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Payne TE, Harrison JJ, Child DP, Hankin S, Hotchkis MAC, Hughes CE, Johansen MP, Thiruvoth S, Wilsher KL. Accelerator mass spectrometry measurements of 233U in groundwater, soil and vegetation at a legacy radioactive waste site. Chemosphere 2024; 358:141761. [PMID: 38531499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Low-level radioactive wastes were disposed at the Little Forest Legacy Site (LFLS) near Sydney, Australia between 1960 and 1968. According to the disposal records, 233U contributes a significant portion of the inventory of actinide activity buried in the LFLS trenches. Although the presence of 233U in environmental samples from LFLS has been previously inferred from alpha-spectrometry measurements, it has been difficult to quantify because the 233U and 234U α-peaks are superimposed. Therefore, the amounts of 233U in groundwaters, soils and vegetation from the vicinity of the LFLS were measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The AMS results show the presence of 233U in numerous environmental samples, particularly those obtained within, and in the immediate vicinity of, the trenched area. There is evidence for dispersion of 233U in groundwater (possibly mobilised by co-disposed organic liquids), and the data also suggest other sources of 233U contamination in addition to the trench wastes. These may include leakages and spills from waste drums as well as waste burnings, which also occurred at the site. The AMS results confirm the historic information regarding disposal of 233U in the LFLS trenches. The AMS technique has been valuable to ascertain the distribution and environmental behaviour of 233U at the LFLS and the results demonstrate the applicability of AMS for evaluating contamination of 233U at other radioactive waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia.
| | - Jennifer J Harrison
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - David P Child
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Stuart Hankin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Michael A C Hotchkis
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Mathew P Johansen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Sangeeth Thiruvoth
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Kerry L Wilsher
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
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Gray AL, Karlsson R, Roberts ARE, Ridley AJL, Pun N, Khan B, Lawless C, Luís R, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Hughes CE, Medina-Ruiz L, Birchenough HL, Mulholland IZ, Salanga CL, Yates EA, Turnbull JE, Handel TM, Graham GJ, Jowitt TA, Schiessl I, Richter RP, Miller RL, Dyer DP. Chemokine CXCL4 interactions with extracellular matrix proteoglycans mediate widespread immune cell recruitment independent of chemokine receptors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111930. [PMID: 36640356 PMCID: PMC11064100 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment from the vasculature into tissues is a crucial component of the immune system but is also key to inflammatory disease. Chemokines are central to this process but have yet to be therapeutically targeted during inflammation due to a lack of mechanistic understanding. Specifically, CXCL4 (Platelet Factor 4, PF4) has no established receptor that explains its function. Here, we use biophysical, in vitro, and in vivo techniques to determine the mechanism underlying CXCL4-mediated leukocyte recruitment. We demonstrate that CXCL4 binds to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sugars on proteoglycans within the endothelial extracellular matrix, resulting in increased adhesion of leukocytes to the vasculature, increased vascular permeability, and non-specific recruitment of a range of leukocytes. Furthermore, GAG sulfation confers selectivity onto chemokine localization. These findings present mechanistic insights into chemokine biology and provide future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Gray
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abigail R E Roberts
- University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amanda J L Ridley
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nabina Pun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bakhtbilland Khan
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rafael Luís
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 2012 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Chemokine Research Group, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Laura Medina-Ruiz
- Chemokine Research Group, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Holly L Birchenough
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Iashia Z Mulholland
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf P Richter
- University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Cendón DI, Rowling B, Hughes CE, Payne TE, Hankin SI, Harrison JJ, Peterson MA, Stopic A, Wong H, Gadd P. Rare earth elements and yttrium as tracers of waste/rock-groundwater interactions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 830:154706. [PMID: 35331767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of Rare Earth Elements (REE) plus yttrium (REY) are entering the environment due to human activities. The similar chemical behaviour across the whole REY, i.e. the lanthanide series (lanthanum to lutetium) and yttrium, allows their use as tracers, fingerprinting rock-forming processes and fluid-rock interactions in earth science systems. However, their use in fingerprinting waste and particularly low-level radioactive waste has not received much attention, despite the direct use of REE in the nuclear industry and the traditional use of REE as proxies to understand the environmental mobility of the actinide series (actinium to lawrencium). The highly instrumented low-level radioactive waste site at Little Forest (Australia) allows a detailed REY study, investigating interactions with local strata, neighbouring waste forms and shallow groundwater flows. Groundwater samples and solids from cored materials were recovered from 2007 to 2012 from the study site and regional baseline sites in the same geological materials. The REY in water samples were analysed by automated chelation pre-concentration (SeaFast, ESI) followed by ICP-MS determination, while solid samples were analysed using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and X-ray fluorescence scanning (ITRAX). Solid rocks showed no REY departed from typical Upper Crust compositions in either Little Forest or regional background sites. Shallow groundwater from ~4-5 m, at or slightly below waste trench levels, showed water-waste interaction as a marked enrichment, relative to shale-normalised patterns, in samarium, europium and gadolinium, with depleted yttrium. Leachate samples from the neighbouring urban landfill show different REY normalised patterns. REY distribution changes with depth through increased interaction with shales and sandstones. Variations in pH and redox conditions lead to widespread precipitation of Fe-hydroxides, which scavenge REY with differential uptake by precipitating solids, resulting in increases in Y and higher Y/Ho ratio in the groundwater along the flow path. Our study revealed that the Little Forest low-level radioactive waste has a REY fingerprint different to that of groundwater in surrounding land uses. REY can be used to fingerprint diverse waste sources, assess the mobility of lanthanides inferring the mobility of selected actinides, and to trace the fate of REY during groundwater recharge. The approach presented can refine source allocation and trace pollutant mobility in current and legacy urban, mixed and radioactive waste sites around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dioni I Cendón
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Brett Rowling
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Timothy E Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Stuart I Hankin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Harrison
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Mark A Peterson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Attila Stopic
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Henri Wong
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Patricia Gadd
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
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4
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Medina-Ruiz L, Bartolini R, Wilson GJ, Dyer DP, Vidler F, Hughes CE, Schuette F, Love S, Pingen M, Hayes AJ, Fu J, Stewart AF, Graham GJ. Analysis of combinatorial chemokine receptor expression dynamics using multi-receptor reporter mice. eLife 2022; 11:72418. [PMID: 35699420 PMCID: PMC9236609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory chemokines and their receptors are central to the development of inflammatory/immune pathologies. The apparent complexity of this system, coupled with lack of appropriate in vivo models, has limited our understanding of how chemokines orchestrate inflammatory responses and has hampered attempts at targeting this system in inflammatory disease. Novel approaches are therefore needed to provide crucial biological, and therapeutic, insights into the chemokine-chemokine receptor family. Here, we report the generation of transgenic multi-chemokine receptor reporter mice in which spectrally distinct fluorescent reporters mark expression of CCRs 1, 2, 3, and 5, key receptors for myeloid cell recruitment in inflammation. Analysis of these animals has allowed us to define, for the first time, individual and combinatorial receptor expression patterns on myeloid cells in resting and inflamed conditions. Our results demonstrate that chemokine receptor expression is highly specific, and more selective than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Ruiz
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian J Wilson
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Schuette
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Love
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan James Hayes
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Fu
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Adrian Francis Stewart
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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5
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Allaith S, Tew SR, Hughes CE, Clegg PD, Canty-Laird EG, Comerford EJ. Characterisation of key proteoglycans in the cranial cruciate ligaments (CCLs) from two dog breeds with different predispositions to CCL disease and rupture. Vet J 2021; 272:105657. [PMID: 33941333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament disease and rupture (CCLD/R) is one of the most common orthopaedic conditions in dogs, eventually leading to osteoarthritis of the stifle joint. Certain dog breeds such as the Staffordshire bull terrier have an increased risk of developing CCLD/R. Previous studies into CCLD/R have found that glycosaminoglycan levels were elevated in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tissue from high-risk breeds when compared to the CCL from a low-risk breed to CCLD/R. Our objective was to determine specific proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans in the CCL and to see whether their content was altered in dog breeds with differing predispositions to CCLD/R. Disease-free CCLs from Staffordshire bull terriers (moderate/high-risk to CCLD/R) and Greyhounds (low-risk to CCLD/R) were collected and key proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycans were determined by semi-quantitative Western blotting, quantitative biochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of fibromodulin (P = 0.03), aggrecan (P = 0.0003), and chondroitin-6-sulphate stubs (P = 0.01) were significantly increased, and for fibromodulin this correlated with an increase in protein content in Staffordshire bull terriers compared to Greyhound CCLs (P = 0.02). Decorin (P = 0.03) and ADAMTS-4 (P = 0.04) gene expression were significantly increased in Greyhounds compared to Staffordshire bull terrier CCLs. The increase of specific proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans within the Staffordshire bull terrier CCLs may indicate a response to higher compressive loads, potentially altering their risk to traumatic injury. The higher decorin content in the Greyhound CCLs is essential for maintaining collagen fibril strength, while the increase of ADAMTS-4 indicates a higher rate of turnover helping to regulate normal CCL homeostasis in Greyhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Allaith
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - S R Tew
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - C E Hughes
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF 10 3AX, UK
| | - P D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - E G Canty-Laird
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - E J Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Rd, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK.
