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Abdel-Hameed SS, El-Daly M, Ahmed ASF, Bekhit AA, Heeba GH. Dapoxetine prevents neuronal damage and improves functional outcomes in a model of ischemic stroke through the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:253-266. [PMID: 37417988 PMCID: PMC10771602 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a medical emergency that is associated with substantial mortality and functional disability in adults. The most popular class of antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs, have recently been shown in studies to have positive effects on post-stroke motor and cognitive function. Thus, we hypothesized that dapoxetine (DAP), a short-acting SSRI, would be effective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Adult male Wister rats (200-250 g) were subjected to a sham operation or bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 30 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion to induce global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats were treated with vehicle or DAP (30 or 60 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before BCCAO. The neurobehavioral performance of rats was assessed. The infarct volume, histopathological changes, oxidative stress parameters, and apoptotic and inflammatory mediators were determined in the brain tissues of euthanized rats. Our results confirmed that DAP significantly ameliorated cerebral I/R-induced neurobehavioral deficits, reduced cerebral infarct volume, and histopathological damage. Moreover, DAP pretreatment reduced lipid peroxidation, caspase-3, and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and iNOS) compared to I/R-injured rats. Thus, DAP pretreatment potentially improves neurological function, and cerebral damage in cerebral ischemic rats may be partly related to the reduction in the inflammatory response, preservation of oxidative balance, and suppression of cell apoptosis in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud El-Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Al-Shaimaa F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amany A Bekhit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Gehan H Heeba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
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2
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Bialy M, Bogacki-Rychlik W, Przybylski J, Zera T. The Sexual Motivation of Male Rats as a Tool in Animal Models of Human Health Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:257. [PMID: 31956302 PMCID: PMC6947634 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal or dysfunctional sexual behavior seems to be an important indicator of health or disease. Many health disorders in male patients affect sexual activity by directly causing erectile dysfunction, affecting sexual motivation, or both. Clinical evidence indicates that many diseases strongly disrupt sexual motivation and sexual performance in patients with depression, addiction, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disturbances with obesity and diet-related factors, kidney and liver failure, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep disturbances including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, developmental and hormonal disorders, brain damages, cardiovascular diseases, and peripheral neuropathies. Preclinical studies of these conditions often require appropriate experimental paradigms, including animal models. Male sexual behavior and motivation have been intensively investigated over the last 80 years in animal rat model. Sexual motivation can be examined using such parameters as: anticipatory behavior and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations reflecting the emotional state of rats, initiation of copulation, efficiency of copulation, or techniques of classical (pavlovian) and instrumental conditioning. In this review article, we analyze the behavioral parameters that describe the sexual motivation and sexual performance of male rats in the context of animal experimental models of human health disorders. Based on analysis of the parameters describing the heterogeneous and complex structure of sexual behavior in laboratory rodents, we propose an approach that is useful for delineating distinct mechanisms affecting sexual motivation and sexual performance in selected disease states and the efficacy of therapy in preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bialy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bogacki-Rychlik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Przybylski
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Anandhan R, Reddy MB, Sasikumar M. Development of novel triazole based dendrimer supported spiroborate chiral catalysts for the reduction of (E)-O-benzyl oxime: an enantioselective synthesis of (S)-dapoxetine. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A reusable dendrimer supported spiroborate catalysts 2 and 3 have been synthesized via a “click” chemistry and demonstrated as catalysts for the reduction of (E)-O-benzyl oxime 13 to synthesis of (S)-dapoxetine 14 with 94% ee and 46% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Anandhan
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | | | - Murugesan Sasikumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai
- India
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Kim HS, Li H, Kim HW, Shin SE, Jung WK, Ha KS, Han ET, Hong SH, Firth AL, Choi IW, Park WS. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor dapoxetine inhibits voltage-dependent K + channels in rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:480-487. [PMID: 28058743 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory effect of dapoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), on voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels using native smooth muscle cells from rabbit coronary arteries. Dapoxetine inhibited Kv channel currents in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 2.68±0.94 μmol/L and a slope value (Hill coefficient) of 0.63±0.11. Application of 10 μmol/L dapoxetine accelerated the rate of inactivation of Kv currents. Although dapoxetine did not modify current activation kinetics, it caused a significant negative shift in the inactivation curves. Application of train step (1 or 2 Hz) progressively increased the inhibitory effect of dapoxetine on Kv channels. In addition, the recovery time constant was extended in its presence, suggesting that the longer recovery time constant from inactivation underlies a use-dependent inhibition of the channel. From these results, we conclude that dapoxetine inhibits Kv channels in a dose-, time-, use-, and state (open)-dependent manner, independent of serotonin reuptake inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kim
