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Ren Y, Wang Y, An N, Xiao X, Pan S, Wang B, Liu X, Wang Y. Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Regulate Muc5ac Expression in Rat Conjunctival Goblet Cells via Regulating Macrophages Toward an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38363299 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2311981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported the protective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) in reducing inflammation and decreasing conjunctival goblet cell (CGC) loss in dry eye disease. However, whether MSC-Exos provide anti-inflammatory profiles in macrophages, thus contributing to CGC protection, has remained elusive. METHODS Macrophages were incubated with PKH26-labeled periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (PDLSC-Exos) for 12 h, and uptake of PDLSC-Exos by macrophages was observed by a confocal fluorescence microscope. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-10, and Arg1 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The protein expression of TNF-α and IL-10 were quantified using western blotting. Then, CGCs were exposed to different macrophage supernatants and qRT-PCR was used to detect the Muc5ac mRNA expression of CGCs in response to or absence of cholinergic stimulation. ELISA was used to determine the Muc5ac secretion of CGCs in response to cholinergic stimulation. RESULTS The uptake of PDLSC-Exos by M1 macrophages facilitates M2 macrophage polarization with the elevated expressions of IL-10 and Arg1. In macrophage supernatant-treated CGCs systems, PDLSC-Exo-treated M1 macrophage supernatant significantly enhanced the Muc5ac expression of CGCs in response to, or in the absence of, cholinergic stimulation, while the addition of PDLSC-Exos to the control macrophage supernatant did not generate a change in Muc5ac expression. Conversely, the addition of PDLSC-Exos to the diluted control macrophage supernatant induced a significant increase in Muc5ac expression. CONCLUSION PDLSC-Exos could protect CGCs against M1 macrophage-mediated inflammation, and the protective effects of PDLSC-Exos are partly attributable to their effects on M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ren
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Na An
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianghua Xiao
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shiyin Pan
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bei Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianning Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Schicht M, Farger J, Wedel S, Sisignano M, Scholich K, Geisslinger G, Perumal N, Grus FH, Singh S, Sahin A, Paulsen F, Lütjen-Drecoll E. Ocular surface changes in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and diabetic polyneuropathy. Ocul Surf 2024; 31:43-55. [PMID: 38141818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading risk factor for corneal neuropathy and dry eye disease (DED). Another common consequence of DM is diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN). Both complications affect around 50 % of the DM patients but the relationship between DM, DED and DPN remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we examined mice with early onset of DM and PN after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes (DPN). We compared the early morphological changes of the sciatic nerve, dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia with the changes in the ocular surface, including tear proteomic and we also investigated respective changes in the gene expressions and morphological alterations in the eye tissues involved in tear production. RESULTS The lacrimal gland, conjunctival goblet cells and cornea showed morphological changes along with alterations in tear proteins without any obvious signs of ocular surface inflammation. The gene expression for respectively altered tear proteins i.e., of Clusterin in cornea, Car6, Adh3a1, and Eef1a1 in eyelids, and Pigr in the lacrimal gland also showed significant changes compared to control mice. In the trigeminal ganglia like in the dorsal root ganglia neuronal cells showed swollen mitochondria and, in the latter, there was a significant increase of NADPH oxidases and MMP9 suggestive of oxidative and neuronal stress. In the dorsal root ganglia and the sciatic nerve, there was an upregulation of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pain-mediating chemokines. CONCLUSION The early ocular changes in DM Mice only affect the lacrimal gland. Which, is reflected in the tear film composition of DPN mice. Due to the high protein concentration in tear fluid in humans, proteomic analysis in addition to noninvasive investigation of goblet cells and cornea can serve as a tools for the early diagnosis of DPN, DED in clinical practice. Early treatment could delay or even prevent the ocular complications of DM such as DED and PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Farger
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Saskia Wedel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swati Singh
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Lütjen-Drecoll
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lyngstadaas AV, Olsen MV, Bair J, Yang M, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Actions of the N-Terminal Peptides Ac2-26, Ac2-12, and Ac9-25 of Annexin A1 on Conjunctival Goblet Cell Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1817-1832. [PMID: 37423551 PMCID: PMC10616711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is the primary mediator of the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. AnxA1 functions as a pro-resolving mediator in cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells to ensure tissue homeostasis through stimulation of intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion. AnxA1 has several N-terminal peptides with anti-inflammatory properties of their own, including Ac2-26, Ac2-12, and Ac9-25. The increase in [Ca2+]i caused by AnxA1 and its N-terminal peptides in goblet cells was measured to determine the formyl peptide receptors used by the compounds and the action of the peptides on histamine stimulation. Changes in [Ca2+]i were determined by using a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. AnxA1 and its peptides each activated formyl peptide receptors in goblet cells. AnxA1 and Ac2-26 at 10-12 mol/L and Ac2-12 at 10-9 mol/L inhibited the histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i, as did resolvin D1 and lipoxin A4 at 10-12 mol/L, whereas Ac9-25 did not. AnxA1 and Ac2-26 counter-regulated the H1 receptor through the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, β-adrenergic receptor kinase, and protein kinase C pathways, whereas Ac2-12 counter-regulated only through β-adrenergic receptor kinase. In conclusion, current data show that the N-terminal peptides Ac2-26 and Ac2-12, but not Ac9-25, share multiple functions with the full-length AnxA1 in goblet cells, including inhibition of histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and counter-regulation of the H1 receptor. These actions suggest a potential pharmaceutical application of the AnxA1 N-terminal peptides Ac2-26 and Ac2-12 in homeostasis and ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V Lyngstadaas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus V Olsen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Menglu Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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You Y, Chen J, Chen H, Wang J, Xie H, Pi X, Wang X, Jiang F. Investigation of Conjunctival Goblet Cell and Tear MUC5AC Protein in Patients With Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 37889503 PMCID: PMC10617636 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate conjunctival goblet cell density (GCD) and tear mucin-5AC (MUC5AC) protein levels in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and their association with dry eye indicators. Methods A total of 99 patients with GO (54 active, 45 inactive) and 40 healthy controls were recruited. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including the external eye, ocular surface, GCD, and tear MUC5AC ELISA, were performed. The GCD examination was performed in temporal bulbar conjunctiva, including IVCM GCD by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and filled GCD of cytokeratin-7 and MUC5AC-positive co-immunomarkers by impression cytology. Tear MUC5AC protein was detected using samples extracted from Schirmer strips. Results The GO group showed a significant decrease in IVCM GCD, filled GCD, and normalized tear MUC5AC protein compared to controls, with the active GO group showing the greatest decrease (all P < 0.05). Tear MUC5AC protein levels in GO correlated with those of IVCM GCD (r = 0.40, P < 0.001) and filled GCD (r = 0.54, P < 0.001, respectively). Higher ocular surface disease index (r = -0.22, P < 0.05; r = -0.20, P < 0.05; r = -0.21, P < 0.05) and lisamine green staining (r = -0.23, P < 0.05; r = -0.38, P < 0.001; r = -0.42, P < 0.001) were associated with lower tear MUC5AC protein levels, IVCM GCD, and filled GCD, respectively, which decreased with increasing clinical activity score (r = -0.24, P < 0.05; r = -0.28, P < 0.01; r = -0.27, P < 0.01) and conjunctival congestion score (r = -0.27, P < 0.01; r = -0.33, P < 0.001; r = -0.42, P < 0.001). Conclusions The goblet cell count and tear MUC5AC protein in GO eyes were decreased, possibly due to ocular surface inflammation. Translational Relevance This study observed the change of tear film mucin in GO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiasong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huatao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohuan Pi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fagang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Fjærvoll K, Fjærvoll H, Magno M, Nøland ST, Dartt DA, Vehof J, Utheim TP. Review on the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying visual display terminal-associated dry eye disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:861-877. [PMID: 35441459 PMCID: PMC9790214 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual display terminal (VDT) use is a key risk factor for dry eye disease (DED). Visual display terminal (VDT) use reduces the blink rate and increases the number of incomplete blinks. However, the exact mechanisms causing DED development from VDT use have yet to be clearly described. PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to conduct a review on pathophysiological mechanisms promoting VDT-associated DED. METHODS A PubMed search of the literature investigating the relationship between dry eye and VDT was performed, and relevance to pathophysiology of DED was evaluated. FINDINGS Fifty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Several pathophysiological mechanisms were examined, and multiple hypotheses were extracted from the articles. Visual display terminal (VDT) use causes DED mainly through impaired blinking patterns. Changes in parasympathetic signalling and increased exposure to blue light, which could disrupt ocular homeostasis, were proposed in some studies but lack sufficient scientific support. Together, these changes may lead to a reduced function of the tear film, lacrimal gland, goblet cells and meibomian glands, all contributing to DED development. CONCLUSION Visual display terminal (VDT) use appears to induce DED through both direct and indirect routes. Decreased blink rates and increased incomplete blinks increase the exposed ocular evaporative area and inhibit lipid distribution from meibomian glands. Although not adequately investigated, changes in parasympathetic signalling may impair lacrimal gland and goblet cell function, promoting tear film instability. More studies are needed to better target and improve the treatment and prevention of VDT-associated DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketil Fjærvoll
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Haakon Fjærvoll
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Morten Magno
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of Ophthalmology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jelle Vehof
