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Mei JH, Lin Z. Subthreshold micropulse diode laser treatment in diabetic macular edema: biological impact, therapeutic effects, and safety. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:3. [PMID: 38315299 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-02973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) with subthreshold micropulse diode laser (SMPL), to summarize the biological impact, therapeutic effects, and safety of this treatment, and to discuss the response to DME when SMPL is combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) or steroid. METHODS The literature search was performed on the PubMed database, with a selection of English-language articles published from 2000 to 2023 with the following combinations of search terms: diabetes macular (o) edema, micropulse laser or subthreshold micropulse laser, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, and steroid. RESULTS SMPL is a popular, invisible retinal laser phototherapy that is inexpensive, safe, and effective in the treatment of DME. It can selectively target the retinal pigment epithelium, reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, promote the absorption of macular edema, and exert a similar and lasting clinical effect to traditional lasers. No significant difference was found in the therapeutic effects of SMPL between different wavelengths. However, HbA1c level and pretreatment central macular thickness (CMT) may affect the therapeutic outcomes of SMPL. CONCLUSION SMPL has a slow onset and produces lasting clinical effects similar to conventional photocoagulation. It has been reported that SMPL combined with the intravitreal anti-VEGF injection can significantly reduce the number of injections without influencing the therapeutic effect, which is essential for clinical applications and research. Although 577 nm SMPL is widely used clinically, there are no standardized protocols for SMPL. Additionally, some important problems regarding the treatment of SMPL require further discussion and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hao Mei
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 207, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No. 207, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 207, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No. 207, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Midena E, Torresin T, Schiavon S, Danieli L, Polo C, Pilotto E, Midena G, Frizziero L. The Disorganization of Retinal Inner Layers Is Correlated to Müller Cells Impairment in Diabetic Macular Edema: An Imaging and Omics Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119607. [PMID: 37298558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) is an optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarker strictly associated with visual outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) whose pathophysiology is still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize in vivo, using retinal imaging and liquid biopsy, DRIL in eyes with DME. This was an observational cross-sectional study. Patients affected by center-involved DME were enrolled. All patients underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and proteomic analysis of aqueous humor (AH). The presence of DRIL at OCT was analyzed by two masked retinal experts. Fifty-seven biochemical biomarkers were analyzed from AH samples. Nineteen eyes of nineteen DME patients were enrolled. DRIL was present in 10 patients (52.63%). No statistically significant difference was found between DME eyes with and without DRIL, considering the AH concentration of all the analyzed biomarkers except for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker of Müller cells dysfunction (p = 0.02). In conclusion, DRIL, in DME eyes, seems to strictly depend on a major dysfunction of Müller cells, explaining its role not only as imaging biomarker, but also as visual function Müller cells-related parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Torresin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Polo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa Frizziero
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Iovino C, Iodice CM, Pisani D, Rosolia A, Testa F, Giannaccare G, Chhablani J, Simonelli F. Yellow Subthreshold Micropulse Laser in Retinal Diseases: An In-Depth Analysis and Review of the Literature. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:1479-1500. [PMID: 36933125 PMCID: PMC10164197 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow subthreshold micropulse laser (YSML) is a retinal laser capable of inducing a biologic response without causing thermal damage to the targeted tissue. The 577-nm YSML is delivered to the retina abiding by different protocols in which wavelength, power, duration, spot size and number of spots can be properly set to achieve the most effective and safe treatment response in various chorioretinal disorders. The ultrashort trains of power modulate the activation of the retinal pigment epithelium cells and intraretinal cells, such as Müller cells, causing no visible retinal scars. Subthreshold energy delivered by YSML stimulates the production of the heat-shock proteins, highly conserved molecules that protect cells against any sort of stress by blocking apoptotic and inflammatory pathways that cause cell damage. YSML treatment allows resorption of the subretinal fluid in central serous chorioretinopathy and intraretinal fluid in various conditions including diabetic macular edema, postoperative cystoid macular edema and other miscellaneous conditions. YSML also seems to modulate the development and progression of reticular pseudodrusen in dry age-related macular degeneration. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize the safety and efficacy of YSML treatment in retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iovino
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Clemente Maria Iodice