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6
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MacRitchie N, Grassia G, Noonan J, Cole JE, Hughes CE, Schroeder J, Benson RA, Cochain C, Zernecke A, Guzik TJ, Garside P, Monaco C, Maffia P. The aorta can act as a site of naïve CD4+ T-cell priming. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:306-316. [PMID: 30980670 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aortic adaptive immunity plays a role in atherosclerosis; however, the precise mechanisms leading to T-cell activation in the arterial wall remain poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we have identified naïve T cells in the aorta of wild-type and T-cell receptor transgenic mice and we demonstrate that naïve T cells can be primed directly in the vessel wall with both kinetics and frequency of T-cell activation found to be similar to splenic and lymphoid T cells. Aortic homing of naïve T cells is regulated at least in part by the P-selectin glycosylated ligand-1 receptor. In experimental atherosclerosis the aorta supports CD4+ T-cell activation selectively driving Th1 polarization. By contrast, secondary lymphoid organs display Treg expansion. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the aorta can support T-cell priming and that naïve T cells traffic between the circulation and vessel wall. These data underpin the paradigm that local priming of T cells specific for plaque antigens contributes to atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil MacRitchie
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Noonan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jennifer E Cole
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Juliane Schroeder
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Robert A Benson
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Clement Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paul Garside
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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7
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Payne TE, Harrison JJ, Cendon DI, Comarmond MJ, Hankin S, Hughes CE, Johansen MP, Kinsela A, Shahin LM, Silitonga A, Thiruvoth S, Wilsher KL. Radionuclide distributions and migration pathways at a legacy trench disposal site. J Environ Radioact 2020; 211:106081. [PMID: 31666204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the distributions of several anthropogenic radionuclides (239+240Pu, 241Am, 137Cs, 90Sr, 60Co and 3H) at a legacy trench disposal site in eastern Australia. We compare the results to previously published data for Pu and tritium at the site. Plutonium has previously been shown to reach the surface by a bath-tubbing mechanism, following filling of the former trenches with water during intense rainfall events. This has led to some movement of Pu away from the trenched area, and we also provide evidence of elevated Pu concentrations in shallow subsurface layers above the trenched area. The distribution of 241Am is similar to Pu, and this is attributed to the similar chemistry of these actinides and the likely in-situ generation of 241Am from its parent 241Pu. Concentrations of 137Cs are mostly low in surface soils immediately above the trenches. However, similar to the actinides, there is evidence of elevated 137Cs and 90Sr concentrations in shallow subsurface layers above the trenched area. While the subsurface radionuclide peaks suggest a mechanism of subsurface transport, their interpretation is complicated by the presence of soil layers added following disposals and during the subsequent years. The distribution of 90Sr and 137Cs at the ground surface shows some elevated levels immediately above the trenches which were filled during the final 24 months of disposal operations. This is in agreement with disposal records, which indicate that greater amounts of fission products were disposed in this period. The surface distribution of 239+240Pu is also consistent with the disposal documents. Although there is extensive evidence of a mobile tritium plume in groundwater, migration of the other radionuclides by this pathway is limited. The data highlight the importance of taking into account multiple pathways for the mobilisation of key radioactive contaminants at legacy waste trench sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia.
| | - Jennifer J Harrison
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Dioni I Cendon
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - M Josick Comarmond
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Stuart Hankin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Mathew P Johansen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Andrew Kinsela
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lida Mokhber Shahin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Adella Silitonga
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Sangeeth Thiruvoth
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Kerry L Wilsher
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
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8
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Eijkelkamp BA, Morey JR, Neville SL, Tan A, Pederick VG, Cole N, Singh PP, Ong CLY, Gonzalez de Vega R, Clases D, Cunningham BA, Hughes CE, Comerford I, Brazel EB, Whittall JJ, Plumptre CD, McColl SR, Paton JC, McEwan AG, Doble PA, McDevitt CA. Dietary zinc and the control of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007957. [PMID: 31437249 PMCID: PMC6705770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human zinc deficiency increases susceptibility to bacterial infection. Although zinc supplementation therapies can reduce the impact of disease, the molecular basis for protection remains unclear. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial pneumonia, which is prevalent in regions of zinc deficiency. We report that dietary zinc levels dictate the outcome of S. pneumoniae infection in a murine model. Dietary zinc restriction impacts murine tissue zinc levels with distribution post-infection altered, and S. pneumoniae virulence and infection enhanced. Although the activation and infiltration of murine phagocytic cells was not affected by zinc restriction, their efficacy of bacterial control was compromised. S. pneumoniae was shown to be highly sensitive to zinc intoxication, with this process impaired in zinc restricted mice and isolated phagocytic cells. Collectively, these data show how dietary zinc deficiency increases sensitivity to S. pneumoniae infection while revealing a role for zinc as a component of host antimicrobial defences. Zinc deficiency affects one-third of the world’s population and is associated with an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Despite this, the molecular basis for how zinc deficiency compromises host control of infection remains to be understood. We show that dietary zinc deficiency impacts host tissue zinc abundances and its mobilization during infection by the major respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Zinc acts as a direct antimicrobial against the pathogen, mobilized by phagocytic cells as a component of the innate immune response. Although immune activation and infiltration of phagocytic cells is unaffected by host zinc status, the lack of antimicrobial zinc compromises bacterial control in zinc deficient hosts. These findings highlight the importance of zinc sufficiency in resisting bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart A Eijkelkamp
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Morey
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Neville
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aimee Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victoria G Pederick
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nerida Cole
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prashina P Singh
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheryl-Lynn Y Ong
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Clases
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bliss A Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Erin B Brazel
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Whittall
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charles D Plumptre
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip A Doble
- The Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Bian F, Coleborn K, Flemons I, Baker A, Treble PC, Hughes CE, Baker A, Andersen MS, Tozer MG, Duan W, Fogwill CJ, Fairchild IJ. Hydrological and geochemical responses of fire in a shallow cave system. Sci Total Environ 2019; 662:180-191. [PMID: 30690353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of wildfire on surface soil and hydrology has been widely investigated, while its impact on the karst vadose zone is still poorly understood. A moderate to severe experimental fire was conducted on a plot (10 m × 10 m) above the shallow Wildman's Cave at Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales, Australia in May 2016. Continuous sampling of water stable isotopes, inorganic geochemistry and drip rates were conducted from Dec 2014 to May 2017. After the fire, drip discharge patterns were significantly altered, which is interpreted as the result of increased preferential flows and decreased diffuse flows in the soil. Post-fire drip water δ18O decreased by 6.3‰ in the first month relative to the average pre-fire isotopic composition. Post-fire monitoring showed an increase in drip water δ18O in the following six months. Bedrock related solutes (calcium, magnesium, strontium) decreased rapidly after the fire due to reduced limestone dissolution time and potentially reduced soil CO2. Soil- and ash-derived solutes (boron, lead, potassium, sodium, silicon, iodine and iron) all decreased after the fire due to volatilisation at high temperatures, except for SO42-. This is the first study to understand the hydrological impact from severe fires conducted on a karst system. It provides new insights on the cave recharge process, with a potential explanation for the decreased d18O in speleothem-based fire study, and also utilise the decreased bedrock solutes to assess the wildfire impacts both in short and long time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bian
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Katie Coleborn
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ingrid Flemons
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andy Baker
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pauline C Treble
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Baker
- National Parks and Wildlife Service, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Martin S Andersen
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark G Tozer
- NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, Hurstville, NSW, Australia
| | - Wuhui Duan
- Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ian J Fairchild
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Dyer DP, Medina-Ruiz L, Bartolini R, Schuette F, Hughes CE, Pallas K, Vidler F, Macleod MKL, Kelly CJ, Lee KM, Hansell CAH, Graham GJ. Chemokine Receptor Redundancy and Specificity Are Context Dependent. Immunity 2019; 50:378-389.e5. [PMID: 30784579 PMCID: PMC6382461 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, we lack an understanding of the individual and combinatorial roles for chemokine receptors in the inflammatory process. We report studies on mice with a compound deletion of Ccr1, Ccr2, Ccr3, and Ccr5, which together control monocytic and eosinophilic recruitment to resting and inflamed sites. Analysis of resting tissues from these mice, and mice deficient in each individual receptor, provides clear evidence for redundant use of these receptors in establishing tissue-resident monocytic cell populations. In contrast, analysis of cellular recruitment to inflamed sites provides evidence of specificity of receptor use for distinct leukocyte subtypes and no indication of comprehensive redundancy. We find no evidence of involvement of any of these receptors in the recruitment of neutrophils or lymphocytes to resting or acutely inflamed tissues. Our data shed important light on combinatorial inflammatory chemokine receptor function and highlight Ccr2 as the primary driver of myelomonocytic cell recruitment in acutely inflamed contexts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/immunology
- Receptors, CCR/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR1/immunology
- Receptors, CCR1/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/immunology
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Dyer
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Laura Medina-Ruiz
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Fabian Schuette
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kenneth Pallas
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Megan K L Macleod
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher J Kelly
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kit Ming Lee
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher A H Hansell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK.