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas' HospitalLondonUK,Department of Epidemiology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of OphthalmologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway,Department of OphthalmologySørlandet Hospital ArendalArendalNorway,Department of Quality and Health Technology, The Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of StavangerStavangerNorway,Department of OphthalmologyStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway,Department of Computer ScienceOslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Jing D, Jiang X, Zhou P, Ren X, Su J, Hao R, Zhang M, Wan Y, Li X. Evidence of air pollution-related ocular signs and altered inflammatory cytokine profile of the ocular surface in Beijing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18359. [PMID: 36319699 PMCID: PMC9626484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated how different degrees of air pollution affect the ocular surface of a cohort of human subjects in Beijing by correlating in-patient test outcomes with tear cytokines. A cross-sectional study involving 221 volunteers was carried out in different districts of Beijing. Air pollution indices were recorded for 7 d (including the visit day). The indices recorded were the air quality index (AQI), which is a dimensionless measure that quantitatively describes the state of air quality, concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire provided. Subsequently, subjects underwent slit-lamp examination, which included meibomian gland examination, conjunctival congestion score, conjunctivochalasis grade, tear meniscus height (TMH), tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), Schirmer I test, and conjunctival impression cytology. The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in tears were measured by microsphere-based immunoassay analysis. According to the value of the AQI, participants are divided into a slightly polluted (SP) group (n = 103) which the AQI value is less than or equal to 100 and a heavily polluted (HP) group (n = 118) whose AQI value is more than 100. Air pollution is related to ocular discomfort based on tear cytokine concentrations. PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were positively correlated with OSDI, MG expressibility, meibum score, meiboscore, conjunctival congestion score, Schirmer I test value, TMH, goblet-cell density, concentrations of IL-6, and VEGF were negatively correlated with TBUT. PM2.5 and PM10 appear to be the major risk factors to the ocular surface, with NO2 being another important risk factor based on this study. The symptoms and signs of eye discomfort in the SP group were significantly less severe than those in the HP group, and tear cytokine concentrations (IL-6 and VEGF) were lower. Air pollution degrees were significantly correlated with tear cytokine concentrations, indicating an alteration of cytokine balance at the ocular surface under different degrees of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalan Jing
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Ren
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Su
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Hao
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhong Zhang
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wan
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Li
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
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Olsen MV, Lyngstadaas AV, Bair JA, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Signaling Pathways Used by the Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator Maresin 2 Regulate Goblet Cell Function: Comparison with Maresin 1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6233. [PMID: 35682912 PMCID: PMC9181304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including Maresins (MaR)-1 and 2, contribute to tear film homeostasis and resolve conjunctival inflammation. We investigated MaR2's signaling pathways in goblet cells (GC) from rat conjunctiva. Agonist-induced [Ca2+]i and high-molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion were measured. MaR2 increased [Ca2+]i and stimulated secretion. MaR2 and MaR1 stimulate conjunctival goblet cell function, especially secretion, by activating different but overlapping GPCR and signaling pathways, and furthermore counter-regulate histamine stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. Thus, MaR2 and MaR1 play a role in maintaining the ocular surface and tear film homeostasis in health and disease. As MaR2 and MaR1 modulate conjunctival goblet cell function, they each may have potential as novel, but differing, options for the treatment of ocular surface inflammatory diseases including allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye disease. We conclude that in conjunctival GC MaR2 and MaR1, both increase the [Ca2+]i and stimulate secretion to maintain homeostasis by using one set of different, but overlapping, signaling pathways to increase [Ca2+]i and another set to stimulate secretion. MaR2 also resolves ocular allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus V. Olsen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.V.O.); (A.V.L.); (J.A.B.); (R.R.H.); (T.P.U.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne V. Lyngstadaas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.V.O.); (A.V.L.); (J.A.B.); (R.R.H.); (T.P.U.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A. Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.V.O.); (A.V.L.); (J.A.B.); (R.R.H.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Robin R. Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.V.O.); (A.V.L.); (J.A.B.); (R.R.H.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.V.O.); (A.V.L.); (J.A.B.); (R.R.H.); (T.P.U.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.V.O.); (A.V.L.); (J.A.B.); (R.R.H.); (T.P.U.)
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Longo R, Avesani A, Dalla Mura G, Dell’Orco D, Manfredini S, Panozzo G. Clinical improvement of ocular surface parameters in dry eye patients following treatment with urea/crosslinked-hyaluronate eyedrops correlates with the secretion of MUC-4. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1999808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Longo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Avesani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Mura
- European School of Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Dell’Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technology (COSMAST), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Panozzo
- European School of Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology, Lugano, Switzerland
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9
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Joseph LB, Gordon MK, Kang J, Croutch CR, Zhou P, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Characterization of the rabbit conjunctiva: Effects of sulfur mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 121:104656. [PMID: 34081961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM; bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a potent vesicant which causes irritation of the conjunctiva and damage to the cornea. In the present studies, we characterized the ocular effects of SM in New Zealand white rabbits. Within one day of exposure to SM, edema and hazing of the cornea were observed, followed by neovascularization which persisted for at least 28 days. This was associated with upper and lower eyelid edema and conjunctival inflammation. The conjunctiva is composed of a proliferating epithelium largely consisting of stratified columnar epithelial cells overlying a well-defined dermis. Superficial layers of the conjunctival epithelium were found to express keratin 1, a marker of differentiating squamous epithelium, while in cells overlying the basement membrane expressed keratin 17, a marker of stratified squamous epithelium. SM exposure upregulated keratin 17 expression. Mucin 5 ac producing goblet cells were interspersed within the conjunctiva. These cells generated both acidic and neutral mucins. Increased numbers of goblet cells producing neutral mucins were evident after SM exposure; upregulation of expression of membrane-associated mucin 1 and mucin 4 in the superficial layers of the conjunctival epithelium were also noted. These data demonstrate that ocular exposure of rabbits to SM causes significant damage not only to the cornea, but to the eyelid and conjunctiva, suggesting multiple targets within the eye that should be assessed when evaluating the efficacy of potential countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jieun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | | | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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10
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Lyngstadaas AV, Olsen MV, Bair JA, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Pro-Resolving Mediator Annexin A1 Regulates Intracellular Ca 2+ and Mucin Secretion in Cultured Goblet Cells Suggesting a New Use in Inflammatory Conjunctival Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618653. [PMID: 33968020 PMCID: PMC8100605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of mucin secreted by conjunctival goblet cells is regulated to ensure the optimal level for protection of the ocular surface. Under physiological conditions lipid specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis including the conjunctiva. The protein Annexin A1 (AnxA1) can act as an SPM. We used cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells to determine if AnxA1 stimulates an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion and to identify the signaling pathways. The increase in [Ca2+]i was determined using fura2/AM and mucin secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay. AnxA1 stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion that was blocked by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA/AM and the ALX/FPR2 receptor inhibitor BOC2. AnxA1 increased [Ca2+]i to a similar extent as the SPMs lipoxin A4 and Resolvin (Rv) D1 and histamine. The AnxA1 increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion were inhibited by blocking the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway including PLC, the IP3 receptor, the Ca2+/ATPase that causes the intracellular Ca2+ stores to empty, and blockade of Ca2+ influx. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase also decreased the AnxA1-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion. In contrast inhibitors of ERK 1/2, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and phospholipase D (PLD) did not alter AnxA1-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i, but did inhibit mucin secretion. Activation of protein kinase A did not decrease either the AnxA1-stimulated rise in [Ca2+]i or secretion. We conclude that in health, AnxA1 contributes to the mucin layer of the tear film and ocular surface homeostasis by activating the PLC signaling pathway to increase [Ca2+]i and stimulate mucin secretion and ERK1/2, PLA2, and PLD to stimulate mucin secretion from conjunctival goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V Lyngstadaas
- Schepens Eye Research institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus V Olsen
- Schepens Eye Research institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A Bair
- Schepens Eye Research institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Inhibitory effect of host ocular microenvironmental factors on chlorhexidine digluconate activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02066-20. [PMID: 33685899 PMCID: PMC8092908 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02066-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protozoan that cause a serious human eye disease called Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Several new and effective medical therapy for AK patients remains highly debated and therefore, CHG is still considered one of the first lines of treatment for AK patients. We hypothesized that ocular microenvironmental factors are responsible for Acanthamoeba drug resistance and clinical AK treatment failure. To investigate the influence of the ocular surface on CHG treatment, we tested the effect of several ocular elements on the anti-amoeba activity of CHG. The suspected inhibitory elements, including mucin, albumin, human and amoeba cell lysates, live and heat-killed bacteria, and cornea, were added to the amoebicidal activity platform, where amoeba was incubated with CHG at varying concentrations. Mucin showed a significant inhibitory effect on CHG activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii In contrast, albumin did not affect CHG treatment. Furthermore, human and amoeba cell lysates as well as live and heat-killed bacterial suspensions also significantly inhibited CHG activity. Additionally, we found that pig corneas also reduced CHG activity. In contrast, dry eye drops and their major component, propylene glycol, which is commonly used as eyewash material, did not have an impact on CHG activity. Our results demonstrate the effect of ocular microenvironmental factors on CHG activity and suggest that these factors may play a role in the development of amoeba resistance to CHG and treatment failure.
