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Ginosar G, Karpas ED, Weitzner I, Ulanovsky N. Dissociating two aspects of human 3D spatial perception by studying fighter pilots. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11265. [PMID: 37438399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human perception of 3D space has been investigated extensively, but there are conflicting reports regarding its distortions. A possible solution to these discrepancies is that 3D perception is in fact comprised of two different processes-perception of traveled space, and perception of surrounding space. Here we tested these two aspects on the same subjects, for the first time. To differentiate these two aspects and investigate whether they emerge from different processes, we asked whether these two aspects are affected differently by the individual's experience of 3D locomotion. Using an immersive high-grade flight-simulator with realistic virtual-reality, we compared these two aspects of 3D perception in fighter pilots-individuals highly experienced in 3D locomotion-and in control subjects. We found that the two aspects of 3D perception were affected differently by 3D locomotion experience: the perception of 3D traveled space was plastic and experience-dependent, differing dramatically between pilots and controls, while the perception of surrounding space was rigid and unaffected by experience. This dissociation suggests that these two aspects of 3D spatial perception emerge from two distinct processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gily Ginosar
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ehud D Karpas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Weitzner
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nachum Ulanovsky
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Schofield AJ. Second-order texture gratings produce overestimation of height in depictions of rectangles and steps. Vision Res 2022; 200:108101. [PMID: 35908371 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI) has been proposed as a method to increase the perceived height of steps, increase toe clearance and prevent falls. High contrast vertical stripes are placed on the step riser abutting a horizontal edge-highlighter creating 'T' junctions which are thought to promote the illusion. Various configurations of the HVI were tested including luminance gratings (L) and second-order modulations of contrast (CM), spatial frequency (FM) and orientation (OM). Observers were asked to compare the apparent height of gratings with that of either filled, unmodulated rectangles or unfilled rectangles. Rectangles were presented alone or as part of a step with a highlighter. In some conditions highlighters matched the properties of the grating; in others or not. In one critical experiment, the HVI was compared for steps with highlighters that were separated from the riser by a thin line and those where the risers and highlighters were continuous. All gratings except FM appeared taller when presented in the step configuration with a continuous, matching highlighter. This effect was greatly reduced when a thin line separated the grating from the highlighter and abolished for mis-matched highlighters and risers. In the rectangle conditions, all cues appeared taller than blank rectangles and L and CM appeared taller than filled-unmodulated rectangles. In conclusion, second-order cues may be useful for inducing the HVI onto steps. However, the ability of vertical stripes and edge-highlighters to accentuate perceived step height may be due to aggregation of the highlighter into the grating rather than the normal horizontal-vertical illusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schofield
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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Yan C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kong L, Durgin FH, Li Z. EXPRESS: Perceptual scale expansion: A natural design for improving the precision of motor control. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022:17470218221115075. [PMID: 35866338 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221115075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Space perception is systematically biased. Few theories of spatial bias address the possible functional advantages of mechanisms that produce spatial biases. The scale expansion hypothesis proposes that many spatial biases are due to the perceptual expansion of visual angles, which acts somewhat like a natural magnifying glass in vision. The present study examined the idea that visual expansion may improve motor precision (i.e., reduce motor variability) in movements when using closed-loop control but not when using open-loop control. Experiment 1 tested this idea in an online tracking task (closed-loop control), whereas Experiment 2 tested it in a fast-hitting task (open-loop control). The results were consistent with the hypothesis. To rule out the effect of the task difference (i.e., tracking vs. fast hitting), Experiment 3 examined the effect of visual expansion on the variability of motor performance in a line-reproduction task. The control type (closed-loop or open-loop) was manipulated by the form of visual feedback (online or offline). The results were again consistent with the present assumption. Taken together, the present data suggest that perceptual expansion in vision improves motor control precision when using closed-loop control (but not when using open-loop control), which supports the scale-expansion hypothesis. In addition, the present findings also improve our understanding of how visual error amplification affects motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University 12377.,These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University 12377
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University 12377
| | - Linghang Kong
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University 12377
| | | | - Zhi Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University 12377