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11
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Hollins SE, Hughes CE, Crawford J, Cendón DI, Meredith KT. Rainfall isotope variations over the Australian continent - Implications for hydrology and isoscape applications. Sci Total Environ 2018; 645:630-645. [PMID: 30029138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a continental scale interpretation of δ2H and δ18O in Australian precipitation, incorporating historical GNIP data at seven sites (1962-2002) and 8-12 years of new monthly data from 15 sites from 2003 to 2014. The more than doubling of stations and the significant time series duration allow for an improved analysis of Australian precipitation isotopes. Local meteoric water lines were developed for each site, and for the Australian continent. When the annual precipitation weighted values were used, the Australian meteoric water line was δ2H = 8.3 δ18O + 14.1‰. Precipitation amount was found to be a stronger driver of precipitation isotopes than temperature at most sites, particularly those affected by tropical cyclones and the monsoon. Latitude, elevation and distance from the coast were found to be stronger drivers of spatial variability than temperature or rainfall amount. Annual isoscapes of δ2H, δ18O and deuterium excess were developed, providing an improved tool to estimate precipitation isotope inputs to hydrological systems. Because of the complex climate, weather and oceanic moisture sources affecting Australia, regional groupings were used instead of the climate zone approach and additional data was included to improve the coverage in data poor regions. Regression equations for the isoscape were derived using latitude, altitude and distance from the coast as predictor variables. We demonstrate how this isoscape can be used as a tool for interpreting groundwater recharge processes using examples from across Queensland and New South Wales, including the Murray Darling Basin. Groundwater isotopes at sites where direct local recharge occurs are similar to rainfall, but for inland sites, which are often arid or semi-arid, a disconnect between shallow groundwater and local rainfall is observed; the departure in deuterium excess for these sites increases with aridity and distance from the headwaters where flooding originates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Hollins
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Jagoda Crawford
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Dioni I Cendón
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Karina T Meredith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
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12
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Abstract
The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that signal through cell surface G protein-coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are best known for their ability to stimulate the migration of cells, most notably white blood cells (leukocytes). Consequently, chemokines play a central role in the development and homeostasis of the immune system, and are involved in all protective or destructive immune and inflammatory responses. Classically viewed as inducers of directed chemotactic migration, it is now clear that chemokines can stimulate a variety of other types of directed and undirected migratory behavior, such as haptotaxis, chemokinesis, and haptokinesis, in addition to inducing cell arrest or adhesion. However, chemokine receptors on leukocytes can do more than just direct migration, and these molecules can also be expressed on, and regulate the biology of, many nonleukocytic cell types. Chemokines are profoundly affected by post-translational modification, by interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM), and by binding to heptahelical 'atypical' chemokine receptors that regulate chemokine localization and abundance. This guide gives a broad overview of the chemokine and chemokine receptor families; summarizes the complex physical interactions that occur in the chemokine network; and, using specific examples, discusses general principles of chemokine function, focusing particularly on their ability to direct leukocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hughes
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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13
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Rowling B, Kinsela AS, Comarmond MJ, Hughes CE, Harrison JJ, Johansen MP, Payne TE. Measurement of tributyl phosphate (TBP) in groundwater at a legacy radioactive waste site and its possible role in contaminant mobilisation. J Environ Radioact 2017; 178-179:377-384. [PMID: 28687277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
At many legacy radioactive waste sites, organic compounds have been co-disposed, which may be a factor in mobilisation of radionuclides at these sites. Tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) is a component of waste streams from the nuclear fuel cycle, where it has been used in separating actinides during processing of nuclear fuels. Analyses of ground waters from the Little Forest Legacy Site (LFLS) in eastern Australia were undertaken using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GCMS). The results indicate the presence of TBP several decades after waste disposal, with TBP only being detected in the immediate vicinity of the main disposal area. TBP is generally considered to degrade in the environment relatively rapidly. Therefore, it is likely that its presence is due to relatively recent releases of TBP, possibly stemming from leakage due to container degradation. The ongoing presence and solubility of TBP has the potential to provide a mechanism for nuclide mobilisation, with implications for long term management of LFLS and similar legacy waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Rowling
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia.
| | - Andrew S Kinsela
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - M Josick Comarmond
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Harrison
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Mathew P Johansen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Timothy E Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
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14
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Hughes CE, Benson RA, Bedaj M, Maffia P. Antigen-Presenting Cells and Antigen Presentation in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol 2016; 7:481. [PMID: 27872626 PMCID: PMC5097899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) form in territorialized niches of peripheral tissues characterized by the presence of antigens; however, little is known about mechanism(s) of antigen handling by ectopic lymphoid structures. In this mini review, we will discuss the role of antigen-presenting cells and mechanisms of antigen presentation in TLOs, summarizing what is currently known about this facet of the formation and function of these tissues as well as identifying questions yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hughes
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Robert A Benson
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Marija Bedaj
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; BHF Centre of Excellence in Vascular Science and Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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15
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Harvey RM, Hughes CE, Paton AW, Trappetti C, Tweten RK, Paton JC. The impact of pneumolysin on the macrophage response to Streptococcus pneumoniae is strain-dependent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103625. [PMID: 25105894 PMCID: PMC4126675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the world's leading cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and otitis media. A major pneumococcal virulence factor is the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, which has the defining property of forming pores in cholesterol-containing membranes. In recent times a clinically significant and internationally successful serotype 1 ST306 clone has been found to express a non-cytolytic variant of Ply (Ply306). However, while the pneumococcus is a naturally transformable organism, strains of the ST306 clonal group have to date been virtually impossible to transform, severely restricting efforts to understand the role of non-cytolytic Ply in the success of this clone. In this study isogenic Ply mutants were constructed in the D39 background and for the first time in the ST306 background (A0229467) to enable direct comparisons between Ply variants for their impact on the immune response in a macrophage-like cell line. Strains that expressed cytolytic Ply were found to induce a significant increase in IL-1β release from macrophage-like cells compared to the non-cytolytic and Ply-deficient strains in a background-independent manner, confirming the requirement for pore formation in the Ply-dependent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, cytolytic activity in the D39 background was found to induce increased expression of the genes encoding GM-CSF (CSF2), p19 subunit of IL-23 (IL23A) and IFNβ (IFNB1) compared to non-cytolytic and Ply-deficient D39 mutants, but had no effect in the A0229467 background. The impact of Ply on the immune response to the pneumococcus is highly dependent on the strain background, thus emphasising the importance of the interaction between specific virulence factors and other components of the genetic background of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Harvey
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine E. Hughes
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claudia Trappetti
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Luo M, Chen J, Li S, Sun H, Zhang Z, Fu Q, Li J, Wang J, Hughes CE, Caterson B, Cao J. Changes in the metabolism of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage from patients with Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:986-95. [PMID: 24857976 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify changes in the expression patterns of enzymes involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism in articular cartilage proteoglycan (PG) isolated from adolescent patients with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). METHODS Samples of articular cartilage were divided into two groups: Control samples (from five normal children), and KBD samples (from five KBD children) aged 3-12 years old. The morphology and pathology of hand joint cartilage were examined by histochemical staining. The localization and expression patterns of enzymes involved in CS GAG metabolism (i.e., PAPS synthetase 2 (PAPSS2), PAPS transporter 1 (PAPST1), Carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O) sulfotransferases 15 (CHST15), Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS)) were performed using immuno-histochemical analyses. Positive immunostaining in articular cartilage was semi-quantified. RESULTS Reduced aggrecan staining was observed in KBD samples compared with the control samples. The percentages of positive staining for the anabolic enzymes PAPSS2, PAPST1 and CHST15 in the upper and middle zones of KBD samples were significantly lower than that found in the Controls. In contrast, the percentages of positive staining in KBD samples for the catabolic enzymes ARSB and GALNS were significantly higher than the control samples. However, the staining for all of these GAG metabolism enzymes were hardly observed in the deep zones of KBD cartilage, suggesting that significant cell death and necrosis had occurred in this region. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that alterations of enzymes involved in articular cartilage CS GAG metabolism on PGs in the articular cartilage play an important role in the onset and pathogenesis of KBD in adolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luo
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - J Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - S Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China.