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12
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Olsen MV, Lyngstadaas AV, Bair JA, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Maresin 1, a specialized proresolving mediator, stimulates intracellular [Ca 2+ ] and secretion in conjunctival goblet cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:340-353. [PMID: 32510663 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucin secretion from conjunctival goblet cells forms the tear film mucin layer and requires regulation to function properly. Maresin 1 (MaR1) is a specialized proresolving mediator produced during the resolution of inflammation. We determined if MaR1 stimulates mucin secretion and signaling pathways used. Cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells were used to measure the increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2 + ]i ) concentration and mucin secretion. MaR1-increased [Ca2+ ]i and secretion were blocked by inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2. MaR1 added before addition of histamine counterregulated histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+ ]i and secretion. We conclude that MaR1 likely has two actions in conjunctival goblet cells: first, maintaining optimal tear film mucin levels by increasing [Ca2+ ]i and stimulating mucin secretion in health and, second, attenuating the increase in [Ca2+ ]i and overproduction of mucin secretion by counterregulating the effect of histamine as occurs in ocular allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus V Olsen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne V Lyngstadaas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Lee HS, Han S, Seo JW, Jeon KJ. Exposure to Traffic-Related Particulate Matter 2.5 Triggers Th2-Dominant Ocular Immune Response in a Murine Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082965. [PMID: 32344779 PMCID: PMC7215477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM), a major component of air pollution, aggravates ocular discomfort and inflammation, similarly to dry eye disease (DED) or allergies. However, the mechanism(s) by which PM induces the ocular inflammatory response is unknown. This study investigated the immunological response of traffic-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the ocular surface in a murine model. C57BL/6 mice were exposed by topical application to PM2.5 or vehicle for 14 days to induce experimental environmental ocular disease. Corneal fluorescein staining and the number of ocular inflammatory cells were assessed in both groups. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in the ocular surface were evaluated by real-time PCR. An immunohistochemical assay evaluated apoptosis and goblet cell density. ELISA was used to determine the levels of serum IgE and cytokines of Type 1 helper (Th1) and Type 2 helper (Th2) cells after in vitro stimulation of T cells in the draining lymph nodes (LNs). Exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 significantly increased corneal fluorescein staining and cellular toxicity in the corneal epithelium compared with the vehicle control. A significant increase in the number of CD11b+ cells on the central cornea and mast cells in the conjunctiva was observed in the PM2.5 group. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with a significant increase in the corneal or conjunctival expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and MUC5AC compared to the vehicle, and increased maturation of dendric cells (DCs) (MHC-IIhighCD11c+) in draining LNs. In addition, PM2.5 exposure increased the level of serum IgE and Th2 cytokine production in draining LNs on day 14. In conclusion, exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 caused ocular surface damage and inflammation, which induced DC maturation and the Th2-cell-dominant allergic immune response in draining LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6861; Fax: +82-2-533-3801
| | - Sehyun Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.H.); (K.-J.J.)
| | - Jeong-Won Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gyeonggi-do 18450, Korea;
| | - Ki-Joon Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.H.); (K.-J.J.)
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14
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Crespo-Moral M, García-Posadas L, López-García A, Diebold Y. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the porcine ocular surface. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227732. [PMID: 31929592 PMCID: PMC6957219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface of the white domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is used as a helpful model of the human ocular surface; however, a complete histological description has yet to be published. In this work, we studied porcine eyeballs with intact eyelids to describe and characterize the different structures that form the ocular surface, including the cornea and conjunctiva that covers the bulbar sclera, tarsi, and the nictitating membrane. We determined the distribution of goblet cells of different types over the conjunctiva and analyzed the conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). Porcine eyeballs were obtained from a local slaughterhouse, fixed, processed, and embedded in paraffin blocks. Tissue sections (4 μm) were stained with hematoxylin/eosin, Alcian blue/Periodic Acid Schiff, and Giemsa. Slides were also stained with lectins from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) and Helix pomatia (HPA) agglutinins and immunostained with rabbit anti-CD3. We found that the porcine cornea was composed of 6–8 epithelial cell layers, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and an endothelial monolayer. The total corneal thickness was 1131.0±87.5 μm (mean±standard error of the mean) in the center and increased to 1496.9±138.2 μm at the limbus. The goblet cell density was 71.25±12.29 cells/mm, ranging from the highest density (113.04±37.21 cells/mm) in the lower palpebral conjunctiva to the lowest density (12.69±4.29 cells/mm) in the bulbar conjunctiva. The CALT was distributed in the form of intraepithelial lymphocytes and subepithelial diffuse lymphoid tissue. Lenticular-shaped lymphoid follicles, about 8 per histological section, were also present within the conjunctival areas. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the analyzed porcine ocular structures are similar to those of humans, confirming the potential usefulness of pig eyes to study ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Crespo-Moral
- Ocular Surface Group, IOBA - University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio López-García
- Ocular Surface Group, IOBA - University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, IOBA - University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
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15
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Kossler AL, Brinton M, Patel ZM, Dalal R, Ta CN, Palanker D. Chronic Electrical Stimulation for Tear Secretion: Lacrimal vs. anterior ethmoid nerve. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:822-827. [PMID: 31476515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the effect of lacrimal nerve stimulation (LNS) and anterior ethmoid nerve stimulation (AENS) on aqueous tear secretion, and tissue condition following chronic implantation. METHODS A neurostimulator was implanted in rabbits adjacent to the (1) lacrimal nerve, and (2) anterior ethmoid nerve. Tear volume was measured with Schirmer test strips after stimulation (2.3-2.8 mA pulses at 30 Hz for 3-5 min), and scores were compared to sham stimulation. Lacrimal gland and nasal septal tissue were evaluated histologically after chronic stimulation (2 weeks-7 months). RESULTS LNS increases tear volume by 32% above sham (p < 0.05, n = 5), compared with 133% for AENS (p ≤ 0.01, n = 6). AENS also significantly increases tear secretion in the fellow, non-stimulated eye (p ≤ 0.01, n = 6), as expected from the tearing reflex pathway. Histologically, chronic LNS is well tolerated by surrounding tissues while chronic AENS results in nasal mucosal fibrosis and implant extrusion within 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS AENS is significantly more effective than LNS at enhancing aqueous tear secretion, including the fellow eye. The lacrimal implant is well tolerated, while the nasal implant requires further design optimization to improve tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Kossler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Mark Brinton
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zara M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher N Ta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic multifactorial disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite ongoing research, treatment for DED remains a challenge. Neurostimulation for tear production is a rapidly evolving field that culminated in the development of the intranasal tear neurostimulator (ITN). In this article, we review the neuroanatomy and pathophysiology of tear production and the evolution of neurostimulation for the treatment of DED. RECENT FINDINGS The ITN was approved for commercial use in April 2017. This innovation stemmed from the success of lacrimal nerve and anterior ethmoid nerve stimulation animal studies. Since then, numerous pilot studies and multicenter randomized controlled trials demonstrate increased aqueous tear production, improved DED-related symptoms, and device safety. Recent studies also report the positive effects of intranasal stimulation on mucin and lipid secretion. SUMMARY Neurostimulation for enhanced tear production is a promising new treatment option for DED. Stimulation of the lacrimal nerve and anterior ethmoid nerve both effectively increase tear volume. The ITN is a noninvasive device that effectively increases aqueous tear volume and may improve tear composition, including mucin and lipid concentrations. Further studies are needed to determine proper patient selection and the long-term efficacy of neurostimulation for DED.
