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Akram N, Shahbaz M, Zia KM, Usman M, Ali A, Al-Salahi R, Abuelizz HA, Delattre C. Investigation of the in vitro biological activities of polyethylene glycol-based thermally stable polyurethane elastomers. RSC Adv 2024; 14:779-793. [PMID: 38174249 PMCID: PMC10759036 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06997d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The intense urge to replace conventional polymers with ecofriendly monomers is a step towards green products. The novelty of this study is the extraction of starch from the biowaste of wheat bran (WB) and banana peel (BP) for use as a monomer in the form of chain extenders. For the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, polyethylene glycol (PEG) bearing an average molecular weight Mn = 1000 g mol-1 was used as a macrodiol, which was reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to develop NCO-terminated prepolymer chains. These prepolymer chains were terminated with chain extenders. Two series of linear PU elastomers were prepared by varying the concentration of chain extenders (0.5-2.5 mol%), inducing a variation of 40 to 70 wt% in the hard segment (HS). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of urethane linkages. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a thermal stability of up to 250 °C. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed a storage modulus (E') of up to 140 MPa. Furthermore, the hemolytic activities of up to 8.97 ± 0.1% were recorded. The inhibition of biofilm formation was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus (%), which was supported by phase contrast microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) 1 Rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
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Raman RK, Ganesan S, Alagumalai A, Sudhakaran Menon V, Gurusamy Thangavelu SA, Krishnamoorthy A. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Property Relationship Studies of a Library of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Films as an Effective and Scalable Encapsulation Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53935-53950. [PMID: 37935023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology is experiencing rapid growth due to its simple solution chemistry, high power conversion efficiency (PCE), and potential for low-cost mass production. Nevertheless, the primary obstacle preventing the upscaling and widespread outdoor deployment of PSC technology is the poor long-term device stability, which stems from the inherent instability of perovskite materials in the presence of oxygen and moisture. To address this issue, in this work, we have synthesized a series of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) through a rational design by utilizing polyols having different molecular weights and diverse isocyanates (aromatic and aliphatic). Thorough characterization of these TPUs (ASTM and ISO standards) along with structure-property relationship studies were carried out for the first time and were then used as the encapsulation material for PSCs. The prepared TPUs were robust and adhered well with the glass substrate, and the use of low temperature during the encapsulation process avoided the degradation of the perovskite absorber and other organic layers in the device stack. The encapsulated devices retained more than 93% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) for over 1000 h after exposure to harsh environmental conditions such as high relative humidity (80 ± 5% RH). Furthermore, the encapsulated perovskite absorbers showed remarkable stability when they were soaked in water. This article demonstrates the potential of TPU as a suitable and easily scalable encapsulant for PSCs and pave the way for extending the lifetime and commercialization of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Kumar Raman
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Saraswathi Ganesan
- Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics Laboratory (OPPV), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ananthan Alagumalai
- Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics Laboratory (OPPV), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Vidya Sudhakaran Menon
- Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics Laboratory (OPPV), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Senthil A Gurusamy Thangavelu
- Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics Laboratory (OPPV), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Krishnamoorthy
- Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics Laboratory (OPPV), Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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Głowacka J, Derpeński Ł, Frydrych M, Sztorch B, Bartoszewicz B, Przekop RE. Robotization of Three-Point Bending Mechanical Tests Using PLA/TPU Blends as an Example in the 0-100% Range. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6927. [PMID: 37959523 PMCID: PMC10650072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the development of an automated three-point bending testing system using a robot to increase the efficiency and precision of measurements for PLA/TPU polymer blends as implementation high-throughput measurement methods. The system operates continuously and characterizes the flexural properties of PLA/TPU blends with varying TPU concentrations. This study aimed to determine the effect of TPU concentration on the strength and flexural stiffness, surface properties (WCA), thermal properties (TGA, DSC), and microscopic characterization of the studied blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Głowacka
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Derpeński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (Ł.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Miłosz Frydrych
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Błażej Bartoszewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (Ł.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.); (M.F.); (B.S.)