| | - H Sun
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Q Fu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - J Li
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - J Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - C E Hughes
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - B Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - J Cao
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Feigl B, Zele AJ, Fader SM, Howes AN, Hughes CE, Jones KA, Jones R. The post-illumination pupil response of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e230-4. [PMID: 21883986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the clinical utility of the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) controlled post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) as a novel technique for documenting inner retinal function in patients with Type II diabetes without diabetic retinopathy. METHODS The PIPR was measured in seven patients with Type II diabetes, normal retinal nerve fibre thickness and no diabetic retinopathy compared to healthy age-similar controls. A 488- and 610-nm, 7.15-diameter stimulus was presented in Maxwellian view to the right eye and the left consensual pupil light reflex was recorded. RESULTS The group data for the blue PIPR (488 nm) identified a trend of reduced ipRGC function in patients with diabetes with no retinopathy. The transient pupil constriction was lower on average in the diabetic group. The relationship between duration of diabetes and the blue PIPR amplitude was linear, suggesting that ipRGC function decreases with increasing diabetes duration. CONCLUSION This is the first report to show that the ipRGC-controlled PIPR may have clinical applications as a non-invasive technique for determining the progression of inner neuroretinal changes in patients with diabetes before they are ophthalmoscopically or anatomically evident. The lower transient pupil constriction amplitude indicates that outer retinal photoreceptor inputs to the pupil light reflex may also be affected in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Jarvis GE, Bihan D, Hamaia S, Pugh N, Ghevaert CJG, Pearce AC, Hughes CE, Watson SP, Ware J, Rudd CE, Farndale RW. A role for adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein in collagen-induced platelet activation mediated via integrin α(2) β(1). J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:268-77. [PMID: 22103309 PMCID: PMC3791415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen-induced platelet activation is a key step in the development of arterial thrombosis via its interaction with the receptors glycoprotein (GP)VI and integrin α(2) β(1) . Adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) regulates α(IIb) β(3) in platelets and α(L) β(2) in T cells, and is phosphorylated in GPVI-deficient platelets activated by collagen. OBJECTIVES To determine whether ADAP plays a role in collagen-induced platelet activation and in the regulation and function of α(2) β(1). METHODS Using ADAP(-/-) mice and synthetic collagen peptides, we investigated the role of ADAP in platelet aggregation, adhesion, spreading, thromboxane synthesis, and tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Platelet aggregation and phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 induced by collagen were attenuated in ADAP(-/-) platelets. However, aggregation and signaling induced by collagen-related peptide (CRP), a GPVI-selective agonist, were largely unaffected. Platelet adhesion to CRP was also unaffected by ADAP deficiency. Adhesion to the α(2) β(1) -selective ligand GFOGER and to a peptide (III-04), which supports adhesion that is dependent on both GPVI and α(2) β(1), was reduced in ADAP(-/-) platelets. An impedance-based label-free detection technique, which measures adhesion and spreading of platelets, indicated that, in the absence of ADAP, spreading on GFOGER was also reduced. This was confirmed with non-fluorescent differential-interference contrast microscopy, which revealed reduced filpodia formation in ADAP(-/-) platelets adherent to GFOGER. This indicates that ADAP plays a role in mediating platelet activation via the collagen-binding integrin α(2) β(1). In addition, we found that ADAP(-/-) mice, which are mildly thrombocytopenic, have enlarged spleens as compared with wild-type animals. This may reflect increased removal of platelets from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Jarvis
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Hughes CE, Cendón DI, Harrison JJ, Hankin SI, Johansen MP, Payne TE, Vine M, Collins RN, Hoffmann EL, Loosz T. Movement of a tritium plume in shallow groundwater at a legacy low-level radioactive waste disposal site in eastern Australia. J Environ Radioact 2011; 102:943-952. [PMID: 20573429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Between 1960 and 1968 low-level radioactive waste was buried in a series of shallow trenches near the Lucas Heights facility, south of Sydney, Australia. Groundwater monitoring carried out since the mid 1970s indicates that with the exception of tritium, no radioactivity above typical background levels has been detected outside the immediate vicinity of the trenches. The maximum tritium level detected in ground water was 390 kBq/L and the median value was 5400 Bq/L, decay corrected to the time of disposal. Since 1968, a plume of tritiated water has migrated from the disposal trenches and extends at least 100 m from the source area. Tritium in rainfall is negligible, however leachate from an adjacent and fill represents a significant additional tritium source. Study data indicate variation in concentration levels and plume distribution in response to wet and dry climatic periods and have been used to determine pathways for tritium migration through the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW 2232, Australia.
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Carolan JV, Hughes CE, Hoffmann EL. Dose assessment for marine biota and humans from discharge of (131)I to the marine environment and uptake by algae in Sydney, Australia. J Environ Radioact 2011; 102:953-63. [PMID: 22180886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-131 reaches the marine environment through its excretion to the sewer by nuclear medicine patients followed by discharge through coastal and deepwater out falls. 131I has been detected in macroalgae,which bio-accumulate iodine, growing near the coastal out fall of Cronulla sewage treatment plant (STP) since 1995. During this study, (131)I levels in liquid effluent and sludge from three Sydney STP's as well as in macroalgae (Ulva sp. and Ecklonia radiata) growing near their shoreline out falls were measured. Concentration factors of 176 for Ulva sp. and 526 for E. radiata were derived. Radiation dose rates to marine biota from (131)I discharged to coastal waters calculated using the ERICA dose assessment tool were below the ERICA screening level of 10 μGy/hr. Radiation dose rates to humans from immersion in seawater or consumption of Ulva sp. containing (131)I were three and two orders of magnitude below the IAEA screening level of 10 μSv/year, respectively.
