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Yamazaki K, Ishida K, Otsu W, Muramatsu A, Nakamura S, Yamada W, Tsusaki H, Shimoda H, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Delphinidins from Maqui Berry (Aristotelia chilensis) ameliorate the subcellular organelle damage induced by blue light exposure in murine photoreceptor-derived cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:3. [PMID: 38167061 PMCID: PMC10759685 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blue light exposure is known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to apoptosis of photoreceptors. Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) is a fruit enriched in anthocyanins, known for beneficial biological activities such as antioxidation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Maqui berry extract (MBE) and its constituents on the subcellular damage induced by blue light irradiation in mouse retina-derived 661W cells. METHODS We evaluated the effects of MBE and its main delphinidins, delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside (D3S5G) and delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (D3G5G), on blue light-induced damage on retinal cell line 661W cells. We investigated cell death, the production of ROS, and changes in organelle morphology using fluorescence microscopy. The signaling pathway linked to stress response was evaluated by immunoblotting in the whole cell lysates or nuclear fractions. We also examined the effects of MBE and delphinidins against rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. RESULTS Blue light-induced cell death, increased intracellular ROS generation and mitochondrial fragmentation, decreased ATP-production coupled respiration, caused lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and increased ATF4 protein level. Treatment with MBE and its main constituents, delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, prevented these defects. Furthermore, MBE and delphinidins also protected 661W cells from rotenone-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Maqui berry may be a useful protective agent for photoreceptors against the oxidative damage induced by exposure to blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Yamazaki
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kodai Ishida
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Aomi Muramatsu
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Wakana Yamada
- Research & Development Division, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd, 1 Numata, Kitagata- cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi, 493-8001, Japan
| | - Hideshi Tsusaki
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Research & Development Division, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd, 1 Numata, Kitagata- cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi, 493-8001, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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Ejaz A, Waliat S, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Ahmad A, Din A, Ateeq H, Asghar A, Shah YA, Rafi A, Khan MR. Biological activities, therapeutic potential, and pharmacological aspects of blackcurrants ( Ribes nigrum L): A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5799-5817. [PMID: 37823094 PMCID: PMC10563683 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Blackcurrant possesses various health-endorsing attributes owing to its polyphenol profile. Recent studies have demonstrated its therapeutic potential against various health disorders. Various bioactives present in blackcurrants have different functional and pharmacological aspects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The most dominant and important bioactive include anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food formats derived from blackcurrants comprise pomace, juice, powder, and extracts. All these food formats have industrial, prebiotic, and pharmacological benefits. In the current article, the nutritional composition, industrial applications, and therapeutic potential are discussed in the recent literature. Moreover, novel extraction techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds present in blackcurrants and their safety concerns have been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Ejaz
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Sadaf Waliat
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ahmad Din
- National Institute of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Asma Asghar
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Food Safety and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ahmad Rafi
- National Institute of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mahbubur Rahman Khan
- Department of Food Processing and PreservationHajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
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Behind the Scenes of Anthocyanins-From the Health Benefits to Potential Applications in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Fields. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235133. [PMID: 36501163 PMCID: PMC9738495 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are widespread and biologically active water-soluble phenolic pigments responsible for a wide range of vivid colours, from red (acidic conditions) to purplish blue (basic conditions), present in fruits, vegetables, and coloured grains. The pigments' stability and colours are influenced mainly by pH but also by structure, temperature, and light. The colour-stabilizing mechanisms of plants are determined by inter- and intramolecular co-pigmentation and metal complexation, driven by van der Waals, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and metal-ligand interactions. This group of flavonoids is well-known to have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which explains the biological effects associated with them. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the role of anthocyanins as natural colorants, showing they are less harmful than conventional colorants, with several technological potential applications in different industrial fields, namely in the textile and food industries, as well as in the development of photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, as new photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, pharmaceuticals, and in the cosmetic industry, mainly on the formulation of skin care formulations, sunscreen filters, nail colorants, skin & hair cleansing products, amongst others. In addition, we will unveil some of the latest studies about the health benefits of anthocyanins, mainly focusing on the protection against the most prevalent human diseases mediated by oxidative stress, namely cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes. The contribution of anthocyanins to visual health is also very relevant and will be briefly explored.
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Płatosz N, Bączek N, Topolska J, Szawara-Nowak D, Wiczkowski W. The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Features Different Permeability to Cyanidin-3-galactoside and Cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside and Their Metabolites Circulating in Blood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12852-12864. [PMID: 36184825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the penetration of anthocyanins through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF barrier) after intraruminal administration of chokeberry and red cabbage preparation to sheep. However, they have failed to explain which food anthocyanin forms are more capable of crossing the BCSF barrier. Thus, this study aim was to verify the ability of cyanidin 3-galactoside (Cy3gal, main chokeberry anthocyanin) and cyanidin 3-diglucoside-5-glucoside (Cy3diG5G, main red cabbage anthocyanin) to cross the BCSF barrier on the sheep model (n = 16) after intravenous administration (to exclude the influence of gastrointestinal processes) of preparations containing these compounds. The micro-HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that, after intravenous administration, anthocyanins penetrated the BCSF barrier and that the penetration potential of Cy3gal derivatives (6.73%) was higher than that of Cy3diG5G derivatives (6.10%), suggesting the observed differences to be largely due to the type and number of substituents as well as the size of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Płatosz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Bączek
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Topolska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Szawara-Nowak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Park SB, Jung WK, Yu HY, Kim YH, Kim J. Effect of Aucubin-Containing Eye Drops on Tear Hyposecretion and Lacrimal Gland Damage Induced by Urban Particulate Matter in Rats. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092926. [PMID: 35566278 PMCID: PMC9104073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter is a causative factor of dry eye disease. We aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of eye drops containing aucubin on dry eye disease induced by urban particulate matter (UPM). Dry eye was induced in male SD rats (6 weeks old) by topical exposure to UPM thrice a day for 5 d. Eye drops containing 0.1% aucubin or 0.5% aucubin were topically administered directly into the eye after UPM exposure for an additional 5 d. Tear secretion was evaluated using a phenol red thread tear test and corneal irregularity. The oxidative damage in the lacrimal gland was evaluated using TUNEL and immunohistochemical staining. The topical administration of aucubin significantly attenuated UPM-induced tear hyposecretion (control group: 9.25 ± 0.62 mm, UPM group: 4.55 ± 0.25 mm, 0.1% aucubin: 7.12 ± 0.58 mm, and 0.5% aucubin: 7.88 ± 0.75 mm) and corneal irregularity (control group: 0.00 ± 0.00, UPM group: 3.40 ± 0.29, 0.1% aucubin: 1.80 ± 0.27, and 0.5% aucubin: 1.15 ± 0.27). In addition, aucubin also reduced the UPM-induced apoptotic injury of lacrimal gland cells induced by oxidative stress through the increased expression of HMGB1 and RAGE. These findings indicate that the topical administration of aucubin eye drops showed a beneficial effect against UPM-induced abnormal ocular changes, such as tear hyposecretion and lacrimal gland damage. Therefore, our results reveal the pharmacological activities of aucubin in dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junghyun Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-4032; Fax: +82-63-270-4025
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Protective Effect of Ribes nigrum Extract against Blue Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration In Vitro and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050832. [PMID: 35624696 PMCID: PMC9137918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although blackcurrant has several health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its effects on the retina remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of black currant extract (BCE) in an in vitro and in vivo model of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) induced by blue light. Dry macular degeneration is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin (e.g., N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine, A2E) in the retina. Blue light (BL) significantly decreased the viability of A2E-laden human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). However, BCE treatment protected ARPE-19 cells from A2E and BL. A2E, which is oxidized by blue light, generates reactive oxygen species in RPE cells. Treatment with BCE significantly decreased (80.8%) reactive oxygen species levels induced by A2E and BL in a concentration-dependent manner. BCE inhibited A2E accumulation in ARPE-19 cells and significantly downregulated the expression of genes increased by A2E and BL in ARPE-19 cells. In vivo, oral administration of BCE (25–100 mg/kg) ameliorated ocular lesions of BL-induced retinal damage in a mouse model and rescued the thickness of the whole retina, photoreceptor segment layer, outer nuclear layer, and inner nuclear layer. The decrease in the number of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer induced by BL was also rescued by BCE. Additionally, BCE administration rescued (40.0%) the BL-induced reduction in the expression level of superoxide dismutase 1. Taken together, our results suggest that BCE may have preventive and therapeutic effects on dry AMD through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipofuscin accumulation in the retina.
