1
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Brió Pérez M, Wurm FR, de Beer S. On the Road to Circular Polymer Brushes: Challenges and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7249-7256. [PMID: 38556745 PMCID: PMC11008239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are unique surface coatings that have been of high interest in research for the past decades due to their covalent tethering to surfaces and the broad spectrum of polymers that can be grafted to or grafted from various surfaces. Modification of surfaces with brushes may provide lubricious and/or antifouling properties, and they can also potentially be used in many application fields due to their high responsiveness toward certain stimuli. Generally, polymer brushes are long-lasting coatings, while their end-of-life has to date largely been neglected. Therefore, it is important to consider additional design methodologies to produce circular brushes, which will degrade after a certain period of time such that surfaces can be reused, and the potentially obtained monomers may be used again to synthesize new brushes. In this Perspective, we aim to tackle and understand the challenges to translate the knowledge on degradation and chemical recycling of bulk polymers toward circular polymer brushes. We summarized the recent developments on (bio)degradable polymer brushes and the challenges that are to be tackled toward their potential implementation as circular coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Kumar A, Kumar V, Joshi YM, Singh MK. Tribological and Rheological Study of Thixotropic Gels of 2D Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7310-7327. [PMID: 38426447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A thixotropic colloidal gel constituting an aqueous dispersion of synthetic clay Laponite with varying concentrations of salt has been studied for its rheological and tribological performance as a lubricant. We observed that the incorporation of NaCl induces notable enhancements in the colloidal gel's relaxation time, elastic modulus, and yield stress. Although an increase in NaCl concentration decreases the material's relaxation time dependence on waiting time (tw), overall, the strength of its thixotropic character has been observed to increase with an increase in salt concentration. The analysis of friction and wear indicated that the utilization of a thixotropic colloidal gel of Laponite with a higher concentration of NaCl resulted in progressively greater reductions in both the coefficient of friction and specific wear rates under various load-speed conditions. Severe abrasive wear on disc surface under dry test, gradually mitigated upon the introduction of these lubricants. Two simultaneous lubricating mechanisms, first, the smooth sliding of the friction pair, facilitated by the alignment of Laponite particles in the direction of shear forces, and second, the stable structure of Laponite, coupled with the addition of NaCl, enabling continuous replenishment of the wear track with lubricant, are attributed to lubrication effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh M Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manjesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Diepenbroek E, Mehta S, Borneman Z, Hempenius MA, Kooij ES, Nijmeijer K, de Beer S. Advances in Membrane Separation for Biomaterial Dewatering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4545-4566. [PMID: 38386509 PMCID: PMC10919095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Biomaterials often contain large quantities of water (50-98%), and with the current transition to a more biobased economy, drying these materials will become increasingly important. Contrary to the standard, thermodynamically inefficient chemical and thermal drying methods, dewatering by membrane separation will provide a sustainable and efficient alternative. However, biomaterials can easily foul membrane surfaces, which is detrimental to the performance of current membrane separations. Improving the antifouling properties of such membranes is a key challenge. Other recent research has been dedicated to enhancing the permeate flux and selectivity. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the design requirements for and recent advances in dewatering of biomaterials using membranes. These recent developments offer a viable solution to the challenges of fouling and suboptimal performances. We focus on two emerging development strategies, which are the use of electric-field-assisted dewatering and surface functionalizations, in particular with hydrogels. Our overview concludes with a critical mention of the remaining challenges and possible research directions within these subfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esli Diepenbroek
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sarthak Mehta
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zandrie Borneman
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - E. Stefan Kooij
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500
AE Enschede, The
Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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4
