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Wu S, Liu C, Tang J, Wu C, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Han J, Xue J, Lin J, Chen Y, Yang J, Zhuo Y, Li Y. Tafluprost promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve crush via Zn 2+-mTOR pathway. Neuropharmacology 2024; 242:109746. [PMID: 37832634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether Tafluprost could promote optic nerve regeneration in mice after optic nerve crush (ONC) and determine the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Tafluprost was injected into the vitreous body immediately after ONC. The level of Zn2+ in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina was stained using autometallography (AMG). The number of survival retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was determined via dual staining with RGC markers Tuj1 and RBPMS. Individual axons that regenerated to 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm were manually counted in the whole-mount optic nerve labeled by cholera toxin B fragment (CTB). Immunofluorescence and Western blot were performed to detect protein expression levels. Pattern electroretinogram was used to evaluate RGCs function. RESULTS Tafluprost promoted RGC survival in a dose-dependent manner with an optimal concentration of 1 μM. Tafluprost significantly decreased ZnT-3 expression and Zn2+ accumulation in the IPL of retina. Tafluprost stimulated intense axonal regeneration and maintained RGCs function compared to control. Mechanistically, Tafluprost and Zn2+ elimination treatment (TPEN or ZnT-3 deletion) can activate the mTOR pathway with an improved percentage of pS6+ RGCs in the retina. However, rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mTOR1, inhibited the activation of the mTOR pathway and abolished the regenerative effect mediated by Tafluprost. Tafluprost also inhibited the upregulation of p62, LC3 and Beclin-1, attenuated the overactivation of microglia/macrophages and downregulated the expression of TNFα and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Tafluprost promoted axon regeneration via regulation of the Zn2+-mTOR pathway, and provide novel research directions for glaucomatous optic nerve injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Canying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiahui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Caiqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiaxu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jingfei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jinpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Joo L, Jeong HY, Bae DH, Jee JH, Choi WH, Kim HY, Kim S, Yang DH, Gee HY, Jeon S, Roh YG, Yoo J. Prostaglandin F2α analogue, bimatoprost ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115446. [PMID: 37918255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is an antibiotic that is effective against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. However, the high incidence of nephrotoxicity caused by colistin limits its clinical use. To identify compounds that might ameliorate colistin-induced nephrotoxicity, we obtained 1707 compounds from the Korea Chemical Bank and used a high-content screening (HCS) imaging-based assay. In this way, we found that bimatoprost (one of prostaglandin F2α analogue) ameliorated colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. To further assess the effects of bimatoprost on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity, we used in vitro and in vivo models. In cultured human proximal tubular cells (HK-2), colistin induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, indicative of apoptosis, was higher in colistin-treated cells, but this effect of colistin was ameliorated by cotreatment with bimatoprost. The generation of reactive oxygen species, assessed using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was less marked in cells treated with both colistin and bimatoprost than in those treated with colistin alone. Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10 per group) that were intraperitoneally injected with colistin (10 mg/kg/12 hr) for 14 days showed high blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations that were reduced by the coadministration of bimatoprost (0.5 mg/kg/12 hr). In addition, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM1) and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression also reduced by bimatoprost administration. Further investigation in tubuloid and kidney organoids also showed that bimatoprost attenuated the nephrotoxicity by colistin, showing dose-dependent reducing effect of KIM1 expression. In this study, we have identified bimatoprost, prostaglandin F2α analogue as a drug that ameliorates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Joo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yun Jeong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Bae
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Jee
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES LTD., Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonnggi-do 13620, the Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, 03080, the Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, the Republic of Korea
| | - SeongGyeong Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gil Roh
- Program in Health Policy, Chung-Buk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, the Republic of Korea; R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES LTD., Seongnam, the Republic of Korea.
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Boccaccini A, Cavaterra D, Carnevale C, Tanga L, Marini S, Bocedi A, Lacal PM, Manni G, Graziani G, Sbardella D, Tundo GR. Novel frontiers in neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: Molecular and clinical aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101225. [PMID: 38000334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, neuroprotective therapies have attracted the researcher interests as modern and challenging approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, aimed at protecting the nervous system from injuries. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive excavation of the optic nerve head, retinal axonal injury and corresponding vision loss that affects millions of people on a global scale. The molecular basis of the pathology is largely uncharacterized yet, and the therapeutic approaches available do not change the natural course of the disease. Therefore, in accordance with the therapeutic regimens proposed for other neurodegenerative diseases, a modern strategy to treat glaucoma includes prescription of drugs with neuroprotective activities. With respect to this, several preclinical and clinical investigations on a plethora of different drugs are currently ongoing. In this review, first, the conceptualization of the rationale for the adoption of neuroprotective strategies for retina is summarized. Second, the molecular aspects highlighting glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease are reported. In conclusion, the molecular and pharmacological properties of most promising direct neuroprotective drugs used to delay glaucoma progression are examined, including: neurotrophic factors, NMDA receptor antagonists, the α2-adrenergic agonist, brimonidine, calcium channel blockers, antioxidant agents, nicotinamide and statins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Cavaterra
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Manni
- IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Raffaella Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