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Canovai A, Amato R, Melecchi A, Dal Monte M, Rusciano D, Bagnoli P, Cammalleri M. Preventive Efficacy of an Antioxidant Compound on Blood Retinal Barrier Breakdown and Visual Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:811818. [PMID: 35046830 PMCID: PMC8762314 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.811818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic retinopathy (DR), high blood glucose drives chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that trigger alterations of the neurovascular balance finally resulting in vascular abnormalities and retinal cell death, which converge towards altered electroretinogram (ERG). In the last years, a growing body of preclinical evidence has suggested that nutrients with anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties can be able to hamper DR progression since its very early stages. In the present study, we used a streptozotocin-induced rat model of DR, which mimics most aspects of the early stages of human DR, to test the preventive efficacy of a novel compound containing cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), verbascoside and zinc as nutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Western blot, immunofluorescence and electroretinographic analyses demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related mechanisms, with a significant counterpart in preventing molecular mechanisms leading to DR-associated vasculopathy and its related retinal damage. Preventive efficacy of the compound on dysfunctional a- and b-waves was also demonstrated by electroretinography. The present demonstration that natural compounds, possibly as a consequence of vascular rescue following ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation, may prevent the apoptotic cascade leading to ERG dysfunction, adds further relevance to the potential application of antioxidants as a preventive therapy to counteract DR progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Dietary Supplementation of Antioxidant Compounds Prevents Light-Induced Retinal Damage in a Rat Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091177. [PMID: 34572363 PMCID: PMC8472009 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced retinal damage (LD) is characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and photoreceptor cell death. The use of natural antioxidants has emerged as promising approach for the prevention of LD. Among them, lutein and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) have been shown to be particularly effective due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, less is known about the possible efficacy of combining them in a multicomponent mixture. In a rat model of LD, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and electroretinography were used to demonstrate that lutein and C3G in combination or in a multicomponent mixture can prevent oxidative stress, inflammation, gliotic and apoptotic responses thus protecting photoreceptor cells from death with higher efficacy than each component alone. Combined efficacy on dysfunctional electroretinogram was also demonstrated by ameliorated rod and cone photoreceptor responses. These findings suggest the rationale to formulate multicomponent blends which may optimize the partnering compounds bioactivity and bioavailability.
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Sun Q, Wang N, Xu W, Zhou H. Genus Ribes Linn. (Grossulariaceae): A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114166. [PMID: 33940086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Ribes Linn., which belongs to the Grossulariaceae family, contains 160 species distributed mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There are 59 species in southwest, northwest and northeast China. Some species of Ribes have been used as traditional and local medicines for the treatment of glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, stomachache, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other ailments. However, the data provided in recent years have not been collated and compared. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to summarize the current status of ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics of the genus Ribes to better understand the therapeutic potential of the genus Ribes in the future and hope to provide a relatively novel perspective for further clinical application on the genus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature on Ribes was collected through a series of scientific search engines including Elsevier, ACS, Springer, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Wiley, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and books. RESULTS Ribes species have been used for detoxification, glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, stomachache, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other ailments. These plants mainly contain phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, polysaccharides, etc. Most traditional uses are related to biological activity and have been confirmed by modern research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo revealed that the extracts and pure compounds possessed significant hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral activity, eyesight protection and other effects. CONCLUSIONS The traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications described in this article explained that the Ribes species has numerous activities, and these findings will promote further action in the area of mechanism research. However, very few preclinical and clinical studies have focused on the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of crude extracts and pure compounds from the genus Ribes. Moreover, several clinical evidence to support the health benefits of Ribes plants. The development of new medicines based on Ribes species as ingredients may be restricted. The pharmacological activity, clinical efficacy and safety of Ribes species need to be verified by systematic and comprehensive preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Wang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China.