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21
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Twining JR, Hughes CE, Harrison JJ, Hankin S, Crawford J, Johansen M, Dyer L. Biotic, temporal and spatial variability of tritium concentrations in transpirate samples collected in the vicinity of a near-surface low-level nuclear waste disposal site and nearby research reactor. J Environ Radioact 2011; 102:551-558. [PMID: 21397999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The results of a 21 month sampling program measuring tritium in tree transpirate with respect to local sources are reported. The aim was to assess the potential of tree transpirate to indicate the presence of sub-surface seepage plumes. Transpirate gathered from trees near low-level nuclear waste disposal trenches contained activity concentrations of (3)H that were significantly higher (up to ∼700 Bq L(-1)) than local background levels (0-10 Bq L(-1)). The effects of the waste source declined rapidly with distance to be at background levels within 10s of metres. A research reactor 1.6 km south of the site contributed significant (p < 0.01) local fallout (3)H but its influence did not reach as far as the disposal trenches. The elevated (3)H levels in transpirate were, however, substantially lower than groundwater concentrations measured across the site (ranging from 0 to 91% with a median of 2%). Temporal patterns of tree transpirate (3)H, together with local meteorological observations, indicate that soil water within the active root zones comprised a mixture of seepage and rainfall infiltration. The degree of mixing was variable given that the soil water activity concentrations were heterogeneous at a scale equivalent to the effective rooting volume of the trees. In addition, water taken up by roots was not well mixed within the trees. Based on correlation modelling, net rainfall less evaporation (a surrogate for infiltration) over a period of from 2 to 3 weeks prior to sampling seems to be the optimum predictor of transpirate (3)H variability for any sampled tree at this site. The results demonstrate successful use of (3)H in transpirate from trees to indicate the presence and general extent of sub-surface contamination at a low-level nuclear waste site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Twining
- Institute for Environmental Research, ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
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Hayes AJ, Hughes CE, Ralphs JR, Caterson B. Chondroitin sulphate sulphation motif expression in the ontogeny of the intervertebral disc. Eur Cell Mater 2011; 21:1-14. [PMID: 21213210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate chains on cell and extracellular matrix proteoglycans play important regulatory roles in developing systems. Specific, developmentally regulated, sulphation motifs within the chondroitin glycosaminoglycan structure may help bind, sequester or present bioactive signalling molecules to cells thus modulating their behaviour. Using monoclonal antibodies 3B3(-), 4C3, 6C3 and 7D4, we have mapped the distribution of different chondroitin sulphation epitopes in a rat intervertebral disc developmental series. The sulphation epitopes had complex, dynamic and specific distributions in the disc and vertebral tissues during their differentiation, growth and ageing. At embryonic day [E]15, prior to disc differentiation, 4C3 and 7D4 occurred within the cellular disc condensations whilst 6C3 was present in the notochordal sheath. At E17, post disc differentiation, 4C3 and 7D4 occurred within the nucleus pulposus, inner annulus and vertebral bodies; 3B3(-) in the nucleus, inner annulus, annulus/vertebral body interface and perichondrium; and 6C3, ventrally, within the perichondrium. At E19, 3B3(-), 4C3 and 7D4 became further restricted to the nucleus, inner annulus, annulus/vertebral body interface and perichondrium. Prior to birth, all four epitopes occurred within the inner annulus and nucleus, with 6C3 and 7D4 also occurring within the future end-plate. Postnatal expression of the sulphation epitopes was more widespread in the disc and also within the growth plate. At 4 months, the epitopes were associated with chondrocyte clusters within the nucleus; and at 24 months, with annular lesions. Overall, our data suggests that differential sulphation of chondroitin correlates with significant events in development, growth and aging of the rat intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hayes
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal complaints are the second most frequent reason for medical treatments. Within these diseases rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, especially, osteoarthritis (OA) are common. Although the causes of arthritis are multifactorial and not fully understood, clinical trials have generally shown benefit from dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This has usually been attributed to their anti-inflammatory properties. Recently we have used in vitro model systems to study the molecular mechanism(s) by which n-3 PUFAs may act to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis. These experiments showed that n-3 PUFAs reduce expression of cartilage-degrading proteinases, cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammatory cytokines. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was more effective than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or alpha-linolenic acid. The data provide a scientific rationale for the consumption of n-3 fatty acids as part of a healthy diet and perhaps in treating arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hurst
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Zainal Z, Longman AJ, Hurst S, Duggan K, Caterson B, Hughes CE, Harwood JL. Relative efficacies of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in reducing expression of key proteins in a model system for studying osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:896-905. [PMID: 19217322 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relative efficacy of three different omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in suppressing the mRNA levels for important proteins involved in the etiology of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A model cell culture system (bovine chondrocytes) was used. Inflammatory factors and enzymes involved in OA were induced by exposure of the chondrocyte cultures to interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). The effect of pre-incubating cultures with various amounts of exogenous fatty acids on subsequent levels of mRNAs was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). RESULTS Exposure of cultures to IL-1alpha induced expression of the cartilage proteinases A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). n-3 PUFAs were able to reduce the levels of mRNA for ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, MMP-3, MMP-13, COX-2 (but not COX-1), IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was the most effective, followed by docosahexaenoic (DHA) and then alpha-linolenic (ALA) acid. The n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA) had no effect. CONCLUSION These results show that omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs cause a reduction in the mRNA levels for various proteins known to be important in the pathology of OA. They provide a molecular explanation, at least in part, for beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 PUFAs for the amelioration of symptoms of the disease. The relative efficacy of EPA suggests that this omega-3 PUFA may be especially useful for dietary supplementation in patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zainal
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Spalton JC, Mori J, Pollitt AY, Hughes CE, Eble JA, Watson SP. The novel Syk inhibitor R406 reveals mechanistic differences in the initiation of GPVI and CLEC-2 signaling in platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1192-9. [PMID: 19422460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syk is a key mediator of signaling pathways downstream of several platelet surface receptors including GPVI/FcRgamma collagen receptor, the C-type lectin receptor CLEC-2, and integrin alphaIIbbeta3. A recent study identified the novel small molecule R406 as a selective inhibitor of Syk. OBJECTIVES The present study evaluates the role of Syk in human platelets using the novel inhibitor R406. METHODS Agonist-induced GPVI and CLEC-2 signaling were assessed using aggregometry, immunoprecipitation and western blotting to determine the effects of R406 on platelet activation. RESULTS We demonstrate R406 to be a powerful inhibitor of Syk in human platelets. R406 abrogated shape change and aggregation induced by activation of GPVI and CLEC-2, and reduced platelet spreading on fibrinogen. The inhibitory effect of R406 was associated with inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling proteins that lay downstream of Syk for all three receptors, including PLCgamma2. Strikingly, R406 markedly inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of CLEC-2 and Syk downstream of CLEC-2 activation, whereas phosphorylation of Syk downstream of GPVI and integrin alphaIIbbeta3 was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of R406 provides direct evidence of a role for Syk in GPVI, CLEC-2 and integrin alphaIIbbeta3 signaling in human platelets. Further, the results demonstrate a critical role for Syk in mediating tyrosine phosphorylation of CLEC-2, suggesting a novel model in which both Src and Syk kinases regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the C-type lectin receptor leading to platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Spalton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel method, known as computed helical anti-membrane protein (CHAMP), for the design of peptides that bind with high affinity and selectivity to transmembrane helices was recently described and illustrated using peptides that bind alphaIIb- and alphav-integrin subunits, which induce selective activation of integrins alphaIIbbeta3 and alphavbeta3, respectively. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we have investigated the ability of an alphaIIb-CHAMPS peptide (termed integrin-activatory-peptide or IAP) to stimulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation and aggregation in human and mouse platelets. METHODS The ability of IAP to stimulate platelet aggregation and dense granule secretion was measured in washed preparations of human and mouse platelets. Samples were taken for measurement of tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS IAP stimulates robust tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase Syk and the FcR gamma-chain, but only weak phosphorylation of PLCgamma2. Aggregation to low but not high concentrations of IAP is reduced in the presence of the Src kinase inhibitor, PP1, or by inhibitors of the two feedback agonists, ADP and thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) suggesting that activation is reinforced by Src kinase-driven release of ADP and TxA(2). Unexpectedly, aggregation by IAP is only partially inhibited in human and mouse platelets deficient in integrin alphaIIbbeta3. Further, IAP induces partial aggregation of formaldehyde-fixed platelets. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that the alphaIIb-CHAMPS peptide induces platelet activation through integrin alphaIIbbeta3-dependent and independent pathways with the former mediating tyrosine phosphorylation of FcR gamma-chain and Syk. The use of the alphaIIb-CHAMPS peptide to study integrin alphaIIbbeta3 function is compromised by non-integrin-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grygielska
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Hughes CE, Auger JM, McGlade J, Eble JA, Pearce AC, Watson SP. Differential roles for the adapters Gads and LAT in platelet activation by GPVI and CLEC-2. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:2152-9. [PMID: 18826392 PMCID: PMC2710801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adapter proteins SLP-76 and LAT have been shown to play critical roles in the activation of PLCgamma2 in platelets downstream of GPVI/FcRgamma and the C-type lectin receptor CLEC-2. SLP-76 is constitutively associated with the adapter Gads in platelets, which also binds to tyrosine phosphorylated LAT, thereby providing a potential pathway of regulation of SLP-76. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we have compared the role of Gads alongside that of LAT following activation of the major platelet glycoprotein receptors using mice deficient in the two adapter proteins. RESULTS Gads was found to be required for the efficient onset of aggregation and secretion in response to submaximal stimulation of GPVI and CLEC-2, but to be dispensable for activation following stronger stimulation of the two receptors. Gads was also dispensable for spreading induced through integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) or the GPIb-IX-V complex. Further, Gads plays a negligible role in aggregate formation on collagen at an arteriolar rate of shear. In stark contrast, platelets deficient in the adapter LAT exhibit a marked decrease in aggregation and secretion following activation of GPVI and CLEC-2, and are unable to form stable aggregates on collagen at arteriolar shear. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that Gads plays a key role in linking the adapter LAT to SLP-76 in response to weak activation of GPVI and CLEC-2 whereas LAT is required for full activation over a wider range of agonist concentrations. These results reveal the presence of a Gads-independent pathway of platelet activation downstream of LAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hughes