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Smook LA, de Beer S. Electrical Chain Rearrangement: What Happens When Polymers in Brushes Have a Charge Gradient? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4142-4151. [PMID: 38355408 PMCID: PMC10906002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Under the influence of electric fields, the chains in polyelectrolyte brushes can stretch and collapse, which changes the structure of the brush. Copolymer brushes with charged and uncharged monomers display a similar behavior. For pure polyelectrolyte and random copolymer brushes, the field-induced structure changes only the density of the brush and not its local composition, while the latter could be affected if charges are distributed inhomogeneously along the polymer backbone. Therefore, we systematically study the switching behavior of gradient polyelectrolyte brushes in electric fields for different solvent qualities, grafting densities, and charges per chain via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Similar to random copolymers and pure polyelectrolytes, these brushes show a mixed-phase transition: intermediate states between fully stretched and collapsed are characterized by a bimodal chain-end distribution. Additionally, we find that the total charge of the brush plays a key role in the critical field required for a complete transition. Finally, we find that gradient polyelectrolyte brushes are charge-enriched at the brush-solvent interface under stretched conditions and charge-depleted under collapsed conditions, allowing for control over the local composition and thus the surface charge of the brush due to the inhomogeneous charge along the grafted chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A. Smook
- Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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5
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Veldscholte LB, Snoeijer JH, den Otter WK, de Beer S. Pressure Anisotropy in Polymer Brushes and Its Effects on Wetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4401-4409. [PMID: 38358950 PMCID: PMC10905992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes, coatings consisting of densely grafted macromolecules, experience an intrinsic lateral compressive pressure, originating from chain elasticity and excluded volume interactions. This lateral pressure complicates a proper definition of the interface and, thereby, the determination and interpretation of the interfacial tension and its relation to the wetting behavior of brushes. Here, we study the link among grafting-induced compressive lateral pressure in polymer brushes, interfacial tension, and brush wettability using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on grafting densities and polymer-liquid affinities such that the polymer and liquid do not tend to mix. For these systems, a central result is that the liquid contact angle is independent of the grafting density, which implies that the grafting-induced lateral compressive pressure in the brush does not influence its wettability. Although the definition of brush interfacial tensions is complicated by the grafting-induced pressure, the difference in the interfacial tension between wet and dry brushes is perfectly well-defined. We confirm explicitly from Young's law that this difference offers an accurate description of the brush wettability. We then explore a method to isolate the grafting-induced contribution to the lateral pressure, assuming the interfacial tension is independent of grafting density. This scenario indeed allows disentanglement of interfacial and grafting effects for a broad range of parameters, except close to the mixing point. We separately discuss the latter case in light of autophobic dewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Veldscholte
- Functional
Polymer Surfaces, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco H. Snoeijer
- Physics
of Fluids, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter K. den Otter
- Multiscale
Mechanics, Department of Fluid and Thermal Engineering, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Functional
Polymer Surfaces, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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6
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Wilkins CA, Hamman H, Hamman JH, Steenekamp JH. Fixed-Dose Combination Formulations in Solid Oral Drug Therapy: Advantages, Limitations, and Design Features. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:178. [PMID: 38399239 PMCID: PMC10892518 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Whilst monotherapy is traditionally the preferred treatment starting point for chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, other diseases require the use of multiple drugs (polytherapy) from the onset of treatment (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria). Successful treatment of these chronic conditions is sometimes hampered by patient non-adherence to polytherapy. The options available for polytherapy are either the sequential addition of individual drug products to deliver an effective multi-drug regimen or the use of a single fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy product. This article intends to critically review the use of FDC drug therapy and provide an insight into FDC products which are already commercially available. Shortcomings of FDC formulations are discussed from multiple perspectives and research gaps are identified. Moreover, an overview of fundamental formulation considerations is provided to aid formulation scientists in the design and development of new FDC products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan H. Steenekamp
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (C.A.W.); (H.H.); (J.H.H.)