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Sharif NA, Odani-Kawabata N, Lu F, Pinchuk L. FP and EP2 prostanoid receptor agonist drugs and aqueous humor outflow devices for treating ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2023; 229:109415. [PMID: 36803996 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) receptors represent important druggable targets due to the many diverse actions of PGs in the body. From an ocular perspective, the discovery, development, and health agency approvals of prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists (FPAs) have revolutionized the medical treatment of ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma. FPAs, such as latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost, powerfully lower and control intraocular pressure (IOP), and became first-line therapeutics to treat this leading cause of blindness in the late 1990s to early 2000s. More recently, a latanoprost-nitric oxide (NO) donor conjugate, latanoprostene bunod, and a novel FP/EP3 receptor dual agonist, sepetaprost (ONO-9054 or DE-126), have also demonstrated robust IOP-reducing activity. Moreover, a selective non-PG prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), was discovered, characterized, and has been approved in the United States, Japan and several other Asian countries for treating OHT/glaucoma. FPAs primarily enhance uveoscleral (UVSC) outflow of aqueous humor (AQH) to reduce IOP, but cause darkening of the iris and periorbital skin, uneven thickening and elongation of eyelashes, and deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus during chronic treatment. In contrast, OMDI lowers and controls IOP by activation of both the UVSC and trabecular meshwork outflow pathways, and it has a lower propensity to induce the aforementioned FPA-induced ocular side effects. Another means to address OHT is to physically promote the drainage of the AQH from the anterior chamber of the eye of patients with OHT/glaucoma. This has successfully been achieved by the recent approval and introduction of miniature devices into the anterior chamber by minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. This review covers the three major aspects mentioned above to highlight the etiology of OHT/glaucoma, and the pharmacotherapeutics and devices that can be used to combat this blinding ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Eye-ACP Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA; Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Fenghe Lu
- Product Development Division, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Leonard Pinchuk
- Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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5
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Sharif N. Neuroaxonal and cellular damage/protection by prostanoid receptor ligands, fatty acid derivatives and associated enzyme inhibitors. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:5-17. [PMID: 35799502 PMCID: PMC9241399 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical, mechanical, noxious and other stimuli. Prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane-A2 interact with five major receptors (and their sub-types) to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions. In general, prostaglandins have been associated with pain, inflammation, and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis. However, in acute settings, certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation, providing cellular protection, regulating sleep, and enhancing blood flow, to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma, a blinding disease. Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated (or are considered beneficial) in certain central nervous system dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis; stroke, traumatic brain injuries and pain) and in ocular disorders (e.g., ocular hypertension and glaucoma; allergy and inflammation; edematous retinal disorders). This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease, and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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6
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Pena-Rodríguez E, García-Vega L, Lajarin Reinares M, Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S, Fernandez-Campos F. Latanoprost-Loaded Nanotransfersomes Designed for Scalp Administration Enhance Keratinocytes Proliferation. Mol Pharm 2022; 20:2317-2325. [PMID: 36503244 PMCID: PMC10155202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latanoprost (LAT) has been shown to have a hypertrichotic effect, which makes it a promising candidate for alopecia treatments. For the first time, LAT has been encapsulated in nanotransfersomes in order to increase its efficacy. Ex vivo skin biodistribution was studied by confocal laser microscopy both in human scalp and pig skin. Results showed that nanotransfersomes increase the penetration of two different fluorochromes, with similar patterns in both species, compared with fluorochrome solutions containing no nanotransfersomes. Nanotransfersomes were stable under accelerated conditions (40 °C/75% RH) and long-term conditions (25 °C/60% RH) for up to 1 year, with no differences in vesicle size and polydispersity when LAT was loaded. Nanotransfersomes increased the LAT cell proliferation effect in HaCaT cell via MAPK signaling pathway. Collectively, our results demonstrate LAT-nanotransfersomes formulation could be a promising therapy for hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Pena-Rodríguez
- Laboratory Reig Jofre, R&D Department, 08970Sant Joan Despi, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura García-Vega
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular. Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029Madrid, Spain
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute (IR SJD-CERCA) Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular. Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029Madrid, Spain
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute (IR SJD-CERCA) Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular. Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029Madrid, Spain
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute (IR SJD-CERCA) Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169158. [PMID: 36012421 PMCID: PMC9409455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations.
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Kurysheva NI. [Neuroprotective properties of latanoprost]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:126-134. [PMID: 36004601 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used to treat glaucoma. The review shows that latanoprost possesses direct neuroprotective properties such as blocking the entry of calcium ions into neurons and inhibiting the action of caspase-3, inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and activation of polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and Klotho protein. It is emphasized that when the drug is instilled into the eye, the concentration of the drug inside the vitreous body is twice as high as what is required to ensure the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical and Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
- Ophthalmological Center of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Kelada M, Hill D, Yap TE, Manzar H, Cordeiro MF. Innovations and revolutions in reducing retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1835470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kelada
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
| | - Daniel Hill
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Timothy E. Yap
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
| | - Haider Manzar
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London NW1 5QH, UK
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