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area in Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
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Puell MC, de Pascual-Teresa S. The acute effect of cocoa and red-berries on visual acuity and cone-mediated dark adaptation in healthy eyes. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Chuntakaruk H, Kongtawelert P, Pothacharoen P. Chondroprotective effects of purple corn anthocyanins on advanced glycation end products induction through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1895. [PMID: 33479339 PMCID: PMC7820347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are associated with diabetes mellitus, contributes to prominent features of osteoarthritis, i.e., inflammation-mediated destruction of articular cartilage. Among the phytochemicals which play a role in anti-inflammatory effects, anthocyanins have also been demonstrated to have anti-diabetic properties. Purple corn is a source of three major anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. Purple corn anthocyanins have been demonstrated to be involved in the reduction of diabetes-associated inflammation, suggesting that they may have a beneficial effect on diabetes-mediated inflammation of cartilage. This investigation of the chondroprotective effects of purple corn extract on cartilage degradation found a reduction in glycosaminoglycans released from AGEs induced cartilage explants, corresponding with diminishing of uronic acid loss of the cartilage matrix. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms in human articular chondrocytes showed the anti-inflammatory effect of purple corn anthocyanins and the metabolite, protocatechuic acid (PCA) on AGEs induced human articular chondrocytes via inactivation of the NFκb and MAPK signaling pathways. This finding suggests that purple corn anthocyanins and PCA may help ameliorate AGEs mediated inflammation and diabetes-mediated cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Chuntakaruk
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Kalt W, Cassidy A, Howard LR, Krikorian R, Stull AJ, Tremblay F, Zamora-Ros R. Recent Research on the Health Benefits of Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:224-236. [PMID: 31329250 PMCID: PMC7442370 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the human health benefits of blueberries is underpinned by a growing body of positive scientific evidence from human observational and clinical research, plus mechanistic research using animal and in vitro models. Blueberries contain a large number of phytochemicals, including abundant anthocyanin pigments. Of their various phytochemicals, anthocyanins probably make the greatest impact on blueberry health functionality. Epidemiological studies associate regular, moderate intake of blueberries and/or anthocyanins with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, death, and type 2 diabetes, and with improved weight maintenance and neuroprotection. These findings are supported by biomarker-based evidence from human clinical studies. Among the more important healthful aspects of blueberries are their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions and their beneficial effects on vascular and glucoregulatory function. Blueberry phytochemicals may affect gastrointestinal microflora and contribute to host health. These aspects have implications in degenerative diseases and conditions as well as the aging process. More evidence, and particularly human clinical evidence, is needed to better understand the potential for anthocyanin-rich blueberries to benefit public health. However, it is widely agreed that the regular consumption of tasty, ripe blueberries can be unconditionally recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada (retired)
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Luke R Howard
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Robert Krikorian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - April J Stull
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Francois Tremblay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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Aboonabi A, Singh I, Rose' Meyer R. Cytoprotective effects of berry anthocyanins against induced oxidative stress and inflammation in primary human diabetic aortic endothelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 317:108940. [PMID: 31935365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction (ED). This study determined to explore the protective effects of berry-derived anthocyanins (AC) with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in human diabetic endothelial cells upon oxidative and inflammatory stressors. Cultured healthy human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and diabetic human aortic endothelial cells (D-HAEC) exposed to oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 75 μM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) as an inflammatory inducer before treatment with AC (50 μl/ml). The results from cytotoxicity assays showed that AC had no significant effects in cell viability (P-value < 0.0001), and exposure to H2O2 75 μM had a less toxic effect (P-value < 0.05). Although, AC significantly decreased H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in both HAEC and D-HAEC cell lines (P-value < 0.0001), no positive impact of AC was found on the GSSG/GSH ratios (P-value < 0.05). Exposure to the LPS increased the production of IL-6 in both HAEC and D-HAEC cell lines (P-value < 0.0001), whereas AC treatment reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production in both cell lines with a more robust impact on D-HAEC (P-value < 0.0001). While LPS increased inflammasome assembling and caspase-1 activation, AC treatment inhibited caspase-1 activation in D-HAEC (P ≤ 0.05). This study indicated that berry anthocyanins reduced oxidative stress and inflammation via the inhibition of the NF-ƙB signaling pathway, which contributes to mitigating the diabetes-induced up-regulation of NF-ƙB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Aboonabi
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Indu Singh
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Roselyn Rose' Meyer
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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Riaz R, Elsherif M, Moreddu R, Rashid I, Hassan MU, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Anthocyanin-Functionalized Contact Lens Sensors for Ocular pH Monitoring. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21792-21798. [PMID: 31891056 PMCID: PMC6933553 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are bioactive compounds naturally found in a variety of leaves, fruits, and vegetables. Anthocyanin pigments undergo a modification in their chemical structure when exposed to different concentrations of hydrogen ions, and they were extensively studied to be used as active elements in biocompatible pH sensors. The ocular pH is a significant parameter to assess the ocular physiology in cases of postocular surgery, keratoconjunctivitis, and ocular rosacea. Contact lenses have the potential to be used as medical diagnostic devices for in situ continuous monitoring of the ocular physiology. Here, anthocyanin-functionalized contact lenses were developed as wearable sensors to monitor the ocular pH. Anthocyanin pigments were extracted from Brassica oleracea and used to functionalize the polymeric matrices of commercial soft contact lenses by soaking and drop-casting processes. Contact lenses responded to the physiological ocular pH of 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5, exhibiting a systematic color shift from pink (pH 6.5) to purple (pH 7.0) and blue (pH 7.5). The functionalization of contact lens sensors was evaluated as a function of the dye concentration. Quantitative values were obtained by comparing the RGB triplets of the colors obtained with the naturally extracted dye and with delphinidin chloride dye in 0.0 to 1.5 mmol L-1 aqueous solution. The functionalization of contact lenses was studied as a function of the soaking time, resulting in best results when soaking for 24 h. The dye leakage from the contact lenses in deionized water was evaluated, and a negligible leakage after 18 h was observed. Poly-2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate contact lenses were fabricated and cross-linked with anthocyanin dye, resulting in a slight color shift upon pH changes from 6.5 to 7.4. Contact lens pH sensors may be used to continuously monitor the ocular pH at point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia
Sarah Riaz
- School
of Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Mohamed Elsherif
- School
of Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department of Experimental Physics, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Rosalia Moreddu
- School
of Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ijaz Rashid
- School
of Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Muhammad Umair Hassan
- School
of Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
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Kalt W. Anthocyanins and Their C 6-C 3-C 6 Metabolites in Humans and Animals. Molecules 2019; 24:E4024. [PMID: 31703276 PMCID: PMC6891644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the bioavailability of anthocyanins has focused, historically, on the non-flavonoid (C6-Cn) products that arise from anthocyanins in vivo. However, this review focuses on the products of anthocyanins that still possess the flavonoid structure (C6-C3-C6). Described herein are aspects of the in vivo pool of C6-C3-C6 anthocyanin-derived intermediates. Properties related to molecular size, shape, and polarity conveyed by six major anthocyanidin structures are discussed. The presence of a glycoside or not, and a variety of possible phase 2 conjugates, gives rise to a chemically diverse pool of C6-C3-C6 intermediates. Chemical properties influence the in vivo stability of anthocyanin-derived products, as well as their suitability as a substrate for xenobiotic conjugation and transport, and their association with the biomatrix. The flavonoid structure is associated with bioactivity and the particular properties of these C6-C3-C6 products of anthocyanins determines their deposition in the body, which may influence in vivo processes and ultimately health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada (Retired). 212 Foley Road, RR#3 Centreville, NS B0P 1J0, Canada
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16
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Nomi Y, Iwasaki-Kurashige K, Matsumoto H. Therapeutic Effects of Anthocyanins for Vision and Eye Health. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183311. [PMID: 31514422 PMCID: PMC6767261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin (AC) is widely used as supplement of eye health in Europe and in East Asia. In this review, I describe AC effects to clarify the mechanism is important in order to understand the effects of AC on vision health. The bioavailability of AC is quite low but, reported as intact form and many kinds of metabolite. And AC passes through the blood-aqueous fluid barrier and blood-retinal barrier. In vitro study, AC had a relaxing effect on ciliary muscle which is important to treat both myopia and glaucoma. And AC stimulate the regeneration of rhodopsin in frog rod outer segment. Furthermore, AC could inhibit the axial length and ocular length elongation in a negative lens-induced chick myopia model. In addition, we summarized clinical studies of AC intake improved dark adaptation and transient myopic shift and the improvement on retinal blood circulation in normal tension glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nomi
- Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan.
| | - Keiko Iwasaki-Kurashige
- Functional Material Division, Meiji Food Materia Co., Ltd, 4-16, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan.
