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Bjurström A, Edin H, Hillborg H, Nilsson F, Olsson RT, Pierre M, Unge M, Hedenqvist MS. A Review of Polyolefin-Insulation Materials in High Voltage Transmission; From Electronic Structures to Final Products. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401464. [PMID: 38870339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of polyolefins in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables and capacitors. A short description of the latest evolution and current use of HVDC cables and capacitors is first provided, followed by the basics of electric insulation and capacitor functions. Methods to determine dielectric properties are described, including charge transport, space charges, resistivity, dielectric loss, and breakdown strength. The semicrystalline structure of polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene is described, and the way it relates to the dielectric properties is discussed. A significant part of the review is devoted to describing the state of art of the modeling and prediction of electric or dielectric properties of polyolefins with consideration of both atomistic and continuum approaches. Furthermore, the effects of the purity of the materials and the presence of nanoparticles are presented, and the review ends with the sustainability aspects of these materials. In summary, the effective use of modeling in combination with experimental work is described as an important route toward understanding and designing the next generations of materials for electrical insulation in high-voltage transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bjurström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hans Edin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Division of Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hillborg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Hitachi Energy Research, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, SE-851 70, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Max Pierre
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael Unge
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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2
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Rahmanian V, Galeski A. Cavitation in strained polyethylene/nanographene nanocomposites. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Terziyan TV, Safronov AP, Zalyaeva ER, Beketov IV, Lakiza NV. Thermochemical Analysis of the Interaction between Interfaces in Composites Containing Nanodispersed Powders of Al and Al2O3. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420120286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Kargarzadeh H, Galeski A, Pawlak A. PBAT green composites: Effects of kraft lignin particles on the morphological, thermal, crystalline, macro and micromechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Liu Z, Zhang P, Kister T, Kraus T, Volmer DA. Ultrathin Homogenous AuNP Monolayers as Tunable Functional Substrates for Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization of Small Biomolecules. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:47-57. [PMID: 32881515 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of ultrathin, homogenous gold nanoparticle (AuNP) substrates for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) were prepared using a simple air/water interface approach. These SALDI substrates enabled soft ionization and provided significant improvements in terms of signal intensities and reduced background levels in comparison to other AuNP morphologies for different analytes such as fatty acids, peptides, amino acids, saccharides, and drugs. Through different microscopic and spectroscopic methods, we determined that the packing homogeneity of the [AuNP]n substrates played a vital role in the efficiency of the SALDI process. We demonstrated that the signal intensities of the investigated analytes were readily optimized by manipulating the thickness of the [AuNP]n substrates. The desorption/ionization efficiency increased as a function of the number of layers and then reached a saturation point. The optimized [AuNP]n substrates not only exhibited high SALDI-MS desorption/ionization efficiencies but also showed excellent reproducibilities of the analyte signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guanghzou 510275, China
| | - Thomas Kister
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Hua X, Wang L, Yang S. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Improving the Physical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Cable Insulation Materials by Boron Nitride Nanoparticle under Moisture-Temperature-Electric Fields Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060971. [PMID: 31163626 PMCID: PMC6630317 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties in amorphous regions are important for the insulation aging assessment of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) cable insulation materials. In order to study the effect of boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles on the physical properties of PTFE materials under moisture, temperature, and electric fields conditions at the molecular level, the amorphous region models of PTFE, BN/PTFE, water/PTFE, and water/BN/PTFE were respectively constructed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The mechanical properties including Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, and shear modulus, along with glass transition temperature, thermal conductivity, relative dielectric constant, and breakdown strength of the four models have been simulated and calculated. The results show that the mechanical properties and the glass transition temperature of PTFE are reduced by the injection of water molecules, whereas the same, along with the thermal conductivity, are improved by incorporating BN nanoparticles. Moreover, thermal conductivity is further improved by the surface grafting of BN nanoparticles. With the increase of temperature, the mechanical properties and the breakdown strength of PTFE decrease gradually, whereas the thermal conductivity increases linearly. The injection of water molecules increases the water content in the PTFE materials, which causes a gradual increase in its relative dielectric constant. This work has shown that this effect is significantly reduced by incorporation of BN nanoparticles. The variation of physical properties for PTFE and its composites under the action of moisture, temperature, and electric fields is of great significance to the study of wet, thermal, and electrical aging tests as well as the life prediction of PTFE cable insulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hua
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Shanshui Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
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7