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17
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Choi SY, Eom Y, Song JS, Kim HM. Fine dust and eye health. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2019.62.9.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Youn Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsub Eom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Myung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Kaye R, Botten N, Lippestad M, Li D, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Resolvin D1, but not resolvin E1, transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor to increase intracellular calcium and glycoconjugate secretion in rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:53-62. [PMID: 30513286 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify interactions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the pro-resolving mediator receptors for RvD1 and RvE1 to stimulate an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion from cultured human and rat conjunctival goblet cells. METHODS Goblet cells from human and rat conjunctiva were grown in culture using RPMI media. Cultured goblet cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors, and then stimulated with RvD1, RvE1, EGF or the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). Increase in [Ca2+]i was measured using fura-2/AM. Goblet cell secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay with UEA-1. Western blot analysis was performed with antibodies against AKT and ERK 1/2. RESULTS In cultured human conjunctival goblet cells RvE1 -stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i. RvD1-, but not the RvE1-, stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion was blocked by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and siRNA for the EGFR. RvD1-, but not RvE1-stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i that was also inhibited by TAPI-1, an inhibitor of the matrix metalloprotease ADAM 17. Inhibition of the EGFR also blocked RvD1-stimulated increase in AKT activity and both RvD1-and RvE1-stimulated increase in ERK 1/2 activity. Pretreatment with either RvD1 or RvE1 did not block the EGFR-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in cultured rat and human conjunctival goblet cells, RvD1 activates the EGFR, increases [Ca2+]i, activates AKT and ERK1/2 to stimulate mucin secretion. RvE1 does not transactivate the EGFR to increase [Ca2+]I and stimulate mucin secretion, but does interact with the receptor to increase ERK 1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kaye
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nora Botten
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Lippestad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dayu Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Tesone AI, Lasagni Vitar RM, Tau J, Maglione GA, Llesuy S, Tasat DR, Berra A. Volcanic ash from Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex and Calbuco promote a differential response of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators on human conjunctival epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:87-97. [PMID: 30014900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic ash could pose a hazard to the ocular surface as it is constantly exposed to environmental particles. We exposed conjunctival cells to Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) or Calbuco ash particles and evaluated proliferation, viability, apoptosis, MUC1 expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers. Ash particles from these volcanoes vary in size, composition, and morphology. Our results demonstrate that PCCVC but not Calbuco ash particles induce cytotoxicity on human conjunctival epithelial cells viewed as a decrease in cell proliferation and the transmembrane mucin MUC1 expression; a pro-inflammatory response mediated by IL-6 and IL-8; and an imbalance of the redox environment leading to protein oxidative damage. This is the first in vitro study that assesses the biological effect of volcanic ash particles on human conjunctival epithelial cells and the involvement of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress as the mechanisms of damage. Our results could provide a better understanding of the ocular symptoms manifested by people living near volcanic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina I Tesone
- University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Pathology Department, Ocular Investigation Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Romina M Lasagni Vitar
- University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, General and Inorganic Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Phisicochemistry Department, General and Inorganic Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Tau
- University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Pathology Department, Ocular Investigation Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Maglione
- National University of San Martín, School of Science and Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, School of Dentistry, Department of Histology and Embryology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Llesuy
- University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, General and Inorganic Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Phisicochemistry Department, General and Inorganic Chemistry Division, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Deborah R Tasat
- National University of San Martín, School of Science and Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, School of Dentistry, Department of Histology and Embryology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Berra
- University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Pathology Department, Ocular Investigation Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moon I, Kang HG, Yeo A, Noh H, Kim HC, Song JS, Ji YW, Lee HK. Comparison of Ocular Surface Mucin Expression After Topical Ophthalmic Drug Administration in Dry Eye-Induced Mouse Model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:612-620. [PMID: 30325678 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mucinogenic effect of dry eye (DE) treatment drugs currently in use, we compared the levels of mucin production and inflammatory cytokine expression on the ocular surfaces using a DE-induced mice model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were separated into 6 groups: a control group, DE-induced mice with the vehicle and treated with cyclosporine A (CsA), rebamipide (Reb), diquafosol tetrasodium (DQS), or prednisolone (Pred). The mRNA expression of MUC 1, 4, 16, 5AC, and proinflammatory cytokines on the corneal epithelia were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expression of each MUC was evaluated using flow cytometry and immunohistostaining. Conjunctival goblet cells were analyzed through periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. RESULTS Desiccating stress significantly decreased both mRNA and protein levels of all MUCs in the cornea. CsA mainly enhanced MUC5AC, with an increase in PAS-positive cells, whereas DQS chiefly increased membrane-associated mucins (MM). However, Reb only minimally increased expression of MUC5AC and Pred only increased MUC4. MUC16 did not show any significant change in any group. On the contrary, the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were increased in the DE corneas of the control mice and were reduced by all treatments; in particular, IL-6 was significantly suppressed. CONCLUSION Topical DQS and CsA not only ameliorated ocular surface inflammation under desiccating stress but also upregulated both MM and secretory mucins (SM) and contributed to conjunctival goblet cell recovery, compared to Reb and Pred. Both anti-inflammatory and secretory factors should be considered simultaneously when measuring the treatment effect of DE drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhee Moon
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Kang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Areum Yeo
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemi Noh
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Woo Ji
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital , Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,5 Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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21
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Goblet cell response after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 42:1181-9. [PMID: 27531295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether patients without dry eye preoperatively have an altered conjunctival goblet cell density and mucin secretion postoperatively and to explore what factors affect changes in goblet cell density and mucin secretion. SETTING The former Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. DESIGN Prospective nonrandomized clinical study. METHODS Impression cytology was used to determine conjunctival goblet cell density before and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) or laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). The McMonnies questionnaire, Schirmer test, tear breakup time, corneal sensitivity, rose bengal staining, and computerized videokeratoscopy were also performed to assess tear-film and ocular-surface health. RESULTS The ratio of goblet cell to total cells changed postoperatively from baseline in both groups (P < .001). The most significant change was a median 29% decrease 1 month postoperatively. However, there were no significant differences between groups over time (P = .772). The ratio of filled goblet cell to total goblet cell did not change significantly over the same time period (P = .128), and there were no significant differences between the PRK group and the LASIK group over time (P = .282). CONCLUSIONS Patients without apparent dry eye had an altered conjunctival goblet cell population after PRK or LASIK. The conjunctival goblet cell population tended to decrease in the early postoperative period after either surgery and was most affected by preoperative goblet cell density. The changes in the tear film and ocular surface did not seem to affect goblet cell mucin secretion after either procedure. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
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García-Posadas L, Hodges RR, Diebold Y, Dartt DA. Context-Dependent Regulation of Conjunctival Goblet Cell Function by Allergic Mediators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12162. [PMID: 30111832 PMCID: PMC6093861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the eye, goblet cells responsible for secreting mucins are found in the conjunctiva. When mucin production is not tightly regulated several ocular surface disorders may occur. In this study, the effect of the T helper (Th) 2-type cytokines IL4, IL5, and IL13 on conjunctival goblet cell function was explored. Goblet cells from rat conjunctiva were cultured and characterized. The presence of cytokine receptors was confirmed by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Changes in intracellular [Ca2+], high molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion, and proliferation were measured after stimulation with Th2 cytokines with or without the allergic mediator histamine. We found that IL4 and IL13 enhance cell proliferation and, along with histamine, stimulate goblet cell secretion. We conclude that the high levels of IL4, IL5, and IL13 that characterize allergic conjunctivitis could be the reason for higher numbers of goblet cells and mucin overproduction found in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, Institute for Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.