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Cao J, Li S, Shi Z, Yue Y, Sun J, Chen J, Fu Q, Hughes CE, Caterson B. Articular cartilage metabolism in patients with Kashin-Beck Disease: an endemic osteoarthropathy in China. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:680-8. [PMID: 17945513 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate CD44 and proteoglycan metabolism in patients suffering from Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD), an endemic osteoarthropathy that affects 2.5 million of 30 million people living in the KBD regions of China. METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses of cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44), BC-13 and 3-B-3(-) expression were performed in cartilage sections harvested from KBD and normal patients. In addition, the serum levels of soluble CD44 (sCD44), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 were determined using a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Hematoxylin & eosin and toluidine blue staining indicated that there was cell necrosis and proteoglycan loss in cartilage from both KBD children and adult cartilage. Strong immunohistochemical staining for CD44, BC-13 and 3-B-3(-) occurred in the majority of adult KBD patients and most KBD children. Furthermore, statistically significant elevated levels of sCD44, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were found in the sera of both adult and child KBD patients when compared to the levels of normal adult and child controls. Interestingly, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha serum levels were all high in normal children from KBD regions when compared to normal children from non-KBD regions suggesting that unidentified factors (e.g., a genetic predisposition) may protect some people from KBD pathology. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that altered CD44, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha metabolism occurs in the pathogenesis of KBD and there is an increased aggrecanase-generated proteoglycan loss from KBD adult and child cartilage. These primary metabolic changes are likely to be significant contributing factor causing pathological joint formation and instability that leads to secondary osteoarthritis in KBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Riba R, Hughes CE, Graham A, Watson SP, Naseem KM. Globular adiponectin induces platelet activation through the collagen receptor GPVI-Fc receptor gamma chain complex. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1012-20. [PMID: 18419742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adipocyte-derived cytokine, adiponectin (Ad), exerts potent vascular effects, although the direct effects of Ad on blood platelets are unclear. OBJECTIVE The influence of globular Ad (gAd) on blood platelet function was investigated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured platelet aggregation and tyrosine phosphorylation signaling events in human and mouse platelets. The ability of gAd to activate Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) activity was determined with a NFAT luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS gAd, but not full length Ad, induced rapid aggregation and granule secretion of human and mouse platelets through a pathway that is ablated under conditions of Src kinase inhibition, indicating a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Consistent with this, gAd stimulates rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in human and mouse platelets. The pattern of increase in tyrosine phosphorylation was similar to that induced by collagen, with the tyrosine kinase Syk and PLCgamma2 being identified among the list of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. As collagen activates platelet through the GPVI-Fc receptor gamma-chain (FcRgamma) complex, we used FcRgamma null platelets (which also lack GPVI) to explore the mechanism by which gAd stimulates platelets. Stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and platelet aggregation by gAd was abolished in FcRgamma null platelets and markedly reduced in the absence of PLCgamma2. Further, GPVI was confirmed as a collagen receptor for gAd by increased luciferase activity in Jurkat T-cells transfected with GPVI. CONCLUSIONS We identify gAd as a novel ligand for GPVI that stimulates tyrosine kinase-dependent platelet aggregation. Our data raise the possibility that gAd may promote unwanted platelet activation at sites of vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Riba
- Centre for Atherothrombosis Research, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Gibson JJ, Sadek MA, Stone DJM, Hughes CE, Hankin S, Cendon DI, Hollins SE. Evaporative isotope enrichment as a constraint on reach water balance along a dryland river. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2008; 44:83-98. [PMID: 18320430 DOI: 10.1080/10256010801887489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium and oxygen-18 enrichment in river water during its transit across dryland region is found to occur systematically along evaporation lines with slopes of close to 4 in (2)H-(18)O space, largely consistent with trends predicted by the Craig-Gordon model for an open-water dominated evaporating system. This, in combination with reach balance assessments and derived runoff ratios, strongly suggests that the enrichment signal and its variability in the Barwon-Darling river, Southeastern Australia is acquired during the process of evaporation from the river channel itself, as enhanced by the presence of abundant weirs, dams and other storages, rather than reflecting inherited enrichment signals from soil water evaporation in the watershed. Using a steady-state isotope mass balance analysis based on monthly (18)O and (2)H, we use the isotopic evolution of river water to re-construct a perspective of net exchange between the river and its contributing area along eight reaches of the river during a drought period from July 2002 to December 2003, including the duration of a minor flow event. The resulting scenario, which uses a combination of climatological averages and available real-time meteorological data, should be viewed as a preliminary test of the application rather than as a definitive inventory of reach water balance. As expected for a flood-driven dryland system, considerable temporal variability in exchange is predicted. While requiring additional real-time isotopic data for operational use, the method demonstrates potential as a non-invasive tool for detecting and quantifying water diversions, one that can be easily incorporated within existing water quality monitoring activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Gibson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, NSW, Australia.
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Hawkins JA, Boutaoui N, Cheung KY, Van Klinken RD, Hughes CE. Intercontinental dispersal prior to human translocation revealed in a cryptogenic invasive tree. New Phytol 2007; 175:575-587. [PMID: 17635232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, complementary species-level and intraspecific phylogenies were used to better circumscribe the original native range and history of translocation of the invasive tree Parkinsonia aculeata. Species-level phylogenies were reconstructed using three chloroplast gene regions, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to reconstruct the intraspecific phylogeny. Together, these phylogenies revealed the timescale of transcontinental lineage divergence and the likely source of recent introductions of the invasive. The sequence data showed that divergence between North American and Argentinean P. aculeata occurred at least 5.7 million years ago, refuting previous hypotheses of recent dispersal between North and South America. AFLP phylogenies revealed the most likely sources of naturalized populations. The AFLP data also identified putatively introgressed plants, underlining the importance of wide sampling of AFLPs and of comparison with uniparentally inherited marker data when investigating hybridizing groups. Although P. aculeata has generally been considered North American, these data show that the original native range of P. aculeata included South America; recent introductions to Africa and Australia are most likely to have occurred from South American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hawkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Sciences Laboratories, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK
| | - N Boutaoui
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Sciences Laboratories, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK
| | - K Y Cheung
- School of Biological Sciences, Plant Sciences Laboratories, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK
| | - R D Van Klinken
- CSIRO Entomology and CRC for Australian Weed Management, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - C E Hughes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Fidopiastis CM, Stapleton CB, Whiteside JD, Hughes CE, Fiore SM, Martin GA, Rolland JP, Smith EM. Human Experience Modeler: context-driven cognitive retraining to facilitate transfer of learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:183-7. [PMID: 16640476 DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a cognitive rehabilitation mixed-reality system that allows therapists to explore natural cuing, contextualization, and theoretical aspects of cognitive retraining, including transfer of training. The Human Experience Modeler (HEM) mixed-reality environment allows for a contextualized learning experience with the advantages of controlled stimuli, experience capture and feedback that would not be feasible in a traditional rehabilitation setting. A pilot study for testing the integrated components of the HEM is discussed where the participant presents with working memory impairments due to an aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fidopiastis
- Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826-0544, USA.
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Little CB, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Goodship A, Caterson B. Cytokine induced metalloproteinase expression and activity does not correlate with focal susceptibility of articular cartilage to degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:162-70. [PMID: 15694578 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the focal susceptibility to cartilage degeneration in joints is related to a differential response to cytokine stimulation. METHODS Compare aggrecan and collagen catabolism in in-vitro models of cartilage degradation induced by retinoic acid (RA), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and IL-1 plus oncostatin M (OSM). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HyPro) quantification and Western immunoblot analyses of aggrecan and collagen degradation products were undertaken in explant cultures of normal cartilage from regions of equine joints with a known high and low susceptibility to degeneration in disease. RNA isolation and semi quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis were performed to determine the expression of aggrecanases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. RESULTS Although the rate of basal cartilage aggrecan turnover was dependent on joint region there was no difference in the response of different cartilages to cytokines. Individual animals did show a significant difference in the response of certain cartilages to cytokines, with both decreased and increased aggrecan loss in cartilage with a low susceptibility to degeneration. Aggrecan release in both short- and long-term cultures from all cartilages was associated with increased cleavage by aggrecanases rather than MMPs. There was a poor correlation between expression of aggrecanases, MMPs or their inhibitors and cytokine induced aggrecan catabolism. IL-1 alone was able to stimulate collagen breakdown in equine articular cartilage and surprisingly, significantly more collagen loss was induced in cartilage from regions less susceptible to degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these studies suggest that a regional difference in response to catabolic cytokines is unlikely to be a factor in the initiation of focal cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia.