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Shin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Amy L Firth
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Qin X, Ma X, Tu D, Luo Z, Huang J, Mo C. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT and dapoxetine on gene expression in the brain of male rats during ejaculation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:381-389. [PMID: 28540176 PMCID: PMC5430880 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propylamino] tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) promotes ejaculation of male rats, whereas dapoxetine delays this process. However, the gene expression profile of the brain at ejaculation following administrationof these two compounds has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, a transcriptomic BodyMap was generated by conducting mRNA-Seq on brain samples of male Sprague–Dawley rats. The study included four groups: pre-copulatory control (CK) group, ejaculation (EJ) group, 0.5 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT-ejaculation group (DPAT), and 60 mg/kg dapoxetine-ejaculation (DAP) group. The resulting analysis generated an average of approximately 47 million sequence reads. Significant differences in the gene expression profiles of the aforementioned groups were observed in the EJ (257 genes), DPAT (349 genes) and the DAP (207 genes) compared with the control rats. The results indicate that the expression of Drd1 and Slc6a3 was significantly different after treatment with 8-OH-DPAT, whereas the expression of Drd4 was significantly different after treatment with dapoxetine. Other genes, such as Wnt9b, Cdkn1a and Fosb, exhibited significant differences in expression after the two treatments and are related to bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma and sexual addiction. The present study reveals the basic pattern of gene expression that was activated at ejaculation in the presence of 8-OH-DPAT or dapoxetine, providing preliminary gene expression information during rat ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Qin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13501187416; fax: +86 21 57643271.
| | - Dongping Tu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zuliang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Changming Mo
- Guangxi Branch of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Nanning 530023, China
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Sangkum P, Badr R, Serefoglu EC, Hellstrom WJG. Dapoxetine and the treatment of premature ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol 2016; 2:301-11. [PMID: 26816743 PMCID: PMC4708110 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2013.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual complaint. Off-label oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed for the treatment of PE. Dapoxetine is a short-acting SSRI specifically designed for on-demand use. The objective of this communication is to summarize the clinical and physiological evidence regarding the role of the serotonergic pathway and specifically dapoxetine in the treatment of PE. Methods A PubMed search was conducted on articles reporting data on dapoxetine for the treatment of PE. Articles describing the pathophysiology and treatment options for PE were additionally included for review. Results The etiology of PE is multi-factorial in nature. There are many treatment options for PE such as psychological/behavioral therapy, topical anesthetic agents, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, and tramadol hydrochloride. SSRIs play a major role in PE treatment. Animal and clinical studies in addition to its pharmacokinetic document dapoxetine’s clinical efficacy and safety for on-demand treatment of PE. Conclusions Dapoxetine demonstrates clinical efficacy and a favorable side effect profile. Dapoxetine is currently the oral drug of choice for on-demand treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premsant Sangkum
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rhamee Badr
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ege Can Serefoglu
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA;; Department of Urology, Bagcilar Training & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wayne J G Hellstrom
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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7
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Normal male sexual function: emphasis on orgasm and ejaculation. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:1051-60. [PMID: 26385403 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Orgasm and ejaculation are two separate physiological processes that are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Orgasm is an intense transient peak sensation of intense pleasure creating an altered state of consciousness associated with reported physical changes. Antegrade ejaculation is a complex physiological process that is composed of two phases (emission and expulsion), and is influenced by intricate neurological and hormonal pathways. Despite the many published research projects dealing with the physiology of orgasm and ejaculation, much about this topic is still unknown. Ejaculatory dysfunction is a common disorder, and currently has no definitive cure. Understanding the complex physiology of orgasm and ejaculation allows the development of therapeutic targets for ejaculatory dysfunction. In this article, we summarize the current literature on the physiology of orgasm and ejaculation, starting with a brief description of the anatomy of sex organs and the physiology of erection. Then, we describe the physiology of orgasm and ejaculation detailing the neuronal, neurochemical, and hormonal control of the ejaculation process.
