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Sneha KR, Sailaja GS. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterial assortments: a short review on the physical principles, X-ray imageability, and state-of-the-art developments. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8569-8593. [PMID: 34585717 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray attenuation ability, otherwise known as radiopacity of a material, could be indisputably tagged as the central and decisive parameter that produces contrast in an X-ray image. Radiopaque biomaterials are vital in the healthcare sector that helps clinicians to track them unambiguously during pre and post interventional radiological procedures. Medical imaging is one of the most powerful resources in the diagnostic sector that aids improved treatment outcomes for patients. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterials enable themselves for visual targeting/positioning as well as to monitor their fate and further provide the radiologists with critical insights about the surgical site. Moreover, the emergence of advanced real-time imaging modalities is a boon to the contemporary healthcare systems that allow to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures and thereby reduce the healthcare costs and minimize patient trauma. X-ray based imaging is one such technologically upgraded diagnostic tool with many variants like digital X-ray, computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography, and fluoroscopy. In light of these facts, this review is aimed to briefly consolidate the physical principles of X-ray attenuation by a radiopaque material, measurement of radiopacity, classification of radiopaque biomaterials, and their recent advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sneha
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India.
| | - G S Sailaja
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India. .,Interuniversity Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India.,Centre for Advanced Materials, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India
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Jeon SI, Kim MS, Kim HJ, Kim YI, Jae HJ, Ahn CH. Biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres encapsulating hydrophobic contrast agents for transarterial chemoembolization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:409-425. [PMID: 34613885 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1990472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a therapeutic approach to address hepatocellular carcinoma by obstructing the blood supply to the tumor using embolic agents and improving the local delivery of anticancer agents. Size-calibrated polymeric microspheres (MSs) termed drug-eluting beads (DEBs) are the most prevalent solid embolic materials; however, their limitations include insufficient X-ray visibility or biodegradability. In this study, size-controlled polymeric MSs with inherent radiopacity and biodegradability were created, and their embolic effect was assessed. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) MSs (PLGA MSs) incorporating a hydrophobic X-ray contrast agent and an anticancer drug were produced by the w/o/w emulsion process. Their sizes were exactly calibrated to 71.40 ± 32.18 and 142.66 ± 59.92 μm in diameter, respectively, which were confirmed to have sizes similar to the clinically available DEBs. The iodine content of PLGA MSs was calculated as 144 mgI/g, and the loading quantity of the drug was 1.33%. Manufactured PLGA MSs were gradually degraded for 10 weeks and consistently released the anticancer drug. Following the PLGA MSs injection into the renal artery of New Zealand white rabbit test subjects, their deliverability to the targeted vessel through the microcatheter was confirmed. Injected PLGA MSs were clearly imaged through the real-time X-ray device without blending any contrast agents. The embolic effect of the PLGA MSs was ultimately established by the atrophy of an embolized kidney after 8 weeks. Consequently, the designed PLGA MS is anticipated to be an encouraging prospect to address hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ik Jeon
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Song Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hwan Jun Jae
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Ahn
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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X-ray visible microspheres derived from highly branched biodegradable poly(lactic acid) terminated by triiodobenzoic acid: Preparation and degradation behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Morokov ES, Demina VA, Sedush NG, Kalinin KT, Khramtsova EA, Dmitryakov PV, Bakirov AV, Grigoriev TE, Levin VM, Chvalun SN. Noninvasive high-frequency acoustic microscopy for 3D visualization of microstructure and estimation of elastic properties during hydrolytic degradation of lactide and ε-caprolactone polymers. Acta Biomater 2020; 109:61-72. [PMID: 32294555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of degradation processes' kinetics in polymers is one of the attractive possibilities of ultrasound technique applications that provide non-destructive imaging of polymers' internal microstructure and measurements of elastic properties. In this work, biodegradable polymers and copolymers based on L,L-lactide, D,L-lactide