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Hughes CE, Airey PL, Duran EB, Miller BM, Sombrito E. Using radiotracer techniques for coastal hydrodynamic model evaluation. J Environ Radioact 2004; 76:195-206. [PMID: 15245848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) water circulation and contaminant transport model of Manila Bay has been developed with the aim of better understanding the formation and movement of harmful algal blooms. Radiotracer techniques were used to evaluate the model by recording the dispersion of a tracer at depths of 2 and 15 m near the injection point. The selected tracer was 99mTc eluted from a molybdenum/technetium medical generator. The rationale for the choice of the tracer and the location of the injection is discussed. At 2 m the transport was dominated by the prevailing winds, and at 15 m by tidally induced currents. The development of the hydrodynamic model and its experimental evaluation were iterative processes. The experimental study confirmed the need for full 3D modelling of Manila Bay; quantified the impact of the prevailing wind field on contaminant dispersion near the injection point; and allowed the calculation of transverse dispersivity to guide the selection of parameter values used in the overall model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hughes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
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Dart AJ, Little CB, Hughes CE, Chu O, Dowling BA, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Johnson KA. Recombinant equine growth hormone administration: effects on synovial fluid biomarkers and cartilage metabolism in horses. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:302-7. [PMID: 12755435 DOI: 10.2746/042516403776148165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Recombinant equine growth hormone (reGH) has recently been evaluated for effects on body condition and wound healing. It has the potential to influence articular cartilage via stimulation of IGF-1. OBJECTIVES To investigate effects of administration on synovial joint metabolism. METHODS Six mature horses were given 20 microg/kg bwt reGH daily for 8 weeks by i.m. injection. Three control horses were injected with sterile water. Serum and synovial fluid samples were collected at 6, 8, 11 and 16 weeks for GH and IGF-1 assays. Articular cartilage harvested at week 16 was evaluated by Western analysis using monoclonal antibodies BC-13, BC-4, 8-A-4 and CH-3. RESULTS Concentrations of IGF-1 in serum and synovial fluid were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) at 6 and 8 weeks in the reGH group. Glycosaminoglycan concentrations in synovial fluid were significantly less than controls at these time points, suggesting that reGH may modulate proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage. In the reGH group, there were not any alterations in synovial fluid content of 3B3(-) epitope or aggrecan metabolite, or in aggrecan or link protein catabolites retained within cartilage, that might be expected with development of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS Intramuscular administration of reGH may be a more efficient means of delivery of IGF-1 to joints for cartilage resurfacing initiatives. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE We found no alterations in cartilage metabolism indicative of development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
We examine the double-quantum magic angle spinning NMR spectra of pairs of 13C nuclei coupled to one or more 14N nuclei. The experimental spectra of 13C(2)-glycine and glycyl-[13C(2)]-glycyl-glycine are used to demonstrate the sensitivity of the spectra to the orientation of 14N quadrupole interaction tensors and to the molecular torsional angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hughes
- Physical Chemistry Division, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
The worldwide search for the ideal soft tissue filler material continues. The authors focus on the stringent safety and efficacy requirements for soft tissue fillers and provide an overview of the current natural and synthetic materials. (Aesthetic Surg J 2001;21:469-471.).
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously published articles presenting rates for lipoplasty morbidity and mortality have reported on procedures performed before mid 1998. OBJECTIVE The present survey reports on morbidity and mortality for lipoplasty procedures performed by members of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) from September 1, 1998, through August 31, 2000. It assesses whether ASAPS-member surgeons have modified their lipoplasty practices in accordance with the 1998 recommendations of the Lipoplasty Task Force. METHODS In September 2000, ASAPS sent out a 4-page questionnaire to 1432 Active Members, all of whom were board-certified plastic surgeons. The survey included questions about complications and fatal outcomes associated with lipoplasty procedures, performance of combination procedures, patient selection, changes in lipoplasty and anesthesia techniques, and surgical facility accreditation. Completed surveys were anonymous and were mailed by respondents directly to an independent research firm for collation. Further data analysis was conducted by an independent statistician. RESULTS A total of 754 questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 53%. ASAPS members reported on 94,159 lipoplasty procedures. In all, 66% of the procedures were lipoplasty only, 20% were lipoplasty without abdominoplasty but with one or more additional procedures, and 14% were lipoplasty with abdominoplasty, with or without any other procedures. The most frequently reported postoperative event was nausea/vomiting (1.02%, or 1 per 98 procedures). The most frequently reported major complication was skin slough (0.0903%, or 1 per 1107 procedures). In all, there were 245 major complications, for a rate of 0.2602%. Death associated with lipoplasty performed as an isolated procedure was rare; the mortality rate was 0.0021%, or 1 per 47,415 procedures. Stated positively, the estimated non-mortality probability is 99.98%. When lipoplasty was performed with other procedures, excluding abdominoplasty, the rate was 0.0137%, or 1 per 7314 procedures. When lipoplasty was combined with abdominoplasty, with or without other procedures, the rate was 0.0305%, or 1 per 3281 procedures[mdash ]a rate 14 times greater than that for lipoplasty only. Nearly 33% of respondents said that they had modified their approach to lipoplasty and/or their approach to patient selection within the last 24 months in accordance with published recommendations of the Lipoplasty Task Force. CONCLUSIONS The ASAPS survey documents the current safety of lipoplasty when it is performed as an isolated procedure by properly trained surgical specialists adhering to recommended standards of clinical practice. Further studies are needed to examine the factors that increase the risk in combined procedures as well as the effectiveness of prophylactic measures in avoiding complications.
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Karlsson T, Hughes CE, Schmedt auf der Günne J, Levitt MH. Double-quantum excitation in the NMR of spinning solids by pulse-assisted rotational resonance. J Magn Reson 2001; 148:238-247. [PMID: 11237629 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new technique for double-quantum excitation in magic-angle-spinning NMR of powdered solids. The technique is designed to efficiently excite double-quantum coherence in the vicinity of a rotational resonance condition. The offset from rotational resonance allows the double-quantum filtered signals to be observed with high resolution and sensitivity. The method uses rotational excitation of zero-quantum coherence, assisted by radiofrequency pulse cycles. The zero-quantum coherence is converted into double-quantum coherence by a frequency-selective inversion sequence. Experiments on [(13)C(2), (15)N]-glycine demonstrate a double-quantum filtering efficiency of approximately 41% at a sample rotation frequency of 8.300 kHz, which is 1.600 kHz away from the n = 1 rotational resonance. We achieve 32% double-quantum filtering efficiency at a spinning frequency of 9.250 kHz, which is 2.550 kHz away from rotational resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karlsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockhom, Sweden
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Flannery CR, Little CB, Hughes CE, Curtis CL, Caterson B, Jones SA. IL-6 and its soluble receptor augment aggrecanase-mediated proteoglycan catabolism in articular cartilage. Matrix Biol 2000; 19:549-53. [PMID: 11068209 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(00)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) in the synovial fluids and serum of patients with arthritis have been implicated in the joint tissue destruction associated with these conditions, however studies conducted to date on the role and effects of IL-6 in the process of cartilage proteoglycan (aggrecan) catabolism are disparate. In the present study, bovine articular cartilage explants were maintained in a model organ culture system in the presence or absence of IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha, and under co-stimulation with or without IL-6 and/or sIL-6R. After measuring proteoglycan loss from the explants, the proteolytic activity and expression profiles of aggrecanase(s) was assessed for each culture condition. Stimulation of cartilage explants with IL-6 and/or sIL-6R potentiated aggrecan catabolism and release above that seen in the presence of IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha alone. This catabolism was associated with aggrecanase (but not MMP) activity, with correlative mRNA expression for aggrecanase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Flannery
- Connective Tissue Biology Research Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK.