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Kasbekar S, Kaye SB, Williams RL, Stewart RMK, Leow-Dyke S, Rooney P. Development of decellularized conjunctiva as a substrate for the ex vivo expansion of conjunctival epithelium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e973-e982. [PMID: 28112872 DOI: 10.1002/term.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to develop a method to decellularize human conjunctiva and to characterize the tissue in terms of its deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) content, tensile strength, collagen denaturation, basement membrane, extracellular matrix components and its potential to support conjunctival epithelial growth. Human conjunctival tissues were subjected to a decellularization process involving hypotonic detergent and nuclease buffers. Variations in sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration (0.05-0.5%, w/v) were tested to determine the appropriate concentration of detergent buffer. DNA quantification, collagen denaturation, cytotoxicity and tensile strength were investigated. Human conjunctival cell growth by explant culture on the decellularized tissue substrate was assessed after 28 days in culture. Samples were fixed and paraffin embedded for immunohistochemistry including conjunctival epithelial cell markers and extracellular matrix proteins. Conjunctival tissue from 20 eyes of 10 donors (age range 65-92 years) was used. Decellularization of human conjunctiva was achieved to 99% or greater DNA removal (p < 0.001) with absence of nuclear staining. This was reproducible at the lowest concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.05% w/v). No collagen denaturation (p = 0.74) and no difference in tensile strength parameters was demonstrated following decellularization. No significant difference was noted in the immunolocalization of collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin, or in the appearance of periodic acid-Schiff-stained basement membranes following decellularization. The decellularized tissue did not exhibit any cytotoxicity and explant culture resulted in the growth of stratified conjunctival epithelium. Allogeneic decellularized human conjunctiva can be successfully decellularized using the described protocol. It represents a novel substrate to support the expansion of conjunctival epithelium for ocular surface cellular replacement therapies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kasbekar
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel L Williams
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rosalind M K Stewart
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sophie Leow-Dyke
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant Tissue Services, Speke, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Rooney
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant Tissue Services, Speke, Liverpool, UK
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25
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Abstract
Tear fluids are a mixture of secretions derived from lacrimal glands, accessory lacrimal glands, conjunctiva, and meibomian glands. Compositional changes to tears occur in the normal state and during ocular surface disease, such as dry eye conditions. We have investigated compositional changes to tears after topical application of ophthalmic solutions, with regard to tear-specific proteins (secretory immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, lipocalin-1, and lysozyme) and ocular surface mucin in normal and dry eye conditions using high-performance liquid chromatography. After application of saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) in normal subjects, transient but significant decreases in all tear components were observed. The recovery of protein concentrations took up to 30 minutes and lasted longer when the saline solution was applied more frequently. When applying ophthalmic solutions, a balance between washout and dilutional effects should be considered in addition to the therapeutic effect. Investigation of the effect of diquafosol solution (3%) in normal subjects revealed a significant increase in sialic acid concentration, a marker of ocular mucin, at 5 minutes after application, whereas a significant decrease was observed with saline. This result indicates the accelerated secretion of mucin from ocular tissues induced by diquafosol. A clinical study to determine the efficacy of diquafosol in patients with dry eye revealed improvements in tear breakup time, keratoconjunctival staining scores, and Schirmer test score, accompanied by an increase in sialic acid concentration in tears. Investigating normal and dry eye conditions through tear analysis may clarify the pathophysiology of dry eye conditions and support the efficacy of treatments.
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26
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Brinton M, Kossler AL, Patel ZM, Loudin J, Franke M, Ta CN, Palanker D. Enhanced Tearing by Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Ethmoid Nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2341-2348. [PMID: 28431436 PMCID: PMC5398789 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Electrical neurostimulation enhances tear secretion, and can be applied to treatment of dry eye disease. Using a chronic implant, we evaluate the effects of stimulating the anterior ethmoid nerve on the aqueous, lipid, and protein content of secreted tears. Methods Neurostimulators were implanted beneath the nasal mucosa in 13 New Zealand white rabbits. Stimulations (2.3-2.8 mA pulses of 75-875 μs in duration repeated at 30-100 Hz for 3 minutes) were performed daily, for 3 weeks to measure changes in tear volume (Schirmer test), osmolarity (TearLab osmometer), lipid (Oil-Red-O staining), and protein (BCA assay, mass spectrometry). Results Stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve in the frequency range of 30 to 90 Hz increased tear volume by 92% to 133% (P ≤ 0.01). Modulating the treatment with 50% duty cycle (3 seconds of stimulation repeated every 6 seconds) increased tear secretion an additional 23% above continuous stimulation (P ≤ 0.01). Tear secretion returned to baseline levels within 7 minutes after stimulation ended. Tear film osmolarity decreased by 7 mOsmol/L, tear lipid increased by 24% to 36% and protein concentration increased by 48% (P ≤ 0.05). Relative abundance of the lacrimal gland proteins remained the same, while several serum and corneal proteins decreased with stimulation (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Electrical stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve increased aqueous tear volume, reduced tear osmolarity, added lipid, and increased the concentration of normal tear proteins. Human studies with an intranasal stimulator should verify these effects in patients with aqueous- and lipid-deficient forms of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Brinton
- Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Andrea L Kossler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - James Loudin
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Manfred Franke
- Independent Consultant, Neuronoff.com, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher N Ta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States 4Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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Maeng YS, Lee GH, Lee B, Choi SI, Kim TI, Kim EK. Role of TGFBIp in Wound Healing and Mucin Expression in Corneal Epithelial Cells. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:423-431. [PMID: 28120575 PMCID: PMC5290024 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is highly expressed in the cornea, and mutant TGFBIp induces corneal diseases. However, the function of TGFBIp in cornea epithelium is not fully investigated. Here, we tested the importance of TGFBIp in regulation of gene expression and corneal epithelial cell (CEC) activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of TGFBIp on CEC activity was analyzed by cell migration, adhesion, proliferation and wound healing assay. Analysis of gene expression was examined by western blot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS The results demonstrated that TGFBIp increased adhesion, migration, proliferation, and wound healing of CECs. Analysis of gene expression presented that TGFBIp-stimulated CECs exhibited increased expression of mucin family genes, such as MUC1, -4, -5AC, and -16. Furthermore, TGFBIp treatment increased the expression of MUC1, -4, -5AC, -7, and -16 in conjunctival epithelial cells. TGFBIp also increased the activity of intracellular signaling molecules ERK and AKT in CECs. Using pharmacologic inhibitors of ERK and AKT, we showed that the expression of mucin genes by TGFBIp is mediated by the activation of ERK and AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the locally generated TGFBIp in the cornea may contribute to wound healing of CECs by enhancing the migration, adhesion, and proliferation of CECs. In addition, our results suggest that TGFBIp has a protective effect on ocular surfaces by inducing the expression of mucin genes in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. These data suggest that TGFBIp is a useful therapeutic target for patients with corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Il Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Vision Research, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
This review focuses on conjunctival goblet cells and their essential function in the maintenance of eye health. The main function of goblet cells is to produce and secrete mucins that lubricate the ocular surface. An excess or a defect in those mucins leads to several alterations that makes goblet cells central players in maintaining the proper mucin balance and ensuring the correct function of ocular surface tissues. A typical pathology that occurs with mucous deficiency is dry eye disease, whereas the classical example of mucous hyperproduction is allergic conjunctivitis. In this review, we analyze how goblet cell number and function can be altered in these diseases and in contact lens (CL) wearers. We found that most published studies focused exclusively on the goblet cell number. However, recent advances have demonstrated that, along with mucin secretion, goblet cells are also able to secrete cytokines and respond to them. We describe the effect of different cytokines on goblet cell proliferation and secretion. We conclude that it is important to further explore the effect of CL wear and cytokines on conjunctival goblet cell function.
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Ablamowicz AF, Nichols JJ. Ocular Surface Membrane-Associated Mucins. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:331-41. [PMID: 27154035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ocular surface epithelial cells produce and secrete mucins that form a hydrophilic barrier for protection and lubrication of the eye. This barrier, the glycocalyx, is formed by high molecular weight heavily glycosylated membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) that include MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16. These mucins extend into the tear film from the anterior surfaces of the conjunctiva and cornea, and, through interactions with galectin-3, prevent penetrance of pathogens into the eye. Due primarily to the glycosylation of the mucins, the glycocalyx also creates less friction during blinking and enables the tear film to maintain wetting of the eye. The secretory mucins include soluble MUC7 and gel-forming MUC5AC. These mucins, particularly MUC5AC, assist with removal of debris from the tear film and contribute to the hydrophilicity of the tear film. While new methodologies and cell culture models have expanded our understanding of mucin structure and function on the ocular surface, there is still a paucity of studies characterizing the glycosylation of MAMs on a normal ocular surface and a diseased ocular surface. Although studies have shown alterations in mucin production and expression in dry eye diseases, the relationship between changes in mucins and functional consequences is unclear. This review focuses on comparing what is known about MAMs in wet-surfaced epithelia of the body to what has been studied on the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Ablamowicz
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason J Nichols
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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30
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Ijssennagger N, van der Meer R, van Mil SW. Sulfide as a Mucus Barrier-Breaker in Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:190-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Exposure on the Ocular Surface: An Animal Study. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:224-32. [PMID: 26775550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle exposure on the ocular surface. METHODS Eighty eyes of 40 rabbits were used. The TiO2-1D group (n = 20) received a single instillation of TiO2 in the right eye. The TiO2-4D group (n = 20) received a TiO2 instillation in the right eye once a day for four days. The 40 untreated left eyes were used as controls. Ocular surface staining (n = 5 for each group) was performed with rose bengal dye, tear secretion (n = 5) was measured using the phenol red thread test, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (n = 5) and MUC5AC levels (n = 5) were measured in tears, and the area of the conjunctival goblet cells (n = 5) was measured through impression cytology and scanning electron microscopy 24 hours after the last TiO2 instillation. RESULTS Ocular surface staining was increased but the tear secretion was not changed after TiO2 exposure. The TiO2-1D (1.39 OD) and TiO2-4D groups (0.58 OD) had higher median tear LDH activity than the control groups (0.57 OD and 0.29 OD, respectively). Although the median tear MUC5AC level in the TiO2-1D group (92.7 ng/ml) was higher than that of control 1 group (37.4 ng/ml), there was no significant difference in MUC5AC levels between the TiO2-4D and control 2 groups. Conjunctival goblet cell area decreased after TiO2 exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles induced ocular surface damage. Although the tear MUC5AC level increased after a single exposure, it decreased to normal levels after repeated exposures. The area of conjunctival goblet cells decreased after TiO2 exposure.
