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Du X, Ma X, Gao Y. The physiological function of squalene and its application prospects in animal husbandry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1284500. [PMID: 38292136 PMCID: PMC10824843 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1284500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Squalene, which is a natural triterpenoid unsaturated hydrocarbon, is abundant in shark liver and plant seeds. Squalene has various physiological functions such as being anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This paper reviews the physiological functions of squalene and its application prospects in livestock and poultry production, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for its in-depth application in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
| | - Xue Ma
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
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Sasaki K, Geribaldi-Doldán N, Wu Q, Davies J, Szele FG, Isoda H. Microalgae Aurantiochytrium Sp. Increases Neurogenesis and Improves Spatial Learning and Memory in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse-Prone 8 Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:600575. [PMID: 33634096 PMCID: PMC7900145 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has recently been focused on nutraceuticals, with minimal adverse effects, developed for preventing or treating neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was conducted to investigate the potential effect on neural development and function of the microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. as a nutraceutical. To test neuroprotection by the ethanol extract of Aurantiochytrium (EEA) and a derivative, the n-Hexane layer of EEA (HEEA), amyloid-β-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells, was used as an in vitro AD model. We then assessed the potential enhancement of neurogenesis by EEA and HEEA using murine ex vivo neurospheres. We also administered EEA or HEEA to senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a non-transgenic strain with accelerated aging and AD-like memory loss for evaluation of spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze test. Finally, we performed immunohistochemical analysis for assessment of neurogenesis in mice administered EEA. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with EEA or the squalene-rich fraction of EEA, HEEA, ameliorated amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, only EEA-treated cells showed a significant increase in cell metabolism and intracellular adenosine triphosphate production. Moreover, EEA treatment significantly increased the number of neurospheres, whereas HEEA treatment significantly increased the number of β-III-tubulin+ young neurons and GFAP+ astrocytes. SAMP8 mice were given 50 mg/kg EEA or HEEA orally for 30 days. EEA and HEEA decreased escape latency in the Morris water maze in SAMP8 mice, indicating improved memory. To detect stem cells and newborn neurons, we administered BrdU for 9 days and measured BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus, a neurogenic stem cell niche of the hippocampus. In SAMP8 mice, EEA rapidly and significantly increased the number of BrdU+GFAP+ stem cells and their progeny, BrdU+NeuN+ mature neurons. In conclusion, our data in aggregate indicate that EEA and its constituents could be developed into a nutraceutical for promoting brain health and function against several age-related diseases, particularly AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francis G. Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Gabás‐Rivera C, Jurado‐Ruiz E, Sánchez‐Ortiz A, Romanos E, Martínez‐Beamonte R, Navarro MA, Surra JC, Arnal C, Rodríguez‐Yoldi MJ, Andrés‐Lacueva C, Osada J. Dietary Squalene Induces CytochromesCyp2b10andCyp2c55Independently of Sex, Dose, and Diet in Several Mouse Models. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000354. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gabás‐Rivera
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | | | | | - Eduardo Romanos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez‐Beamonte
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - Joaquín C. Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca Huesca 22071 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- Departamento de Patología Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez‐Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés‐Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory Department of Nutrition Food Sciences and Gastronomy Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona 08028 Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50013 Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid 28029 Spain
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Effects of graded levels of dietary squalene supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5915-5924. [PMID: 33142509 PMCID: PMC7647917 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary squalene supplementation on the growth performance, plasma biochemical indices, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers. Two hundred and forty 0-day-old male chicks were allocated into 5 groups of 6 replicates and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control group), 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg squalene for 42 d. Dietary squalene supplementation linearly increased weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers during the grower and overall periods (P < 0.05). Squalene linearly decreased 21-d malondialdehyde (MDA) level and 42-d glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and both linearly and quadratically decreased 42-d MDA level in plasma (P < 0.05). In contrast, squalene linearly increased plasma reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level on 21 and 42 d and superoxide dismutase activity on 42 d (P < 0.05). Squalene supplementation linearly decreased 21-d MDA accumulation but linearly increased GSH level on 21 d and 42 d and both linearly and quadratically increased 21-d GSH-Px activity in liver (P < 0.05). Supplementing squalene linearly increased pH value at 48 h and linearly decreased lightness at 48 h and 24-h drip loss of breast muscle (P < 0.05). The lightness at 24 h and cooking loss of breast muscle were both linearly and quadratically reduced by squalene (P < 0.05). Dietary squalene administration linearly decreased MDA accumulation but linearly increased GSH level and GSH-Px activity of breast muscle (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, aforementioned growth performance, antioxidant-related parameters (except 42-d GSH-Px in plasma and breast and hepatic GSH), and meat quality were improved by squalene when its level was 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg (P < 0.05), with their results being similar between these 2 groups (P > 0.05). It was concluded that squalene administration especially at a level of 1,000 mg/kg can improve growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality in broilers, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in broiler production.