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Park HS, Jung IS, Lim NH, Sung JH, Lee S, Moon BS, Lee BC, Kang KK, Kim SE. Proof of Mechanism Study of a Novel Serotonin Transporter Blocker, DA-8031, Using [11C]DASB Positron Emission Tomography and In Vivo Microdialysis. Urology 2014; 84:245.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ejaculatory Responses are Inhibited by a New Chemical Entity, DA-8031, in Preclinical Rodent Models of Ejaculation. Urology 2013; 81:920.e13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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McMahon CG. Dapoxetine: a new option in the medical management of premature ejaculation. Ther Adv Urol 2012; 4:233-51. [PMID: 23024705 DOI: 10.1177/1756287212453866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common male sexual disorder which is associated with substantial personal and interpersonal negative psychological consequences. Pharmacotherapy of PE with off-label antidepressant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is common, effective and safe. Development and regulatory approval of drugs specifically for the treatment of PE will reduce reliance on off-label treatments and serve to fill an unmet treatment need. The objective of this article is to review evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of dapoxetine in the treatment of PE. MEDLINE, Web of Science, PICA, EMBASE and the proceedings of major international and regional scientific meetings were searched for publications or abstracts published during the period 1993-2012 that used the word 'dapoxetine' in the title, abstract or keywords. This search was then manually cross referenced for all papers. This review encompasses studies of dapoxetine pharmacokinetics, animal studies, human phase I, II and III studies, independent postmarketing and pharmacovigilance efficacy and safety studies and drug-interaction studies. Dapoxetine is a potent SSRI which is administered on demand 1-3 h prior to planned sexual contact. It is rapidly absorbed and eliminated, resulting in minimal accumulation, and has dose-proportional pharmacokinetics which are unaffected by multiple dosing. Dapoxetine 30 mg and 60 mg has been evaluated in five industry-sponsored randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in 6081 men aged at least 18 years. Outcome measures included stopwatch-measured intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), Premature Ejaculation Profile (PEP) inventory items, Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) in PE, and adverse events. Mean IELT, all PEP items and CGIC improved significantly with both doses of dapoxetine versus placebo (all p <0.001). The most common treatment-related adverse effects included nausea (11.0% for 30 mg, 22.2% for 60 mg), dizziness (5.9% for 30 mg, 10.9% for 60 mg), and headache (5.6% for 30 mg, 8.8% for 60 mg), and evaluation of validated rated scales demonstrated no SSRI class-related effects with dapoxetine use. Dapoxetine, as the first drug developed for PE, is an effective and safe treatment for PE and represents a major advance in sexual medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G McMahon
- Australian Centre for Sexual Health, Suite 2-4, 1a Berry Rd, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Clément P, Laurin M, Compagnie S, Facchinetti P, Bernabé J, Alexandre L, Giuliano F. Effect of Dapoxetine on Ejaculatory Performance and Related Brain Neuronal Activity in Rapid Ejaculator Rats. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2562-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Giuliano F, Clèment P. Pharmacology for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:621-44. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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13
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McMahon CG. Efficacy of dapoxetine in the treatment of premature ejaculation. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2011; 5:25-39. [PMID: 24453509 PMCID: PMC3888071 DOI: 10.4137/cmrh.s7337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common male sexual disorder which is associated with substantial personal and interpersonal negative psychological factors. Pharmacotherapy of PE with off-label antidepressant SSRI drugs is common. Development and regulatory approval of drugs specifically for the treatment of PE will reduce reliance on off-label treatments and serve to fill a unmet treatment need. Aim To review evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of dapoxetine in the treatment of PE. Methods MEDLINE and the proceedings of major international and regional scientific meetings during the period 1994–2010 were searched for publications or abstracts using the word dapoxetine in the title, abstract or keywords. This search was