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Zaitone SA, Alshaman R, Alattar A, Elsherbiny NM, Abogresha NM, El-Kherbetawy MK, Elaskary AA, Hashish AA, Rashed LA, Ahmed E. Retinoprotective effect of donepezil in diabetic mice involves mitigation of excitotoxicity and activation of PI3K/mTOR/BCl 2 pathway. Life Sci 2020; 262:118467. [PMID: 32961236 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil (DNPZ) has shown neuroprotective effect in many disorders. The current study tested the putative retinoprotection provided by donepezil in mouse diabetic retinopathy. Swiss albino mice were allocated to, 1] saline control, 2] diabetic, 3&4] diabetic+DNPZ (1 or 4 mg/kg). After induction of diabetes, mice were maintained for 8 weeks then DNPZ therapy was launched for 28 days. Retinas were isolated and used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry for caspase 3 and the anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl2). Retinas were examined for glutamate, acetylcholine and oxidation markers. Western blot analysis measured inflammatory cytokines, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), phosphorylated and total phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and mTOR, BCl2 and cleaved caspase 3. Significant histopathological changes and decreased thickness were found in diabetic retinas (125.52 ± 2.85 vs. 157.15 ± 7.55 in the saline group). In addition, retinal glutamate (2.39-fold), inflammatory cytokines and NMDARs proteins (4.9-fold) were higher in the diabetic retinas. Western blot analysis revealed low ratio of phosphorylated/total PI3K (0.21 ± 0.043 vs. 1 ± 0.005) and mTOR (0.18 ± 0.04 vs. 1 ± 0.005), low BCl2 (0.28 ± 0.06 vs. 1 ± 0.005) and upregulated cleaved caspase 3 (5.18 ± 1.27 vs. 1 ± 0.05 in the saline group) versus the saline control. DNPZ ameliorated the histopathologic manifestations and to prevent the decrease in retinal thickness. DNPZ (4 mg/kg) improved phosphorylation of PI3K (0.76 ± 0.12 vs. 0.21 ± 0.04) and mTOR (0.59 ± 0.09 vs. 0.18 ± 0.04) and increased BCl2 (0.75 ± 0.08 vs. 0.28 ± 0.06) versus the diabetic control group. This study explained the retinoprotective effect of DNPZ in mouse diabetic retinopathy and highlighted that mitigation of excitotoxicity, improving phosphorylation of PI3K/mTOR and increasing BCl2 contribute to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Noha M Abogresha
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | - Abdullah A Hashish
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Jung KI, Woo JE, Park CK. Intraocular pressure fluctuation and neurodegeneration in the diabetic rat retina. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3046-3059. [PMID: 32087615 PMCID: PMC7279969 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Early retinal neurodegeneration occurs as one of the complications of diabetes even before clinically detectable diabetic vascular retinopathy. The pathogenesis of retinal diabetic neuropathy is still not well understood. We investigated the serial changes or fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP) and examined their roles in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration in diabetic retina. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated with ophthalmic preparations of brinzolamide, latanoprost, both drugs (combined treatment) or saline for 8 weeks. IOP was measured daily under general anaesthesia using a rebound tonometer. Antegrade axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve was assessed with a fluorescent substrate. Immunohistochemical staining, TUNEL assays and western blots were also used. KEY RESULTS The fluctuation of IOP was higher in the diabetes group than in the normal control or the combined treatment group. Diabetes-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells was decreased by combined treatment. Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein or Iba-1 in the retina or optic nerve head, induced by diabetes, was attenuated only by the combined treatment. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was increased in diabetic rats but not in the combined treatment group. Diabetes-induced loss of antegrade axoplasmic transport was partially relieved with combined treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Elevated IOP fluctuations seemed to be associated with the gliosis, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration induced by diabetes. The loss of retinal ganglion cells might be relieved by IOP-lowering medication. The improvement of unstable perfusion pressure could play a role in neuroprotection in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung In Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Jung Eun Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Chan Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
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12
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Sharif NA. iDrugs and iDevices Discovery Research: Preclinical Assays, Techniques, and Animal Model Studies for Ocular Hypotensives and Neuroprotectants. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:7-39. [PMID: 29323613 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery ophthalmic research is centered around delineating the molecular and cellular basis of ocular diseases and finding and exploiting molecular and genetic pathways associated with them. From such studies it is possible to determine suitable intervention points to address the disease process and hopefully to discover therapeutics to treat them. An investigational new drug (IND) filing for a new small-molecule drug, peptide, antibody, genetic treatment, or a device with global health authorities requires a number of preclinical studies to provide necessary safety and efficacy data. Specific regulatory elements needed for such IND-enabling studies are beyond the scope of this article. However, to enhance the overall data packages for such entities and permit high-quality foundation-building publications for medical affairs, additional research and development studies are always desirable. This review aims to provide examples of some target localization/verification, ocular drug discovery processes, and mechanistic and portfolio-enhancing exploratory investigations for candidate drugs and devices for the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons). Examples of compound screening assays, use of various technologies and techniques, deployment of animal models, and data obtained from such studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- 1 Global Alliances & External Research , Santen Incorporated, Emeryville, California.,2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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13
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Yamamoto K, Sato K, Yukita M, Yasuda M, Omodaka K, Ryu M, Fujita K, Nishiguchi KM, Machida S, Nakazawa T. The neuroprotective effect of latanoprost acts via klotho-mediated suppression of calpain activation after optic nerve transection. J Neurochem 2017; 140:495-508. [PMID: 27859240 PMCID: PMC5299490 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Latanoprost was first developed for use in glaucoma therapy as an ocular hypotensive agent targeting the prostaglandin F2α (FP) receptor. Subsequently, latanoprost showed a neuroprotective effect, an additional pharmacological action. However, although it is well-known that latanoprost exerts an ocular hypotensive effect via the FP receptor, it is not known whether this is also true of its neuroprotective effect. Klotho was firstly identified as the gene linked to the suppression of aging phenotype: the defect of klotho gene in mice results aging phenotype such as hypokinesis, arteriosclerosis, and short lifespan. After that, the function of klotho was also reported to maintain calcium homeostasis and to exert a neuroprotective effect in various models of neurodegenerative disease. However, the function of klotho in eyes including retina is still poorly understood. Here, we show that klotho is a key factor underlying the neuroprotective effect of latanoprost during post-axotomy retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Importantly, a quantitative RT-PCR gene expression analysis of klotho in sorted rat retinal cells revealed that the highest expression level of klotho in the retina was in the RGCs. Latanoprost acid, the biologically active form of latanoprost, inhibits post-traumatic calpain activation and concomitantly facilitates the expression and shedding of klotho in axotomized RGCs. This expression profile is a good match with the localization, not of the FP receptor, but of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1, known as a prostaglandin transporter, in the ocular tissue. Furthermore, an organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 inhibitor suppressed latanoprost acid-mediated klotho shedding ex vivo, whereas an FP receptor antagonist did not. The klotho fragments shed from the RGCs reduced the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, and a specific klotho inhibitor accelerated and increased RGC death after axotomy. We conclude that the shed klotho fragments might contribute to the attenuation of axonal injury-induced calpain activation and oxidative stress, thereby protecting RGCs from post-traumatic neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamamoto
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information AnalyticsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Masayoshi Yukita
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Masayuki Yasuda
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information AnalyticsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Morin Ryu
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Kosuke Fujita
- Department of Retinal Disease ControlTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Koji M. Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
| | - Shigeki Machida
- Department of OphthalmologyDokkyo Medical University Koshigaya HospitalSaitamaJapan
- Department of OphthalmologyIwate Medical University School of MedicineIwateJapan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of OphthalmologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information AnalyticsTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Retinal Disease ControlTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic MedicineTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineMiyagiJapan
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Latanoprost-induced Cytokine and Chemokine Release From Human Tenon's Capsule Fibroblasts: Role of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. J Glaucoma 2016; 24:635-41. [PMID: 25715004 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-term topical antiglaucoma therapy is considered a significant risk factor for failure of trabeculectomy. We investigated the effects of antiglaucoma drugs on proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release from cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) as well as the signaling pathways that underlie such effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The phosphorylation (activation) of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as the phosphorylation and degradation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor IκB-α were assessed by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Latanoprost stimulated the release of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 from HTFs in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner, whereas timolol maleate and pilocarpine had no such effects. Latanoprost also activated the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase as well as induced the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α in these cells. The latanoprost-induced release of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 was attenuated by inhibitors of MAPK (PD98059, SB203580, or JNK inhibitor II) or NF-κB (IκB kinase 2 inhibitor) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Latanoprost induced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release from HTFs in a manner dependent on MAPK and NF-κB signaling. These effects of latanoprost might influence bleb scarring after filtration surgery.
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Genipin Derivatives Protect RGC-5 from Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Nitrosative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010117. [PMID: 26797604 PMCID: PMC4730358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CHR20 and CHR21 are a pair of stable diastereoisomers derived from genipin. These stereoisomers are activators of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In the rat retinal ganglion (RGC-5) cell model these compounds are non-toxic. Treatment of RGC-5 with 750 μM of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produces nitrosative stress. Both genipin derivatives, however, protect these cells against SNP-induced apoptic cell death, although CHR21 is significantly more potent than CHR20 in this regard. With Western blotting we showed that the observed neuroprotection is primarily due to the activation of protein kinase B (Akt)/eNOS and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. Therefore, LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor) or PD98059 (a MAPK-activating enzyme inhibitor) abrogated the protective effects of CHR20 and CHR21. Altogether, our results show that in our experimental setup neuroprotection by the diasteromeric pair is mediated through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Further studies are needed to establish the potential of these compounds to prevent ntric oxide (NO)-induced toxicity commonly seen in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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16
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Morrone LA, Rombolà L, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Nucci C, Russo R. Natural compounds and retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:257-81. [PMID: 26497795 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness in the world, is a chronic optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure and characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons degeneration and death leading to typical optic nerve head damage and distinctive visual field defects. Although the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still largely unknown, it is hypothesized that RCGs become damaged through various insults/mechanisms, including ischemia, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, defective axonal transport, trophic factor withdrawal, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the potential benefits of several natural compounds for RGCs neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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17
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Schmidl D, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G, Popa-Cherecheanu A. Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:63-77. [PMID: 25587905 PMCID: PMC4346603 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving the optic nerve and associated structures, which is characterized by progressive visual field loss and typical changes of the optic nerve head (ONH). The only known treatment of the disease is reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), which has been shown to reduce glaucoma progression in a variety of large-scale clinical trials. Nowadays, a relatively wide array of topical antiglaucoma drugs is available, including prostaglandin analogues, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-receptor antagonists, adrenergic agonists, and parasympathomimetics. In clinical routine, this allows for individualized treatment taking risk factors, efficacy, and safety into account. A major challenge is related to adherence to therapy. Sustained release devices may help minimize this problem but are not yet available for clinical routine use. Another hope arises from non-IOP-related treatment concepts. In recent years, much knowledge has been gained regarding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the disease process in glaucoma. This also strengthens the hope that glaucoma therapy beyond IOP lowering will become available. Implementing this concept with clinical trials remains, however, a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Doucette LP, Rasnitsyn A, Seifi M, Walter MA. The interactions of genes, age, and environment in glaucoma pathogenesis. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:310-26. [PMID: 25907525 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a progressive degenerative condition that results in the death of retinal ganglion cells, is one of the leading causes of blindness, affecting millions worldwide. The mechanisms underlying glaucoma are not well understood, although years of studies have shown that the largest risk factors are elevated intraocular pressure, age, and genetics. Eleven genes and multiple loci have been identified as contributing factors. These genes act by a number of mechanisms, including mechanical stress, ischemic/oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. We summarize the recent advances in the understanding of glaucoma and propose a unified hypothesis for glaucoma pathogenesis. Glaucoma does not result from a single pathological mechanism, but rather a combination of pathways that are influenced by genes, age, and environment. In particular, we hypothesize that, in the presence of genetic risk factors, exposure to environment stresses results in an earlier age of onset for glaucoma. This hypothesis is based upon the overlap of the molecular pathways in which glaucoma genes are involved. Because of the interactions between these processes, it is likely that there are common therapies that may be effective for different subtypes of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance P Doucette
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Rasnitsyn
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael A Walter
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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19
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Shih GC, Calkins DJ. Secondary neuroprotective effects of hypotensive drugs and potential mechanisms of action. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 7:161-175. [PMID: 22737176 DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma, a long-term degenerative ocular neuropathy, remains a significant cause of vision impairment worldwide. While many risk factors have been correlated with increased risk for primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only modifiable risk factor and primary therapeutic target. Pharmacologic therapies are administered topically; these include α(2)-agonists, β-antagonists, prostaglandin analogs and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Some of these topical medications exhibit secondary neuroprotective effects independent of their effect on IOP. This review covers the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection stimulated by drugs currently marketed for the lowering of IOP, based on known literature. While the neuroprotective properties of many glaucoma pharmaceuticals are promising from an experimental standpoint, key challenges for the development of new clinical practices include unknown systemic side effects, limited methods of drug delivery to the retina and optic nerve, and development of extended-release formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Shih
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 11435 MRB IV, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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20
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Inoue Y, Shimazawa M, Nakamura S, Imamura T, Sugitani S, Tsuruma K, Hara H. Protective effects of placental growth factor on retinal neuronal cell damage. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:329-37. [PMID: 24293397 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family. Although it has been reported that PlGF protects against neuronal damage in the brain, little is known about the effects of PlGF in the retina. Therefore, we investigated the effects of PlGF on retinal neuronal cells. To evaluate the effects of PlGF against L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO)/glutamate cell death, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death, and light-induced cell death, RGC-5 and 661W cells were used. We evaluated the mechanism responsible for the protective effects of PlGF against retinal neuronal cell death by performing the examinations with U1026, which is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor, and LY294002, which is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. In addition, we measured caspase-3/7 activity in RGC-5 cells and 661W cells. PlGF protected against RGC-5 cell death induced by BSO/glutamate and OGD and against 661W cell death induced by light irradiation. Moreover, an anti-PlGF antibody negated these protective effects. The protective effects of PlGF against OGD-induced RGC-5 cell death and light-induced 661W cell death were suppressed by using an anti-PlGF antibody, U1026, and LY294002. Treatment with PlGF suppressed caspase-3/7 activity in both cell lines. We demonstrated for the first time that PlGF exerts a protective effect by inhibiting the activation of caspase-3/7 through the MEK and PI3K pathway in retinal neuronal cells. These data suggest that PlGF may be an important protective factor in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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21
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Neuroprotection of medical IOP-lowering therapy. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:245-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Prokosch V, Schallenberg M, Thanos S. Crystallins are regulated biomarkers for monitoring topical therapy of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e49730. [PMID: 23468831 PMCID: PMC3582637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve atrophy caused by abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the most common cause of irreversible loss of vision worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether topically applied IOP-lowering eye drugs affect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and retinal metabolism in a rat model of optic neuropathy. IOP was elevated through cauterization of episcleral veins, and then lowered either by the daily topical application of timolol, timolol/travoprost, timolol/dorzolamide, or timolol/brimonidine, or surgically with sectorial iridectomy. RGCs were retrogradely labeled 4 days prior to enucleation, and counted. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry allowed the identification of IOP-dependent proteomic changes. Genomic changes were scrutinized using microarrays and qRT-PCR. The significant increase in IOP induced by episcleral vein cauterization that persisted until 8 weeks of follow-up in control animals (p<0.05) was effectively lowered by the eye drops (p<0.05). As anticipated, the number of RGCs decreased significantly following 8 weeks of elevated IOP (p<0.05), while treatment with combination compounds markedly improved RGC survival (p<0.05). 2D-PAGE and Western blot analyses revealed an IOP-dependent expression of crystallin cry-βb2. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses verified the results at the mRNA level. IHC demonstrated that crystallins were expressed mainly in the ganglion cell layer. The data suggest that IOP and either topically applied antiglaucomatous drugs influence crystallin expression within the retina. Neuronal crystallins are thus suitable biomarkers for monitoring the progression of neuropathy and evaluating any neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Prokosch
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Maurice Schallenberg