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregabalin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog that binds to the α2-δ subunits of the pre-synaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels of nerves with a high affinity and selectivity. In this study, the retinal teratogenic potential of pregabalin was investigated in a chick embryo model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fertilised chicken eggs were divided into groups for administration with different doses of pregabalin. All eggs were opened on the 10th day of incubation. The embryos were dissected and the effects of pregabalin on the retina were investigated histopathologically, morphometrically, and immunohistochemically (Caspase-3). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the low dose pregabalin, control, or vehicle control groups in terms of the number of retina layers and retinal thickness. Medium and high dose pregabalin caused a statistically significant decrease in the number of retina layers, as well as sensory retinal and pigment epithelium layer thicknesses. The outer nuclear and outer plexiform layer did not form in the group administered a medium dose. Similarly, the outer nuclear, outer plexiform, inner nuclear, and inner plexiform layer did not form in the high-dose group. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of cellular damage and Caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSION The use of pregabalin during pregnancy compromises retinal development in a dose-dependent manner. The use of pregabalin in pregnancy causes the aforementioned defects in this system and it may have developmental effects that needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Evrim Secinti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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Synthesis of 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-3-hydroxysqualene and Characterization of Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9584567. [PMID: 32382581 PMCID: PMC7180416 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9584567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Squalene (SQ), a natural precursor of many steroids, can inhibit tumor progression and decrease serum cholesterol levels. However, it is difficult to discern the effect of highly active molecules in the treatment of diseases because not enough active compounds reach the site of pathology in crowded biosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to design artificial probes that work effectively within crowded systems. In this study, to facilitate cell penetration, the ethylene glycol moiety (used as a probe) was chemically added to SQ to form 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-hydroxysqualene (HEHSQ). HEHSQ was prepared from 2,3-epoxysqualene and characterized by Rf, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We then evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of SQ and HEHSQ on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. To determine the effect of SQ and HEHSQ on the viability of RAW264.7 cells, an MTT assay was performed. To quantify the anti-inflammatory effect of SQ and HEHSQ, we measured nitric oxide (NO) production, gene expression, and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and chemokine C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells using an in vitro inflammatory model. 2,3-Epoxysqualene was prepared according to a reported methodology. The reaction of 2,3-epoxysqualene and ethylene glycol in 2-propanol produced 49% HEHSQ. MTT results showed that 10 and 100 µg/mL HEHSQ treatment decreased cell viability, whereas SQ treatment (1-100 µg/mL) did not have any effect on viability. SQ (100 µg/mL) and HEHSQ (1 µg/mL) treatment significantly reduced the production of LPS-stimulated NO and decreased the expression and secretion of proinflammatory TNF-α and CCL2. Therefore, our results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effects of HEHSQ are 100 times higher than that of unmodified SQ. To the best of our knowledge, this study has demonstrated for the first time that HEHSQ can be potentially used as a safe alternative treatment to anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Self-Redirection of Metabolic Flux Toward Squalene and Ethanol Pathways by Engineered Yeast. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020056. [PMID: 32024107 PMCID: PMC7074498 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that squalene overproducing yeast self-downregulate the expression of the ethanol pathway (non-essential pathway) to divert the metabolic flux to the squalene pathway. In this study, the effect of co-production of squalene and ethanol on other non-essential pathways (fusel alcohol pathway, FA) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated. However, before that, 13 constitutive promoters, like IRA1p, PET9p, RHO1p, CMD1p, ATP16p, USA3p,RER2p, COQ1p, RIM1p, GRS1p, MAK5p, and BRN1p, were engineered using transcription factor bindings sites from strong promoters HHF2p (−300 to −669 bp) and TEF1p (−300 to −579 bp), and employed to co-overexpress squalene and ethanol pathways in S. cerevisiae. The FSE strain overexpressing the key genes of the squalene pathway accumulated 56.20 mg/L squalene, a 16.43-fold higher than wild type strain (WS). The biogenesis of lipid droplets was stimulated by overexpressing DGA1 and produced 106 mg/L squalene in the FSE strain. AFT1p and CTR1p repressible promoters were also characterized and employed to downregulate the expression of ERG1, which also enhanced the production of squalene in FSE strain up to 42.85- (148.67 mg/L) and 73.49-fold (255.11 mg/L) respectively. The FSE strain was further engineered by overexpressing the key genes of the ethanol pathway and produced 40.2 mg/mL ethanol in the FSE1 strain, 3.23-fold higher than the WS strain. The FSE1 strain also self-downregulated the expression of the FA pathway up to 73.9%, perhaps by downregulating the expression of GCN4 by 2.24-fold. We demonstrate the successful tuning of the strength of yeast promoters and highest coproduction of squalene and ethanol in yeast, and present GCN4 as a novel metabolic regulator that can be manipulated to divert the metabolic flux from the non-essential pathway to engineered pathways.