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila Pisani
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Rosolia
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Testa
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jay Chhablani
- UPMC Eye Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Compartmentalized citrullination in Muller glial endfeet during retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2121875119. [PMID: 35197297 PMCID: PMC8917347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121875119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Muller glia (MG) play a central role in reactive gliosis, a stress response associated with rare and common retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The posttranslational modification citrullination targeting glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in MG was initially discovered in a panocular chemical injury model. Here, we report in the paradigms of retinal laser injury, a genetic model of spontaneous retinal degeneration (JR5558 mice) and human wet-AMD tissues that MG citrullination is broadly conserved. After laser injury, GFAP polymers that accumulate in reactive MG are citrullinated in MG endfeet and glial cell processes. The enzyme responsible for citrullination, peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 (PAD4), localizes to endfeet and associates with GFAP polymers. Glial cell–specific PAD4 deficiency attenuates retinal hypercitrullination in injured retinas, indicating PAD4 requirement for MG citrullination. In retinas of 1-mo-old JR5558 mice, hypercitrullinated GFAP and PAD4 accumulate in MG endfeet/cell processes in a lesion-specific manner. Finally, we show that human donor maculae from patients with wet-AMD also feature the canonical endfeet localization of hypercitrullinated GFAP. Thus, we propose that endfeet are a “citrullination bunker” that initiates and sustains citrullination in retinal degeneration.
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Gradišnik L, Bošnjak R, Bunc G, Ravnik J, Maver T, Velnar T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6857. [PMID: 34832259 PMCID: PMC8624371 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, cell biology has made rapid progress. Cell isolation and cultivation techniques, supported by modern laboratory procedures and experimental capabilities, provide a wide range of opportunities for in vitro research to study physiological and pathophysiological processes in health and disease. They can also be used very efficiently for the analysis of biomaterials. Before a new biomaterial is ready for implantation into tissues and widespread use in clinical practice, it must be extensively tested. Experimental cell models, which are a suitable testing ground and the first line of empirical exploration of new biomaterials, must contain suitable cells that form the basis of biomaterial testing. To isolate a stable and suitable cell culture, many steps are required. The first and one of the most important steps is the collection of donor tissue, usually during a surgical procedure. Thus, the collection is the foundation for the success of cell isolation. This article explains the sources and neurosurgical procedures for obtaining brain tissue samples for cell isolation techniques, which are essential for biomaterial testing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Gradišnik
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Alma Mater Europaea ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gorazd Bunc
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (G.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Janez Ravnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (G.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Tina Maver
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Velnar
- Alma Mater Europaea ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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CHANGES OF AQUEOUS HUMOR MÜLLER CELLS' BIOMARKERS IN HUMAN PATIENTS AFFECTED BY DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA AFTER SUBTHRESHOLD MICROPULSE LASER TREATMENT. Retina 2021; 40:126-134. [PMID: 30300267 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the changes in activity of biomarkers of Mu[Combining Diaeresis]ller cells (MC) in aqueous humor of patients with diabetic macular edema after subthreshold micropulse laser, over 1 year. METHODS Patients with untreated diabetic macular edema and central retinal thickness ≤ 400 μm were enrolled. Best-corrected visual acuity, full ophthalmic examination, and optical coherence tomography were performed. Subthreshold micropulse laser was applied every 3 months. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir 4.1), MC activity markers, and vascular endothelial growth factor were quantified in the aqueous humor collected at baseline and at 1, 3, and 12 months after laser. Changes in the macular thickness and inner nuclear layer thickness, where MC bodies are located, were measured. RESULTS Ten eyes of 10 patients were included. Best-corrected visual acuity improved at 3 months (P = 0.047) and remained stable. Inner nuclear layer thickness significantly reduced at 12 months (P = 0.012). Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Kir 4.1, and vascular endothelial growth factor decreased at 1 and/or 3 and/or 12 months compared with baseline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Subthreshold micropulse laser improves visual function in diabetic macular edema. Kir 4.1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein decrease and inner nuclear layer thickness reduction demonstrate that subthreshold micropulse laser may restore MC function. Subthreshold micropulse laser also reduces vascular endothelial growth factor concentration. The effect of subthreshold micropulse laser in diabetic macular edema may in part be due to changes of MC metabolic activity.