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When humans can fly: Imprecise vertical encoding in human 3D spatial navigation. Behav Brain Res 2022; 426:113835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fay AJ, Bovier ER. Testing a Curvilinear Relationship between Chemosensory Responsivity and Avoidance Motivation. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen CF, Lin CC, Huang KC. Effects of spacing between items and view direction on errors in the perceived height of a rotated 3-D figure. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 119:215-27. [PMID: 25153751 DOI: 10.2466/24.27.pms.119c12z6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the errors in the perceived height of virtual cones presented on the screen. 80 students (50 women, 30 men; M age = 18.8 yr., SD = 1.2 using a duodecimal system) participated in the study. They judged the height of virtual cones in several conditions: (a) different spaces between the items in the array (2, 4, and 6 cm); (b) different viewing directions - bottom-up or top-down; (c) cones presented in different forward-rotated angles (15, 30, and 45°). Results indicate that fewer errors in the perceived heights of virtual cones were made when: the space between items was 2 cm, judgment was made in a bottom-up view and at a 15° angle. These results may have implications for graphics-based interface design such as interior design, driver navigation systems, geological models, and flight-simulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fu Chen
- 1 Department of Product Design, Ming Chuan University, Taiwan
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Chiu EM, Thomas KA, Persike M, Quan JR, Bridgeman B. A Slippery Slope: Estimated Slant of Hills Increases with Distance. Perception 2014; 43:631-46. [DOI: 10.1068/p7658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The slopes of hills tend to be greatly overestimated. Previous studies have found that slope estimates are significantly greater when estimated verbally than with a proprioceptive measure. It has yet to be determined whether these estimates are made for the entire extent of the slope, or whether the estimates in closest proximity are estimated using a different process. Since some parietal cortex neurons respond differently to objects within arm's reach, short-distance slope estimation may utilize these or analogous neurons. Alternatively, greater implied effort might make longer slopes seem steeper. We determined that both verbal and proprioceptive reports of slope are overestimates that increase logarithmically with distance from the observer, contradicting both theories. Consistent with previous work, proprioceptive estimates were more accurate at all ranges. Our results can be interpreted as a function of the angle between the observer's gaze and the plane of the hill, modified by depth cues available at only near distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Chiu
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Kyle A Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James Hall 964, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Malte Persike
- Psychologisches Institut, Methodenlehre & Stastistik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joshua R Quan
- Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Bruce Bridgeman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abstract
Visual perception is an important component of environmental navigation. Previous research has revealed large individual differences in navigational strategies (i.e., the body's kinesthetic and embodied approach to movement) and the perception of environmental surfaces (via distance estimations), but little research has investigated the potential relationship between these sources of individual variation. An important navigational strategy is the interaction between reliance on visual cues and vestibular or proprioceptive cues. We investigated the role of this navigational strategy in the perception of environmental surfaces. The results supported three embodied evolutionary predictions: Individuals who were most reliant on visual context (1) overestimated vertical surfaces significantly more, and (2) feared falling significantly more, than did those who were least reliant on visual context; and (3) all individuals had roughly accurate horizontal distance estimates, regardless of their navigational strategy. These are among the first data to suggest that individual differences in perception are closely related to the individual differences in navigation that derive from navigational risks. Variable navigational strategies may reflect variable capacities to perceive and navigate the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chéla R Willey
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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Storbeck J, Stefanucci JK. Conditions under which arousal does and does not elevate height estimates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92024. [PMID: 24699393 PMCID: PMC3974728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a series of experiments that explore the boundary conditions for how emotional arousal influences height estimates. Four experiments are presented, which investigated the influence of context, situation-relevance, intensity, and attribution of arousal on height estimates. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the environmental context to signal either danger (viewing a height from above) or safety (viewing a height from below). High arousal only increased height estimates made from above. In Experiment 2, two arousal inductions were used that contained either 1) height-relevant arousing images or 2) height-irrelevant arousing images. Regardless of theme, arousal increased height estimates compared to a neutral group. In Experiment 3, arousal intensity was manipulated by inserting an intermediate or long delay between the induction and height estimates. A brief, but not a long, delay from the arousal induction served to increase height estimates. In Experiment 4, an attribution manipulation was included, and those participants who were made aware of the source of their arousal reduced their height estimates compared to participants who received no attribution instructions. Thus, arousal that is attributed to its true source is discounted from feelings elicited by the height, thereby reducing height estimates. Overall, we suggest that misattributed, embodied arousal is used as a cue when estimating heights from above that can lead to overestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Storbeck