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García-Posadas L, Hodges RR, Li D, Shatos MA, Storr-Paulsen T, Diebold Y, Dartt DA. Interaction of IFN-γ with cholinergic agonists to modulate rat and human goblet cell function. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:206-17. [PMID: 26129651 PMCID: PMC4698109 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells populate wet-surfaced mucosa including the conjunctiva of the eye, intestine, and nose, among others. These cells function as part of the innate immune system by secreting high molecular weight mucins that interact with environmental constituents including pathogens, allergens, and particulate pollutants. Herein, we determined whether interferon gamma (IFN-γ), a Th1 cytokine increased in dry eye, alters goblet cell function. Goblet cells from rat and human conjunctiva were cultured. Changes in intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)), high molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion, and proliferation were measured after stimulation with IFN-γ with or without the cholinergic agonist carbachol. IFN-γ itself increased [Ca(2+)](i) in rat and human goblet cells and prevented the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) caused by carbachol. Carbachol prevented IFN-γ-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)](i). This cross-talk between IFN-γ and muscarinic receptors may be partially due to use of the same Ca(2+)(i) reservoirs, but also from interaction of signaling pathways proximal to the increase in [Ca(2+)](i). IFN-γ blocked carbachol-induced high molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion and reduced goblet cell proliferation. We conclude that increased levels of IFN-γ in dry eye disease could explain the lack of goblet cells and mucin deficiency typically found in this pathology. IFN-γ could also function similarly in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L García-Posadas
- Ocular Surface Group, Institute for Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
| | - RR Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - D Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - MA Shatos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - T Storr-Paulsen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Y Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, Institute for Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
| | - DA Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Eidet JR, Dartt DA, Utheim TP. Concise Review: Comparison of Culture Membranes Used for Tissue Engineered Conjunctival Epithelial Equivalents. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:1064-84. [PMID: 26690486 PMCID: PMC4695911 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjunctival epithelium plays an important role in ensuring the optical clarity of the cornea by providing lubrication to maintain a smooth, refractive surface, by producing mucins critical for tear film stability and by protecting against mechanical stress and infectious agents. A large number of disorders can lead to scarring of the conjunctiva through chronic conjunctival inflammation. For controlling complications of conjunctival scarring, surgery can be considered. Surgical treatment of symblepharon includes removal of the scar tissue to reestablish the deep fornix. The surgical defect is then covered by the application of a tissue substitute. One obvious limiting factor when using autografts is the size of the defect to be covered, as the amount of healthy conjunctiva is scarce. These limitations have led scientists to develop tissue engineered conjunctival equivalents. A tissue engineered conjunctival epithelial equivalent needs to be easily manipulated surgically, not cause an inflammatory reaction and be biocompatible. This review summarizes the various substrates and membranes that have been used to culture conjunctival epithelial cells during the last three decades. Future avenues for developing tissue engineered conjunctiva are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Roger Eidet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway.
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen 3004, Norway.
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Zheng W, Ma M, Du E, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Gu Q, Ke B. Therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast growth factor 10 in a rabbit model of dry eye. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7344-50. [PMID: 26459017 PMCID: PMC4626165 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) in the promotion of healing, survival and expression of mucin in corneal epithelial cells in a rabbit dry eye model. A total of 12 healthy female New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into three groups. The lacrimal glands were injected with saline either alone (normal control group) or with concanavalin A (Con A), with either topical phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; PBS control group) or 25 µg/ml FGF10 (FGF10 treatment group). Lacrimal gland inflammation, tear function, corneal epithelial cell integrity, cell apoptosis and mucin expression were subsequently assessed. Lacrimal gland tissue biopsies were performed in conjunction with histology and electron microscopy observations. Tear meniscus height (TMH) and tear meniscus area (TMA) were measured using Fourier domain-optical coherence tomography. Tear membrane break-up time (TBUT) was also assessed and corneal fluorescein staining was performed. The percentages of apoptotic corneal and conjunctival (Cj) epithelial cells (ECs) were counted using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. The mRNA expression levels of Muc1 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. The TMH and TMA values of the PBS and treatment groups were found to be significantly reduced, compared with those of the normal control group 3 days after Con A injection. However, the TMH and TMA of the FGF10 treatment group were higher, compared with those of the PBS group 3 and 7 days after treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the FGF10 treatment group exhibited prolonged TBUT, reduced corneal fluorescein staining and repaired epithelial cell ultra-structure7 days after treatment. The percentages of apoptotic corneal- and Cj-ECs in the FGF10 treatment group were significantly reduced, compared with those in the PBS group. FGF10 significantly induced the mRNA expression of Muc1 in the corneal epithelial cells, compared with the normal control group, and induced higher mRNA expression levels of Muc1 in the Cj-ECs, compared with the PBS control group. In the present study, the rabbit dry eye model was successfully established 3 days after lacrimal gland Con A injection. FGF10 eye drops increased TMH and TMA, promoted corneal epithelial healing, reduced apoptosis of the corneal- and Cj-ECs and led to increased expression of Muc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ergang Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Kelimu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Bilian Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Meng ID, Barton ST, Mecum NE, Kurose M. Corneal sensitivity following lacrimal gland excision in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3347-54. [PMID: 26024120 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) produces ocular pain and irritation, yet a detailed characterization of ocular sensitivity in a preclinical model of DED is lacking. The aim of the present study was to assess nociceptive behaviors in an aqueous tear deficiency model of DED in the rat. METHODS Spontaneous blinking, corneal mechanical thresholds, and eye wipe behaviors elicited by hypertonic saline (5.0 M) were examined over a period of 8 weeks following the unilateral excision of either the exorbital lacrimal gland or of the exorbital and infraorbital lacrimal glands, and in sham surgery controls. The effect of topical proparacaine on spontaneous blinking and of systemic morphine (0.5-3.0 mg/kg, subcutaneous [SC]) on spontaneous blinking and eye wipe responses were also examined. RESULTS Lacrimal gland excision resulted in mechanical hypersensitivity and an increase in spontaneous blinking in the ipsilateral eye over an 8-week period that was more pronounced after infra- and exorbital gland excision. The time spent eye wiping was also enhanced in response to hypertonic saline (5.0 M) at both 1- and 8-week time-points, but only in infra- and exorbital gland excised animals. Morphine attenuated spontaneous blinking, and the response to hypertonic saline in dry eye animals and topical proparacaine application reduced spontaneous blinking down to control levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that aqueous tear deficiency produces hypersensitivity in the rat cornea. In addition, the increase in spontaneous blinks and their reduction by morphine and topical anesthesia indicate the presence of persistent irritation elicited by the activation of corneal nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States
| | - Stephen T Barton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, United States
| | - Neal E Mecum
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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McCauley HA, Guasch G. Three cheers for the goblet cell: maintaining homeostasis in mucosal epithelia. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:492-503. [PMID: 26144290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many organs throughout the body maintain epithelial homeostasis by employing a mucosal barrier which acts as a lubricant and helps to preserve a near-sterile epithelium. Goblet cells are largely responsible for secreting components of this mucosal barrier and represent a major cellular component of the innate defense system. In this review we summarize what is known about the signaling pathways that control goblet cell differentiation in the intestine, the lung, and the ocular surface, and we discuss a novel functional role for goblet cells in mucosal epithelial immunology. We highlight the cell type-specificity of the circuitry regulating goblet cell differentiation and shed light on how changes to these pathways lead to altered goblet cell function, a prominent feature of mucosa-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univ, UM 105, 13009, Marseille, France.
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Conjunctival epithelial and goblet cell function in chronic inflammation and ocular allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 14:464-70. [PMID: 25061855 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although conjunctival goblet cells are a major cell type in ocular mucosa, their responses during ocular allergy are largely unexplored. This review summarizes the recent findings that provide key insights into the mechanisms by which their function and survival are altered during chronic inflammatory responses, including ocular allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Conjunctiva represents a major component of the ocular mucosa that harbors specialized lymphoid tissue. Exposure of mucin-secreting goblet cells to allergic and inflammatory mediators released by the local innate and adaptive immune cells modulates proliferation, secretory function, and cell survival. Allergic mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins directly stimulate goblet cell mucin secretion and consistently increase goblet cell proliferation. Goblet cell mucin secretion is also detectable in a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis. Additionally, primary goblet cell cultures allow evaluation of various inflammatory cytokines with respect to changes in goblet cell mucin secretion, proliferation, and apoptosis. These findings in combination with the preclinical mouse models help understand the goblet cell responses and their modulation during chronic inflammatory diseases, including ocular allergy. SUMMARY Recent findings related to conjunctival goblet cells provide the basis for novel therapeutic approaches, involving modulation of goblet cell mucin production, to improve treatment of ocular allergies.