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Brighenti R, Artoni F, Cosma MP. Viscous and Failure Mechanisms in Polymer Networks: A Theoretical Micromechanical Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1576. [PMID: 31091707 PMCID: PMC6566710 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials typically present a complex response to mechanical actions; in fact, their behavior is often characterized by viscous time-dependent phenomena due to the network rearrangement and damage induced by chains' bond scission, chains sliding, chains uncoiling, etc. A simple yet reliable model-possibly formulated on the basis of few physically-based parameters-accounting for the main micro-scale micromechanisms taking place in such a class of materials is required to properly describe their response. In the present paper, we propose a theoretical micromechanical approach rooted in the network's chains statistics which allows us to account for the time-dependent response and for the chains failure of polymer networks through a micromechanics formulation. The model is up-scaled to the mesoscale level by integrating the main field quantities over the so-called 'chains configuration space'. After presenting the relevant theory, its reliability is verified through the analysis of some representative tests, and some final considerations are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Brighenti
- Department of Engineering & Architecture, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Federico Artoni
- Department of Engineering & Architecture, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
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Chen C, Wang L, Liu X, Yang W, Lin J, Chen G, Yang X. K 0.5Na 0.5NbO₃-SrTiO₃/PVDF Polymer Composite Film with Low Remnant Polarization and High Discharge Energy Storage Density. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020310. [PMID: 30960294 PMCID: PMC6419208 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high recoverable energy storage density polymer composite film has been designed in which the ferroelectric-paraelectric 0.85 (K0.5Na0.5NbO3)-0.15SrTiO3 (abbreviated as KNN-ST) solid solution particles were introduced into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer as functional fillers. The effects of the polarization properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) and KNN-ST particles on the energy storage performances of KNN-ST/PVDF film were systemically studied. And the introduction of SrTiO3 (ST) was effective in reducing the remnant polarization of the particles, improving the dielectric properties and recoverable energy storage density of the KNN-ST/PVDF films. Compared to KNN/PVDF films, the dielectric permittivity of composite films was enhanced from 17 to 38 upon the introduction of ST. A recoverable energy storage density of 1.34 J/cm3 was achieved, which is 202.60% larger than that of the KNN/PVDF composite films. The interface between the particles and the polymer matrix was considered to the enhanced dielectric permittivity of the films. And the reduced remnant polarization of the composites was regarded as the improving high recoverable energy storage density. The results demonstrated that combing ferroelectric- paraelectric particles with polymers might be a key method for composites with excellent dielectric permittivity, high energy storage density, and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Chen
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Xinmei Liu
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Wenlong Yang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Gaoru Chen
- State Grid Fuzhou Electric Power Supply Company, Fuzhou 350009, China.
| | - Xinrui Yang
- School of Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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9
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Dong W, Wang X, Tian B, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Li Z, Zhou W. Use of Grafted Voltage Stabilizer to Enhance Dielectric Strength of Cross-Linked Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11010176. [PMID: 30960160 PMCID: PMC6401897 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic voltage stabilizers can improve the dielectric properties of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE); however, their poor compatibility with XLPE hinders their practical application. Improving the compatibility of aromatic voltage stabilizers with XLPE has, therefore, become a new research goal. Herein 1-(4-vinyloxy)phenylethenone (VPE) was prepared and characterized. It can be grafted onto polyethylene molecules during the cross-linking processes to promote stability of the aromatic voltage stabilizers in XLPE. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that VPE was successfully grafted onto XLPE, and effectively inhibited thermal migration. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the grafted VPE/XLPE composite exhibits a better thermal stability than a VPE/PE blend composite. Evaluation of the electrical properties showed that the breakdown strength and electrical tree initiation voltage of the VPE/XLPE composite were increased by 15.5% and 39.6%, respectively, when compared to those of bare XLPE. After thermal aging, the breakdown strength and electrical tree initiation voltage of the VPE/XLPE composite were increased by 9.4% and 25.8%, respectively, in comparison to those of bare XLPE, which indicates that the grafted voltage stabilizer can effectively inhibit its migration and enhance the stability of the composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Key laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- Technical Physics Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Bo Tian
- Technical Physics Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yuguang Liu
- Technical Physics Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Technical Physics Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Technical Physics Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
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10
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Bifunction-Integrated Dielectric Nanolayers of Fluoropolymers with Electrowetting Effects. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122474. [PMID: 30563169 PMCID: PMC6316971 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluoropolymers play an essential role in electrowetting (EW) systems. However, no fluoropolymer possesses the desirable properties of both hydrophobicity and dielectric strength. In this study, for the first time, we report the integration of two representative fluoropolymers-namely, Teflon AF (AF 1600X) and Cytop (Cytop 809A)-into one bifunctionalized dielectric nanolayer. Within this nanolayer, both the superior hydrophobicity of Teflon AF and the excellent dielectric strength of Cytop were able to be retained. Each composed of a 0.5 μm Cytop bottom layer and a 0.06 μm Teflon AF top layer, the fabricated composite nanolayers showed a high withstand voltage of ~70 V (a dielectric strength of 125 V/μm) and a high water contact angle of ~120°. The electrowetting and dielectric properties of various film thicknesses were also systemically investigated. Through detailed study, it was observed that the thicker Teflon AF top layers produced no obvious enhancement of the Cytop/Teflon AF stack.