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeanine K. Stefanucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Jackson RE, Willey CR. Evolved navigation theory and the plateau illusion. Cognition 2013; 128:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jackson RE. Evolutionary Constructivist Psychology. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2013.787325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pham MN, Shackelford TK, Jeffery AJ. Neither Ape, nor Peacock, but Human. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2013.812453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jackson RE, Willey CR, Cormack LK. Learning and exposure affect environmental perception less than evolutionary navigation costs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59690. [PMID: 23577070 PMCID: PMC3618172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most behaviors are conditional upon successful navigation of the environment, which depends upon distance perception learned over repeated trials. Unfortunately, we understand little about how learning affects distance perception-especially in the most common human navigational scenario, that of adult navigation in familiar environments. Further, dominant theories predict mutually exclusive effects of learning on distance perception, especially when the risks or costs of navigation differ. We tested these competing predictions in four experiments in which we also presented evolutionarily relevant navigation costs. Methods included within- and between-subjects comparisons and longitudinal designs in laboratory and real-world settings. Data suggested that adult distance estimation rapidly reflects evolutionarily relevant navigation costs and repeated exposure does little to change this. Human distance perception may have evolved to reflect navigation costs quickly and reliably in order to provide a stable signal to other behaviors and with little regard for objective accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Jackson
- Psychology and Communication Studies Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.
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Jackson RE, Willey CR. Evolved navigation theory and horizontal visual illusions. Cognition 2010; 119:288-94. [PMID: 21115176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental perception is prerequisite to most vertebrate behavior and its modern investigation initiated the founding of experimental psychology. Navigation costs may affect environmental perception, such as overestimating distances while encumbered (Solomon, 1949). However, little is known about how this occurs in real-world navigation or how it may have evolved. We manipulated the most commonly navigated surfaces with a non-intuitive cost derived from evolved navigation theory. Observers in realistic settings unknowingly overestimated horizontal distances that contained a risk of falling and did so by the relative degree of falling risk. This manipulation produced previously unknown, large magnitude illusions in everyday vision in the environments most commonly navigated by humans. These results bear upon predictions from multiple fundamental theories of visual cognition.
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Goetz AT, Causey K. Sex Differences in Perceptions of Infidelity: Men Often Assume the Worst. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/147470490900700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the costs of underperceiving (i.e., failing to detect) a partner's sexual infidelity would have been greater for men than for women, we hypothesized that men may possess evolved psychological mechanisms designed to overperceive the likelihood of their partner's sexual infidelity. We found support for this hypothesis using two different response formats, a Likert-type scale (Study 1) and a visual analog scale (Study 2). In both studies, men were more likely than women to judge that their partners would commit sexual infidelity in the future. Discussion addresses additional design features of the infidelity detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Goetz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Kayla Causey
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Liddle JR, Shackelford TK. Book Review: Why Evolutionary Psychology is “True”. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/147470490900700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Liddle
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology, Davie, FL 33314 USA
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Abstract
Distance perception is among the most pervasive mental phenomena and the oldest research topics in behavioural science. However, we do not understand well the most pervasive finding of distance perception research, that of large individual differences. There are large individual differences in acrophobia (fear of heights), which we commonly assume consists of an abnormal fear of stimuli perceived normally. Evolved navigation theory (ENT) instead suggests that acrophobia consists of a more normal fear of stimuli perceived abnormally. ENT suggests that distance perception individual differences produce major components of acrophobia. Acrophobia tested over a broad range in the present study predicted large individual differences in distance estimation of surfaces that could produce falls. This fear of heights correlated positively with distance estimates of a vertical surface-even among non-acrophobic individuals at no risk of falling and without knowledge of being tested for acrophobia. Acrophobia score predicted magnitude of the descent illusion, which is thought to reflect the risk of falling. These data hold important implications in environmental navigation, clinical aetiology and the evolution of visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Jackson
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
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