then manually cross-referenced for all papers. This review encompasses studies of dapoxetine pharmacokinetics, animal studies, human phase 1, 2 and 3 efficacy and safety studies and drug-interaction studies. Results Dapoxetine is a potent selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, which is administered on-demand 1–3 hours prior to planned sexual contact. Dapoxetine is rapidly absorbed and eliminated, resulting in minimal accumulation and has dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, which are unaffected by multiple dosing. Dapoxetine 30 mg and 60 mg has been evaluated in 5 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in 6081 men aged ≥18 years. Outcome measures included stopwatch-measured intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), Premature Ejaculation Profile (PEP) inventory items, clinical global impression of change (CGIC) in PE, and adverse events. Mean IELT, all PEP items and CGIC improved significantly with both doses of dapoxetine vs. placebo (P < 0.001 for all). The most common treatment related adverse effects included nausea (11.0% for 30 mg, 22.2% for 60 mg), dizziness (586% for 30 mg, 10.9% for 60 mg), and headache (5.6% for 30 mg, 8.8% for 60 mg), and evaluation of validated rated scales demonstrated no SSRI class-related effects with dapoxetine use. Conclusion Dapoxetine, as the first drug developed for PE, is an effective and safe treatment for PE and represents a major advance in sexual medicine.
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Normandin JJ, Murphy AZ. Somatic genital reflexes in rats with a nod to humans: anatomy, physiology, and the role of the social neuropeptides. Horm Behav 2011; 59:656-65. [PMID: 21338605 PMCID: PMC3105176 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Somatic genital reflexes such as ejaculation and vaginocervical contractions are produced through the striated muscles associated with the genitalia. The coordination of these reflexes is surprisingly complex and involves a number of lumbosacral spinal and supraspinal systems. The rat model has been proven to be an excellent source of information regarding these mechanisms, and many parallels to research in humans can be drawn. An understanding of the spinal systems involving the lumbosacral spinal cord, both efferent and afferent, has been generated through decades of research. Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms of descending excitation, through a spinal ejaculation generator in the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus, and descending inhibition, through the ventrolateral medulla, have been identified and characterized both anatomically and physiologically. In addition, delineation of the neural circuits whereby ascending genitosensory information regarding the regulation of somatic genital reflexes is relayed supraspinally has also been the topic of recent investigation. Lastly, the importance of the "social neuropeptides" oxytocin and vasopressin in the regulation of somatic genital reflexes, and associated sociosexual behaviors, is emerging. This work not only has implications for understanding how nervous systems generate sexual behavior but also provides treatment targets for sexual dysfunction in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Normandin
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5010
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5010
| | - Anne Z. Murphy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5010
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5010
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Normandin JJ, Murphy AZ. Serotonergic lesions of the periaqueductal gray, a primary source of serotonin to the nucleus paragigantocellularis, facilitate sexual behavior in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:369-75. [PMID: 21296106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used to treat anxiety and depression, they also produce profound disruptions of sexual function including delayed orgasm/ejaculation. The nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi), a primary source of inhibition of ejaculation in male rats, contains receptors for serotonin (5-HT). The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) provides serotonin to this region, thus providing an anatomical and neurochemical basis for serotonergic regulation of the nPGi. We hypothesize that 5-HT acting at the nPGi could underlie the SSRI-induced inhibition of ejaculation in rodents. To this end, we produced 5-HT lesions of the source of 5-HT to the nPGi (the vlPAG) and examined sexual behavior. Removing the source of 5-HT to the nPGi facilitated genital reflexes, but not other aspects of sexual behavior, consistent with our hypothesis. Namely, 5-HT lesions produced a significant increase in the mean number of ejaculations and a significant decrease in ejaculation latency as compared to sham lesioned animals, while latency to mating and the post-ejaculatory interval did not differ. These data suggest that the serotonergic vlPAG-nPGi pathway is an important regulatory mechanism for the inhibition of ejaculation in rats and supports the hypothesis that this circuit contributes to SSRI-induced inhibition of ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Normandin