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Cortez RE, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum): A Review on Chemistry, Processing, and Health Benefits. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2387-2401. [PMID: 31454085 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Blackcurrants (BC; Ribes nigrum) are relatively new to the U.S. market; however, they are well known and popular in Europe and Asia. The use of BC has been trending worldwide, particularly in the United States. We believe that demand for BC will grow as consumers become aware of the several potential health benefits these berries offer. The objectives of this review were to provide an up-to-date summary of information on BC based on articles published within the last decade; furthermore, to provide the food industry insights into possibilities for the utilization of BC. The chemistry, processing methods, and health benefits have been highlighted in addition to how the environment and variety impact the chemical constituents of BC. A search for journal publications on BC was conducted, which included keywords such as chemical characterization, health benefits, processing, technologies, anthocyanins (ANC), and proanthocyanidins. This review provides up-to-date information available on the subject. In conclusion, BC and their products have industrial uses from which extractions can be made to produce natural pigments to be used as food additives. BC contain flavonoids, specifically ANC, which provide the fruits with their purple color. BC are a rich source of phytochemicals with potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Also, BC have the potential to improve overall human health particularly with diseases associated with inflammation and regulation of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina E Cortez
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, U.S.A
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, U.S.A
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18
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Manolescu BN, Oprea E, Mititelu M, Ruta LL, Farcasanu IC. Dietary Anthocyanins and Stroke: A Review of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071479. [PMID: 31261786 PMCID: PMC6682894 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular accidents are currently the second major cause of death and the third leading cause of disability in the world, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), which has provided protocols for stroke prevention. Although there is a multitude of studies on the health benefits associated with anthocyanin (ACN) consumption, there is no a rigorous systematization of the data linking dietary ACN with stroke prevention. This review is intended to present data from epidemiological, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies dealing with the stroke related to ACN-rich diets or ACN supplements, along with possible mechanisms of action revealed by pharmacokinetic studies, including ACN passage through the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Nicolae Manolescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry "C.D. Nenitescu", Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Science of Materials, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Eliza Oprea
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Lavinia L Ruta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ileana C Farcasanu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.
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Omar IAN. Effect of bilberry extract on slowing high-myopia progression in children: 2-year follow-up study. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:2575-2579. [PMID: 30587903 PMCID: PMC6296196 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s187949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the effect of oral Difrarel on progression of high myopia in children and to study myopia course after its discontinuation. Methods A total of 64 highly myopic children were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two equal groups: group 1 was administered Difrarel for 1 year and stopped its intake for another year, and group 2 (control) did not take Difrarel. Refraction and axial length of the right eye of every subject were measured every 6 months in both groups. Results Each group had 32 eyes of 32 patients. The mean age was 9.34±2.27 years in group 1 and 9.33±2.2 years in group 2. Mean refraction and axial length at the start of the study were −10.78±2.6 D and 23.7±1.2 mm, respectively, in group 1, and −10.5±2.55 D and 23.9±1.4 mm in group 2. Refraction and axial length measurements every 6 months revealed statistically significant lower numbers in group 1 than group 2 after 1 year. After discontinuation of the drug, the difference between both groups remained significant. Conclusion Oral Difrarel slowed axial elongation and stopped myopia progression in children with high myopia. The drug effect was consistent after its discontinuation for 1 year.
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20
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Pan Z, Cui M, Dai G, Yuan T, Li Y, Ji T, Pan Y. Protective Effect of Anthocyanin on Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:947. [PMID: 30618576 PMCID: PMC6297832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating cerebral ischemia continues to be a clinical challenge. Studies have shown that the neurovascular unit (NVU), as the central structural basis, plays a key role in cerebral ischemia. Here, we report that anthocyanin, a safe and natural antioxidant, could inhibit apoptosis and inflammation to protect NVU in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Administration of anthocyanin significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological scores in MCAO/R rats. Anthocyanin could also markedly ameliorate cerebral edema and reduce the concentration of Evans blue (EB) by inhibiting MMP-9. Moreover, anthocyanin alleviated apoptotic injury resulting from MCAO/R through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. The levels of inflammation-related molecules including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which were over-expressed with MCAO/R, were decreased by anthocyanin. In addition, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway might be involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin. In conclusion, anthocyanin could protect the NVU through multiple pathways, and play a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdi Cui
- Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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21
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Oxidative Stability of the Meat of Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with Various Levels of Blackcurrant Extract (Ribes nigrum L.) during Different Time Period. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/3403975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 20 d experiment, the influence of different concentration and supplementation period of commercial blackcurrant extract (BC) in the broiler diets on the oxidative stability of breast and thigh meat, as well as selected performance indices, was investigated. A number of 120 fifteen-d-old Hubbard Flex male chicks (initial BW 363.5 ± 22.9 g) were randomly allocated to five groups: the control and four treatments (6 replicates, 4 birds per cage in each group). The BC extract was administrated to treatment groups at two concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 g/kg) and in different periods within the trial (i.e., from 15 to 35 d and from 25 to 35 d of life). Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined during the 20-d experiment. At d 35, two randomly selected birds from each cage were decapitated, and pectoral and thigh muscles were collected. Extent of lipid oxidation after storage at chilling (2-3°C, 1, and 5 d) and freezing conditions (after 90 d, −18°C) was determined. The chickens’ growth performance and FCR were not affected by the concentrations and periods of BC supplementation. The enrichment of grower diet with 1.25 g/kg of BC extract reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in frozen thigh muscles (P<0.05), and this effect tended to appear (P<0.089) irrespective of duration of the supplementation period. Significant extent of lipid oxidation process was found in 1-d-chilled pectoral muscles of chickens receiving BC diet for 20 d or diet containing 2.5 g/kg of the extract. The results showed that BC extract may be an efficient source of antioxidants in chicken diet, which may increase oxidative stability of frozen dark meat. However, the conditions and ability of some polyphenols to initiate oxidation processes have not been fully understood and further studies are required.