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Pilotto E, Midena E, Longhin E, Parrozzani R, Frisina R, Frizziero L. Müller cells and choriocapillaris in the pathogenesis of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1159-1167. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Ramon D, Shahar J, Massarweh A, Man I, Perlman I, Loewenstein A. Retinal Toxicity of Intravitreal Injection of Ziv-Aflibercept in Albino Rabbits. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:23. [PMID: 30564512 PMCID: PMC6287445 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate retinal toxicity of ziv-aflibercept, a drug that had been approved for use for patients with colon cancer. Methods Twenty-two albino rabbits were injected intravitreally with 0.1 mL of ziv-aflibercept solution into the experimental eye and 0.1-mL saline into the control eye. Twelve were used for electroretinogram (ERG) at 4-weeks follow-up. An additional 10 rabbits were used for testing penetration of ziv-aflibercept into the retina during follow-up. The visual-evoked potential (VEP) was recorded after 4 weeks of ERG follow-up. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry and retinal histology were performed after the termination of the follow-up period. Results The ERG responses of the experimental eyes did not show signs of permanent functional damage. The VEP responses of the experimental eyes were of normal pattern and amplitude, and were similar to those recorded by stimulation of the control eyes. Histologic studies of both experimental and control eyes did not show signs of structural damage. However, GFAP expression was increased in retinal Müller cells of the experimental eyes and not of the control eyes. Retinal penetration of ziv-aflibercept, as indicated by positive antihuman immunoreactivity, was observed 1 day postinjection and was strengthened during the next 7 days. At 14 days postinjection, ziv-aflibercept was not detected. Conclusions Ziv-aflibercept was found to be nontoxic to the retina of rabbits based on electrophysiologic testing and histologic examination. However, GFAP immunocytochemistry suggests mild retinal stress caused by the drug. Translational Relevance If proven safe, ziv-aflibercept may be a new affordable treatment option in conditions involving neovascularization and macular edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ramon
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Shahar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Massarweh
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Irit Man
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Perlman
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Loewenstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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9
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Mazza O, Habot-Wilner Z, Shahar J, Mann I, Loewenstein A, Perlman I. Intravitreal Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Toxicity to the Retina of Albino Rabbits. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:2. [PMID: 30479873 PMCID: PMC6238985 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate retinal toxicity of intravitreal trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in an albino rabbit model. Methods Albino rabbits (N = 10) were treated in the right eye with the maximum intravitreal dose of TMP-SMX mixture (1600 μg/8000 μg /0.1 mL), while 0.1 mL saline was injected into the vitreous of the left eye. Clinical examination and electrophysiological (electroretinogram [ERG] and visual evoked potentials [VEPs]) testing were conducted before injection, 3 days, 1, 2, and 4 weeks postinjection. Retinal structure and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assessed from histology and immunocytochemistry respectively at the end of the follow-up period. Results Clinical examination was normal throughout the follow-up period. ERG responses from the experimental eyes were similar to those recorded from the control eyes, but the sum of oscillatory potentials decreased in the experimental eyes at 2 weeks postinjection. The VEP responses, elicited by stimulation of the experimental eyes, were abnormal having reduced amplitude and prolonged implicit time. Histological damage in the experimental eyes was expressed by thickness reduction of whole, outer, and inner nuclear layers. GFAP was expressed in retinal Müller cells of all experimental eyes, but none of control eyes. Conclusions A single intravitreal injection of TMP-SMX mixture (1600 μg/8000 μg, respectively) causes functional and structural damage to the inner retina and retinal output. Signs of retinal stress were also evident by GFAP expression in retinal Müller cells of all experimental eyes. Therefore, the use of TMP-SMX via intravitreal administration should be done with caution. Translational Relevance These findings highlight the risk of retinal toxicity after intravitreal injection of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and emphasize that this treatment should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Mazza
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zohar Habot-Wilner
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Shahar
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Mann
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Loewenstein
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Perlman