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Akram N, Shahzadi I, Zia KM, Saeed M, Ali A, Al-Salahi R, Abuelizz HA, Verpoort F. Fabrication and In Vitro Biological Assay of Thermo-Mechanically Tuned Chitosan Reinforced Polyurethane Composites. Molecules 2023; 28:7218. [PMID: 37894696 PMCID: PMC10608899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive trend of utilizing bioactive materials constitutes diverse materials exhibiting biocompatibility. The innovative aspect of this research is the tuning of the thermo-mechanical behavior of polyurethane (PU) composites with improved biocompatibility for vibrant applications. Polycaprolactone (CAPA) Mn = 2000 g-mol-1 was used as a macrodiol, along with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), to develop prepolymer chains, which were terminated with 1,4 butane diol (BD). The matrix was reinforced with various concentrations of chitosan (1-5 wt %). Two series of PU composites (PUT/PUH) based on aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanate were prepared by varying the hard segment (HS) ratio from 5 to 30 (wt %). The Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the absence of an NCO peak at 1730 cm-1 in order to confirm polymer chain termination. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed optimum weight loss up to 500 °C. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed the complex modulus (E*) ≥ 200 MPa. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) proved the ordered structure and uniform distribution of chain extender in PU. The hemolytic activities were recorded up to 15.8 ± 1.5% for the PUH series. The optimum values for the inhibition of biofilm formation were recorded as 46.3 ± 1.8% against E. coli and S. aureus (%), which was supported by phase contrast microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.S.); (K.M.Z.); (M.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.S.); (K.M.Z.); (M.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.S.); (K.M.Z.); (M.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.S.); (K.M.Z.); (M.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.S.); (K.M.Z.); (M.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.-S.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.-S.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
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Calderon MJP, Dumancas GG, Gutierrez CS, Lubguban AA, Alguno AC, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Producing polyglycerol polyester polyol for thermoplastic polyurethane application: A novel valorization of glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19491. [PMID: 37662775 PMCID: PMC10472058 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biodiesel generates glycerol as a by-product that needs valorization. Glycerol, when converted to polyglycerol, is a potential polyol for bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) production. In this study, a novel polyglycerol polyester polyol (PPP) was developed from refined glycerol and coconut oil-based polyester polyol. Glycerol was first converted to glycerol acetate and then polymerized with coconut oil-based polyester polyol (CPP) as secondary polyol and phthalic anhydride. The resulting PPP polymerized at 220 °C and OH:COOH molar ratio of 2.5 exhibited an OH number of <100 mg KOH·g sample-1, an acid number of <10 mg KOH·g sample-1, and a molecular weight (MW) of 3697 g mol-1 meeting the polyol requirement properties for TPU (Handlin et al., 2001; Parcheta et al., 2020) [1-2]. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic characterization determined that higher reaction temperatures increase the polymerization rate and decrease the OH and acid numbers. Further, higher OH:COOH molar ratios decrease the polymerization rate and acid number, and increase the OH number. Gel permeation chromatography determined the molecular weight of PPP and suggested two distinct molecular structures which differ only in the number of moles of CPP in the structure. A differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) experiment on a sample of PPP-based polyurethane revealed that it was able to melt and remelt after 3 heating cycles which demonstrates its thermoplastic ability. The novel PPP derived from the glycerol by-product of biodiesel industries can potentially replace petroleum-derived polyols for TPU production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jhun P. Calderon
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Gerard G. Dumancas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Carlo S. Gutierrez
- Comparative Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 11926
| | - Alona A. Lubguban
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Studies, University of the Philippines Rural High School, Paciano Rizal, Bay, Laguna, 4033, Philippines
| | - Arnold C. Alguno
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Roberto M. Malaluan
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold A. Lubguban
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
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6
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Filippova OV, Maksimkin AV, Dayyoub T, Larionov DI, Telyshev DV. Sustainable Elastomers for Actuators: "Green" Synthetic Approaches and Material Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2755. [PMID: 37376401 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastomeric materials have great application potential in actuator design and soft robot development. The most common elastomers used for these purposes are polyurethanes, silicones, and acrylic elastomers due to their outstanding physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Currently, these types of polymers are produced by traditional synthetic methods, which may be harmful to the environment and hazardous to human health. The development of new synthetic routes using green chemistry principles is an important step to reduce the ecological footprint and create more sustainable biocompatible materials. Another promising trend is the synthesis of other types of elastomers from renewable bioresources, such as terpenes, lignin, chitin, various bio-oils, etc. The aim of this review is to address existing approaches to the synthesis of elastomers using "green" chemistry methods, compare the properties of sustainable elastomers with the properties of materials produced by traditional methods, and analyze the feasibility of said sustainable elastomers for the development of actuators. Finally, the advantages and challenges of existing "green" methods of elastomer synthesis will be summarized, along with an estimation of future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Filippova
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Maksimkin
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tarek Dayyoub
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Larionov
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Telyshev
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Olszewski A, Ławniczak A, Kosmela P, Strąkowski M, Mielewczyk-Gryń A, Hejna A, Piszczyk Ł. Influence of Surface-Modified Montmorillonite Clays on the Properties of Elastomeric Thin Layer Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1703. [PMID: 36837332 PMCID: PMC9964914 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, polyurethane nanocomposites have attracted more attention due to the massive demand for materials with increasingly exceptional mechanical, optical, electrical, and thermal properties. As nanofillers have a high surface area, the interaction between the nanofiller and the polymer matrix is an essential issue for these materials. The main aim of this study is to validate the impact of the montmorillonite nanofiller (MMT) surface structure on the properties of polyurethane thin-film nanocomposites. Despite the interest in polyurethane-montmorillonite clay nanocomposites, only a few studies have explored the impact of montmorillonite surface modification on polyurethane's material properties. For this reason, four types of polyurethane nanocomposites with up to 3% content of MMT were manufactured using the prepolymer method. The impact of montmorillonites on nanocomposites properties was tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), contact angle measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The results showed that chemical and physical interactions between the polymer matrix and functional groups on the montmorillonite surface have a considerable impact on the final properties of the materials. It was noticed that the addition of MMT changed the thermal decomposition process, increased T2% by at least 14 °C, changed the hydrophilicity of the materials, and increased the glass transition temperature. These findings have underlined the importance of montmorillonite surface structure and interactions between nanocomposite phases for the final properties of nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ławniczak
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Strąkowski
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Piszczyk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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8