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11
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Tang C, Li X, Li Z, Tian W, Zhou Q. Molecular Simulation on the Thermal Stability of Meta-Aramid Insulation Paper Fiber at Transformer Operating Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1348. [PMID: 30961272 PMCID: PMC6401907 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the thermal field of a transformer during operation on the thermal stability of meta-aramid insulation paper was studied through molecular dynamics simulations. Models of the crystalline and amorphous regions of meta-aramid fibers were constructed using known parameters. The model of the crystalline area was verified by comparing X-ray diffraction results with experimental data. The reasonableness of the simulation results was judged by the variation of energy, temperature, density, and cell size in relation to the dynamic time. The molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the modulus values in the crystalline regions were two to three times higher than those in the amorphous regions at various temperatures. In addition, the incompressibility, rigidity, deformation resistance, plasticity, and toughness of the crystalline regions were obviously higher than those of amorphous regions, whereas the toughness of the amorphous regions was better than that of the crystalline regions. The mechanical parameters of both the crystalline and amorphous regions of meta-aramid fibers were affected by temperature, although the amorphous regions were more sensitive to temperature than the crystalline regions. The molecular chain motion in the crystalline regions of meta-aramid fibers increased slightly with temperature, whereas that of the amorphous regions was more sensitive to temperature. Analyzing hydrogen bonding revealed that long-term operation at high temperature may destroy the structure of the crystalline regions of meta-aramid fibers, degrading the performance of meta-aramid insulation paper. Therefore, increasing the crystallinity and lowering the transformer operating temperature may improve the thermal stability of meta-aramid insulation paper. However, it should be noted that increasing the crystallinity of insulation paper may lower its toughness. These study results lay a good foundation for further exploration of the ways to improve the performance of meta-aramid insulation paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xu Li
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Zunyi Power Supply Bureau, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Wuxi County Power Supply Branch of State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing 405800, China.
| | - Wenxin Tian
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qu Zhou
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Ribeiro S, Ribeiro T, Ribeiro C, Correia DM, Farinha JPS, Gomes AC, Baleizão C, Lanceros-Méndez S. Multifunctional Platform Based on Electroactive Polymers and Silica Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E933. [PMID: 30423943 PMCID: PMC6266809 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites processed with different morphologies, such as porous and non-porous films and fibres, have been prepared with silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) of varying diameter (17, 100, 160 and 300 nm), which in turn have encapsulated perylenediimide (PDI), a fluorescent molecule. The structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, with SiNP filler concentration up to 16 wt %, were evaluated. Furthermore, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation studies were performed. All SiNPs are negatively charged independently of the pH and more stable from pH 5 upwards. The introduction of SiNPs within the polymer matrix increases the contact angle independently of the nanoparticle diameter. Moreover, the smallest ones (17 nm) also improve the PVDF Young's modulus. The filler diameter, physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix were not significantly affected. Finally, the SiNPs' inclusion does not induce cytotoxicity in murine myoblasts (C2C12) after 72 h of contact and proliferation studies reveal that the prepared composites represent a suitable platform for tissue engineering applications, as they allow us to combine the biocompatibility and piezoelectricity of the polymer with the possible functionalization and drug encapsulation and release of the SiNP.
