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Rangaraj VM, Mabrook G, Hathi Z, Mettu S, Banat F, Taher H. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus encapsulated cross-linked Keratin-Chitosan hydrogel for removal of patulin from apple juice. Food Chem 2024; 454:139619. [PMID: 38811285 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a hydrogel from cross-linked keratin and chitosan (KC) to remove patulin (PAT) from apple juice. We explored the potential of incorporating Lactobacillus rhamnoses into the KC hydrogel (KC-LR) and tested its effectiveness in removing PAT from simulated juice solutions and real apple juice. The KC hydrogel was developed through a dynamic disulfide cross-linking reaction. This cross-linked hydrogel network provided excellent stability for the probiotic cells, achieving 99.9 % immobilization efficiency. In simulated juice with 25 mg/L PAT, the KC and KC-LR hydrogels showed removal efficiencies of 85.2 % and 97.68 %, respectively, using 15 mg mL-1 of the prepared hydrogel at a temperature of 25 °C for 6 h. The KC and KC-LR hydrogels achieved 76.3 % and 83.6 % removal efficiencies in real apple juice systems, respectively. Notably, the encapsulated probiotics did not negatively impact the juice quality and demonstrated reusability for up to five cycles of the PAT removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengatesan M Rangaraj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, SAN Campus, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghanim Mabrook
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, SAN Campus, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubeen Hathi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, SAN Campus, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Srinivas Mettu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, SAN Campus, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, SAN Campus, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hanifa Taher
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, SAN Campus, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Buratti E, Sguizzato M, Sotgiu G, Zamboni R, Bertoldo M. Keratin-PNIPAM Hybrid Microgels: Preparation, Morphology and Swelling Properties. Gels 2024; 10:411. [PMID: 38920957 PMCID: PMC11202486 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Combinations of synthetic polymers, such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), with natural biomolecules, such as keratin, show potential in the field of biomedicine, since these hybrids merge the thermoresponsive properties of PNIPAM with the bioactive characteristics of keratin. This synergy aims to produce hybrids that can respond to environmental stimuli while maintaining biocompatibility and functionality, making them suitable for various medical and biotechnological uses. In this study, we exploit keratin derived from wool waste in the textile industry, extracted via sulfitolysis, to synthesize hybrids with PNIPAM microgel. Utilizing two distinct methods-polymerization of NIPAM with keratin (HYB-P) and mixing preformed PNIPAM microgels with keratin (HYB-M)-resulted in hybrids with 20% and 25% keratin content, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses indicated the formation of colloidal systems with particle sizes of around 110 nm for HYB-P and 518 nm for HYB-M. The presence of keratin in both systems, 20% and 25%, respectively, was confirmed by spectroscopic (FTIR and NMR) and elemental analyses. Distinct structural differences were observed between HYB-P and HYB-M, suggesting a graft copolymer configuration for the former hybrid and a complexation for the latter one. Furthermore, these hybrids demonstrated temperature responsiveness akin to PNIPAM microgels and pH responsiveness, underscoring their potential for diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Buratti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (G.S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (G.S.); (R.Z.)
| | - Monica Bertoldo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.B.)