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Głowińska E, Gotkiewicz O, Kosmela P. Sustainable Strategy for Algae Biomass Waste Management via Development of Novel Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers Composites. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010436. [PMID: 36615628 PMCID: PMC9824139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work concerns the waste management method of algae biomass wastes (ABW). For this purpose, we prepared bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (bio-TPU) composites. Algae biomass wastes are derived from algal oil extraction of Chlorella vulgaris and from biomass of Enteromorpha and Zostera marina. ABWs were used in the bio-TPUs composites as a filler in the quantity of 1, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%. The bio-based composites were prepared via the in situ method. Polymer matrix was synthesized from a bio-based polyester polyol, diisocyanate mixture (composed of partially bio-based and synthetic diisocyanates), and bio-based 1,3 propanediol. In this study, the chemical structure, morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of prepared composites were investigated. Based on the conducted research, it was determined that the type and the content of algae waste influence the properties of the bio-based polyurethane matrix. In general, the addition of algae biomass wastes led to obtain materials characterized by good mechanical properties and noticeable positive ecological impact by increasing the total amount of green components in prepared bio-TPU-based composites from 68.7% to 73.54%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Głowińska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(58)-3471587
| | - Olga Gotkiewicz
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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9
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Effects of preparation routes on the physical and rheological properties of isosorbide-based thermoplastic polyurethanes. Macromol Res 2023; 31:133-142. [PMID: 36844252 PMCID: PMC9942074 DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived isosorbide (ISB) is a promising alternative to petroleum-based monomers in industrial plastics. In this study, ISB-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (ISB-TPUs) were prepared using ISB as a biomass chain extender, and the effects of the preparation route on the structural and physical properties of the resultant polymers were investigated. Prepolymer methods were more suitable for obtaining the desired molecular weights (MWs) and physical properties of ISB-TPUs than the one-shot method. The presence of the solvent and catalyst in the prepolymer step had significant effects on the structural and physical properties of the resultant polymer. Among several prepolymer conditions, the solvent- and catalyst-free methods were the most suitable for preparing commercial-level ISB-TPUs, with number- and weight-average MWs (M n and M w ) of 32,881 and 90,929 g mol-1, respectively, and a tensile modulus (E) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 12.0 and 40.2 MPa, respectively. In comparison, the presence of a catalyst in the prepolymer step resulted in lower MWs and mechanical properties (81,033 g mol-1 and 18.3 MPa of M w and UTS, respectively). The co-existence of the catalyst/solvent led to a further decline in the properties of ISB-TPUs (26,506 and 10.0 MPa of M w and UTS, respectively). ISB-TPU prepared via the solvent- and catalyst-free methods exhibited remarkable elastic recovery when subjected to up to 1000% strain in mechanical cycling tests. Rheological characterization confirmed the thermo-reversible phase change (thermoplasticity) of the polymer. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13233-023-00125-w.
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10
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Gunawan NR, Tessman M, Zhen D, Johnson L, Evans P, Clements SM, Pomeroy RS, Burkart MD, Simkovsky R, Mayfield SP. Biodegradation of renewable polyurethane foams in marine environments occurs through depolymerization by marine microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158761. [PMID: 36154974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of plastics in the Earth's oceans is causing widespread disruption to marine ecosystems. To help mitigate the environmental burden caused by non-degradable plastics, we have previously developed a commercially relevant polyurethane (PU) foam derived from renewable biological materials that can be depolymerized into its constituent monomers and consumed by microorganisms in soil or compost. Here we demonstrate that these same PU foams can be biodegraded by marine microorganisms in the ocean and by isolated marine microorganisms in an ex situ seawater environment. Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we tracked molecular changes imparted by microbial breakdown of the PU polymers; and utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate the loss of physical structure associated with colonization of microorganisms on the PU foams. We subsequently enriched, isolated, and identified individual microorganisms, from six marine sites around San Diego, CA, that are capable of depolymerizing, metabolizing, and accumulating biomass using these PU foams as a sole carbon source. Analysis using SEM, FTIR, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) confirmed that these microorganisms depolymerized the PU into its constitutive diols, diacids, and other PU fragments. SEM and FTIR results from isolated organismal biodegradation experiments exactly matched those from ex situ and ocean biodegradation samples, suggesting that these PU foam would undergo biodegradation in a natural ocean environment by enzymatic depolymerization of the PU foams and eventual uptake of the degradation products into biomass by marine microorganisms, should these foams unintentionally end up in the marine environment, as many plastics do.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Zhen
- Algenesis Inc., 1238 Sea Village Dr., Cardiff, CA, USA
| | | | - Payton Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samantha M Clements
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert S Pomeroy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Stephen P Mayfield
- Department of Molecular Biology, and California Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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12
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One-Shot Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Based on Bio-Polyol (Polytrimethylene Ether Glycol) and Characterization of Micro-Phase Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204269. [PMID: 36297847 PMCID: PMC9610669 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was synthesized via the solvent-free one-shot method using 100% bio-based polyether polyol, prepared from fermented corn, and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as a chain extender. The average molecular weight, degree of phase separation, thermal and mechanical properties of the TPU-based aromatic (4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate: MDI), and aliphatic (bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl) methane: H12MDI) isocyanates were investigated by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Four types of micro-phase separation forms of a hard segment (HS) and soft segment (SS) were suggested according to the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio and isocyanate type. The results showed (a) phase-mixed disassociated structure between HS and SS, (b) hydrogen-bonded structure of phase-separated between HS and SS forming one-sided hard domains, (c) hydrogen-bonded structure of phase-mixed between HS, and SS and (d) hydrogen-bonded structure of phase-separated between HS and SS forming dispersed hard domains. These phase micro-structure models could be matched with each bio-based TPU sample. Accordingly, H-BDO-2.0, M-BDO-2.0, H-BDO-2.5, and M-BDO-3.0 could be related to the (a)—form, (b)—form, (c)—form, and (d)—form, respectively.
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13
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Renewable low viscosity
polyester‐polyols
for biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Rajput BS, Hai TAP, Burkart MD. High Bio-Content Thermoplastic Polyurethanes from Azelaic Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154885. [PMID: 35956835 PMCID: PMC9370010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To realize the commercialization of sustainable materials, new polymers must be generated and systematically evaluated for material characteristics and end-of-life treatment. Polyester polyols made from renewable monomers have found limited adoption in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) applications, and their broad adoption in manufacturing may be possible with a more detailed understanding of their structure and properties. To this end, we prepared a series of bio-based crystalline and amorphous polyester polyols utilizing azelaic acid and varying branched or non-branched diols. The prepared polyols showed viscosities in the range of 504–781 cP at 70 °C, with resulting TPUs that displayed excellent thermal and mechanical properties. TPUs prepared from crystalline azelate polyester polyol exhibited excellent mechanical properties compared to TPUs prepared from amorphous polyols. These were used to demonstrate prototype products, such as watch bands and cup-shaped forms. Importantly, the prepared TPUs had up to 85% bio-carbon content. Studies such as these will be important for the development of renewable materials that display mechanical properties suitable for commercially viable, sustainable products.