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22
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Chuang LH, Wu AL, Wang NK, Chen KJ, Liu L, Hwang YS, Yeung L, Wu WC, Lai CC. The intraocular staining potential of anthocyanins and their retinal biocompatibility: a preclinical study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2018; 37:359-366. [PMID: 29742931 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1471698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform preclinical studies to determine the efficacy and safety of anthocyanins as stains for the internal limiting membrane (ILM) of the eye. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cyanidin (Cya), delphinidin (Del), luteolinidin (Lut), peonidin (Peo) and pelargonidin (Pel) were evaluated. These natural dyes were used to stain the lens capsule and ILM of pig eyes. The effects of these dyes on retinal cell viability was determined using a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay, and oxidative stress was measured in vitro. Histopathology, in situ TUNEL labelling, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and electroretinography (ERG) were performed on rats following the intravitreal and subretinal injection of the neuroprotective dyes. RESULTS All anthocyanins stained the lens capsule and ILM of the pigs at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Del, Lut and Peo were non-toxic and produced survival rates in the ARPE19 and RGC5 cells that were similar to those in control cells. We treated eyes with H2O2 and three dyes (Del, Lut, and Peo) to explore the possible neuroprotective effects and observed significantly higher survival rates in the ARPE19 cells treated with Del, Lut or Peo and the RGC5 cells treated with Lut or Peo than those in the control cells. Three dyes were intravitreally and subretinally injected into rats in vivo, and the histology showed mildly disorganized retinal cell layers. TUNEL staining and TEM examinations did not reveal additional toxic effects. Rat ERGs were not altered after intravitreal injections. CONCLUSIONS This preclinical study, Del, Lut, and Peo show potential as staining agents and warrant further investigation as vital dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsin Chuang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Keelung , Taiwan.,b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - An-Lun Wu
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,d Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Laura Liu
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Ling Yeung
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- b College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Ophthalmology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
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23
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Huang WY, Wu H, Li DJ, Song JF, Xiao YD, Liu CQ, Zhou JZ, Sui ZQ. Protective Effects of Blueberry Anthocyanins against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Injuries in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1638-1648. [PMID: 29393642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry anthocyanins are considered protective of eye health because of their recognized antioxidant properties. In this study, blueberry anthocyanin extract (BAE), malvidin (Mv), malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv-3-glc), and malvidin-3-galactoside (Mv-3-gal) all reduced H2O2-induced oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde and increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. BAE and the anthocyanin standards enhanced cell viability from 63.69 ± 3.36 to 86.57 ± 6.92% (BAE), 115.72 ± 23.41% (Mv), 98.15 ± 9.39% (Mv-3-glc), and 127.97 ± 20.09% (Mv-3-gal) and significantly inhibited cell apoptosis (P < 0.01 for all). Mitogen-activated-protein-kinase pathways, including ERK1/2 and p38, were involved in the bioactivities. In addition, the anthocyanins decreased vascular-endothelial-cell-growth-factor levels and activated Akt-signal pathways. These combined results supported the hypothesis that blueberry anthocyanins could inhibit the induction and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) through antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yang Huang
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Da-Jing Li
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jiang-Feng Song
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Ya-Dong Xiao
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Chun-Quan Liu
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhou
- Institute of Farm Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Zhong-Quan Sui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, PR China
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24
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Celli GB, Ghanem A, Brooks MSL. A theoretical physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach for modeling the fate of anthocyanins in vivo. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3197-3207. [PMID: 27002538 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins (ACNs) and their metabolites have uncovered evidence for hitherto unknown physiological effects affecting the fate of these compounds in vivo. In particular, it has been shown that the stomach, in addition to the small intestine, has an important role in absorption. Most studies still use a noncompartmental or one-compartmental approach to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ACNs, which does not represent the anatomical and physiological conditions that a compound is subject to in the organism. Thus, the objective of this study was to review the current knowledge of the different processes involved in the metabolism of ACNs once ingested and, based on this information, propose a theoretical physiologically based, multicompartmental pharmacokinetic (PBMK) model to describe their fate in vivo. This is the first study that reports a PBMK model for ACNs; the model provides a more physiologically representative approach for ANC metabolism, which could be used as a basis for experimental designs and interspecies scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Amyl Ghanem
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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25
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Chang CH, Chiu HF, Han YC, Chen IH, Shen YC, Venkatakrishnan K, Wang CK. Photoprotective effects of cranberry juice and its various fractions against blue light-induced impairment in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:571-580. [PMID: 27937080 PMCID: PMC6130735 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1263344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cranberry has numerous biological activities, including antioxidation, anticancer, cardioprotection, as well as treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI), attributed to abundant phenolic contents. OBJECTIVE The current study focused on the effect of cranberry juice (CJ) on blue light exposed human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells which mimic age-related macular degeneration (AMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Preliminary phytochemical and HPLC analysis, as well as total antioxidant capacity and scavenging activity of cranberry ethyl acetate extract and different CJ fractions (condensed tannins containing fraction), were evaluated. In cell line model, ARPE-19 were irradiated with blue light at 450 nm wavelength for 10 h (mimic AMD) and treated with different fractions of CJ extract at different doses (5-50 μg/mL) by assessing the cell viability or proliferation rate using MTT assay (repairing efficacy). RESULTS Phytochemical and HPLC analysis reveals the presence of several phenolic compounds (flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, quercetin) in ethyl acetate extract and different fractions of CJ. However, the condensed tannin containing fraction of ethyl acetate extract of CJ displayed the greater (p < 0.05) scavenging activity especially at the dose of 1 mg/mL. Similarly, the condensed tannin containing fraction at 50 μg/mL presented better (p < 0.05) repairing ability (increased cell viability). Furthermore, the oligomeric condensed tannin containing fraction display the best (p < 0.05) repairing efficiency at 50 μg/mL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study distinctly proved that condensed tannin containing fraction of CJ probably exhibits better free radicals scavenging activity and thereby effectively protected the ARPE-19 cells and thus, hampers the progress of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Huang Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chun Han
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Hsien Chen
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - You-Cheng Shen
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu Y, Liu GM, Cao MJ, Chen Q, Sun L, Ji B. Potential Retinal Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols Based on Their Permeability across the Blood-Retinal Barrier. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3179-3189. [PMID: 28362088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Whether all dietary polyphenols nourish the eyes via oral supplementation is controversial. Given that passage of dietary polyphenols across the blood-retina barrier (BRB) is the precondition for polyphenols to exhibit ocular benefits, the BRB permeability of polyphenols was assessed in this study. Being common dietary polyphenols in fruits and vegetables, nonanthocyanin flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids were investigated. BRB was simulated in vitro by using a differentiated retinal pigment epithelial cell monolayer cultivated on a Transwell culture system. Penetration rate was calculated by quantitatively analyzing the polyphenols in basolateral media. The BRB permeability of different polyphenols obviously (p < 0.05) differed, as follows: phenolic acids > nonanthocyanin flavonoids > anthocyanins. Glycosylation and methylation improved the BRB permeability of nonanthocyanin flavonoids and anthocyanins. However, instability and carbonylation at the C-4 position severely suppressed the BRB permeability of anthocyanins and nonanthocyanin flavonoids. Moreover, a new metabolite was discovered during penetration of anthocyanins into the BRB. However, hydrophilic phenolic acids exhibited better BRB permeability than hydrophobic ones. Data demonstrate that BRB permeability of polyphenols was determined based on structural characteristics, hydrophilicity, stability, and metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchou Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lechang Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Ji