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S. Eldeen I, Foong S, Ismail N, Wong K. Regulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes by the dragon fruits from Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) and squalene - its major volatile constituents. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_271_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Olive-pomace oil is rich in oleic acid, and thus it can be an interesting dietary fat alternative as it can allow reaching the recommendation of consuming 20% of total diet energy in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, olive-pomace oil also contains a wide range of minor components that may contribute to its healthy properties. The major components identified with healthy properties are triterpenic dialcohols and acids, squalene, tocopherols, sterols, fatty alcohols and phenolic compounds. The refining process, that the crude pomace-oil must undergo for commercial purposes, significantly reduces the content of phenolic compounds, while the other minor components remain at concentrations which can induce positive health effects, especially on cardiovascular health, outstanding pentacyclic triterpenes and aliphatic fatty alcohols in olive-pomace oil. Numerous in vitro and preclinical studies support that mainly the pure compounds, or extracts isolated from plant sources, play an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Likewise, tocopherols, squalene and phytosterols, in addition to the minor fraction of phenolic compounds, have shown high biological activity with particular association to the cardiovascular function. In the light of the foregoing, and taking into consideration the absence of clinical studies with olive-pomace oil, it would be of great interest to develop randomized, crossover, controlled, double-blind studies to extend the knowledge and understanding on the health effects of olive-pomace olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mateos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sarria
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bravo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Modulation of the neurotransmitter systems through the anti-inflammatory and antidepressant-like effects of squalene from Aurantiochytrium sp. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218923. [PMID: 31251788 PMCID: PMC6599144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although algae have been the focal point of biofuel research, studies on their biological activities have been limited. In recent years, however, the importance of algae as sources of functional ingredients has been recognized due to their health beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated the antidepressant-like activities of ethanol extract of Aurantiochytrium sp. (EEA) in the forced swimming test (FST)-induced depression in ICR mice. Imipramine, a commercially available tricyclic antidepressant drug, was used as positive control. Animals were administered EEA orally for 14 consecutive days and were subjected to the locomotor activity testing. Additionally, changes in gene expression in mice brain were assessed by real-time PCR and microarray assays to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of EEA. We found that the immobility time in FST was significantly reduced in the EEA-treated mice compared to that of in the control mice. Microarray and real-time PCR results revealed that EEA treatment induced changes in several genes in mice brain associated with pro-inflammation and dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic synapses. It has previously been reported that several cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, which mediate neuroinflammation, are also responsible for indirectly altering brain neurotransmitter levels in neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, the regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in EEA-administered mice brain is considered to contribute to the enhancement of neurotransmitter systems-related gene expression in our study. Moreover, our in vitro study suggested that squalene, a component produced by Aurantiochytrium, was one of the active substances in EEA. In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that Aurantiochytrium sp. can reduce neuroinflammation that may contribute to the modulation of the neurotransmitter systems, which could underlie its antistress and antidepressant effects.