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Takano N, Tsuruma K, Ohno Y, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Bimatoprost protects retinal neuronal damage via Akt pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:56-61. [PMID: 23395963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, prostaglandin analogs, such as bimatoprost, have become the major therapeutic class for medical treatment of glaucoma because of their efficacy and generally well tolerated systemic safety profile. However, the detailed mechanism of the direct action of bimatoprost on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) has rarely been understood. Thus, in this study, we elucidated the mechanism of the protective effects of bimatoprost on RGC against oxidative stress. To examine the protective effects of bimatoprost, cultured RGC with various concentrations of bimatoprost (in both free acid and amide form) were exposed to l-buthionin-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) plus glutamate or serum depletion in vitro and intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was used to induce retinal damage in vivo. To elucidate the protective mechanism of bimatoprost, we used western blot analysis to investigate the phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Bimatoprost significantly reduced BSO plus glutamate- and serum deprivation-induced death in concentration-dependent manners. Bimatoprost induced activation of Akt and ERK, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated the protective effect of bimatoprost. On the other hand, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, exhibited protective effect unexpectedly. Moreover, ERK was more phosphorylated by attenuation of Akt activity in cultured RGC. In an in vivo study, bimatoprost reduced NMDA-induced RGC death. Taken together, these findings indicate that bimatoprost has protective effects on in vitro and in vivo retinal damage, suggesting that the mechanism underlying may be via the Akt pathway, which may modulate the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Takano
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Harms NV, Toris CB. Current status of unoprostone for the management of glaucoma and the future of its use in the treatment of retinal disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012. [PMID: 23199345 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.748038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optic nerve and retinal diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are significant public health concerns and have a momentous impact on patients' functional status and quality of life. These diseases are among the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide and account for billions of dollars in healthcare expenditures and lost productivity. The importance of adequate treatment of these conditions and the need for efficacious therapeutic drugs cannot be overstated. Unoprostone continues to be developed as a potential treatment for these debilitating diseases. AREAS COVERED This review provides background information on unoprostone isopropyl (unoprostone), a prostanoid and synthetic docosanoid approved for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, and recapitulates safety and efficacy data as it relates to this indication. Additionally, this review describes potential new uses of unoprostone as therapy for dry AMD and RP. A literature search of peer-reviewed publications was performed utilizing PubMed. Searches were last updated on 10 September 2012. EXPERT OPINION Current data indicate that unoprostone does significantly lower intraocular pressure (IOP) and has a favorable safety and tolerability profile. However, the IOP-lowering effects of unoprostone do not compare with other commercially available prostanoids and it has the disadvantage of a twice-daily rather than once-daily dosing regimen. Nonetheless, recent data suggest that unoprostone may improve neuronal survival and increase ocular blood flow, indicating that it may have some value as a therapy for glaucoma, RP and dry AMD. Further studies are needed to confirm whether unoprostone provides any clinically significant advantage over the other commercially available prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Harms
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA
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Schallner N, Fuchs M, Schwer CI, Loop T, Buerkle H, Lagrèze WA, van Oterendorp C, Biermann J, Goebel U. Postconditioning with inhaled carbon monoxide counteracts apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the ischemic rat retina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46479. [PMID: 23029526 PMCID: PMC3460901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R) of neuronal structures and organs is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to neuronal cell death. We hypothesized that inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO) after I/R injury (‘postconditioning’) would protect retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Methods Retinal I/R injury was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) by increasing ocular pressure (120 mmHg, 1 h). Rats inhaled room air or CO (250 ppm) for 1 h immediately following ischemia or with 1.5 and 3 h latency. Retinal tissue was harvested to analyze Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, HO-1 expression and phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB, p38 and ERK-1/2 MAPK. NF-κB activation was determined and inhibition of ERK-1/2 was performed using PD98059 (2 mg/kg). Densities of fluorogold prelabeled RGC were analyzed 7 days after injury. Microglia, macrophage and Müller cell activation and proliferation were evaluated by Iba-1, GFAP and Ki-67 staining. Results Inhalation of CO after I/R inhibited Bax and Caspase-3 expression (Bax: 1.9±0.3 vs. 1.4±0.2, p = 0.028; caspase-3: 2.0±0.2 vs. 1.5±0.1, p = 0.007; mean±S.D., fold induction at 12 h), while expression of Bcl-2 was induced (1.2±0.2 vs. 1.6±0.2, p = 0.001; mean±S.D., fold induction at 12 h). CO postconditioning suppressed retinal p38 phosphorylation (p = 0.023 at 24 h) and induced the phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 (p<0.001 at 24 h). CO postconditioning inhibited the expression of HO-1. The activation of NF-κB, microglia and Müller cells was potently inhibited by CO as well as immigration of proliferative microglia and macrophages into the retina. CO protected I/R-injured RGC with a therapeutic window at least up to 3 h (n = 8; RGC/mm2; mean±S.D.: 1255±327 I/R only vs. 1956±157 immediate CO treatment, vs. 1830±109 1.5 h time lag and vs. 1626±122 3 h time lag; p<0.001). Inhibition of ERK-1/2 did not counteract the CO effects (RGC/mm2: 1956±157 vs. 1931±124, mean±S.D., p = 0.799). Conclusion Inhaled CO, administered after retinal ischemic injury, protects RGC through its strong anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schallner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Fuchs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian I. Schwer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Torsten Loop
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hartmut Buerkle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Biermann
- University Eye Hospital, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Goebel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Gonzalez-Moreno EI, Guzman-de la Garza FJ, Fernandez-Garza NE. Arachidonic acid derivatives and their role in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:168953. [PMID: 22997489 PMCID: PMC3446639 DOI: 10.1100/2012/168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, a process of axonal degradation, debris clearance, and subsequent regeneration is initiated by complex local signaling, called Wallerian degeneration (WD). This process is in part mediated by neuroglia as well as infiltrating inflammatory cells and regulated by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and the activation of transcription factors also related to the inflammatory response. Part of this neuroimmune signaling is mediated by the innate immune system, including arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The enzymes responsible for their production, cyclooxygenases and lipooxygenases, also participate in nerve degeneration and regeneration. The interactions between signals for nerve regeneration and neuroinflammation go all the way down to the molecular level. In this paper, we discuss the role that AA derivatives might play during WD and nerve regeneration, and the therapeutic possibilities that arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodrigo Camara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Ermiş SS. Differential pharmacology and clinical utility of preservative-free tafluprost in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:673-8. [PMID: 22654492 PMCID: PMC3363306 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s24248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic disease requiring lifelong treatment. Discomfort due to medications may affect patients’ quality of life and may cause poor compliance, which leads to poor intraocular pressure control. To minimize the side effects of long-term treatment, preparations with lower benzalkonium chloride concentrations, preservative-free preparations and alternative preservatives have been developed and reported to have a lower rate of side effects. Tafluprost, launched on the ophthalmic market in 2008, is a new 16-phenoxy analogue of prostaglandin F2α, clinically used as an ocular hypotensive agent for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The safety and intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy of tafluprost has been demonstrated in various preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıtkı Samet Ermiş
- Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Tıp Fakültesi, Čagış Kampüsü, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Yamagishi R, Aihara M, Araie M. Neuroprotective effects of prostaglandin analogues on retinal ganglion cell death independent of intraocular pressure reduction. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bull ND, Johnson TV, Welsapar G, DeKorver NW, Tomarev SI, Martin KR. Use of an adult rat retinal explant model for screening of potential retinal ganglion cell neuroprotective therapies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3309-20. [PMID: 21345987 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. To validate an established adult organotypic retinal explant culture system for use as an efficient medium-throughput screening tool to investigate novel retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotective therapies. METHODS. Optimal culture conditions for detecting RGC neuroprotection in rat retinal explants were identified. Retinal explants were treated with various recognized, or purported, neuroprotective agents and cultured for either 4 or 7 days ex vivo. The number of cells surviving in the RGC layer (RGCL) was quantified using histologic and immunohistochemical techniques, and statistical analyses were applied to detect neuroprotective effects. RESULTS. The ability to replicate previously reported in vivo RGC neuroprotection in retinal explants was verified by demonstrating that caspase inhibition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment, and stem cell transplantation all reduced RGCL cell loss in this model. Further screening of potential neuroprotective pharmacologic agents demonstrated that betaxolol, losartan, tafluprost, and simvastatin all alleviated RGCL cell loss in retinal explants, supporting previous reports. However, treatment with brimonidine did not protect RGCL neurons from death in retinal explant cultures. Explants cultured for 4 days ex vivo proved most sensitive for detecting neuroprotection. CONCLUSIONS. The current adult rat retinal explant culture model offers advantages over other models for screening potential neuroprotective drugs, including maintenance of neurons in situ, control of environmental conditions, and dissociation from other factors such as intraocular pressure. Verification that neuroprotection by previously identified RGC-protective therapies could be replicated in adult retinal explant cultures suggests that this model could be used for efficient medium-throughput screening of novel neuroprotective therapies for retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Bull
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Rosenthal R, Fromm M. Endothelin antagonism as an active principle for glaucoma therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:806-16. [PMID: 21054341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin, the most potent vasoactive peptide known to date, has been suggested to play a potential role in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common optic nerve head neuropathy and is associated with a loss of retinal ganglion cells and visual field damage. Although an increased intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy, other factors such as a reduced ocular blood flow play an important role for appearance of the disease. Thus, treatment of glaucoma is focused on lowering of intraocular pressure and preventing the occurrence or progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Endothelin participates in the regulation of intraocular pressure by an effect on trabecular outflow, the main route for aqueous humour outflow from the eye. Trabecular outflow is modulated by trabecular meshwork contractility which is affected by endothelin. In addition to the effects of endothelin in the anterior part of the eye, the vasoconstrictor causes a decrease in ocular blood flow followed by pathological changes in the retina and the optic nerve head which is assumed to contribute to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. In sum, inhibition of endothelin signalling leads to lowering of intraocular pressure and exerts neuroprotective effects. Thus, endothelin antagonism in the eye represents a promising approach for pharmacological treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rosenthal
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Latanoprost Promotes Neurite Outgrowth in Differentiated RGC-5 Cells via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:597-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vidal L, Díaz F, Villena A, Moreno M, Campos JG, Pérez de Vargas I. Reaction of Müller cells in an experimental rat model of increased intraocular pressure following timolol, latanoprost and brimonidine. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:18-24. [PMID: 20206241 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of Müller cells in an experimental rat model of intraocular pressure (IOP) and their response to treatment with ocular hypotensive drugs. Episcleral vein cauterization in unilateral eyes of Wistar rats was performed to produce elevated IOP. The animals were divided into five groups: control, experimental, and experimental treated with timolol, latanoprost or brimonidine. Histological sections of retina were studied by immunochemistry with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the percentage of labeled area was measured to evaluate the degree of reactive gliosis. In the experimental group, the Müller cells showed hypertrophy and a significant increase in GFAP (4.39+/-0.32%) in relation to retinas of the control group (2.05+/-0.14%). Gliosis was detected in all three treated groups, with a varying increase in GFAP intensity. The timolol-treated group showed the most intense and persistent glial reactivity after 3 months of treatment (13.89+/-0.63%). Treatment with brimonidine, however, resulted in a decrease in the level of GFAP immunoreactivity (8.37+/-0.4%). The group treated with latanoprost showed the lowest glial reactivity (4.8+/-0.36%). Given that all three drugs are effective hypotensive agents, their neuroprotective effect could be related with other factors, such as gliosis, which, over long periods may have noxious effects on the neurons. Thus, hypotensives like brimonidine, and specially latanoprost, may afford greater neuroprotection to the ganglion cells by attenuating the retinal glial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Vidal
- Department of Histology and Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur 32, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