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7
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Brió Pérez M, Hempenius MA, de Beer S, Wurm FR. Polyester Brush Coatings for Circularity: Grafting, Degradation, and Repeated Growth. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8856-8865. [PMID: 38024158 PMCID: PMC10653273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are widely used as versatile surface modifications. However, most of them are designed to be long-lasting by using nonbiodegradable materials. This generates additional plastic waste and hinders the reusability of substrates. To address this, we present a synthetic strategy for grafting degradable polymer brushes via organocatalytic surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) from stable PGMA-based macroinitiators. This yields polyester brush coatings (up to 50 nm in thickness) that hydrolyze with controlled patterns and can be regrown on the same substrate after degradation. We chose polyesters of different hydrolytic stability and degradation mechanism, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which are grown from poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA)-based macroinitiators for strong surface binding and initiating site reuse. Brush degradation is monitored via thickness changes in pH-varied buffer solutions and seawater with PHB brushes showing rapid degradation in all solutions. PLA and PCL brushes show higher stability in solutions of up to pH 8, while all coatings fully degrade after 14 days in seawater. These brushes offer surface modifications with well-defined degradation patterns that can be regrown after degradation, making them an interesting alternative to (meth)acrylate-based, nondegradable polymers brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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8
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Hausberger A, Pecora M, Favier D, Rossegger E, Tockner M, Ules T, Haselmann M, Schlögl S, Gauthier C. In Situ Observation of Micro-Patterned Elastomeric Surfaces: The Formation of the Area of Real Contact and the Influence on Its Friction and Deformation Behaviour. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6489. [PMID: 37834628 PMCID: PMC10573622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured surfaces, which are the basis of the lotus blossom effect, have great potential to serve/operate as functionalised surfaces, i.e., surfaces with specific and/or adjustable properties. In the present study, the aim is to use micro-structured elastomeric surfaces to specifically influence the friction and deformation behaviours on the basis of the shape and arrangement of the structures. Thiol-acrylate-based photopolymers patterned via nanoimprint lithography were investigated by using an in situ tribological measurement set-up. A clear influence of the different structures on the surface's friction behaviour could be shown, and, furthermore, this could be brought into relation with the real area of contact. This finding provides an important contribution to further development steps, namely, to give the structures switchable properties in order to enable the control of friction properties in a targeted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hausberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Marina Pecora
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Damien Favier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin Tockner
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Matthias Haselmann
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
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9
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Mukherji D, Kremer K. Smart Polymers for Soft Materials: From Solution Processing to Organic Solids. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3229. [PMID: 37571124 PMCID: PMC10421237 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials are ubiquitous in our everyday life, where they find a broad range of uses-spanning across common household items to advanced materials for modern technologies. In the context of the latter, so called "smart polymers" have received a lot of attention. These systems are soluble in water below their lower critical solution temperature Tℓ and often exhibit counterintuitive solvation behavior in mixed solvents. A polymer is known as smart-responsive when a slight change in external stimuli can significantly change its structure, functionm and stability. The interplay of different interactions, especially hydrogen bonds, can also be used for the design of lightweight high-performance organic solids with tunable properties. Here, a general scheme for establishing a structure-property relationship is a challenge using the conventional simulation techniques and also in standard experiments. From the theoretical side, a broad range of all-atom, multiscale, generic, and analytical techniques have been developed linking monomer level interaction details with macroscopic material properties. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent developments in the field of smart polymers, together with complementary experiments. For this purpose, we will specifically discuss the following: (1) the solution processing of responsive polymers and (2) their use in organic solids, with a goal to provide a microscopic understanding that may be used as a guiding tool for future experiments and/or simulations regarding designing advanced functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Mukherji
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
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10
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Kuzmyn AR, van Galen M, van Lagen B, Zuilhof H. SI-PET-RAFT in flow: improved control over polymer brush growth. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3357-3363. [PMID: 37497044 PMCID: PMC10367056 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) provides a light-dependent tool to synthesize polymer brushes on different surfaces that tolerates oxygen and water, and does not require a metal catalyst. Here we introduce improved control over SI-PET-RAFT polymerizations via continuous flow conditions. We confirm the composition and topological structure of the brushes by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and AFM. The improved control compared to no-flow conditions provides prolonged linear growth of the polymer brush (up to 250 nm, where no-flow polymerization maxed out <50 nm), and improved polymerization control of the polymer brush that allows the construction of diblock polymer brushes. We further show the linear correlation between the molecular weight of the polymer brush and its dry thickness by combining ellipsometry and single-molecule force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy R Kuzmyn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Galen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Barend van Lagen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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11