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R.G. Kumar L, Chatterjee N, Tejpal C, Vishnu K, Anas K, Asha K, Anandan R, Mathew S. Evaluation of chitosan as a wall material for microencapsulation of squalene by spray drying: Characterization and oxidative stability studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1986-1995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Squalene Extraction by Supercritical Fluids from Traditionally Puffed Amaranthus hypochondriacus Seeds. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/6879712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of squalene, a potent natural antioxidant, from puffed A. hypochondriacus seeds was performed by supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE); besides, to have a blank for comparison, extraction was performed also by Soxhlet method using organic solvents (hexane). Chemical proximal composition and seed morphology were determined in raw, puffed, and SCFE-extracted seeds. Extracts were obtained with a 500 mL capacity commercial supercritical extractor and performed between 10 and 30 MPa at 313, 323, and 333 K under constant CO2 flow of 0.18 kg CO2/h during 8 h. The squalene content was determined and the fatty acids present in the extracts were identified by GC-MS. The extract obtained by SCFE from puffed amaranth seeds reached 460 ± 28.1 g/kg squalene in oily extract at 313 K/20 MPa.
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Production of squalene by microbes: an update. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:195. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rasool A, Ahmed MS, Li C. Overproduction of squalene synergistically downregulates ethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ravi Kumar S, Narayan B, Sawada Y, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Combined effect of astaxanthin and squalene on oxidative stress in vivo. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 417:57-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ravi Kumar S, Yamauchi I, Narayan B, Katsuki A, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Squalene modulates fatty acid metabolism: Enhanced EPA/DHA in obese/diabetic mice (
KK‐A
y
) model. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ippei Yamauchi
- Faculty of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityHakodateHokkaidoJapan
| | - Bhaskar Narayan
- Faculty of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityHakodateHokkaidoJapan
- Department of Meat and Marine SciencesCSIR‐Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR‐CFTRI)MysoreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Ami Katsuki
- Faculty of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityHakodateHokkaidoJapan
| | - Masashi Hosokawa
- Faculty of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityHakodateHokkaidoJapan
| | - Kazuo Miyashita
- Faculty of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityHakodateHokkaidoJapan
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Song X, Wang X, Tan Y, Feng Y, Li W, Cui Q. High Production of Squalene Using a Newly Isolated Yeast-like Strain Pseudozyma sp. SD301. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8445-51. [PMID: 26350291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A yeast-like fungus, termed strain SD301, with the ability to produce a high concentration of squalene, was isolated from Shuidong Bay, China. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of SD301 indicated the strain belonged to Pseudozyma species. The highest biomass and squalene production of SD301 were obtained when glucose and yeast extracts were used as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, with a C/N ratio of 3. The optimal pH and temperature were 6 and 25 °C, with 15 g L(-1) of supplemented sea salt. The maximum squalene productivity reached 0.039 g L(-1) h(-1) in batch fermentation, while the maximum squalene yield of 2.445 g L(-1) was obtained in fed-batch fermentation. According to our knowledge, this is the highest squalene yield produced thus far using fermentation technology, and the newly isolated strain Pseudozyma sp. SD301 is a promising candidate for commercial squalene production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
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Zotos A, Gotsis D, Tsolakis M. The Effect of Prior Frozen Storage (−20°C) on the Quality of Oven-Baked Sardines (Sardina pilchardus). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2013.844217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Matthaus B, Özcan MM. Fatty acid, tocopherol and squalene contents of Rosaceae seed oils. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:48. [PMID: 28510938 PMCID: PMC5432826 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of current study is to establish the composition of these seeds belong to Rosaceae family with respect to fatty acid, tocopherol and squalene content. RESULTS The oil contents of seeds varied between 3.49 (Cotoneaster bullatus) to 46.15 g/100 g (Prunus tenella). The main fatty acids of seed oils were oleic (6.50 - 67.11 %), linoleic (22.08 - 68.62 %) and 20:1n-7 (0.10 - 61.59 %). As observed, the oils of seed were rich in linoleic and oleic acids. Total tocopherol contents ranged between 7.06 mg/100 g (Prunus tenella) to 165.74 mg/100 g (Potentilla glandulosa ssp. pseudorupestris). The major tocopherols were γ-tocopherol, ranging from 2.08 mg/100 g to 106.01 mg/100 g; α-tocopherol ranging from 2.86 mg100 g to 74.26 mg/100 g and δ-tocopherol ranging used in this experiment were found between 0.02 mg/100 g (Alchemilla caucasica) to o.29 mg/100 g (Cotoneaster simonsii). CONCLUSIONS These results show that Rosaceae seed oils can be a potential saurce of valuable oil which might be useful for the evaluation of dietary information in important food crops and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Matthaus