- Department of Biology, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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Normandin JJ, Murphy AZ. Excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus paragigantocellularis facilitate male sexual behavior but attenuate female sexual behavior in rats. Neuroscience 2010; 175:212-23. [PMID: 21144886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the descending inhibitory control of genital reflexes such as ejaculation and vaginal contractions. The brainstem nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) projects bilaterally to the lumbosacral motoneuron pools that innervate the genital musculature of both male and female rats. Electrolytic nPGi lesions facilitate ejaculation in males, leading to the hypothesis that the nPGi is the source of descending inhibition to genital reflexes. However, the function of the nPGi in female sexual behavior remains to be elucidated. To this end, male and female rats received bilateral excitotoxic fiber-sparing lesions of the nPGi, and sexual behavior and sexual behavior-induced Fos expression were examined. In males, nPGi lesions facilitated copulation, supporting the hypothesis that the nPGi, and not fibers-of-passage, is the source of descending inhibition of genital reflexes in male rats. nPGi lesions in males did not alter sexual behavior-induced Fos expression in any brain region examined. nPGi-lesioned females spent significantly less time mating with stimulus males and had significantly longer ejaculation-return latencies compared to baseline. These results did not significantly differ from control females, but this trend warranted further analysis of the reinforcing value of sexual behavior. Both lesioned and non-lesioned females formed a conditioned place preference (CPP) for artificial vaginocervical stimulation (aVCS). However, post-reinforcement, nPGi-lesioned females did not differ in the percentage of time spent in the non-reinforced chamber versus the reinforced chamber, suggesting a weakened CPP for aVCS. nPGi lesions in females reduced sexual behavior-induced Fos expression throughout the hypothalamus and amygdala. Taken together, these results suggest that while nPGi lesions in males facilitate copulation, such lesions in females attenuate several aspects of sexual behavior resulting in a reduction in the rewarding value of copulation that may be mediated by nPGi control of genital reflexes. This work has important implications for the understanding and treatment of sexual dysfunction in people including delayed/premature ejaculation, involuntary vaginal spasms, and pain during intercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Normandin
- Department of Biology, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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Abstract
Dapoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is the first oral pharmacological agent indicated for the treatment of men aged 18-64 years with premature ejaculation. In four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre studies of 12-24 weeks' duration, oral dapoxetine 30 or 60 mg (administered as needed) was effective in the treatment of men with premature ejaculation, inducing significantly (p < 0.001) greater improvements from baseline than placebo in the primary efficacy endpoint (mean intravaginal ejaculatory latency time [IELT] or mean average IELT [defined as the average of IELT values over the previous 4 weeks], as measured by the female partner utilizing a stopwatch). For the most part, dapoxetine recipients achieved significantly better outcomes than placebo recipients with regard to the secondary endpoints, including the Premature Ejaculation Profile (PEP) domains and the Clinical Global Impression or Patient Global Impression ratings of change in premature ejaculation, across these clinical studies. The beneficial effects of dapoxetine therapy on the perceived control over ejaculation and satisfaction with sexual intercourse PEP domains were sustained in a 9-month noncomparative extension phase of two identical 12-week, double-blind studies. Oral dapoxetine therapy for up to 12 months was generally well tolerated in men with premature ejaculation, with the nature of treatment-emergent adverse events generally similar across the clinical studies and between dapoxetine and placebo.
