and sisal fiber can improve the mechanical properties and microstructure of treated sand. In terms of strength properties, sisal fiber inclusion was better than coir fiber, while both have a similar reinforcement benefit on soil ductile behaviors. The strength and compressive energy increased with an increment in polymer and fiber content. The reinforced sand can have up to 1 MPa compressive strength and 140 kPa compressive energy for coir fiber inclusion, while 1.2 MPa and 170 kPa, respectively, for sisal fiber. The axial stress-strain characteristics and failure patterns were also improved, and the brittle index decreased toward zero, which suggests an increasing ductile. The polymer membrane enwrapping and bonding sand grains, and the network structure built by fiber crossing and overlapping among sand grains, as well as the interfacial attachment conferred by polymer between sand grains and fiber, all contributed to the reinforcement of treated sand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Bai
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zezhuo Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zhihao Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Canhui Jiang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Xiaowei Lan
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Xiao Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Fan Bu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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