and ε-caprolactone have been studied at different stages of hydrolysis at 37 °C by high-frequency (100 and 200 MHz) ultrasound. The acoustic microscopy technique has been developed to reveal changes in the internal microstructure and bulk sound speed in polymer samples over a hydrolysis period of 25 weeks. Ultrasound imaging provides visualization of amorphous and crystalline phases, internal imperfections, variation in packing density, and other microstructural features. Acoustic images demonstrate nucleation, growth, and the changes in internal inhomogeneities in polymers during degradation accompanied by a decrease in the polymers' molecular weight. We associate the changes in the elastic properties (the speed of a longitudinal wave) with crystallinity variations in polymers during hydrothermal aging. The results of the ultrasound investigations are supplemented by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide-angle X-ray spectroscopy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Monitoring the kinetics of degradation processes in polymers is one of the attractive possibilities of applying ultrasound techniques that provide non-destructive imaging of the polymers' internal microstructure and measurements of elastic properties. In this work, visualization of nucleation, growth, and evolution of internal inhomogeneities in the volume of polymers and variation of values of speed of longitudinal and transverse sound waves during hydrolysis are compared with measurements of molecular weight, density, data of DSC curves, and X-ray scattering analysis. We discuss several common phenomena that occur in the volume of poly(L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide) over the degradation process as well as improvement of elastic properties of the poly(ε -caprolactone) and poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) during hydrothermal aging.
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In-chain functionalization through the combination of ring opening copolymerization and oxime “Click” reaction towards X-ray opaque polylactide copolymers. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Light Weight, Easy Formable and Non-ToxicPolymer-Based Composites for Hard X-rayShielding: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030833. [PMID: 32012889 PMCID: PMC7037949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite lightweight materials for X-ray shielding applications were studied anddeveloped with the goal of replacing traditional screens made of lead and steel, with innovativematerials with similar shielding properties, but lighter, more easily formed and workable, with lowerimpact on the environment and reduced toxicity for human health. New epoxy-based compositesadditivated with barium sulfate and bismuth oxide were designed through simulations performedwith software based on Geant4. Then, they were prepared and characterized using differenttechniques starting from digital radiography in order to test the radiopacity of the composites,in comparison with traditional materials. The lower environmental impact and toxicity of theseinnovative screens were quantified by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculation based on the ecoinventdatabase, within the openLCA framework. Optimized mixtures are (i) 20% epoxy/60% bismuthoxide/20% barite, which guarantees the best performance in X-ray shielding, largely overcomingsteel, but higher in costs and a weight reduction of circa 60%; (ii) 20% epoxy/40% bismuth oxide/40%barite which has slightly lower performances in shielding, but it is lighter and cheaper than thefirst one and (iii) the 20% epoxy/20% bismuth oxide/60% barite which is the cheapest material, stillmaintaining the X-ray shielding of steel. Depending on the cost/efficiency request of the specificapplication (industrial ra.
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Hu J, Albadawi H, Oklu R, Chong BW, Deipolyi AR, Sheth RA, Khademhosseini A. Advances in Biomaterials and Technologies for Vascular Embolization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901071. [PMID: 31168915 PMCID: PMC7014563 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive transcatheter embolization is a common nonsurgical procedure in interventional radiology used for the deliberate occlusion of blood vessels for the treatment of diseased or injured vasculature. A wide variety of embolic agents including metallic coils, calibrated microspheres, and liquids are available for clinical practice. Additionally, advances in biomaterials, such as shape-memory foams, biodegradable polymers, and in situ gelling solutions have led to the development of novel preclinical embolic agents. The aim here is to provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging technologies in endovascular embolization with respect to devices, materials, mechanisms, and design guidelines. Limitations and challenges in embolic materials are also discussed to promote advancement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Hu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Brian W Chong
- Departments of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Amy R. Deipolyi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Rahul A. Sheth
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiological Sciences, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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