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Tang Y, Wang H, Liu S, Pu L, Hu X, Ding J, Xu G, Xu W, Xiang S, Yuan Z. A review of protein hydrogels: Protein assembly mechanisms, properties, and biological applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Controllable Preparation of Chiral Oxazoline-Cu(II) Catalyst as Nanoreactor for Highly Asymmetric Henry Reaction in Water. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Han X, Yang R, Wan X, Dou J, Yuan J, Chi B, Shen J. Antioxidant and multi-sensitive PNIPAAm/keratin double network gels for self-stripping wound dressing application. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6212-6225. [PMID: 34319336 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00702e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel is a potential wound dressing material due to its ability to maintain a humid environment, the strong absorptive capacity of exuded tissue fluid, and gas exchange function. Herein, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)/keratin double network (PNIPAAm/keratin DN) gels were fabricated through covalent and ionic double cross-linking strategy. The effects of PNIPAAm/keratin ratios on the morphology and swelling rate of gels were characterized. The DN gels could swell up from 2600% to 4600% in proportion to the keratin content, demonstrating their great ability to absorb tissue fluid. The gels possessed thermo-sensitiveness, imparting self-stripping property. Moreover, the antibacterial chlorhexidine acetate (CHX) was loaded into gels with a post-fabrication drug-loading strategy. The release behavior showed that CHX-loaded DN gels exhibited multiple responsive characteristics (temperature, pH, and ROS). Furthermore, the drug-loaded gels showed greater antibacterial activity than free CHX due to the sustained drug release effect. Meanwhile, the antioxidant efficiency of PNIPAAm/keratin DN gels was ca. 33.1%, while the PNIPAAm gel was just ca. 18.2%, indicating the strong oxidation resistance of DN gels. In the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat skin defect model, the hydrogel had better tissue regeneration ability than the commercial film. Taken together, the multifunctional PNIPAAm/keratin DN gels are potential candidates for clinical wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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Chilakamarry CR, Mahmood S, Saffe SNBM, Arifin MAB, Gupta A, Sikkandar MY, Begum SS, Narasaiah B. Extraction and application of keratin from natural resources: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:220. [PMID: 33968565 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, keratin has gained great popularity due to its exceptional biocompatible and biodegradable nature. It has shown promising results in various industries like poultry, textile, agriculture, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical. Keratin is a multipurpose biopolymer that has been used in the production of fibrous composites, and with necessary modifications, it can be developed into gels, films, nanoparticles, and microparticles. Its stability against enzymatic degradation and unique biocompatibility has found their way into biomedical applications and regenerative medicine. This review discusses the structure of keratin, its classification and its properties. It also covers various methods by which keratin is extracted like chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic and microbial treatment, dissolution in ionic liquids, microwave irradiation, steam explosion technique, and thermal hydrolysis or superheated process. Special emphasis is placed on its utilisation in the form of hydrogels, films, fibres, sponges, and scaffolds in various biotechnological and industrial sectors. The present review can be noteworthy for the researchers working on natural protein and related usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nadiah Binti Mohd Saffe
- Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmir Bin Arifin
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Arun Gupta
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yacin Sikkandar
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, 11952 Saudi Arabia
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti, 626115 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Boya Narasaiah
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati, 517506 Andhra Pradesh India
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Wang Z, Wu J, Shi X, Song F, Gao W, Liu S. Stereocomplexation of Poly(Lactic acid) and Chemical Crosslinking of Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (EGDMA) Double-Crosslinked Temperature/pH Dual Responsive Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2204. [PMID: 32992974 PMCID: PMC7599924 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical crosslinking and chemical crosslinking were used to further improve the mechanical properties and stability of the gel. A temperature/pH dual sensitive and double-crosslinked gel was prepared by the stereo-complex of HEMA-PLLA20 and HEMA-PDLA20 as a physical crosslinking agent, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a chemical crosslinking agent, and azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator for free radical polymerization. This paper focused on the performance comparison of chemical crosslinked gel, a physical crosslinked gel, and a dual crosslinked gel. The water absorption, temperature, and pH sensitivity of the three hydrogels were studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and swelling performance research. We used a thermal analysis system (TGA) and dynamic viscoelastic spectrometer to study thermal properties and mechanical properties of these gels. Lastly, the in vitro drug release behavior of double-crosslinked hydrogel loaded with doxorubicin under different conditions was studied. The results show that the double-crosslinked and temperature/pH dual responsive hydrogels has great mechanical properties and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Z.W.); (J.W.); (X.S.); (F.S.); (W.G.)
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Yin Y, Li X, Hu Z, Wang R. An inorganic cross‐linked quadruple shape memory hydrogel with high mechanical performance. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Yu Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zai‐Yin Hu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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