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Marson L, Yu G, Farber NM. The Effects of Oral Administration of D-Modafinil on Male Rat Ejaculatory Behavior. J Sex Med 2010; 7:70-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Serotonin and Sexual Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Ferran García J, Puigvert Martínez A, Castro RP. Eyaculación prematura. Rev Int Androl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1698-031x(10)70006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Human sexual response is a complex function involving many cerebral, spinal and peripheral aspects; the last are relatively known and benefit from good pharmacological control, as in the case of erectile dysfunction. Spinal cord sexual reflexes also have a good theoretical and experimental description. There is minimal understanding of the cerebral sexual processes (libido, sexual arousal, orgasm). The initial perspective was that the cerebral areas implied in sexuality exert descending stimulatory and inhibitory influences on spinal cord sexual centres/reflexes. This was a wrong supposition, which inhibited progress in this subject, with a considerable impact on a subject's individual and social life. A new approach to sexual function arises from the idea that simple neurological structures can support only simple functions, while a more complex function requires correspondingly complex anatomical structures. For this reason the spinal cord would not be able to realise the integration of multiple (spinal and psychosensorial) stimuli into a unique and coherent ejaculation response. Consequently, all mechanisms implied in human sexuality would be cerebral processes, ejaculation reflexes ascending in evolution to the cerebral level. This new evolutionary concept was developed after 2001 in five distinct articles on the cerebral duality of sexual arousal, sexual hormones, ejaculation and serotonergic receptors. During this period other published results suggested a possible cerebral duality for sexual pheromones and libido in humans. All these dual physiological aspects are integrated in this review into one neurophysiological model, thus trying to further develop the new concepts of sexual function and perhaps relational behaviour. In conclusion, ejaculation is a dual cerebral process with arousal sensation (hormonally modulated) and libido perception (pheromonally modulated) as the afferent part. Two neurophysiological axes could exist in both men and women. In this assumption the mechanisms for libido and sexual arousal are not the only ones invoked, their correlations and implications are also suggested, perhaps critical aspects for further developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion G Motofei
- St Pantelimon Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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Abstract
Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common problem in men worldwide. It has a significant impact on affected men and their partners in terms of self-esteem, dissatisfaction with their sexual relationships, personal distress, and interpersonal difficulty. Psychological therapies may achieve short-term improvements, but there are limited data on the long-term success of these methods. Oral therapy with long-acting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improves intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), but these agents are designed to be administered daily and may be associated with unwanted sexual side effects and withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt discontinuation. Dapoxetine is a short-acting SSRI that can be taken as needed (prn) by men with PE. It has been studied in five separate multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials involving more than 6000 men with PE. In four studies that evaluated IELT as an endpoint (N = 4843), dapoxetine 30 and 60 mg prn achieved statistically significant increases in IELT versus placebo. Dapoxetine also showed statistically significant improvements in perceived control over ejaculation, PE-related personal distress, and other patient-reported outcomes in all five trials. Dapoxetine treatment is generally well-tolerated, with low incidences of discontinuation syndrome, sexual dysfunction, and treatment-emergent mood symptoms. The most common adverse events with dapoxetine included nausea, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and somnolence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J G Hellstrom
- Chief, Section of Andrology, Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL 42,New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Salonia A. Editorial comment on: ejaculation elicited by microstimulation of lumbar spinothalamic neurons. Eur Urol 2008; 54:455-6. [PMID: 18394779 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Waldinger MD. The Author???s Reply. Drugs 2007. [DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767110-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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