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Gong L, Sun X, Ma Z, Wang Q, Xu X, Chen X, Shao Y, Yao K, Tang L, Gu Y, Yuan H, Chua WH, Chuan JCY, Tong L. A randomised, parallel-group comparison study of diquafosol ophthalmic solution in patients with dry eye in China and Singapore. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:903-8. [PMID: 25631485 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the efficacy and safety of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution with those of 0.1% sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution in patients with dry eye in China and Singapore. METHODS A total of 497 patients with dry eye (Schirmer's test, 5 mm; fluorescein and RB score, 3 points) from China and Singapore were randomised to receive either diquafosol ophthalmic solution (diquafosol) or sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution (HA) at 1:1 ratio. The fluorescein staining scores and rose bengal (RB) subjective symptom scores and tear film breakup time were evaluated before treatment and 2 and 4 weeks after start of treatment. RESULTS In the diquafosol group, changes in fluorescein and RB scores compared with baseline at week 4 or at the time of discontinuation were -2.1±1.5 and -2.5±2.0, respectively. Compared with the HA group, changes in fluorescein score were non-inferior and changes in RB score were superior (p=0.019). In addition, diquafosol and HA improved tear film breakup time by 1.046±1.797 and 0.832±1.775 s, respectively (no significant intergroup difference). Adverse event onset rates were 16.3% (40 of 246 subjects) and 10.0% (25 of 251 subjects) in the diquafosol group and HA group, respectively, with borderline significant intergroup differences (p=0.046), while adverse drug reaction incidence rates were 12.2% (30 of 246 subjects) and 6.0% (15 of 251 subjects), respectively (p=0.019). Only mild adverse drug reactions (>2%) in the form of eye discharge, itching or irritation were observed. CONCLUSIONS Diquafosol improved fluorescein staining score in a manner similar to HA, and significantly improved RB score compared with HA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01101984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinmei Wang
- The School of Ophthalmology and Optometry Affiliated with Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luosheng Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangshun Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Han Chua
- Parkway Eye Centre, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Louis Tong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Diadenosine tetraphosphate contributes to carbachol-induced tear secretion. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:87-93. [PMID: 25398705 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate if the cholinergic stimulation by carbachol on tear secretion is a direct process or if it is also mediated by purinergic mechanisms. Experiments were performed in New Zealand male rabbits. The amount of tear secretion was measured with Schirmer's test and then analyzed by a HPLC protocol in order to study the nucleotide levels. Animal eyes were instilled with carbachol (a cholinergic agonist), pirenzepine, gallamine and 4-DAMP (muscarinic antagonists), PPADS, suramin and reactive blue 2 (purinergic antagonists), and a P2Y2 receptor small interfering RNA (siRNA). Tear secretion increased with the instillation of carbachol, approximately 84 % over control values 20 min after the instillation and so did Ap4A and ATP release. When we applied carbachol in the presence of muscarinic antagonists, tear volume only increased to 4 % with atropine, 12 % in the case of pirenzepine, 3 % with gallamine, and 8 % with 4-DAMP. In the presence of carbachol and purinergic antagonists, tear secretion was increased to 12 % (all values compared to basal tear secretion). By analyzing tear secretion induced with carbachol in presence of a P2Y2 receptor siRNA, we found that tear secretion was diminished to 60 %. The inhibition of tear secretion in the presence of carbachol and purinergic antagonists or P2Y2 siRNA occurred with no apparent change in the tear amount of Ap4A. These experiments demonstrated the participation of Ap4A in lacrimal secretion process.
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Meng ID, Kurose M. The role of corneal afferent neurons in regulating tears under normal and dry eye conditions. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:79-87. [PMID: 23994439 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is one of several orofacial structures requiring glandular secretion for proper lubrication. Glandular secretion is regulated through a neural reflex initiated by trigeminal primary afferent neurons innervating the corneal epithelium. Corneal sensory afferents must respond to irritating and potentially damaging stimuli, as well as drying that occurs with evaporation of the tear film, and the physiological properties of corneal afferents are consistent with these requirements. Polymodal neurons are sensitive to noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli, mechanoreceptive neurons are selectively activated by mechanical stimuli, and cool cells respond to innocuous cooling. The central terminations of corneal primary afferents are located within two regions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The more rostral region, located at the transition between the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and interpolaris, represents a critical relay for the regulation of the lacrimation reflex. From this region, major control of lacrimation is carried through projections to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons located in or around the superior salivatory nucleus. Dry eye syndrome may be caused by a dysfunction in the tear secreting glands themselves or in the neuronal circuit regulating these glands. Furthermore, the dry eye condition itself may modify the properties of corneal afferents and affect their ability to regulate secretion, a possibility just now being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Tear film mucins: front line defenders of the ocular surface; comparison with airway and gastrointestinal tract mucins. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:62-78. [PMID: 23954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface including the cornea and conjunctiva and its overlying tear film are the first tissues of the eye to interact with the external environment. The tear film is complex containing multiple layers secreted by different glands and tissues. Each layer contains specific molecules and proteins that not only maintain the health of the cells on the ocular surface by providing nourishment and removal of waste products but also protect these cells from environment. A major protective mechanism that the corneal and conjunctival cells have developed is secretion of the innermost layer of the tear film, the mucous layer. Both the cornea and conjunctiva express membrane spanning mucins, whereas the conjunctiva also produces soluble mucins. The mucins present in the tear film serve to maintain the hydration of the ocular surface and to provide lubrication and anti-adhesive properties between the cells of the ocular surface and conjunctiva during the blink. A third function is to contribute to the epithelial barrier to prevent pathogens from binding to the ocular surface. This review will focus on the different types of mucins produced by the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Also included in this review will be a presentation of the structure of mucins, regulation of mucin production, role of mucins in ocular surface diseases, and the differences in mucin production by the ocular surface, airways and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Shigeyasu C, Hirano S, Akune Y, Mochizuki H, Yamada M. Evaluation of the Frequency of Ophthalmic Solution Application: Washout Effects of Topical Saline Application on Tear Components. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:722-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.777967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Transport and interaction of cosmetic product material within the ocular surface: Beauty and the beastly symptoms of toxic tears. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2012; 35:247-59. [PMID: 22890123 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Eidet JR, Utheim OA, Raeder S, Dartt DA, Lyberg T, Carreras E, Huynh TT, Messelt EB, Louch WE, Roald B, Utheim TP. Effects of serum-free storage on morphology, phenotype, and viability of ex vivo cultured human conjunctival epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2011; 94:109-16. [PMID: 22154551 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of amniotic membrane (AM) represents one of the major developments in ocular surface reconstruction. However, in a study on patients with primary pterygium, transplantation of AM with ex vivo expanded human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjE) promoted earlier epithelialization than AM alone. We previously showed that cultured human limbal epithelial cells maintain their morphology, phenotype, and viability for one week when stored at 23°C. The current study investigates the feasibility of storing HCjE in HEPES-MEM and Optisol-GS at 23°C for 4 and 7 days, respectively. The five experimental groups were analyzed by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and a viability assay. The ultrastructural integrity of cultured HCjE was well preserved following 4 days of storage, however, 7 days of storage resulted in some loss of cell-cell contacts and epithelial detachment from the amniotic membrane. The number of microvilli in cultured HCjE not subjected to storage was 2.03±0.38 microvilli/μm. In comparison, after 4 and 7 days of HEPES-MEM storage this number was 1.69±0.54 microvilli/μm; P=0.98 and 0.89±1.0 microvilli/μm; P=0.28, respectively. After Optisol-GS storage for 4 and 7 days, the mean number of microvilli was 1.07±1.0 microvilli/μm; P=0.47 and 0.07±0.07 microvilli/μm; P=0.03, respectively. The number of cell layers in cultured HCjE not subjected to storage was 4.4±0.3 cell layers, as opposed to 4.0±0.9 cell layers; P=0.89 after 4 days of HEPES-MEM storage and 2.8±0.6 cell layers; P=0.01 after 7 days of storage in HEPES-MEM. The number of cell layers after 4 and 7 days of storage in Optisol-GS was 3.7±0.2 cell layers; P=0.46 and 3.4±0.4 cell layers; P=0.18, respectively. The expression of markers for undifferentiated cells (ΔNp63α, ABCG2 and p63), proliferating cells (Ki67 and PCNA), goblet cells (Ck7 and MUC5AC), stratified squamous epithelial cells (Ck4), and apoptotic cells (caspase-3) in cultured HCjE appeared to be unchanged after 4 and 7 days of HEPES-MEM and Optisol-GS storage. The percentage of viable cells in cultured HCjE not subjected to storage (91.4%±3.2%) was sustained after 4 and 7 days of storage in HEPES-MEM (94.1%±4.5%; P=0.99 and 85.1%±13.7%; P=0.87, respectively) as well as after 4 and 7 days of storage in Optisol-GS (87.7%±15.2%; P=0.97 and 79.8%±15.7%; P=0.48, respectively). We conclude that cultured HCjE may be stored for at least 4 days in serum-free conditions at 23°C while maintaining the phenotype and viability. HEPES-MEM appears to be comparable to Optisol-GS for serum-free storage with preservation of the ultrastructure for at least 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Eidet
- Center for Clinical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
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Evaluation of age-related changes in human palpebral conjunctiva and meibomian glands by in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea 2011; 30:1007-12. [PMID: 21436687 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e31820ca468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the age-related changes in human palpebral conjunctiva and meibomian glands by in vivo confocal microscopy. METHODS Forty-nine healthy volunteers (20 men and 29 women; mean age, 43.4 ± 22.7 years; range, 9-85 years) were recruited from the community. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to observe and measure the upper palpebral conjunctiva and meibomian glands. Customized software was used to analyze the images. The quantitative parameters included the mean densities of goblet cells, conjunctival basal epithelium, Langerhans cells, and meibomian glandular acinar units. RESULTS Mean densities of goblet cells, conjunctival basal epithelium, Langerhans cells, and meibomian glandular acinar units were 1050 ± 495 cells per square millimeter, 2979 ± 510 cells per square millimeter, 32 ± 16 cells per square millimeter, and 71 ± 27 glands per square millimeter in total subjects, respectively. No statistically significant difference in these 4 parameters was observed between the male and female subjects. Significant negative correlations were noted between age and goblet cell density (r = -0.646; P < 0.0001) and meibomian glandular acinar unit density (r = -0.585; P < 0.0001). However, no significant correlation was detected between the densities of conjunctival basal epithelium or Langerhans cell density and age. CONCLUSIONS Age-related changes under laser scanning confocal microscopy included decreased densities of goblet cells in human palpebral conjunctiva and the acinar units in meibomian glands.