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel.,Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Xu M, Han X, Liu R, Li Y, Qi C, Yang Z, Zhao C, Gao J. PDK1 Deficit Impairs the Development of the Dentate Gyrus in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:1185-1198. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Andrawus E, Veildbaum G, Zemel E, Leibu R, Perlman I, Shehadeh N. Light Modulates Ocular Complications in an Albino Rat Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:1. [PMID: 28685103 PMCID: PMC5497601 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to assess potential interactions of light exposure and hyperglycemia upon ocular complications in diabetic rats. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced (STZ-induced) diabetic rats (N = 39) and non-diabetic rats (N = 9) were distributed into eight groups according to the irradiance and color of the light phase during the 12/12-hour light/dark regime. Follow-up lasted 90 days and included assessment of cataract development and electroretinogram (ERG) recordings. Stress to the retina was also assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Cataract development was fast in diabetic rats that were exposed to unattenuated white light or to bright colored lights during the light phase. Diabetic rats that were kept under attenuated brown or yellow light during the light phase exhibited slower rate of cataract development. Electroretinogram responses indicated very severe retinal damage in diabetic rats kept under bright colored lights in the blue-yellow range or bright white light during the light phase. Electroretinogram damage was milder in rats kept under bright red light or attenuated yellow or brown light during the light phase. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in retinal Müller cells was consistent with ERG assessment of retinal damage. CONCLUSIONS Attenuating white light and filtering out short wavelengths have a protective effect on the eyes of diabetic rats as evident by slower rate of cataract formation and a smaller degree of retinal damage. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Our findings suggest that special glasses attenuating light exposure and filtering out short wavelengths (400-530 nm) may be beneficial for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Andrawus
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gizi Veildbaum
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Zemel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rina Leibu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Perlman
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naim Shehadeh
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Pediatrics A and the Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Li H, Palamoor M, Jablonski MM. Poly(ortho ester) nanoparticles targeted for chronic intraocular diseases: ocular safety and localization after intravitreal injection. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1152-9. [PMID: 27108911 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1181808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of posterior eye diseases is more challenging than the anterior segment ailments due to a series of anatomical barriers and physiological constraints confronted by drug delivery to the back of the eye. In recent years, concerted efforts in drug delivery have been made to prolong the residence time of drugs injected in the vitreous humor of the eye. Our previous studies demonstrated that poly(ortho ester) (POE) nanoparticles were biodegradable/biocompatible and were capable of long-term sustained release. The objective of the present study was to investigate the safety and localization of POE nanoparticles in New Zealand white rabbits and C57BL/6 mice after intravitreal administration for the treatment of chronic posterior ocular diseases. Two concentration levels of POE nanoparticles solution were chosen for intravitreal injection: 1.5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml. Our results demonstrate that POE nanoparticles were distributed throughout the vitreous cavity by optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination 14 days post-intravitreal injection. Intraocular pressure was not changed from baseline. Inflammatory or adverse effects were undetectable by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that POE nanoparticles have negligible toxicity assessed at the cellular level evidenced by a lack of glia activation or apoptosis estimation after intravitreal injection. Collectively, POE nanoparticles are a novel and nontoxic as an ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of posterior ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China .,b Department of Ophthalmology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Mallika Palamoor
- b Department of Ophthalmology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Monica M Jablonski