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Grants
- (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569), POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028237 UID/BIO/04469, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684, NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004, SFRH/BD/111478/2015 (S.R.), SFRH/BPD/96707/2013 (T.R.), SFRH/BPD/90870/2012 (C.R.) and SFRH/BPD/121526/2016 (D.C). Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- MAT2016-76039-C4-3-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- ELKARTEK and HAZITEK Ekonomiaren Garapen eta Lehiakortasun Saila, Eusko Jaurlaritza
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ribeiro
- Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Ribeiro
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Centro/Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Daniela M Correia
- Chemical Department and CQ-VR, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
- BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - José P Sequeira Farinha
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Castro Gomes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Baleizão
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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13
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Effects of Residual Stress Distribution on Interfacial Adhesion of Magnetron Sputtered AlN and AlN/Al Nanostructured Coatings on a (100) Silicon Substrate. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8110896. [PMID: 30388839 PMCID: PMC6266410 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of nanoscale residual stress depth gradients on the nano-mechanical behavior and adhesion energy of aluminium nitride (AlN) and Al/AlN sputtered thin films on a (100) silicon substrate. By using a focused ion beam (FIB) incremental ring-core method, the residual stress depth gradient was assessed in the films in comparison with standard curvature residual stress measurements. The adhesion energy was then quantified by using a nanoindentation-based model. Results showed that the addition of an aluminum layer gave rise to additional tensile stress at the coating/substrate interface, which can be explained in terms of the differences of thermal expansion coefficients with the silicon substrate. Therefore, the coatings without the Al layer showed better adhesion because of a more homogeneous compressive residual stress in comparison with the coating having the Al layer, even though both groups of coatings were produced under the same bias voltage. Results are discussed, and some general suggestions are made on the correlation between coating/substrate property combinations and the adhesion energy of multilayer stacks. The results suggested that the Al bond layer and inhomogeneous residual stresses negatively affected the adhesion of AlN to a substrate such as silicon.
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14
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Peng C, Feng Y, Hu J. Enhancing High-Frequency Dielectric Properties of Beta-SiC Filled Nanocomposites from Synergy between Percolation and Polarization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1699. [PMID: 30216980 PMCID: PMC6164149 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Promising comprehensive properties, including high permittivity, low dielectric loss, high breakdown strength, low electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity, are very hard to simultaneously obtain in high-frequency applicable polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. Instead of traditional electric percolation, in this work, a novel route based on a synergy between electric percolation and induced polarization has been raised to prepare 0⁻3 type nanocomposites with an enhanced high permittivity (high-k) property and low loss at high frequency. This work aimed at optimizing that synergy to achieve the favorable properties mentioned above in composite dielectrics used at high frequencies such as 1 MHz and 1 GHz. Conductive beta-SiC nanoparticles with a particle size of ~30 nm were employed as filler and both insulating poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyvinyl chloride were employed as polymer matrices to construct two composite systems. Utilizing polyvinyl chloride rather than poly(vinyl alcohol) realizes higher comprehensive electrical properties in composites, ascribed to optimization of that synergy. The optimization was achieved based on a combination of mild induced polarization and polarization-assisted electric percolation. Therefore, this work might open the way for large-scale production of high-frequency applicable composite dielectrics with competitive comprehensive electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China.
| | - Yefeng Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China.
| | - Jianbing Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China.
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15
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Hiziroglu HR, Shkolnik IE. Electrical Characteristics of Polypropylene Mixed with Natural Nanoclay. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E942. [PMID: 30960868 PMCID: PMC6403694 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene has been used in radio-frequency capacitors and has also started to be employed in cables as insulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the electrical properties of polypropylene filled with natural clay as a nano-material. Polypropylene samples having 0%, 2% and 6% natural clay by weight were exposed to 60-Hz sinusoidal voltages at two different rates of rise. The breakdown voltage of each sample was recorded at these different ramp rates. Also, the Root-mean-squared (rms) current was measured as the voltage was increased across the test samples. The important findings of this study were (a) the breakdown strength of the natural nanoclay-filled polypropylene was higher than the unfilled polypropylene, and the optimum concentration of nanoclay appeared to be 2% by weight; (b) the current density as a function of the electric-field intensity indicated a non-linear behavior with saturation, and the saturation onset took place at a higher electric-field intensity in nanoclay-filled polypropylene, wherein 2% nanoclay seemed to be the optimum concentration as well for the onset electric field of saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin R Hiziroglu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, USA.
| | - Iosif E Shkolnik
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, USA.