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Glišić I, Ritsema van Eck GC, Smook LA, de Beer S. Enhanced vapor sorption in block and random copolymer brushes. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8398-8405. [PMID: 36259991 PMCID: PMC9667471 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes in gaseous environments absorb and adsorb vapors of favorable solvents, which makes them potentially relevant for sensing applications and separation technologies. Though significant amounts of vapor are sorbed in homopolymer brushes at high vapor pressures, at low vapor pressures sorption remains limited. In this work, we vary the structure of two-component polymer brushes and investigate the enhancement in vapor sorption at different relative vapor pressures compared to homopolymer brushes. We perform molecular dynamics simulations on two-component block and random copolymer brushes and investigate the influence of monomer miscibility and formation of high-energy interfaces between immiscible monomers on vapor sorption. Additionally, we present absorption isotherms of pure homopolymer, mixed binary brush and 2-block, 4-block, and random copolymer brushes. Based on these isotherms, we finally show that random copolymer brushes absorb more vapor than any other architecture investigated thus far. Random brushes display enhanced sorption at both high and low vapor pressures, with the largest enhancement in sorption at low vapor pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Glišić
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido C Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Leon A Smook
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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12
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Kuzmyn A, Teunissen LW, Kroese MV, Kant J, Venema S, Zuilhof H. Antiviral Polymer Brushes by Visible-Light-Induced, Oxygen-Tolerant Covalent Surface Coating. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38371-38379. [PMID: 36340175 PMCID: PMC9631418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel route for creating metal-free antiviral coatings based on polymer brushes synthesized by surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization, applying eosin Y as a photocatalyst, water as a solvent, and visible light as a driving force. The polymer brushes were synthesized using N-[3-(decyldimethyl)-aminopropyl] methacrylamide bromide and carboxybetaine methacrylamide monomers. The chemical composition, thickness, roughness, and wettability of the resulting polymer brush coatings were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry. The antiviral properties of coatings were investigated by exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and avian influenza viruses, with further measurement of residual viable viral particles. The best performance was obtained with Cu surfaces, with a ca. 20-fold reduction of SARS-Cov-2 and a 50-fold reduction in avian influenza. On the polymer brush-modified surfaces, the number of viable virus particles decreased by about 5-6 times faster for avian flu and about 2-3 times faster for SARS-CoV-2, all compared to unmodified silicon surfaces. Interestingly, no significant differences were obtained between quaternary ammonium brushes and zwitterionic brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy
R. Kuzmyn
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas W. Teunissen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel V. Kroese
- Wageningen
Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jet Kant
- Wageningen
Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Venema
- Wageningen
Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Xiao Z, Sun P, Liu H, Zhao Q, Niu Y, Zhao D. Stimulus responsive microcapsules and their aromatic applications. J Control Release 2022; 351:198-214. [PMID: 36122896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Fragrances and essential oils are promising for a wide range of applications due to their pleasant odors and diverse effects. However, direct addition to consumer products has the disadvantages of short retention time and easy deterioration of odor. At the same time, releasing a large amount of odor in a short time may be an unpleasant experience, which severely limits the practical application of aromatic substances. Microencapsulation perfectly solves these problems. Stimuli-responsive microcapsules, which combine environmental stimulation with microencapsulation, can not only effectively prevent the rapid decomposition and evaporation of aroma components, but also realize the "on-off" intelligent release of aroma substances to environmental changes, which have great promise in the field of fragrances. In this review, the application of stimuli-responsive microcapsules in fragrances is highlighted. Firstly, various encapsulation materials used to prepare stimuli-responsive aromatic microcapsules are described, mainly including some natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and inorganic materials. Subsequently, there is a detailed description of the common release mechanisms of stimuli-responsive aromatic microcapsules are described in detail. Finally, the application and future research directions are given for stimuli-responsive aromatic microcapsules in new textiles, food, paper, and leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobing Xiao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pingli Sun
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Huiqin Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Qixuan Zhao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yunwei Niu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
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14
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Petek ES, Katsumata R. Thickness Dependence of Contact Angles in Multilayered Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evon S. Petek
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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15
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Wei J, Liu C, Wu T, Zeng W, Hu B, Zhou S, Wu L. A review of current status of ratiometric molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors: From design to applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1230:340273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Zhao H, Gao H, Chen T, Xie L, Ma Y, Sha J. Fabrication of patterned polymer brushes using programmable modulated light-excited controllable radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Ritsema van Eck G, Chiappisi L, de Beer S. Fundamentals and Applications of Polymer Brushes in Air. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:3062-3087. [PMID: 35601464 PMCID: PMC9112284 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, high-density, end-tethered polymers, forming so-called polymer brushes, have inspired scientists to understand their properties and to translate them to applications. While earlier research focused on polymer brushes in liquids, it was recently recognized that these brushes can find application in air as well. In this review, we report on recent progress in unraveling fundamental concepts of brushes in air, such as their vapor-swelling and solvent partitioning. Moreover, we provide an overview of the plethora of applications in air (e.g., in sensing, separations or smart adhesives) where brushes can be key components. To conclude, we provide an outlook by identifying open questions and issues that, when solved, will pave the way for the large scale application of brushes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido
C. Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Institut
Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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18
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Ding Z, Chen C, Yu Y, de Beer S. Synthetic strategies to enhance the long-term stability of polymer brush coatings. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2430-2443. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density, end-anchored macromolecules that form so-called polymer brushes are popular components of bio-inspired surface coatings. In a bio-memetic approach, they have been utilized to reduce friction, repel contamination and control...
