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Wu S, Mo X. Optic Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potentials and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021447. [PMID: 36674963 PMCID: PMC9865663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular compilation of diabetes, is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent studies indicate that retinal neuron impairment occurs before any noticeable vascular changes in DR, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is one of the earliest signs. Axons of RGCs have little capacity to regenerate after injury, clinically leading the visual functional defects to become irreversible. In the past two decades, tremendous progress has been achieved to enable RGC axon regeneration in animal models of optic nerve injury, which holds promise for neural repair and visual restoration in DR. This review summarizes these advances and discusses the potential and challenges for developing optic nerve regeneration strategies treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-64377134
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Using System Identification to Construct an Inherent Model of Pupillary Light Reflex to Explore Diabetic Neuropathy. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070852. [PMID: 34202410 PMCID: PMC8301861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposed a pupillary light reflex (PLR) inherent model based on the system identification method to demonstrate the dynamic physiological mechanism of the PLR, in which pupillary constriction and dilation are controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. This model was constructed and verified by comparing the simulated and predicted PLR response with that of healthy participants. The least root-mean-square error (RMSE) of simulated PLR response was less than 0.7% when stimulus duration was under 3 ms. The RMSE of predicted PLR response increased by approximately 6.76%/s from the stimulus duration of 1 ms to 3 s, when the model directly used the parameters extracted from the PLR at the stimulus duration of 10 ms. When model parameters were derived from the regression by the measured PLR response, the RMSE kept under 8.5%. The model was applied to explore the PLR abnormalities of the people with Diabetic Mellitus (DM) by extracting the model parameters from 42 people with DM and comparing these parameters with those of 42 healthy participants. The parameter in the first-order term of the elastic force of the participants with DM was significantly lower than that of the healthy participants (p < 0.05). The sympathetic force and sympathetic action delay of the participants with DM were significantly larger (p < 0.05) and longer (p < 0.0001) than that of the healthy ones, respectively. The reason might be that the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the dilator muscle, degenerated in diabetic patients.
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Chen WY, Han X, Cui LJ, Yu CX, Sheng WL, Yu J, Yuan F, Zhong YM, Yang XL, Weng SJ. Cell-Subtype-Specific Remodeling of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:1157-1169. [PMID: 33574020 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a neuronal class regulating nonimage forming (NIF) vision and generally thought to be injury resistant, are dysfunctional in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Although disrupted NIF visual functions have been reported in patients and animals with diabetes, it remains controversial whether ipRGCs exhibit remodeling during diabetes and if so, whether such remodeling is variable among ipRGC subtypes. Here, we demonstrate that survival, soma-dendritic profiles, and melanopsin-based functional activity of M1 ipRGCs were unaltered in streptozotocin-induced 3-month diabetic mice. Such resistance remained at 6 months after streptozotocin administration. In contrast, M2/M3 ipRGCs underwent significant remodeling in diabetic mice, manifested by enlarged somata and increased dendritic branching complexity. Consistent with the unaltered melanopsin levels, the sensitivity of melanopsin-based activity was unchanged in surviving M2 cells, but their response gain displayed a compensatory enhancement. Meanwhile, the pupillary light reflex, a NIF visual function controlled by M2 cells, was found to be impaired in diabetic animals. The resistance of M1 cells might be attributed to the adjacency of their dendrites to capillaries, which makes them less disturbed by the impaired retinal blood supply at the early stage of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Jie Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Xi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Long Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cui Q, Ren C, Sollars PJ, Pickard GE, So KF. The injury resistant ability of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Neuroscience 2014; 284:845-853. [PMID: 25446359 PMCID: PMC4637166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian retina expressing the photopigment melanopsin have been identified as a class of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). This discovery more than a decade ago has opened up an exciting new field of retinal research, and following the initial identification of photosensitive ganglion cells, several subtypes have been described. A number of studies have shown that ipRGCs subserve photoentrainment of circadian rhythms. They also influence other non-image forming functions of the visual system, such as the pupillary light reflex, sleep, cognition, mood, light aversion and development of the retina. These novel photosensitive neurons also influence form vision by contributing to contrast detection. Furthermore, studies have shown that ipRGCs are more injury-resistant following optic nerve injury, in animal models of glaucoma, and in patients with mitochondrial optic neuropathies, i.e., Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy. There is also an indication that these cells may be resistant to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Herein we provide an overview of ipRGCs and discuss the injury-resistant character of these neurons under certain pathological and experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Cui
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; GHM Collaboration and Innovation Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - C Ren
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; GHM Collaboration and Innovation Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - P J Sollars
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - G E Pickard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K-F So