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15
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Córdova T, Enríquez-Medrano FJ, Cartagena EM, Villanueva AB, Valencia L, Álvarez ENC, González RL, Díaz-de-León R. Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization of Sustainable Terpene Monomers Using a Neodymium-Based Catalyst System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142907. [PMID: 35890683 PMCID: PMC9324384 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation involves the coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of biobased terpenes in order to obtain sustainable polymers from myrcene (My) and farnesene (Fa), using the ternary Ziegler–Natta catalyst system comprising [NdV3]/[Al(i-Bu)2H]/[Me2SiCl2] and Al(i-Bu)2H, which acts as cocatalyst and chain transfer agent (CTA). The polymers were produced with a yield above 85% according to the monomeric consumption at the end of the reaction, and the kinetic examination revealed that the catalyst system proceeded with a reversible chain transfer mechanism in the presence of 15–30 equiv. of CTA. The resulting polyterpenes showed narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.4–2.5) and a high percent of 1,4-cis microstructure in the presence of 1 equiv. of Me2SiCl2, having control of the molecular weight distribution in Ziegler–Natta catalytic systems that maintain a high generation of 1,4-cis microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Córdova
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No.140, Col. San Joseé de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (T.C.); (F.J.E.-M.); (E.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
| | - Francisco Javier Enríquez-Medrano
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No.140, Col. San Joseé de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (T.C.); (F.J.E.-M.); (E.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
| | - Eduardo Martínez Cartagena
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No.140, Col. San Joseé de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (T.C.); (F.J.E.-M.); (E.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
| | - Arnulfo Banda Villanueva
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No.140, Col. San Joseé de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (T.C.); (F.J.E.-M.); (E.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
| | - Luis Valencia
- Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Norrsken Hourse, Birger Jarlsgatan 57 C, SE-11356 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | | | - Ricardo López González
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No.140, Col. San Joseé de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (T.C.); (F.J.E.-M.); (E.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.G.); (R.D.-d.-L.)
| | - Ramón Díaz-de-León
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No.140, Col. San Joseé de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (T.C.); (F.J.E.-M.); (E.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.G.); (R.D.-d.-L.)
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16
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Zhuang HT, Zhang L, Bao JB. Enhanced foaming behaviors and compression properties of thermoplastic polyurethane via constructing micro-crosslinking structure assisted by chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Containing Bio-Based Polyester Polyol and Their Fiber Property. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102033. [PMID: 35631915 PMCID: PMC9146802 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the starting materials of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), it was confirmed that succinic acid-based polyester biopolyols having different molecular weights (Mn = 1000, 2000, and 4000) affect the physicochemical properties of the final polymer significantly. Bio-TPUs synthesized through a solvent-free one-shot polymerization process were synthesized with a polyester polyol, 1,4 butanediol (BDO), and 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in a molar ratio of 1:1:2. As a control group, one typical petroleum-based TPU was synthesized and characterized along with other bio-based TPUs. Representative petroleum-based and bio-based TPUs synthesized were manufactured as monofilaments with a diameter of about 0.2 mm through an extrusion process with different draw ratios (4, 5, and 6 times). The molecular weight and structural properties of the TPUs were characterized by GPC and FT-IR analysis and thermal characterization by DSC and TGA analysis. Petroleum-based TPU and bio-based TPU having the same molecular weight soft segment (SS) tended to have similar molecular weight and hard segment (HS) content. TPUs with high HS content had excellent thermal stability, enabling stable extrusion of TPUs. In addition, it was confirmed that the bio-based TPU fibers produced in this way had a tensile strength corresponding to the physical properties of petroleum-based TPU fibers and an excellent elastic recovery rate of almost 100 %. These results indicate the application potential of bio-TPU.
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18
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Leng X, Li C, Cai X, Yang Z, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yang G, Wang Q, Fang G, Zhang X. A study on coconut fatty acid diethanolamide-based polyurethane foams. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13548-13556. [PMID: 35527733 PMCID: PMC9069328 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using coconut fatty acid diethanolamide, a derivate from coconut oil as a bio-based polyol for the synthesis of polyurethane foam was explored. The intrinsic tertiary amine moiety in this polyol (p-CFAD) endowed an auto-catalytic effect in the synthesis process of polyurethane foams, combined with a shorter cream and gelation time compared to the fossil-based polyol 3152. H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) were conducted to characterize the chemical structural features of the p-CFAD, and rheology measurement showed the shear-thinning behavior due to the branched structure. A thermal conductivity comparable to the commercial rigid polyurethane foam was achieved when 40wt% fossil-based polyol 3152 was substituted with the bio-based p-CFAD. With the increased content of the p-CFAD, a transition of the physical properties from rigid PU foam to soft PU foam was observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the occurrence of the interconnected pores on the cell walls with the increase of the added p-CFAD, implying the possibility of regulating the cellular structure and foam properties via the incorporation of the p-CFAD. Results showed the feasibility of using p-CFAD as a potential polyol in the development of bio-based polyurethane foams with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Leng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Xiaoxia Cai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Zhizhou Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Fengshan Zhang
- Hua Tai Group, Guangrao County Dongying City Shandong China
| | - Yanshao Liu
- Hua Tai Group, Guangrao County Dongying City Shandong China
| | - Guihua Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
| | - Guigan Fang
- Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 China
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19
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Blasco MPC, Limiñana MÁP, Silvestre CR, Calpena EO, Aís FA. Sustainable Reactive Polyurethane Hot Melt Adhesives Based on Vegetable Polyols for Footwear Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020284. [PMID: 35054690 PMCID: PMC8779523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop sustainable reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives (HMPUR) for footwear applications based on biobased polyols as renewable resources, where ma-croglycol mixtures of polyadipate of 1,4-butanediol, polypropylene and different biobased polyols were employed and further reacted with 4-4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The different reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives obtained were characterized with different experimental techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), softening temperature and melting viscosity. Finally, their adhesion properties were measured from T-peel tests on leather/HMPUR adhesives/SBR rubber joints in order to establish the viability of the used biobased polyols and the amount of these polyols that could be added to reactive polyurethane hot melt adhesives satisfactorily to meet the quality requirements of footwear joints. All biobased polyols and percentages added to the polyurethane adhesive formulations successfully met the quality requirements of footwear, being comparable to traditional adhesives currently used in footwear joints in terms of final strength. Therefore, these new sustainable polyurethane adhesives can be considered as suitable and sustainable alternatives to the adhesives commonly used in footwear joints.