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Gupta D, Harvey SAK, Kaminski N, Swamynathan SK. Mouse conjunctival forniceal gene expression during postnatal development and its regulation by Kruppel-like factor 4. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4951-62. [PMID: 21398290 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the changes in postnatal mouse conjunctival forniceal gene expression and their regulation by Klf4 during the eye-opening stage when the goblet cells first appear. METHODS Laser microdissection (LMD) was used to collect conjunctival forniceal cells from postnatal (PN) day 9, PN14 and PN20 wild-type (WT), and PN14 Klf4-conditional null (Klf4CN) mice, in which goblet cells are absent, developing, present, and missing, respectively. Microarrays were used to compare gene expression among these groups. Expression of selected genes was validated by quantitative RT-PCR, and spatiotemporal expression was assessed by in situ hybridization. RESULTS This study identified 668, 251, 1160, and 139 transcripts that were increased and 492, 377, 1419, and 57 transcripts that were decreased between PN9 and PN14, PN14 and PN20, PN9 and PN20, and PN14 WT and Klf4CN conjunctiva, respectively. Transcripts encoding transcription factors Spdef, FoxA1, and FoxA3 that regulate goblet cell development in other mucosal epithelia, and epithelium-specific Ets (ESE) transcription factor family members were increased during conjunctival development. Components of pathways related to the mesenchymal-epithelial transition, glycoprotein biosynthesis, mucosal immunity, signaling, and endocytic and neural regulation were increased during conjunctival development. Conjunctival Klf4 target genes differed significantly from the previously identified corneal Klf4 target genes, implying tissue-dependent regulatory targets for Klf4. CONCLUSIONS The changes in gene expression accompanying mouse conjunctival development were identified, and the role of Klf4 in this process was determined. This study provides new probes for examining conjunctival development and function and reveals that the gene regulatory network necessary for goblet cell development is conserved across different mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Eye and Ear Institute, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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Tatematsu Y, Ogawa Y, Shimmura S, Dogru M, Yaguchi S, Nagai T, Yamazaki K, Kameyama K, Okamoto S, Kawakami Y, Tsubota K. Mucosal microvilli in dry eye patients with chronic GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 47:416-25. [PMID: 21572465 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2011.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface is a frequent target tissue of mucosal chronic GVHD (cGVHD). We investigated the histopathological features of the conjunctival microvilli in patients with cGVHD. Conjunctival tissue specimens from patients with cGVHD or Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or from healthy individuals were examined by light microscopy and EM, impression cytology, and immunohistochemistry. The cGVHD conjunctivae showed significantly more metaplasia and fewer goblet cells than the SS and normal conjunctivae. Abundant CD8(+) T cells infiltrated the basal epithelia in the cGVHD conjunctiva. The microvilli per standard epithelial unit and the secretory vesicles were counted by analyzing electron micrographs. The mean number of mucosal microvilli was significantly lower in the cGVHD than that in the SS or normal specimens, and the microvilli were significantly shorter, with a smaller height-width ratio. The mean number of secretory vesicles was also significantly lower, and the membrane-spanning mucin thinner, in the cGVHD compared with the SS and normal specimens. Thus, the conjunctival mucosal microvilli of cGVHD patients were significantly different in number and morphology from those of SS and normal subjects. These may be important factors affecting the stability of the tear-film layer and its contribution to cGVHD-related dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tatematsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Dartt DA, Hodges RR, Li D, Shatos MA, Lashkari K, Serhan CN. Conjunctival goblet cell secretion stimulated by leukotrienes is reduced by resolvins D1 and E1 to promote resolution of inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4455-66. [PMID: 21357260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. Throughout the conjunctiva are goblet cells that secrete mucins to protect the eye. Chronic inflammatory diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis and early dry eye lead to increased goblet cell mucin secretion into tears and ocular surface disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the actions of the inflammatory mediators, the leukotrienes and the proresolution resolvins, on secretion from cultured rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. We found that both cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) receptors, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2,) were present in rat conjunctiva and in rat and human cultured conjunctival goblet cells. All leukotrienes LTB(4), LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4), as well as PGD(2), stimulated goblet cell secretion in rat goblet cells. LTD(4) and LTE(4) increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), and LTD(4) activated ERK1/2. The CysLT(1) receptor antagonist MK571 significantly decreased LTD(4)-stimulated rat goblet cell secretion and the increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Resolvins D1 (RvD1) and E1 (RvE1) completely reduced LTD(4)-stimulated goblet cell secretion in cultured rat goblet cells. LTD(4)-induced secretion from human goblet cells was blocked by RvD1. RvD1 and RvE1 prevented LTD(4)- and LTE(4)-stimulated increases in [Ca(2+)](i), as well as LTD(4) activation of ERK1/2. We conclude that cysteinyl leukotrienes stimulate conjunctival goblet cell mucous secretion with LTD(4) using the CysLT(1) receptor. Stimulated secretion is terminated by preventing the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and activation of ERK1/2 by RvD1 and RvE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Jung KM, Lee SH, Ryu YH, Jang WH, Jung HS, Han JH, Seok SH, Park JH, Son Y, Park YH, Lim KM. A new 3D reconstituted human corneal epithelium model as an alternative method for the eye irritation test. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:403-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Novaes P, Saldiva PHDN, Matsuda M, Macchione M, Rangel MP, Kara-José N, Berra A. The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:372-374. [PMID: 20338555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical relevance of chronic exposure to ambient levels of traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface. METHODS A panel study involving 55 volunteers was carried out in São Paulo, Brazil. We measured the mean individual levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) exposure for 7 days. All subjects answered the Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) and a symptoms inventory. Subsequently, subjects underwent Schirmer I test, biomicroscopy, vital staining and tear breakup time (TBUT) assessment. Subject's mean daily exposure to NO(2) was categorized in quartiles. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD and Chi-Square tests. RESULTS A dose-response pattern was detected between OSDI scores and NO(2) quartiles (p<0.05). There was a significant association between NO(2) quartiles and reported ocular irritation (Chi(2)=9.2, p<0.05) and a significant negative association between TBUT and NO(2) exposure (p<0.05, R=-0.316, Spearman's correlation). There was a significant increase in the frequency of meibomitis in subjects exposed to higher levels of NO(2) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Subjects exposed to higher levels of traffic derived air pollution reported more ocular discomfort symptoms and presented greater tear film instability, suggesting that the ocular discomfort symptoms and tear breakup time could be used as convenient bioindicators of the adverse health effects of traffic derived air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Novaes
- Laboratório de Investigação em Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 5th Floor, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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