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Natarajan SB, Hwang JW, Kim YS, Kim EK, Park PJ. Ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols-A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 50:83-90. [PMID: 28135653 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a sensitive organ with complex optical system involves in the perception of light. Although it has several protective mechanisms by itself, various physiological and metabolic disorders are detrimental to the proper functioning of the visual system. Grape juice has long been used worldwide for its potent medicinal values including ocular promotion. Bioactivities of grape products are highly attributed to the presence of health promoting phytochemicals in them. Some phytochemicals present in the grape juice have been involved in the maintenance of intra-ocular pressure, regulation of glucose metabolisms and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the system. Particularly, the grape derived phytochemicals involve in minimizing various eye defects such as macular degradation, uvea, cataract formation, red eye, diabetic retinopathy and so on. However, only limited number of studies has been conducted so far focusing the ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols. In this review, we discuss the role of grape polyphenols in ocular promotion relating their anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-aging, anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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Yacout SM, Gaillard ER. The Anthocyanins, Oenin and Callistephin, Protect RPE Cells Against Oxidative Stress. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:590-599. [PMID: 27935050 DOI: 10.1111/php.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly metabolic layer of postmitotic cells lining Bruch's membrane in the retina. While these cells contain endogenous photosensitizers that mediate blue light-induced damage, it has also been shown that blue light exposure damages mitochondrial DNA in RPE cells resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and unregulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As RPE cells are postmitotic, it is imperative to decrease oxidative stress to these cells and preserve function. Dietary plant-derived antioxidants such as anthocyanins offer a simple and accessible solution for decreasing oxidative stress. The anthocyanins malvidin-3-O-glucoside (oenin) and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (callistephin) were tested for their ability and efficacy in decreasing ROS generation and preserving mitochondrial redox activity in blue light-irradiated ARPE-19 cells. A significant decrease in intracellular ROS with concurrent increase in mitochondrial redox activity was observed for tested concentrations of oenin, while callistephin was beneficial to stressed cells at higher concentrations. These findings suggest anthocyanins are effective antioxidants in blue light-stressed RPE cells in vitro. Additionally, oxidation products of these anthocyanins were examined using LC/MS and findings suggest the possibility of multiple oxidation sites for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Yacout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL
| | - Elizabeth R Gaillard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL
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Smeriglio A, Barreca D, Bellocco E, Trombetta D. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1265-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Ersilia Bellocco
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- University of Messina; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina Italy
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Deng HW, Tian Y, Zhou XJ, Zhang XM, Meng J. Effect of Bilberry Extract on Development of Form-Deprivation Myopia in the Guinea Pig. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:196-202. [PMID: 26982283 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of bilberry extract, Difrarel, on form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. METHOD Thirty healthy pigmented guinea pigs, at the age of 3 weeks, were randomly assigned to 3 groups: 2 groups receiving daily orally administered Difrarel (300 mg/kg) either from the outset for 4 or 2 weeks after form deprivation and a control group. Form deprivation was induced with translucent eye patches on the right eye and lasted for 4 weeks. Another 12 guinea pigs without the form deprivation were assigned into 2 groups for oral administration of Difrarel and saline for 4 weeks. The refractive errors and axial length were measured in both eyes, and the posterior sclera was removed and assayed to evaluate the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and collagen I by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS Oral administration of Difrarel for 4 weeks was found to inhibit the axial elongation and decrease the myopic shift of refractive errors in the form-deprived eye. Upregulation of MMP2 and degradation of collagen I in the sclera of form-deprived eye were observed, and these were prevented by orally administered Difrarel. Moreover, oral administration of Difrarel had no effects on axial length, refractive errors, and the expression of MMP2 in the normal eye. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that orally administered Difrarel has an effect against form-deprivation myopia and raises the possibility that bilberry extracts or specific components might represent a useful treatment for preventing the progression of myopia in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Deng
- 1 Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhou
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Meng
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Lila MA, Burton-Freeman B, Grace M, Kalt W. Unraveling Anthocyanin Bioavailability for Human Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:375-93. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; ,
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60501;
| | - Mary Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; ,
| | - Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, B4N 1J5 Canada;
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Tao Y, Chen T, Yang GQ, Peng GH, Yan ZJ, Huang YF. Anthocyanin can arrest the cone photoreceptor degeneration and act as a novel treatment for retinitis pigmentosa. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:153-8. [PMID: 26949626 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.01.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of heterogeneous inherited retinal diseases that is characterized by primary death rod photoreceptors and the secondary loss of cones. The degeneration of cones causes gradual constriction of visual fields, leaving the central islands that are eventually snuffed out. Studies indicate that the hyperoxia causes oxidative damage in the retina and contributes to the cone death of RP. Moreover, abundant reactive oxidative species (ROS) which are generated in cones may result in mitochondria membrane depolarization, which has been ascribed a central role in the apoptotic process and has been proposed to act as a forward feeding loop for the activation of downstream cascades. Anthocyanin is a potent antioxidant which has been evidenced to be able to counteract oxidative damages, scavenge surplus ROS, and rectify abnormities in the apoptotic cascade. Taken together with its ability to attenuate inflammation which also contributes to the etiology of RP, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the anthocyanin could act as a novel therapeutic strategy to retard or prevent cone degeneration in RP retinas, particularly if the treatment is timed appropriately and delivered efficiently. Future pharmacological investigations will identify the anthocyanin as an effective candidate for PR therapy and refinements of that knowledge would ignite the hope of restoring the visual function in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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The Role of Anthocyanins in Health as Antioxidant, in Bone Health and as Heart Protecting Agents. ANTHOCYANINS AND HUMAN HEALTH: BIOMOLECULAR AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26456-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Silván JM, Reguero M, de Pascual-Teresa S. A protective effect of anthocyanins and xanthophylls on UVB-induced damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Food Funct 2016; 7:1067-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside and zeaxanthin, alone or in combination, protect against UVB-induced retinal cells damage throw redox and MAPK activation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Silván
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
- Institute of Food Science
- Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- 28040 - Madrid
| | - Marina Reguero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
- Institute of Food Science
- Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- 28040 - Madrid
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
- Institute of Food Science
- Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- 28040 - Madrid
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Liu Y, Zhang D, Hu J, Liu G, Chen J, Sun L, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Chen Q, Ji B. Visible Light-Induced Lipid Peroxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the Retina and the Inhibitory Effects of Blueberry Polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9295-9305. [PMID: 26456696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the retina not only threatens visual cells but also affects the physiological health of the retina. In this work, the potential damages caused by daily visible light exposure on retinal UFAs were evaluated via a simulated in vitro model. At the same time, the benefits of dietary supplementation of blueberries to the eyes were also assessed. After prolonged light exposure, lipid peroxidation occurred for both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids (DHA and AA, respectively). The oxidized UFAs presented obvious cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited cell growth in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Among the different blueberry polyphenol fractions, the flavonoid-rich fraction, in which quercetin was discovered as the main component, was considerably better in preventing visible light-induced DHA lipid peroxidation than the anthocyanin- and phenolic acid-rich fractions. Then the retinal protective activity of blueberry polyphenols against light-induced retinal injury was confirmed in vivo. On the basis of the above results, inhibiting lipid peroxidation of UFAs in the retina is proposed to be another important function mechanism for antioxidants to nourish eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimei Hu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lechang Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichun Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchou Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Ji
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Sun M, Lu X, Hao L, Wu T, Zhao H, Wang C. The influences of purple sweet potato anthocyanin on the growth characteristics of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:27830. [PMID: 26070791 PMCID: PMC4464420 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.27830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anthocyanins have been proven to be beneficial to the eyes. However, information is scarce about the effects of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, L.) anthocyanin (PSPA), a class of anthocyanins derived from purple sweet potato roots, on visual health. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether PSPA could have influences on the growth characteristics (cellular morphology, survival, and proliferation) of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which perform essential functions for the visual process. Methods The RPE cell line D407 was used in the present study. The cytotoxicity of PSPA was assessed by MTT assay. Then, cellular morphology, viability, cell cycle, Ki67expression, and PI3K/MAPK activation of RPE cells treated with PSPA were determined. Results PSPA exhibited dose-dependent promotion of RPE cell proliferation at concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 µg/ml. RPE cells treated with PSPA demonstrated a predominantly polygonal morphology in a mosaic arrangement, and colony-like cells displayed numerous short apical microvilli and typical ultrastructure. PSPA treatment also resulted in a better platform growing status, statistically higher viability, an increase in the S-phase, and more Ki67+ cells. However, neither pAkt nor pERK were detected in either group. Conclusions We found that PSPA maintained high cell viability, boosted DNA synthesis, and preserved a high percentage of continuously cycling cells to promote cell survival and division without changing cell morphology. This paper lays the foundation for further research about the damage-protective activities of PSPA on RPE cells or human vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of the Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of the Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China;