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20
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Doke RB, Paraskar PM, Rajput YN, Kulkarni RD. Synthesis and Characterization of Green Polyurethane Coatings Derived from Niger‐Seed‐Oil‐Based Polyesteramide Polyols. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet B. Doke
- Department of Oils Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Matunga (E) Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Pavan M. Paraskar
- Department of Oils Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Matunga (E) Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Yogeshsing N. Rajput
- Department of Oils Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Matunga (E) Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Ravindra D. Kulkarni
- Department of Oils Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Matunga (E) Mumbai 400019 India
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21
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Behavior to UV irradiation of the polyurethanes containing azobenzene side groups in the main chains structure. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Panaitescu DM, Nicolae CA, Melinte V, Scutaru AL, Gabor AR, Popa MS, Oprea M, Buruiana T. Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- Polymers Department National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Cristian Andi Nicolae
- Polymers Department National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Violeta Melinte
- Polyaddition and Photochemistry Department Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Andreea Laura Scutaru
- Polyaddition and Photochemistry Department Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- Polymers Department National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Marius Stelian Popa
- Polymers Department National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Madalina Oprea
- Polymers Department National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM Bucharest Romania
| | - Tinca Buruiana
- Polyaddition and Photochemistry Department Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iasi Romania
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23
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Kasprzyk P, Głowińska E, Datta J. Structure and properties comparison of poly(ether-urethane)s based on nonpetrochemical and petrochemical polyols obtained by solvent free two-step method. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Allami T, Alamiery A, Nassir MH, Kadhum AH. Investigating Physio-Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane and Thermoplastics Nanocomposite in Various Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2467. [PMID: 34372071 PMCID: PMC8347130 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the soft and hard polyurethane (PU) segments caused by the hydrogen link in phase-separation kinetics was studied to investigate the morphological annealing of PU and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The significance of the segmented PUs is to achieve enough stability for further applications in biomedical and environmental fields. In addition, other research focuses on widening the plastic features and adjusting the PU-polyimide ratio to create elastomer of the poly(urethane-imide). Regarding TPU- and PU-nanocomposite, numerous studies investigated the incorporation of inorganic nanofillers such as carbon or clay to incorporating TPU-nanocomposite in several applications. Additionally, the complete exfoliation was observed up to 5% and 3% of TPU-clay modified with 12 amino lauric acid and benzidine, respectively. PU-nanocomposite of 5 wt.% Cloisite®30B showed an increase in modulus and tensile strength by 110% and 160%, respectively. However, the nanocomposite PU-0.5 wt.% Carbone Nanotubes (CNTs) show an increase in the tensile modulus by 30% to 90% for blown and flat films, respectively. Coating PU influences stress-strain behavior because of the interaction between the soft segment and physical crosslinkers. The thermophysical properties of the TPU matrix have shown two glass transition temperatures (Tg's) corresponding to the soft and the hard segment. Adding a small amount of tethered clay shifts Tg for both segments by 44 °C and 13 °C, respectively, while adding clay from 1 to 5 wt.% results in increasing the thermal stability of TPU composite from 12 to 34 °C, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the phase structure of PU dispersion, showing an increase in thermal stability, solubility, and flexibility. Regarding the electrical properties, the maximum piezoresistivity (10 S/m) of 7.4 wt.% MWCNT was enhanced by 92.92%. The chemical structure of the PU-CNT composite has shown a degree of agglomeration under disruption of the sp2 carbon structure. However, with extended graphene loading to 5.7 wt.%, piezoresistivity could hit 10-1 S/m, less than 100 times that of PU. In addition to electrical properties, the acoustic behavior of MWCNT (0.35 wt.%)/SiO2 (0.2 wt.%)/PU has shown sound absorption of 80 dB compared to the PU foam sample. Other nanofillers, such as SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, were studied showing an improvement in the thermal stability of the polymer and enhancing scratch and abrasion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyser Allami
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (A.A.); (M.H.N.); (A.H.K.)