- Institute fur for Lipid Research, Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Food, Piusallee 76, Munster, 48165 Germany
| | - Mehmet Musa Özcan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk Universty, Konya, 42031 Turkey
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ThraustochytridAurantiochytriumsp. 18W-13a Accummulates High Amounts of Squalene. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:2246-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen L, Kang YH, Suh JK. Roasting processed oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino) seed influenced the triglyceride profile and the inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Bhandari SR, Lee YS. The Contents of Phytosterols, Squalene, and Vitamin E and the Composition of Fatty Acids of Korean Landrace Setaria italica and Sorghum bicolar Seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7732/kjpr.2013.26.6.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zotos A, Kotaras A, Mikras E. Effect of baking of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and frying of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) in olive and sunflower oil on their quality. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2012; 19:11-23. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013212442179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quality changes due to oven-baking of sardine for 20, 40, 50 and 60 min and due to deep frying of anchovy for 2, 3, 4 and 5 min in olive and sunflower oil were studied. Linear increase in total losses with the time of processing was observed. A linear inverse relationship was observed between moisture/lipid and moisture/protein due to time of baking of sardines and time of frying of anchovies (wet matter). However, no changes were detected in sardine samples due to time of baking (dry matter), while a reduction in proteins and ash followed by an increase in lipids was detected in fried anchovies due to time of frying (dry matter). The fatty acid profiles indicated that a rich in EPA + DHA (33.16%) and in ω-3/ω-6 ratio (9.40) baked sardines can be produced in 20 min at 200 °C. The fatty acid profiles of fried anchovies tremendously changed, indicating entirely different products. Olive oil is probably a better medium to fry fish products, since either the two beneficial fatty acids (EPA and DHA) detected at higher concentrations in anchovies fried in olive oil or the ω-3/ω-6 ratio remained at higher values (0.71–2.56). An increase of cholesterol and squalene content with increasing the time of baking was detected in sardine samples, probably due to decline of moisture content. On the contrary, cholesterol significantly reduced due to frying of anchovy in olive oil. Simultaneously squalene concentration significantly and linearly increased, from 3.87 mg/100 g in the unprocessed anchovies to 73.25 mg/100 g in the samples fried for 5 min, indicating its existence at beneficial levels, besides low cholesterol concentration detected in fried olive oil and squalene concentration gradually and linearly decreased, confirming the absorption from the anchovy samples. Similar was the changes of cholesterol and squalene in anchovies samples fried in sunflower oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Zotos
- Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Akylas Kotaras
- Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Mikras
- Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Proteomics and gene expression analyses of squalene-supplemented mice identify microsomal thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 changes associated with hepatic steatosis. J Proteomics 2012; 77:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miao X, Lv H, Wang B, Chen Q, Miao L, Su G, Tan Y. Deletion of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene attenuates chronic alcohol-induced retinal ganglion cell death with preservation of VEGF expression. Curr Eye Res 2012; 38:185-93. [PMID: 22954336 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.720339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how chronic alcohol consumption affects adult visual nervous system and whether renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in this pathogenic process. METHODS Male transgenic mice with angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT1) receptor gene knockout (AT1-KO) and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were pair-fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin control liquid diet for 2 months. At the end of the study, retinas were harvested and subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS We found that chronic alcohol consumption significantly increased retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in the retina of WT mice, but not AT1-KO mice, detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP-nick-end labeling staining and caspase 3 activation, along with an up-regulation of AT1 expression in RGC. At the same time, the phosphorylation of P53 in RGCs was significantly increased for both WT and AT1-KO mice