- b Department of Ophthalmology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA .,c Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA , and.,d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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Sarthy VP, Sawkar H, Dudley VJ. Endothelin2 Induces Expression of Genes Associated with Reactive Gliosis in Retinal Müller Cells. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1181-4. [PMID: 25546127 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.982828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY Photoreceptor degeneration is normally accompanied by reactive gliosis and gene expression changes in Müller (glial) cells. The signaling pathway involved inducing these changes in Müller cells is not known. It has been proposed that endothelin2 (EDN2) released by degenerating photoreceptors might induce gliotic changes in Müller cells. In the present study, we directly tested the hypothesis by determining whether treatment of Müller cell cultures with EDN2 results in upregulation of genes known to be expressed in activated Müller cells in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried using an established rat Müller cell line (rMC-1), and gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We observed that EDN2 treatment upregulated transcripts for glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap), Serpina3n and endothelin receptor B (EdnrB), three genes associated with reactive gliosis in Müller cells. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) treatment similarly led to induction of Gfap, Serpina3n and EdnrB transcripts, whereas glutamate treatment had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS The finding supports a role for EDN2 as a signaling agent between photoreceptors and Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Sarthy
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Hari Sawkar
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - V Joseph Dudley
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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Swaminathan S, Li H, Palamoor M, de Obarrio WTL, Madhura D, Meibohm B, Jablonski MM. Novel endogenous glycan therapy for retinal diseases: safety, in vitro stability, ocular pharmacokinetic modeling, and biodistribution. AAPS J 2014; 16:311-23. [PMID: 24470212 PMCID: PMC3933590 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asialo, tri-antennary oligosaccharide (NA3 glycan) is an endogenous compound, which supports proper folding of outer segment membranes, promotes normal ultrastructure, and maintains protein expression patterns of photoreceptors and Müller cells in the absence of retinal pigment epithelium support. It is a potential new therapeutic for atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinal degenerative disorders. Herein, we evaluate the safety, in vitro stability, ocular pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of NA3. NA3 was injected into the vitreous of New Zealand white rabbits at two concentrations viz. 1 nM (minimum effective concentration (MEC)) and 100 nM (100XMEC) at three time points. Safety was evaluated using routine clinical and laboratory tests. Ocular pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of [(3)H]NA3 were estimated using scintillation counting in various parts of the eye, multiple peripheral organs, and plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental modeling. A 2-aminobenzamide labeling and hydrophilic interaction liquid interaction chromatography were used to assess plasma and vitreous stability. NA3 was well tolerated by the eye. The concentration of NA3 in eye tissues was in the order: vitreous > retina > sclera/choroid > aqueous humor > cornea > lens. Area under the curve (0 to infinity) (AUC∞) was the highest in the vitreous thereby providing a positive concentration gradient for NA3 to reach the retina. Half-lives in critical eye tissues ranged between 40 and 60 h. NA3 concentrations were negligible in peripheral organs. Radioactivity from [(3)H]NA3 was excreted via urine and feces. NA3 was stable at 37°C in vitreous over a minimum of 6 days, while it degraded rapidly in plasma. Collectively, these results document that NA3 shows a good safety profile and favorable ocular pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Swaminathan
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Huiling Li
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Mallika Palamoor
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Walter T. Luchsinger de Obarrio
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
| | - Dorababu Madhura
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee USA
| | - Monica M. Jablonski
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinal toxicity of intravitreal rituximab. METHODS Twelve albino rabbits were included in the study. 1 mg/0.1 mL of rituximab was injected to the right (experimental) eye of each rabbit, and 0.1 mL of saline was injected into the left (control) eye. Electroretinogram was recorded before injection and 3 hours, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after injection (12 rabbits), and visual evoked potential was recorded before injection and 4 weeks after injection (10 rabbits). Histology and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunocytochemistry (12 rabbits) were performed at 4 weeks after injection. Clinical examination was conducted at all time points in all rabbits. RESULTS The average dark-adapted electroretinogram b-wave Vmax ratios, and the average light-adapted b-wave amplitude ratios were approximately 1, and the average log σ difference was around zero throughout the follow-up period. The average visual evoked potential amplitude ratio and the average visual evoked potential implicit time difference were approximately 1 and 0, respectively. No histologic damage was seen, but glial fibrillary acidic protein was mildly expressed in 6 of 12 experimental eyes. Results of clinical examination were normal in all the eyes. CONCLUSION Intravitreal injection of 1 mg rituximab does not cause functional or histologic signs of retinal toxicity in albino rabbits. Mild glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in Müller cells probably indicates a mild degree of retinal stress.