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25
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Kasprzyk P, Głowińska E, Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Rohde K, Datta J. Green TPUs from Prepolymer Mixtures Designed by Controlling the Chemical Structure of Flexible Segments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147438. [PMID: 34299058 PMCID: PMC8305971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study concerns green thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) obtained by controlling the chemical structure of flexible segments. Two types of bio-based polyether polyols—poly(trimethylene glycol)s—with average molecular weights ca. 1000 and 2700 Da were used (PO3G1000 and PO3G2700, respectively). TPUs were prepared via a two-step method. Hard segments consisted of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the bio-based 1,4-butanodiol (used as a chain extender and used to control the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio). The impacts of the structure of flexible segments, the amount of each type of prepolymer, and the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio on the chemical structure and selected properties of the TPUs were verified. By regulating the number of flexible segments of a given type, different selected properties of TPU materials were obtained. Thermal analysis confirmed the high thermal stability of the prepared materials and revealed that TPUs based on a higher amount of prepolymer synthesized from PO3G2700 have a tendency for cold crystallization. An increase in the amount of PO3G1000 at the flexible segments caused an increase in the tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. Melt flow index results demonstrated that the increase in the amount of prepolymer based on PO3G1000 resulted in TPUs favorable in terms of machining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janusz Datta
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (J.D.); Tel.: +48-58-347-14-14 (J.D.)
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26
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Zagożdżon I, Parcheta P, Datta J. Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112699. [PMID: 34063787 PMCID: PMC8196663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.
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27
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The Green Approach to the Synthesis of Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with Partially Bio-Based Hard Blocks. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092334. [PMID: 33946420 PMCID: PMC8125134 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based polymeric materials and green routes for their preparation are current issues of many research works. In this work, we used the diisocyanate mixture based on partially bio-based diisocyanate origin and typical petrochemical diisocyanate for the preparation of novel bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-TPUs). We studied the influence of the diisocyanate mixture composition on the chemical structure, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of obtained bio-TPUs. Diisocyanate mixture and bio-based 1,4-butanediol (as a low molecular chain extender) created bio-based hard blocks (HS). The diisocyanate mixture contained up to 75 wt % of partially bio-based diisocyanate. It is worth mentioning that the structure and amount of HS impact the phase separation, processing, thermal or mechanical properties of polyurethanes. The soft blocks (SS) in the bio-TPU’s materials were built from α,ω-oligo(ethylene-butylene adipate) diol. Hereby, bio-TPUs differed in hard segments content (c.a. 30; 34; 40, and 53%). We found that already increase of bio-based diisocyanate content of the bio-TPU impact the changes in their thermal stability which was measured by TGA. Based on DMTA results we observed changes in the viscoelastic behavior of bio-TPUs. The DSC analysis revealed decreasing in glass transition temperature and melting temperature of hard segments. In general, obtained materials were characterized by good mechanical properties. The results confirmed the validity of undertaken research problem related to obtaining bio-TPUs consist of bio-based hard building blocks. The application of partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures and bio-based chain extender for bio-TPU synthesis leads to sustainable chemistry. Therefore the total level of “green carbons” increases with the increase of bio-based diisocyanate content in the bio-TPU structure. Obtained results constitute promising data for further works related to the preparation of fully bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers and development in the field of bio-based polymeric materials.
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Zia F, Nazli ZIH, Zia KM, Aftab W, Tabasum S, Asrar M. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyethyl cellulose copolymer modified polyurethane bionanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:345-352. [PMID: 33689773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bio based polyurethane nanocomposites (renewable thermosets) show a diverse range in properties, processing components and production of smart materials for health, food, and energy sectors. In this work, polyurethane nanocomposites based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and hydroxyl terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) incorporating clay were modified using hydroxyethyl cellulose (HLAC) to be further assessed for thermal and mechanical properties. Elastomers samples were prepared by blending clay suspension and PU prepolymer to attain clay contents of 0.3, 0.5, and 1% (weight on dry basis) along with butane diol and HLAC chain extenders. Effect of nanofiller aggregation and dispersion on the thermal degradation and surface morphology of the bionanocomposites were studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) and thermal gravimetric (TG) techniques were used to investigate the interactions among PU matrix, clay nanofillers, and HLAC. Mechanical testing indicated an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in elongation at break (%) by just adding 0.3 wt% clay. The thermal stability of the bionanocomposites was improved with the addition of clay. The results of the thermal and mechanical studies demonstrated the feasibility of the bionanocomposites as strong and thermally stable elastomers with low filler loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Zill-I-Huma Nazli
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
| | - Waseem Aftab
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shazia Tabasum
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asrar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
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Głowińska E, Wolak W, Datta J. Eco-friendly Route for Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with Bio-based Hard Segments Composed of Bio-glycol and Mixtures of Aromatic-Aliphatic and Aliphatic-Aliphatic Diisocyanate. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2021; 29:2140-2149. [PMID: 33424520 PMCID: PMC7784219 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-020-01992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Application of bio-based diisocyanates with low volatility instead petrochemical diisocyanates has positive impact on environment by reduction of hazardous effects on living organisms and lead to bio-based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) with good usage properties. This work was focused on the synthesis and chosen properties examination of partially bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-PUs) obtained using diisocyanate mixtures, polytetrahydrofurane (PolyTHF) and bio-1,3-propanediol (bio-PDO). Two types of diisocyanate mixtures were prepared as follows: aliphatic-aliphatic based on hexamethylene diisocyanate with partially bio-based aliphatic diisocyanate Tolonate™ X FLO 100 (HDI-FLO) and aromatic-aliphatic based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate with partially bio-based diisocyanate (MDI-FLO) with reduction of 25 mass% of petrochemical diisocyanate. Bio-PUs were obtained via prepolymer method. Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers have been examined in the terms of chemical structure and thermal, thermomechanical, mechanical and physicochemical properties. Bio-PU based on HDI-FLO diisocyanate mixture exhibited higher thermal stability. The beginning of thermal decomposition took a place at lower temperature ca. 30 ºC) and lower rate than the MDI-PU based materials. DMA analysis showed that HDI-FLO based polyurethanes exhibited greater capacity to accumulate energy and higher stiffness. Both materials characterized similar tensile strength and hardness, but with difference that TPU based on HDI-FLO relieved greater elongation at break about 360% reached 813%. Taking into account versatile properties of bio-TPU, these material can find application in many branches of industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Głowińska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wolak