exposed to alcohol, which could be significantly, although partially, prevented by AT1 gene deletion. We further examined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31, and found that alcohol treatment significantly decreased the expression of VEGF and CD31 in RGCs of WT mice, but not AT1-KO mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study demonstrates that the induction of RGC apoptosis by chronic alcohol exposure may be related to p53-activation and VEGF depression, all which are partially dependent of AT1 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ramírez-Torres A, Barceló-Batllori S, Fernández-Vizarra E, Navarro MA, Arnal C, Guillén N, Acín S, Osada J. Proteomics and gene expression analyses of mitochondria from squalene-treated apoE-deficient mice identify short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase changes associated with fatty liver amelioration. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2563-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nakazawa A, Matsuura H, Kose R, Kato S, Honda D, Inouye I, Kaya K, Watanabe MM. Optimization of culture conditions of the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain 18W-13a for squalene production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 109:287-91. [PMID: 22023965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimum conditions of temperature, salinity and glucose concentration were investigated for squalene production of the strain of Aurantiochytrium sp. 18 W-13a, with a high content of squalene. Squalene production by this strain was optimum at 25 °C, 25-50% seawater concentration and 2-6% glucose concentration. When this strain was grown in the optimum condition, the squalene content and production of approximately 171 mg/g dry weight and 0.9 g/L were much higher than that previously reported in thraustochytrids, plants and yeasts, respectively. Therefore, 18 W-13a could be used as an alternative source of commercial squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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Kim SK, Karadeniz F. Biological importance and applications of squalene and squalane. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:223-33. [PMID: 22361190 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon with a formula of C₃₀H₅₀. Squalene can be found in certain fish oils, especially shark liver oil, in high amounts and some vegetable oils in relatively smaller amounts. Human sebum also contains 13% squalene as one of its major constituents. Squalane is a saturated derivative of squalene and also found in these sources. Interest in squalene has been raised after its characterization in shark liver oil which is used as a traditional medicine for decades. Several studies exhibited results that prove certain bioactivities for squalene and squalane. Up to date, anticancer, antioxidant, drug carrier, detoxifier, skin hydrating, and emollient activities of these substances have been reported both in animal models and in vitro environments. According to promising results from recent studies, squalene and squalane are considered important substances in practical and clinical uses with a huge potential in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Wang H, Wang H, Yang L, Zu YG, Liu F, Liu TT. Comparative effect of carnosic acid, BHT and α-tocopherol on the stability of squalene under heating and UV irradiation. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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β-Carotene, squalene and waxes determined by chromatographic method in picual extra virgin olive oil obtained by a new cold extraction system. J Food Compost Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The isolation and characterization of Pseudozyma sp. JCC 207, a novel producer of squalene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:963-72. [PMID: 18299826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In examining the production of valuable compounds by marine microorganisms, we isolated a novel yeast strain that produces a large amount of squalene and several polyunsaturated fatty acids. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal DNA suggest that the isolate belongs to the genus Pseudozyma, which comprises ustilaginomycetous anamorphic yeasts. The nucleotide sequence of an internally transcribed spacer region from isolate Pseudozyma sp. JCC207 showed 98% similarity with those of Pseudozyma rugulosa and Pseudozyma aphidis, which are close relatives of the isolate. In considering use of Pseudozyma sp. JCC207 for squalene production, the efficiency of squalene production was investigated under different conditions. Glucose was the best carbon source for the production of squalene. In the presence of yeast extract, squalene production was activated and an optimum ratio of glucose to yeast extract was 4.5. For the optimal squalene production, the concentration of glucose was 40 g l(-1) and the best nitrogen source was sodium nitrogen. Pseudozyma sp. JCC207 was shown to produce up to 5.20 g/L of biomass and 340.52 mg/L of squalene. In an optimal condition, the content and yield of squalene produced by Pseudozyma sp. JCC207 were much greater than those obtained from microorganisms previously reported as squalene producers. We identified, classified, and characterized Pseudozyma sp. JCC207 as a novel squalene producer. The squalene production rate of Pseudozyma sp. JCC207 makes it an ideal candidate for the commercialization of microbial squalene.