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Al-Shabrawey M, Smith S. Prediction of diabetic retinopathy: role of oxidative stress and relevance of apoptotic biomarkers. EPMA J 2010; 1:56-72. [PMID: 23199041 PMCID: PMC3405307 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the foremost cause of blindness in working-aged worldwide; it is characterized by vascular and neuronal degeneration. Features of DR include leukocyte adhesion, increased vascular permeability, neovascularization and neuronal cell death. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to prevent or at least ameliorate the development of DR. Recent reports indicate that pathophysiological mechanisms leading to diabetic retinopathy include oxidative stress and retinal cell death cascades. Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosin (8-OHdG), nitrotyrosine, and F(2) isoprostanes and pro-apoptosis molecules (caspase-3, Fas, and Bax) are associated with increased susceptibility to develop DR in diabetic subjects. Thus, identification of oxidative stress and cell death biomarkers in diabetic patients could be in favor of predicting, diagnosis, and prevention of DR, and to target for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Opthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sylvia Smith
- Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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Fukuda M, Nakanishi Y, Fuse M, Yokoi N, Hamada Y, Fukagawa M, Negi A, Nakamura M. Altered expression of aquaporins 1 and 4 coincides with neurodegenerative events in retinas of spontaneously diabetic Torii rats. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kanamori A, Naka M, Fukuda M, Nakamura M, Negi A. Tafluprost protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247:1353-60. [PMID: 19551401 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether tafluprost, which is a prostaglandin-related compound and an anti-glaucoma drug, has a direct anti-apoptotic effect in cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and rat RGCs in retinas with optic nerve crush (ONC). METHODS RGC-5 cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by a serum deprivation and by exogenous glutamate. The level of cell death with or without tafluprost was monitored by an XTT assay and by immunocytochemistry with activated caspase-3. Changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) levels were measured with fluo-4 fluorescence. Rat RGCs were degenerated by ONC. After topical instillation of tafluprost for 7 and 14 days, the numbers of retrograde-labeled RGCs were counted. Retinal flatmounts were subjected to terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining to detect apoptotic cells. RESULTS Tafluprost dose-dependently promoted RGC-5 cell viability with an optimum concentration of 3 microM (p = 0.006). Tafluprost significantly reduced caspase-3-positive cells and suppressed [Ca(+2)]i evoked by exogenous glutamate. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor and KT-5823 partially blocked the rescue effect of tafluprost (p = 0.002). The survival rate of RGCs significantly increased in eyes treated with tafluprost (p = 0.01), and the prevalence of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly decreased 14 days after ONC (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tafluprost has an anti-apoptotic effect in RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyasu Kanamori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Kanamori A, Naka M, Fukuda M, Nakamura M, Negi A. Latanoprost protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:535-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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EMRE S, GUL M, ATES B, ESREFOGLU M, KOC B, ERDOGAN A, YESILADA E. Comparison of the Protective Effects of Prostaglandin Analogues in the Ischemia and Reperfusion Model of Rabbit Eyes. Exp Anim 2009; 58:505-13. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan EMRE
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University
| | - Mehmet GUL
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
| | - Burhan ATES
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University
| | - Mukaddes ESREFOGLU
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
| | - Bekir KOC
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
| | - Ali ERDOGAN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University
| | - Elif YESILADA
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
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Tatsumi Y, Kanamori A, Nagai-Kusuhara A, Nakanishi Y, Agarwal N, Negi A, Nakamura M. Nipradilol protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in vitro and by diabetes in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:683-92. [PMID: 18696344 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802323157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if nipradilol has an anti-apoptotic effect in serum-deprived RGC-5 cells and in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. METHODS Apoptosis was quantified by activated caspase-3 immunohistochemistry or terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay. RESULTS Nipradilol dose-dependently suppressed apoptosis in a protein kinase A- and G-dependent manner and counteracted glutamate-induced calcium entry in the RGC-5 cells and reduced apoptotic cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer of 4- and 12-week diabetic retinas compared to controls when instilled for 5 days. Removal of the nitric oxide moiety from nipradilol blocked these effects. CONCLUSIONS Nipradilol protects RGCs from apoptosis induced by serum-deprivation in vitro and by diabetes in vivo. The NO-related signaling pathway mediates the anti-apoptotic ability of nipradilol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tatsumi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Nagata T, Ueno S, Morita H, Kubota T, Toyohira Y, Tsutsui M, Tawara A, Yanagihara N. Direct Inhibition of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Receptor Function by Antiglaucomatous β-Antagonists. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:423-34. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Nagai-Kusuhara A, Nakamura M, Mukuno H, Kanamori A, Negi A, Seigel GM. cAMP-responsive element binding protein mediates a cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent anti-apoptotic signal induced by nitric oxide in retinal neuro-glial progenitor cells. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:152-62. [PMID: 17081519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is cytoprotective to certain types of neuronal cells. The neuroprotective ability of NO in the retina was reportedly mediated by the cyclic GMP (cGMP) to protein kinase G (PKG) pathway. Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) plays an essential role in the NO/cGMP/PKG-mediated survival of rat cerebellar granule cells. We tested whether CREB transduces the NO/cGMP/PKG anti-apoptotic cascade in R28 neuro-glial progenitor cells. Apoptosis was induced in R28 cells by serum deprivation for 24 h. Varying concentrations of two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and nipradilol, were added to medium with or without an NO scavenger, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, or a PKG inhibitor. The cells were immunostained against activated caspase-3 and counterstained with Hoechst 33258. Apoptosis was quantified by counting activated caspase-3 positive or pyknotic cells. SNP and nipradilol rescued R28 cells from apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, at an optimal concentration of 1.0 microM and 10 microM, respectively. Higher concentrations were cytotoxic. The NO scavenger and the inhibitors decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of the NO donors. Intracellular cGMP levels were increased after exposure to SNP and nipradilol. Western blotting showed that both NO donors increased CREB phosphorylation, which was blocked when pre-exposed to the inhibitors. Transfection with a dominant negative CREB construct defective of phosphorylation at Ser-133 interfered with the anti-apoptotic activity of SNP. These results indicate that CREB at least in part mediates the cGMP/PKG-dependent anti-apoptotic signal induced by NO in R28 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Nagai-Kusuhara
- Department of Organs Therapeutics, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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