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Datta
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Błażek K, Beneš H, Walterová Z, Abbrent S, Eceiza A, Calvo-Correas T, Datta J. Synthesis and structural characterization of bio-based bis(cyclic carbonate)s for the preparation of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Full chemical structure characterization of cyclic carbonates from diepoxides synthesized using sustainable bio-based polyols with different molecular weights and carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Błażek
- Gdansk University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Polymers Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- CAS
- Praque 162 06
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Walterová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- CAS
- Praque 162 06
- Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Abbrent
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- CAS
- Praque 162 06
- Czech Republic
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- Materials+Technologies’ Research Group (GMT)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Polytechnic School
- University of the Basque Country
- Donostia-San Sebastian 20018
| | - Tamara Calvo-Correas
- Materials+Technologies’ Research Group (GMT)
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Polytechnic School
- University of the Basque Country
- Donostia-San Sebastian 20018
| | - Janusz Datta
- Gdansk University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Polymers Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
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Jia R, Liu X, Huang Z, Wang D, Zhao C, Hui Z, He X, Wu D. Novel Polyurethane Elastomer Modified by Hybrid Shell Nano-/Microcapsules for Unique Self-Lubricating Behavior. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runping Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Dayang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
| | - Xinyao He
- Jiahua Science &Technology Development (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China
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Arévalo-Alquichire S, Dominguez-paz C, Valero MF. Mechanical Assessment and Hyperelastic Modeling of Polyurethanes for the Early Stages of Vascular Graft Design. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214973. [PMID: 33167333 PMCID: PMC7663800 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The material design of vascular grafts is required for their application in the health sector. The use of polyurethanes (PUs) in vascular grafts intended for application in the body appears to be adequate due to the fact that native tissues have similar properties as PUs. However, the influence of chemical structure on the biomechanics of PUs remains poorly described. The use of constitutive models, together with numerical studies, is a powerful tool for evaluating the mechanical behavior of materials under specific physiological conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the mechanical properties of different PU mixtures formed by polycaprolactone diol, polyethylene glycol, and pentaerythritol using uniaxial tensile, strain sweep, and multistep creep-recovery tests. Evaluations of the properties were also recorded after samples had been soaked in phosphate-buffer saline (PBS) to simulate physiological conditions. A hyperelastic model based on the Mooney–Rivlin strain density function was employed to model the performance of PUs under physiological pressure and geometry conditions. The results show that the inclusion of polyethylene glycol enhanced viscous flow, while polycaprolactone diol increased the elastic behavior. Furthermore, tensile tests revealed that hydration had an important effect on the softening phenomenon. Additionally, after the hydration of PUs, the ultimate strength was similar to those reported for other vascular conduits. Lastly, hyperelastic models revealed that the compliance of the PUs showed a cyclic behavior within the tested time and pressure conditions and is affected by the material composition. However, the compliance was not affected by the geometry of the materials. These tests demonstrate that the materials whose compositions are 5–90–5 and 46.3–46.3–7.5 could be employed in the designs of vascular grafts for medical applications since they present the largest value of compliance, ultimate strength, and elongation at break in the range of reported blood vessels, thus indicating their suitability. Moreover, the polyurethanes were revealed to undergo softening after hydration, which could reduce the risk of vascular trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Arévalo-Alquichire
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (C.D.-p.)
- The Doctoral Program of Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Carlos Dominguez-paz
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (C.D.-p.)
- Department of Prototypes and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
| | - Manuel F. Valero
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (C.D.-p.)
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Processes, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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Paraskar PM, Prabhudesai MS, Kulkarni RD. Synthesis and characterizations of air-cured polyurethane coatings from vegetable oils and itaconic acid. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wang J, Yang B, Lin X, Gao L, Liu T, Lu Y, Wang R. Research of TPU Materials for 3D Printing Aiming at Non-Pneumatic Tires by FDM Method. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2492. [PMID: 33120954 PMCID: PMC7694035 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology has been widely used in various fields, such as biomedicine, clothing design, and aerospace, due to its personalized customization, rapid prototyping of complex structures, and low cost. However, the application of 3D printing technology in the field of non-pneumatic tires has not been systematically studied. In this study, we evaluated the application of potential thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) materials based on FDM technology in the field of non-pneumatic tires. First, the printing process of TPU material based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was studied through tensile testing and SEM observation. The results show that the optimal 3D printing temperature of the selected TPU material is 210 °C. FDM technology was successfully applied to 3D printed non-pneumatic tires based on TPU material. The study showed that the three-dimensional stiffness of 3D printed non-pneumatic tires is basically 50% of that obtained by simulation. To guarantee the prediction of the performance of 3D printed non-pneumatic tires, we suggest that the performance of these materials should be moderately reduced during the structural design for performance simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.W.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.W.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (L.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (L.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Yonglai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.W.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.W.); (B.Y.); (Y.L.)