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Ryan E, Galvin K, O'Connor TP, Maguire AR, O'Brien NM. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 62:85-91. [PMID: 17594521 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-007-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of plant-based foods is a potential source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols. The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of phytosterols, and squalene, as well as tocopherols (alpha and beta + gamma) in selected grains, seeds, and legumes. The method comprised acid hydrolysis and lipid extraction followed by alkaline saponification, prior to analysis by HPLC. In addition, the fatty acid profile of the foods was determined via total lipid extraction, fatty acid derivitisation and GC analysis. In general, beta-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging in concentration from 24.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seed to 191.4 mg/100 g in peas. Squalene identified in all foods examined in this study, was particularly abundant in pumpkin seed (89.0 mg/100 g). The sum of alpha- and beta+ gamma-tocopherols ranged from 0.1 mg/100 g in rye to 15.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seeds. Total oil content ranged from 0.9% (w/w) in butter beans to 42.3% (w/w) in pumpkin seed and the type of fat, in all foods examined, was predominantly unsaturated. In conclusion, seeds, grains, and legumes are a rich natural source of phytosterols. Additionally, they contain noticeable amounts of squalene and tocopherols, and in general, their fatty acid profile is favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ryan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland.
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Indrasena WM, Barrow CJ, Kralovec JA. Effect of Hydrogen/Air Flow Rates and Scan Rate on the Flame Ionization Detection Response of Phospholipids, and their Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis by Iatroscan (Mark‐6s) TLC‐FID. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600759983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. M. Indrasena
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C. J. Barrow
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J. A. Kralovec
- a Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. , Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Covas MI, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Torre R, Kafatos A, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Osada J, Owen RW, Visioli F. Minor Components of Olive Oil: Evidence to Date of Health Benefits in Humans. Nutr Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Tufan AC, Abban G, Akdogan I, Erdogan D, Ozogul C. The effect of in ovo ethanol exposure on retina and optic nerve in a chick embryo model system. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 23:75-82. [PMID: 17074462 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocular anomalies seen in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) suggest that ocular structures are sensitive to alcohol exposure during their development. This study was designed to investigate the effect of in ovo ethanol (EtOH) exposure on retinal development and myelinization of optic nerve fibers at an ultra structural level in a chick embryo model system. Prior to incubation, fertilized chicken eggs were injected once with 100 microl of either 0.9% NaCl (vehicle control), or EtOH solutions at different doses (10, 30, or 50%, v:v in 0.9% NaCl) into their air sacs and incubated at 37.5 degrees C and saturation humidity. On day 20 embryos were analyzed in terms of their viability and growth and the optic cups including the optic nerves were dissected out. Specimens were processed for electron microscopy (EM). Results showed that, EtOH significantly decreased the viability of chick embryos (P < 0.045), and caused significant prenatal growth retardation (P < 0.004) in a dose-dependant manner. Light microscopy of semi thin sections revealed that prenatal exposure to EtOH resulted in both retinal degeneration and optic nerve hypoplasia (P < 0.001) in a dose-dependant manner. EM revealed that a dose-dependant decrease in the number of myelinated nerve fibers was profound in groups exposed to EtOH (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the myelin coats observed were thinner than those seen in control embryos. In groups exposed to EtOH myelin sheets were unorganized and contained vacuolar structures in between them. The tissue in between the cells and optic nerve fibers, on the other hand, lost its intact appearance with vacuolar and vesicular structures in between them. In addition, the optic nerve fibers contained granular accumulations in EtOH exposed groups. A dose dependent degeneration was also observed in retinas of EtOH exposed groups. The effect of EtOH was profound in pigment epithelium (PE), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell layer (GC). Mitochondrial deficiencies, and alterations in melanin granule number and distribution dominated the defects seen in PE. On the other hand, EM findings of all the affected layers were suggestive of induced cell death in EtOH exposed groups. Thus, this study suggests retinal development with the emphasis on melanin pigmentation in PE and optic nerve myelinization as potential targets of prenatal EtOH exposure and discusses potential mechanisms of EtOH action on these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cevik Tufan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pamukkale University, School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
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Escribá PV. Membrane-lipid therapy: a new approach in molecular medicine. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:34-43. [PMID: 16325472 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although most drugs bind to proteins and regulate their activity, some drugs act through a new therapeutic approach called membrane-lipid therapy and bind to lipids, thus modulating the structure of membranes. Most cellular functions are highly dependent on the lipid environment because they are controlled by proteins in or around membranes. The wide variety of cell and organelle membranes and the existence of special lipid regions (e.g. microvilli) and domains (e.g. lipid rafts) support the possibility of designing specific lipid therapies. Indeed, recent evidence suggests that lipid therapy might have potential for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular pathologies, neurodegenerative processes, obesity, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, Associate Unit of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IUNICS, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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