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16
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Predicting the Dielectric Properties of Nanocellulose-Modified Presspaper Based on the Multivariate Analysis Method. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071507. [PMID: 29933631 PMCID: PMC6100527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose-modified presspaper is a promising solution to achieve cellulose insulation with better performance, reducing the risk of electrical insulation failures of a converter transformer. Predicting the dielectric properties will help to further design and improvement of presspaper. In this paper, a multivariable method was adopted to determine the effect of softwood fiber on the macroscopic performance of presspaper. Based on the parameters selected using the optimum subset method, a multiple linear regression was built to model the relationship between the fiber properties and insulating performance of presspaper. The results show that the fiber width and crystallinity had an obvious influence on the mechanical properties of presspaper, and fiber length, fines, lignin, and nanocellulose had a significant impact on the breakdown properties. The proposed models exhibit a prediction accuracy of higher than 90% when verified with the experimental results. Finally, the effect of nanocellulose on the breakdown strength of presspaper was taken into account and new models were derived.
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17
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Holler M, Raabe J, Diaz A, Guizar-Sicairos M, Wepf R, Odstrcil M, Shaik FR, Panneels V, Menzel A, Sarafimov B, Maag S, Wang X, Thominet V, Walther H, Lachat T, Vitins M, Bunk O. OMNY-A tOMography Nano crYo stage. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:043706. [PMID: 29716370 DOI: 10.1063/1.5020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For many scientific questions gaining three-dimensional insight into a specimen can provide valuable information. We here present an instrument called "tOMography Nano crYo (OMNY)," dedicated to high resolution 3D scanning x-ray microscopy at cryogenic conditions via hard X-ray ptychography. Ptychography is a lens-less imaging method requiring accurate sample positioning. In OMNY, this in achieved via dedicated laser interferometry and closed-loop position control reaching sub-10 nm positioning accuracy. Cryogenic sample conditions are maintained via conductive cooling. 90 K can be reached when using liquid nitrogen as coolant, and 10 K is possible with liquid helium. A cryogenic sample-change mechanism permits measurements of cryogenically fixed specimens. We compare images obtained with OMNY with older measurements performed using a nitrogen gas cryo-jet of stained, epoxy-embedded retina tissue and of frozen-hydrated Chlamydomonas cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - R Wepf
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy ScopeM, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Odstrcil
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F R Shaik
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - V Panneels
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Menzel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Sarafimov
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Maag
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - X Wang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - V Thominet
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - H Walther
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - T Lachat
- EnDes Engineering Partner AG, 4703 Kestenholz, Switzerland
| | - M Vitins
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - O Bunk
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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18
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Pourrahimi AM, Olsson RT, Hedenqvist MS. The Role of Interfaces in Polyethylene/Metal-Oxide Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh-Voltage Insulating Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703624. [PMID: 29131405 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of polyethylene/metal-oxide nanocomposites for extruded high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables with ultrahigh electric insulation properties is presented. This is a promising technology with the potential of raising the upper voltage limit in today's underground/submarine cables, based on pristine polyethylene, to levels where the loss of energy during electric power transmission becomes low enough to ensure intercontinental electric power transmission. The development of HVDC insulating materials together with the impact of the interface between the particles and the polymer on the nanocomposites electric properties are shown. Important parameters from the atomic to the microlevel, such as interfacial chemistry, interfacial area, and degree of particle dispersion/aggregation, are discussed. This work is placed in perspective with important work by others, and suggested mechanisms for improved insulation using nanoparticles, such as increased charge trap density, adsorption of impurities/ions, and induced particle dipole moments are considered. The effects of the nanoparticles and of their interfacial structures on the mechanical properties and the implications of cavitation on the electric properties are also discussed. Although the main interest in improving the properties of insulating polymers has been on the use of nanoparticles, leading to nanodielectrics, it is pointed out here that larger microscopic hierarchical metal-oxide particles with high surface porosity also impart good insulation properties. The impact of the type of particle and its inherent properties (purity and conductivity) on the nanocomposite dielectric and insulating properties are also discussed based on data obtained by a newly developed technique to directly observe the charge distribution on a nanometer scale in the nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fiber and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fiber and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fiber and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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