| | - Lei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of the Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of the Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanjiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of the Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of the Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Wang D, Liu J, Ji B. The protective effects of berry-derived anthocyanins against visible light-induced damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:936-944. [PMID: 24909670 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that anthocyanins (ACNs) in berries contribute to eye health. However, information on the relationship between the chemical structures and visual functions of ACNs is scarce. This study investigated the protection effects of ACNs with different structures against visible light-induced damage in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. RESULTS Four ACNs with different aglycones, namely, pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg-3-glu), cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glu), delphinidin-3-glucoside, and malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv-3-glu), were isolated from three berries (blueberry, blackberry and strawberry). Of these ACNs, Cy-3-glu exhibited the highest reactive oxygen species inhibitory capacity in RPE cells, with 40 µg mL(-1) Cy-3-glu showing a ROS clearance of 57.5% ± 4.2%. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated by Cy-3-glu and Mv-3-glu in a visible light-induced damage RPE cell model. Cy-3-glu and Pg-3-glu treatments significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the increase in β-galactosidase during the RPE cell ageing caused by visible light exposure. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the biological properties of different ACNs significantly vary. Cy-3-glu, which contains an ortho hydroxyl group in its B ring, possibly exerts multiple protective effects (antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and anti-ageing) in RPE cells. Therefore, Cy-3-glu may prove useful as a prophylactic health food for the prevention of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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London DS, Beezhold B. A phytochemical-rich diet may explain the absence of age-related decline in visual acuity of Amazonian hunter-gatherers in Ecuador. Nutr Res 2014; 35:107-17. [PMID: 25636674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is absent in undisturbed hunter-gatherers but ubiquitous in modern populations. The link between dietary phytochemicals and eye health is well established, although transition away from a wild diet has reduced phytochemical variety. We hypothesized that when larger quantities and greater variety of wild, seasonal phytochemicals are consumed in a food system, there will be a reduced prevalence of degenerative-based eye disease as measured by visual acuity. We compared food systems and visual acuity across isolated Amazonian Kawymeno Waorani hunter-gatherers and neighboring Kichwa subsistence agrarians, using dietary surveys, dietary pattern observation, and Snellen Illiterate E visual acuity examinations. Hunter-gatherers consumed more food species (130 vs. 63) and more wild plants (80 vs. 4) including 76 wild fruits, thereby obtaining larger variety and quantity of phytochemicals than agrarians. Visual acuity was inversely related to age only in agrarians (r = -.846, P < .001). As hypothesized, when stratified by age (<40 and ≥ 40 years), Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that hunter-gatherers maintained high visual acuity throughout life, whereas agrarian visual acuity declined (P values < .001); visual acuity of younger participants was high across the board, however, did not differ between groups (P > .05). This unusual absence of juvenile-onset vision problems may be related to local, organic, whole food diets of subsistence food systems isolated from modern food production. Our results suggest that intake of a wider variety of plant foods supplying necessary phytochemicals for eye health may help maintain visual acuity and prevent degenerative eye conditions as humans age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S London
- Adelphi University, One South Street, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
| | - Bonnie Beezhold
- Benedictine University, 5700 College Drive, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA.
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Kalt W, McDonald JE, Fillmore SAE, Tremblay F. Blueberry effects on dark vision and recovery after photobleaching: placebo-controlled crossover studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11180-11189. [PMID: 25335781 DOI: 10.1021/jf503689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence for anthocyanin benefits in night vision is controversial. This paper presents two human trials investigating blueberry anthocyanin effects on dark adaptation, functional night vision, and vision recovery after retinal photobleaching. One trial, S2 (n = 72), employed a 3 week intervention and a 3 week washout, two anthocyanin doses (271 and 7.11 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents (C3g eq)), and placebo. The other trial, L1 (n = 59), employed a 12 week intervention and an 8 week washout and tested one dose (346 mg C3g eq) and placebo. In both S2 and L1 neither dark adaptation nor night vision was improved by anthocyanin intake. However, in both trials anthocyanin consumption hastened the recovery of visual acuity after photobleaching. In S2 both anthocyanin doses were effective (P = 0.014), and in L1 recovery was improved at 8 weeks (P = 0.027) and 12 weeks (P = 0.030). Although photobleaching recovery was hastened by anthocyanins, it is not known whether this improvement would have an impact on everyday vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
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Cyboran S, Bonarska-Kujawa D, Pruchnik H, Żyłka R, Oszmiański J, Kleszczyńska H. Phenolic content and biological activity of extracts of blackcurrant fruit and leaves. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sulaiman RS, Basavarajappa HD, Corson TW. Natural product inhibitors of ocular angiogenesis. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:161-71. [PMID: 25304218 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are characterized by high chemical diversity and biochemical specificity; therefore, they are appealing as lead compounds for drug discovery. Given the importance of angiogenesis to many pathologies, numerous natural products have been explored as potential anti-angiogenic drugs. Ocular angiogenesis underlies blinding eye diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in children, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) in adults of working age, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the elderly. Despite the presence of effective therapy in many cases, these diseases are still a significant health burden. Anti-VEGF biologics are the standard of care, but may cause ocular or systemic side effects after intraocular administration and patients may be refractory. Many anti-angiogenic compounds inhibit tumor growth and metastasis alone or in combination therapy, but a more select subset of them has been tested in the context of ocular neovascular diseases. Here, we review the promise of natural products as anti-angiogenic agents, with a specific focus on retinal and choroidal neovascularization. The multifunctional curcumin and the chalcone isoliquiritigenin have demonstrated promising anti-angiogenic effects in mouse models of DR and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) respectively. The homoisoflavanone cremastranone and the flavonoid deguelin have been shown to inhibit ocular neovascularization in more than one disease model. The isoflavone genistein and the flavone apigenin on the other hand are showing potential in the prevention of retinal and choroidal angiogenesis with long-term administration. Many other products with anti-angiogenic potential in vitro such as the lactone withaferin A, the flavonol quercetin, and the stilbenoid combretastatin A4 are awaiting investigation in different ocular disease-relevant animal models. These natural products may serve as lead compounds for the design of more specific, efficacious, and affordable drugs with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania S Sulaiman
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Halesha D Basavarajappa
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Timothy W Corson
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Nakamura S, Tanaka J, Imada T, Shimoda H, Tsubota K. Delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, a constituent of the maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) anthocyanin, restores tear secretion in a rat dry eye model. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ogawa K, Kuse Y, Tsuruma K, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:120. [PMID: 24690313 PMCID: PMC3992157 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Blue light is a high-energy or short-wavelength visible light, which induces retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) contain high amounts of polyphenols (anthocyanins, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins) and thus confer health benefits. This study aimed to determine the protective effects and mechanism of action of bilberry extract (B-ext) and lingonberry extract (L-ext) and their active components against blue light-emitting diode (LED) light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage. Methods Cultured murine photoreceptor (661 W) cells were exposed to blue LED light following treatment with B-ext, L-ext, or their constituents (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, trans-resveratrol, and procyanidin B2). 661 W cell viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt (WST-8) assay and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined using CM-H2DCFDA after blue LED light exposure. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and LC3, an ubiquitin-like protein that is necessary for the formation of autophagosomes, were analyzed using Western blotting. Caspase-3/7 activation caused by blue LED light exposure in 661 W cells was determined using a caspase-3/7 assay kit. Results B-ext, L-ext, NAC, and their active components improved the viability of 661 W cells and inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS induced by blue LED light irradiation. Furthermore, B-ext and L-ext inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB induced by blue LED light exposure. Finally, B-ext, L-ext, and NAC inhibited caspase-3/7 activation and autophagy. Conclusions These findings suggest that B-ext and L-ext containing high amounts of polyphenols exert protective effects against blue LED light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage mainly through inhibition of ROS production and activation of pro-apoptotic proteins.