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19
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Durmaz EN, Sahin S, Virga E, de Beer S, de Smet LCPM, de Vos WM. Polyelectrolytes as Building Blocks for Next-Generation Membranes with Advanced Functionalities. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:4347-4374. [PMID: 34541543 PMCID: PMC8438666 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The global society is in a transition, where dealing with climate change and water scarcity are important challenges. More efficient separations of chemical species are essential to reduce energy consumption and to provide more reliable access to clean water. Here, membranes with advanced functionalities that go beyond standard separation properties can play a key role. This includes relevant functionalities, such as stimuli-responsiveness, fouling control, stability, specific selectivity, sustainability, and antimicrobial activity. Polyelectrolytes and their complexes are an especially promising system to provide advanced membrane functionalities. Here, we have reviewed recent work where advanced membrane properties stem directly from the material properties provided by polyelectrolytes. This work highlights the versatility of polyelectrolyte-based membrane modifications, where polyelectrolytes are not only applied as single layers, including brushes, but also as more complex polyelectrolyte multilayers on both porous membrane supports and dense membranes. Moreover, free-standing membranes can also be produced completely from aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions allowing much more sustainable approaches to membrane fabrication. The Review demonstrates the promise that polyelectrolytes and their complexes hold for next-generation membranes with advanced properties, while it also provides a clear outlook on the future of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Durmaz
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sevil Sahin
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ettore Virga
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- Wetsus, European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water
Technology, Oostergoweg
9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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20
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Smook LA, Ritsema van Eck GC, de Beer S. Vapor sorption in binary polymer brushes: The effect of the polymer-polymer interface. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:054904. [PMID: 34364330 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer brushes attract vapors that are good solvents for polymers. This is useful in sensing and other technologies that rely on concentrating vapors for optimal performance. It was recently shown that vapor sorption can be enhanced further by incorporating two incompatible types of polymers A and B in the brushes: additional vapor adsorbs at the high-energy polymer-polymer interface in these binary brushes. In this article, we present a model that describes this enhanced sorption in binary brushes of immiscible A-B polymers. To do so, we set up a free-energy model to predict the interfacial area between the different polymer phases in binary brushes. This description is combined with Gibbs adsorption isotherms to determine the adsorption at these interfaces. We validate our model with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, based on our results, we propose design parameters (A-B chain fraction, grafting density, vapor, and A-B interaction strength) for optimal vapor absorption in coatings composed of binary brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Smook
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guido C Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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21
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Burgess D, Li N, Rosik N, Fryer PJ, McRobbie I, Zhang H, Zhang ZJ. Surface-Grafted Poly(ionic liquid) that Lubricates in Both Non-polar and Polar Solvents. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:907-913. [PMID: 34306821 PMCID: PMC8296680 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We show that a surface-grafted
polymer brush, 1-n-butyl-3-vinyl imidazolium bromide-based
poly(ionic liquids), is
able to reduce the interfacial friction by up to 66% and 42% in dodecane
and water, respectively. AFM-based force spectroscopy reveals that
the polymer brush adopts distinctively different interfacial conformations:
swollen in water but collapsed in dodecane. Minimal surface adhesion
was observed with both polymer conformations, which can be attributed
to steric repulsion as the result of a swollen conformation in water
or surface solvation when the hydrophobic fraction of the polymer
was exposed to the dodecane. The work brings additional insight on
the polymer lubrication mechanism, which expands the possible design
of the polymer architecture for interfacial lubrication and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Burgess
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nicole Rosik
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Fryer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian McRobbie
- Innospec Inc., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, United Kingdom
| | - Haining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu J. Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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