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; GHM Collaboration and Innovation Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Lahouaoui H, Coutanson C, Cooper HM, Bennis M, Dkhissi-Benyahya O. Clock genes and behavioral responses to light are altered in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101584. [PMID: 25006976 PMCID: PMC4089924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are altered in retinal pathologies. Using a streptozotocin-induced (STZ) model of diabetes, we investigated the impact of diabetic retinopathy on non-visual functions by analyzing ipRGCs morphology and light-induced c-Fos and Period 1–2 clock genes in the central clock (SCN). The ability of STZ-diabetic mice to entrain to light was challenged by exposure animals to 1) successive light/dark (LD) cycle of decreasing or increasing light intensities during the light phase and 2) 6-h advance of the LD cycle. Our results show that diabetes induces morphological changes of ipRGCs, including soma swelling and dendritic varicosities, with no reduction in their total number, associated with decreased c-Fos and clock genes induction by light in the SCN at 12 weeks post-onset of diabetes. In addition, STZ-diabetic mice exhibited a reduction of overall locomotor activity, a decrease of circadian sensitivity to light at low intensities, and a delay in the time to re-entrain after a phase advance of the LD cycle. These novel findings demonstrate that diabetes alters clock genes and behavioral responses of the circadian timing system to light and suggest that diabetic patients may show an increased propensity for circadian disturbances, in particular when they are exposed to chronobiological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Lahouaoui
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, Bron, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon 1, UMR-S 846, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, URAC-37, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Christine Coutanson
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, Bron, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon 1, UMR-S 846, Lyon, France
| | - Howard M. Cooper
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, Bron, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon 1, UMR-S 846, Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, URAC-37, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, Bron, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon 1, UMR-S 846, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Leskova W, Watts MN, Carter PR, Eshaq RS, Harris NR. Measurement of retinal blood flow rate in diabetic rats: disparity between techniques due to redistribution of flow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2992-9. [PMID: 23572104 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Reports of altered retinal blood flow in experimental models of type I diabetes have provided contrasting results, which leads to some confusion as to whether flow is increased or decreased. The purpose of our study was to evaluate early diabetes-induced changes in retinal blood flow in diabetic rats, using two distinctly different methods. METHODS Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and retinal blood flow rate was measured under anesthesia by a microsphere infusion technique, or by an index of flow based on the mean circulation time between arterioles and venules. Measurements in STZ rats were compared to age-matched nondiabetic controls. In addition, the retinal distribution of fluorescently-labeled red blood cells (RBCs) was viewed by confocal microscopy in excised flat mounts. RESULTS Retinal blood flow rate was found to decrease by approximately 33% in the STZ rats compared to controls (P < 0.001) as assessed by the microsphere technique. However, in striking contrast, the mean circulation time through the retina was found to be almost 3× faster in the STZ rats (P < 0.01). This contradiction could be explained by flow redistribution through the superficial vessels of the diabetic retina, with this possibility supported by our observation of significantly fewer RBCs flowing through the deeper capillaries. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that retinal blood flow rate is reduced significantly in the diabetic rat, with a substantial decrease of flow through the capillaries due to shunting of blood through the superficial layer, allowing rapid transit from arterioles to venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Leskova
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Fernandez DC, Sande PH, de Zavalía N, Belforte N, Dorfman D, Casiraghi LP, Golombek D, Rosenstein RE. Effect of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy on the Non-Image-Forming Visual System. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:583-97. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.754453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lai AKW, Lo ACY. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy: summary and comparison. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:106594. [PMID: 24286086 PMCID: PMC3826427 DOI: 10.1155/2013/106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication associated with chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Although clinical assessment and retinal autopsy of diabetic patients provide information on the features and progression of DR, its underlying pathophysiological mechanism cannot be deduced. In order to have a better understanding of the development of DR at the molecular and cellular levels, a variety of animal models have been developed. They include pharmacological induction of hyperglycemia and spontaneous diabetic rodents as well as models of angiogenesis without diabetes (to compensate for the absence of proliferative DR symptoms). In this review, we summarize the existing protocols to induce diabetes using STZ. We also describe and compare the pathological presentations, in both morphological and functional aspects, of the currently available DR animal models. The advantages and disadvantages of using different animals, ranging from zebrafish, rodents to other higher-order mammals, are also discussed. Until now, there is no single model that displays all the clinical features of DR as seen in human. Yet, with the understanding of the pathological findings in these animal models, researchers can select the most suitable models for mechanistic studies or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ka Wai Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy C. Y. Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- *Amy C. Y. Lo:
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Feigl B, Zele AJ, Fader SM, Howes AN, Hughes CE, Jones KA, Jones R. The post-illumination pupil response of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e230-4. [PMID: 21883986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the clinical utility of the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) controlled post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) as a novel technique for documenting inner retinal function in patients with Type II diabetes without diabetic retinopathy. METHODS The PIPR was measured in seven patients with Type II diabetes, normal retinal nerve fibre thickness and no diabetic retinopathy compared to healthy age-similar controls. A 488- and 610-nm, 7.15-diameter stimulus was presented in Maxwellian view to the right eye and the left consensual pupil light reflex was recorded. RESULTS The group data for the blue PIPR (488 nm) identified a trend of reduced ipRGC function in patients with diabetes with no retinopathy. The transient pupil constriction was lower on average in the diabetic group. The relationship between duration of diabetes and the blue PIPR amplitude was linear, suggesting that ipRGC function decreases with increasing diabetes duration. CONCLUSION This is the first report to show that the ipRGC-controlled PIPR may have clinical applications as a non-invasive technique for determining the progression of inner neuroretinal changes in patients with diabetes before they are ophthalmoscopically or anatomically evident. The lower transient pupil constriction amplitude indicates that outer retinal photoreceptor inputs to the pupil light reflex may also be affected in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia.
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