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Biological activity of blackcurrant Extracts (Ribes nigrum L.) in relation to erythrocyte membranes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:783059. [PMID: 24527456 PMCID: PMC3914294 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compounds contained in fruits and leaves of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) are known as agents acting preventively and therapeutically on the organism. The HPLC analysis showed they are rich in polyphenol anthocyanins in fruits and flavonoids in leaves, that have antioxidant activity and are beneficial for health. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of blackcurrant fruit and leaf extracts on the physical properties of the erythrocyte membranes and assess their antioxidant properties. The effect of the extracts on osmotic resistance, shape of erythrocytes and hemolytic and antioxidant activity of the extracts were examined with spectrophotometric methods. The FTIR investigation showed that extracts modify the erythrocyte membrane and protect it against free radicals induced by UV radiation. The results show that the extracts do not induce hemolysis and even protect erythrocytes against the harmful action of UVC radiation, while slightly strengthening the membrane and inducing echinocytes. The compounds contained in the extracts do not penetrate into the hydrophobic region, but bind to the membrane surface inducing small changes in the packing arrangement of the polar head groups of membrane lipids. The extracts have a high antioxidant activity. Their presence on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane entails protection against free radicals.
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Ogawa K, Tsuruma K, Tanaka J, Kakino M, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. The protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against UV light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10345-10353. [PMID: 24083563 DOI: 10.1021/jf402772h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bilberry extract (B-ext) and lingonberry extract (L-ext) are currently used as health supplements. We investigated the protective mechanisms of the B-ext and L-ext against ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage. Cultured murine photoreceptor (661W) cells were exposed to UVA following treatment with B-ext and L-ext and their main constituents (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, trans-resveratrol, and procyanidin). B-ext, L-ext, and constituents improved cell viability and suppressed ROS generation. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase B (Akt) were analyzed by Western blotting. B-ext and cyanidin inhibited phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and B-ext also inhibited phosphorylation of JNK by UVA. L-ext, trans-resveratrol, and procyanidin alleviated the reduction of phosphorylated Akt levels by UVA. Finally, a cotreatment with B-ext and L-ext showed an additive effect on cell viability. Our findings suggest that both B-ext and L-ext endow protective effects against UVA-induced retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjirou Ogawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Tanaka J, Kadekaru T, Ogawa K, Hitoe S, Shimoda H, Hara H. Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and the constituent delphinidin glycoside inhibit photoreceptor cell death induced by visible light. Food Chem 2013; 139:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jia H, Chen W, Yu X, Wu X, Li S, Liu H, Liao J, Liu W, Mi M, Liu L, Cheng D. Black rice anthocyanidins prevent retinal photochemical damage via involvement of the AP-1/NF-κB/Caspase-1 pathway in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:345-53. [PMID: 23820171 PMCID: PMC3788161 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of black rice anthocyanidins (BRACs) on retinal damage induced by photochemical stress are not well known. In the present study, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93M for 1 week, after which 80 rats were randomly divided into two groups and treated with (n = 40) or without BRACs (n = 40) for 15 days, respectively. After treatment, both groups were exposed to fluorescent light (3,000 ± 200 lux; 25℃), and the protective effect of dietary BRACs were evaluated afterwards. Our results showed that dietary BRACs effectively prevented retinal photochemical damage and inhibited the retinal cells apoptosis induced by fluorescent light (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary BRACs inhibited expression of AP-1 (c-fos/c-jun subunits), up-regulated NF-κB (p65) expression and phosphorylation of IκB-α, and decreased Caspase-1 expression (p < 0.05). These results suggest that BRACs improve retinal damage produced by photochemical stress in rats via AP-1/NF-κB/Caspase-1 apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, 610050, China
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Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JPE, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1818-92. [PMID: 22794138 PMCID: PMC3619154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1564] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Purple rice extract and its constituents suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced retinal damage in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2013; 92:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yoshida K, Ohguro I, Ohguro H. Black currant anthocyanins normalized abnormal levels of serum concentrations of endothelin-1 in patients with glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012; 29:480-7. [PMID: 23259919 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our recent study, which involved a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked 24-month trial (Ophthalmologica 2012;228:26-35), revealed that oral administration of black currant anthocyanins (BCACs) slowed down the visual field deterioration and elevation of ocular blood flow of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these BCAC-induced effects, as possible factors affecting glaucomatous optic neuropathy, changes of serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidative activities were examined in the present study. METHODS From among patients with OAG who participated in the randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial, serum specimens were obtained from BCAC-treated (n=19) or placebo-treated (n=19) patients at baseline and every 6 months. Healthy volunteers (n=20) with age and gender matching the patients were used as a control. Serum ET-1 concentration, [NO2(-)] and [NO2(-) + NO3(-)] levels, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and antioxidant activities were measured by using commercially available kits. RESULTS At the trial baseline, serum ET-1 concentrations were significantly lower in patients with OAG (BCACs, 3.18±1.06 pg/mL; placebo, 3.44±0.84 pg/mL) than those in healthy volunteers (4.38±1.03 pg/mL) (one-way analysis of variance and a Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc test, P<0.05). Upon administration of BCACs, serum ET-1 concentrations increased to the levels of those in healthy volunteers during the 24-month period. In contrast, those of placebo-treated patients remained at lower levels (3.82±1.14 pg/mL). While [NO2(-)] and [NO2(-)+NO3(-)] levels, AOPP, and antioxidative activities of patients from both the BCACs and placebo groups showed comparable levels to those of healthy subjects at baseline, no significant changes were observed during the observational period in either the BCAC or placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS Among the possible beneficial effects of BCACs toward visual field progression in patients with OAG, our present results suggest that BCACs caused normalization of serum ET-1 levels, and this may modulate ET-1-dependent regulation of the ocular blood hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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