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The Toxicological Testing and Thermal Decomposition of Drive and Transport Belts Made of Thermoplastic Multilayer Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102232. [PMID: 32998361 PMCID: PMC7600647 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the potential impact of flat drive and transport belts on people's safety during a fire. The analysis distinguished belts made of classically used fabric-rubber composite materials reinforced with cord and currently used multilayer polymer composites. Moreover, the products' multilayers during the thermal decomposition and combustion can be a source of emissions for unpredictable and toxic substances with different concentrations and compositions. In the evaluation of the compared belts, a testing methodology was used to determine the toxicometric indicators (WLC50SM) on the basis of which it was possible to determine the toxicity of thermal decomposition and combustion products in agreement with the standards in force in several countries of the EU and Russia. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the registration of emissions of chemical compounds during the thermal decomposition and combustion of polymer materials at three different temperatures. Moreover, the degradation kinetics of the polymeric belts by using the thermogravimetric (TGA) technique was evaluated. Test results have shown that products of thermal decomposition resulting from the neoprene (NE22), leder leder (LL2), thermoplastic connection (TC), and extra high top cower (XH) belts can be characterized as moderately toxic or toxic. Their toxicity significantly increases with the increasing temperature of thermal decomposition or combustion, especially above 450 °C. The results showed that the belts made of several layers of polyamide can be considered the least toxic in fire conditions. The TGA results showed that NBR/PA/PA/NBR belt made with two layers of polyamide and the acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber has the highest thermal stability in comparison to other belts.
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Vahabi H, Rastin H, Movahedifar E, Antoun K, Brosse N, Saeb MR. Flame Retardancy of Bio-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1234. [PMID: 32485825 PMCID: PMC7361950 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable polymers are emerging fast and have received much more attention in recent years compared to petro-sourced polymers. However, they inherently have low-quality properties, such as poor mechanical properties, and inadequate performance, such as high flammability. In general, two methods have been considered to tackle such drawbacks: (i) reinforcement of sustainable polymers with additives; and (ii) modification of chemical structure by architectural manipulation so as to modify polymers for advanced applications. Development and management of bio-based polyurethanes with flame-retardant properties have been at the core of attention in recent years. Bio-based polyurethanes are currently prepared from renewable, bio-based sources such as vegetable oils. They are used in a wide range of applications including coatings and foams. However, they are highly flammable, and their further development is dependent on their flame retardancy. The aim of the present review is to investigate recent advances in the development of flame-retardant bio-based polyurethanes. Chemical structures of bio-based flame-retardant polyurethanes have been studied and explained from the point of view of flame retardancy. Moreover, various strategies for improving the flame retardancy of bio-based polyurethanes as well as reactive and additive flame-retardant solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Hadi Rastin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran;
| | - Karina Antoun
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 16765-654, Iran
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Kairytė A, Kremensas A, Balčiūnas G, Członka S, Strąkowska A. Closed Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Low Functionality Polyols: Research of Dimensional Stability and Standardised Performance Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061438. [PMID: 32245242 PMCID: PMC7143543 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, polyurethane foam producers come across the several problems when petroleum-based polyols are replaced with low functionality biomass, or waste-based, polyols. In addition, the dilemma is intensified with regulations that require full or partial replacement of blowing agents that can cause high ozone depletion with alternatives like water, which causes the formation of CO2. Therefore, these gases diffuse out of the foam so quickly that the polymeric cell walls cannot withstand the pressure, consequently causing huge dimensional changes at ambient temperature and humidity. Even though the theoretical stoichiometric balance is correct, the reality shows that it is not enough. Therefore, polyethylene terephthalate waste-based polyol was chosen as a low functionality polyol which was modified with high functionality sucrose-based polyol in order to obtain dimensionally stable polyurethane foams in the density range of 30-40 kg/m3. These more stable foams are characterized by linear changes no higher than 0.5%, short-term water absorption by partial immersion no higher than 0.35 kg/m2, and water vapor resistance factors up to 50. In order to obtain thermally efficient polyurethane foams, conventional blowing agents and water systems were implemented, thus, assuring thermal conductivity values in the range of 0.0198-0.0204 W/(m·K) and obtaining products which conform to all the requirements for performance of sprayed and factory-made polyurethane foam standards EN 14315-1 and EN 13165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-25-12301
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
| | - Giedrius Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania (G.B.)
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (A.S.)
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Arévalo-Alquichire S, Morales-Gonzalez M, Navas-Gómez K, Diaz LE, Gómez-Tejedor JA, Serrano MA, Valero MF. Influence of Polyol/Crosslinker Blend Composition on Phase Separation and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030666. [PMID: 32192093 PMCID: PMC7183071 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) from Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and a crosslinker, Pentaerythritol (PE), were synthetized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). In this study, we investigated the effect of polyol and crosslinker composition on phase separation and thermo-mechanical properties. The properties were studied through dynamic mechanical analysis, X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed changes in PUs properties, microphase structure, and separation due to the composition of polyol/crosslinker blend. So, the largest concentration of PE produced multimodal loss factor patterns, indicating segment segregation while PUs with a PEG/PCL = 1 displayed a monomodal loss factor pattern, indicating a homogeneously distributed microphase separation. Additionally, the increase of the PEG concentration enhanced the damping capacity. On the other hand, agglomeration and thread-like structures of hard segments (HS) were observed through AFM. Finally, the thermal behavior of PUs was affected by chemical composition. Lower concentration of PE reduced the crosslinking; hence, the temperature with the maximum degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Arévalo-Alquichire
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, 140013 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (K.N.-G.)
- Doctoral program of biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, 140013 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Maria Morales-Gonzalez
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, 140013 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (K.N.-G.)
| | - Kelly Navas-Gómez
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, 140013 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (K.N.-G.)
| | - Luis E. Diaz
- Bioprospecting Research Group, GIBP, Faculty of engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, 140013 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia;
| | - José A. Gómez-Tejedor
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.G.-T.); (M.-A.S.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-Antonia Serrano
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.G.-T.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Manuel F. Valero
- Energy, Materials and Environmental Group, GEMA, Faculty of engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, 140013 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (S.A.-A.); (K.N.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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