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Abstract
Foxg1, formerly BF-1, is expressed continuously in the postnatal and adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). This transcription factor (TF) is thought to be involved in Rett syndrome, which is characterized by reduced hippocampus size, indicating its important role in hippocampal development. Due to the perinatal death of Foxg1(-/-) mice, the function of Foxg1 in postnatal DG neurogenesis remains to be explored. Here, we describe the generation of a Foxg1(fl/fl) mouse line. Foxg1 was conditionally ablated from the DG during prenatal and postnatal development by crossing this line with a Frizzled9-CreER(TM) line and inducing recombination with tamoxifen. In this study, we first show that disruption of Foxg1 results in the loss of the subgranular zone and a severely disrupted secondary radial glial scaffold, leading to the impaired migration of granule cells. Moreover, detailed analysis reveals that Foxg1 may be necessary for the maintenance of the DG progenitor pool and that the lack of Foxg1 promotes both gliogenesis and neurogenesis. We additionally show that Foxg1 may be required for the survival and maturation of postmitotic neurons and that Foxg1 may be involved in Reelin signaling in regulating postnatal DG development. Last, prenatal deletion of Foxg1 suggests that it is rarely involved in the migration of primordial granule cells. In summary, we report that Foxg1 is critical for DG formation, especially during early postnatal stage.
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Zhao T, Li Y, Weng C, Yin Z. The changes of potassium currents in RCS rat Müller cell during retinal degeneration. Brain Res 2011; 1427:78-87. [PMID: 22055109 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are the principal glial cells expressing membrane-bound potassium channel and predominantly mediating the homeostatic regulation of extracellular K+ produced by neuronal activity in retina. It's well known that Müller cells can be activated in many pathological conditions, but little is known about the change of potassium currents of Müller cells during the progression of retinitis pigmentosa. Herein, the Royal College of Surgeons rats (RCS rat) were employed to investigate some phenotypic and functional changes of Müller cells during retinal degeneration such as the expression of Kir4.1, membrane properties and K+ channel currents by using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, western blot and whole-cell patch clamping respectively. Compared with Müller cells in control retina, increased glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA levels were seen at P30 and P60, and then decreased gradually in RCS rat retina. Morphologically, Müller cells showed significant hypertrophy and proliferation after p60. The increased expression of intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin began at P30 and reached a peak at p60. Kir4.1 channels presented a peak expression at P30. Concomitantly, K(+) currents of Müller cells increased at P30 and decreased at P90 significantly. We concluded that retinal Müller cells of RCS rats underwent an activation initiated by the onset of retinal degeneration before p60 and then an obvious reactive gliosis, which led the basic membrane properties to suffer marked changes, and caused the Kir4.1 channels of Müller cells to occur a clear functional shift, even lose their normal electrophysiological properties. This process aggravates the impairment caused by the initial photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- TongTao Zhao
- Southwest Hospital, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Eberhardt C, Amann B, Stangassinger M, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Isolation, characterization and establishment of an equine retinal glial cell line: a prerequisite to investigate the physiological function of Müller cells in the retina. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:260-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Activation of Müller cells occurs during retinal degeneration in RCS rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 664:575-83. [PMID: 20238061 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells can be activated and included in different functions under many kinds of pathological conditions, however, the status of Müller cells in retinitis pigmentosa are still unknown. Using immunohistochemisty, Western blots and co-culture, we found that Müller cells RCS rats, a classic model of RP, could be activated during the progression of retinal degeneration. After being activated at early stage, Müller cells began to proliferate and hypertrophy, while at later stages, they formed a local 'glial seal' in the subretinal space. As markers of Müller cells activation, the expression of GFAP and ERK increased significantly with progression of retinal degeneration. Co-cultures of normal rat Müller cells and mixed RCS rat retinal cells show that Müller cells significantly increase GFAP and ERK in response to diffusable factors from the degenerting retina, which implies that Müller cells activation is a secondary response to retinal degeneration.
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