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Rees SG, Flannery CR, Little CB, Hughes CE, Caterson B, Dent CM. Catabolism of aggrecan, decorin and biglycan in tendon. Biochem J 2000; 350 Pt 1:181-8. [PMID: 10926842 PMCID: PMC1221240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the catabolism of the proteoglycans aggrecan, decorin and biglycan in fresh tendon samples and in explant cultures of tissue from the tensional and compressed regions of young and mature bovine tendons. A panel of well-characterized antibodies that recognize glycosaminoglycan or protein (linear or neoepitope) sequences was used to detect proteoglycans and proteoglycan degradation products that were both retained within the tissue and released into the culture medium. In addition, a reverse-transcriptase-mediated PCR analysis was used to examine the mRNA expression patterns of tendon proteoglycans and aggrecanases. The results of this study indicate a major role for aggrecanase(s) in the catabolism of aggrecan in bovine tendon. The study also provides a characterization of glycosaminoglycan epitopes associated with the proteoglycans of tendon, illustrating age-related changes in the isomers of chondroitin sulphate disaccharides that remain attached to the core protein glycosaminoglycan linkage region after digestion with chondroitinase ABC. Evidence for a rapid turnover of the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan was also observed, indicating additional molecular pathways that might compromise the integrity of the collagen matrix and potentially contribute to tendon dysfunction after injury and during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Rees
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3US, U.K.
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Abstract
The increased catabolism of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan is a principal pathological process which leads to the degeneration of articular cartilage in arthritic joint diseases. The consequent loss of sulphated glycosaminoglycans, which are intrinsic components of the aggrecan molecule, compromises both the functional and structural integrity of the cartilage matrix and ultimately renders the tissue incapable of resisting the compressive loads applied during joint articulation. Over time, this process leads to irreversible cartilage erosion. In situ degradation of aggrecan is a proteolytic process involving cleavage at specific peptide bonds located within the core protein. The most well characterised enzymatic activities contributing to this process are engendered by zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. In vitro aggrecanolysis by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been widely studied; however, it is now well recognised that the principal proteinases responsible for aggrecan degradation in situ in articular cartilage are the aggrecanases, two recently identified isoforms of which are members of the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs' (ADAMTS) gene family. In this review we have described: (i) the development of monoclonal antibody technologies to identify catabolic neoepitopes on aggrecan degradation products; (ii) the use of such neoepitope antibodies in studies designed to characterise and identify the enzymes responsible for cartilage aggrecan metabolism; (iii) the biochemical properties of soluble cartilage aggrecanase(s) and their differential expression in situ; and (iv) model culture systems for studying cartilage aggrecan catabolism. These studies have clearly established that 'aggrecanase(s)' is primarily responsible for the catabolism and loss of aggrecan from articular cartilage in the early stages of arthritic joint diseases that precede overt collagen catabolism and disruption of the tissue integrity. At later stages, when collagen catabolism is occurring, there is evidence for MMP-mediated degradation of the small proportion of aggrecan remaining in the tissue, but this occurs independently of continued aggrecanase activity. Furthermore, the catabolism of link proteins by MMPs is also initiated when overt collagen degradation is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, CF10 3US, Wales, Cardiff, UK.
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Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:721-4. [PMID: 10625599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.2.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes specific molecular mechanisms by which supplementation with n-3 fatty acids (i.e. those present in fish oils) can modulate the expression and activity of degradative and inflammatory factors that cause cartilage destruction during arthritis. Our data show that incorporation of n-3 fatty acids (but not other polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acids) into articular cartilage chondrocyte membranes results in a dose-dependent reduction in: (i) the expression and activity of proteoglycan degrading enzymes (aggrecanases) and (ii) the expression of inflammation-inducible cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), but not the constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase COX-1. These findings provide evidence that n-3 fatty acid supplementation can specifically affect regulatory mechanisms involved in chondrocyte gene transcription and thus further advocate a beneficial role for dietary fish oil supplementation in alleviation of several of the physiological parameters that cause and propogate arthritic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Curtis
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom
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Little CB, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Mort JS, Roughley PJ, Dent C, Caterson B. Aggrecanase versus matrix metalloproteinases in the catabolism of the interglobular domain of aggrecan in vitro. Biochem J 1999; 344 Pt 1:61-8. [PMID: 10548534 PMCID: PMC1220614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aggrecanase versus matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymic activities in the degradation of aggrecan in normal and osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage in vitro was studied in order to further our understanding of the potential role of these two enzyme activities in aggrecan catabolism during the pathogenesis of cartilage degeneration. Porcine and bovine articular cartilage was maintained in explant culture for up to 20 days in the presence or absence of the catabolic stimuli retinoic acid, interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Release of proteoglycan from cartilage was measured as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release using a colorimetric assay. Analysis of proteoglycan degradation products, both released into culture media and retained within the cartilage matrix, was performed by Western blotting using antibodies specific for the N- and C-terminal neoepitopes generated by aggrecanase- and MMP-related catabolism of the interglobular domain of the aggrecan core protein (IGD). In addition, studies determining the mRNA expression for MMP-3 and MMP-13 in these same cultures were undertaken. These analyses indicated that all three catabolic agents stimulated the release of >80% of the GAG from the articular cartilage over 4 days. The degree of GAG release corresponded to an increase in aggrecanase-generated aggrecan catabolites released into the media and retained within the cartilage. Importantly, there was no evidence for the release of MMP-generated aggrecan metabolites into the medium, nor the accumulation of MMP-generated catabolites within the tissue in these same cultures. Expression of the mRNAs for two MMPs known to be capable of degrading the aggrecan IGD, MMP-3 and MMP-13, was detected. However, increased expression of these MMPs was not correlated with aggrecan degradation. Analyses using porcine cartilage, cultured with or without catabolic stimulation for 12 h to 20 days, indicated that primary cleavage of the IGD by aggrecanase was responsible for release of aggrecan metabolites at both the early and late time points of culture. Cultures of late-stage OA human articular cartilage samples indicated that aggrecanase activity was upregulated in the absence of catabolic stimulation when compared with normal porcine or bovine cartilage. In addition, even in this late-stage degenerate cartilage, aggrecanase and not MMP activity was responsible for the release of the majority of aggrecan from the cartilage. This study demonstrates that the release of aggrecan from both normal and OA cartilage in response to catabolic stimulation in vitro involves a primary cleavage by aggrecanase and not MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Little
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF1 3US, Wales, U.K.
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Abstract
Articular chondrocytes possess the capacity to express a number of ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) family members, thereby implicating a role for such proteins in the turnover of cartilage extracellular matrix molecules. Recently, the sequence for the human orthologue of an "aggrecanase" isolated from bovine nasal cartilage has been elucidated, and the recombinant protein product shown to be capable of cleaving aggrecan specifically at the relevant peptide bonds which are hydrolyzed in situ during cartilage degradation. The sequence for the human "aggrecanase" exhibits homology with that of murine ADAMTS-1, an ADAM with thrombospondin type I motifs. In the present study we have identified additional ADAMTS homologues and have examined their mRNA expression profiles in freshly excised human articular cartilage and in human cartilage explant cultures stimulated with IL-1, TNF-alpha, or retinoic acid, agents which enhance "aggrecanase" activity in vitro. Significantly, cartilage exposed to retinoic acid showed a marked increase in the release of "aggrecanase"-generated aggrecan catabolites with no concomitant increase in mRNA levels for any of the ADAMTS homologues investigated. These findings indicate that enhanced "aggrecanase" activity, which may be attributed to known ADAMTS homologues, may be predominantly regulated by post-transcriptional mechanism(s), and may raise the possiblility for the existence of other as yet unidentified "aggrecanase(s)."
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Flannery
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, PreClinical Buildings, Cardiff, Wales, CF1 3US, United Kingdom.
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Flannery CR, Little CB, Caterson B, Hughes CE. Effects of culture conditions and exposure to catabolic stimulators (IL-1 and retinoic acid) on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and disintegrin metalloproteinases (ADAMs) by articular cartilage chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 1999; 18:225-37. [PMID: 10429942 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(99)00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chondrocytes of articular cartilage synthesize a number of proteinases which are capable of degrading the component molecules of this specialized extracellular matrix. The use of class-specific proteinase inhibitors indicates that major activities responsible for catabolism of proteoglycan (aggrecan) and collagen are attributable to zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. In this study, we have compared the mRNA expression profiles of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and MMP-13) and five disintegrin-metalloproteinases (ADAM-10, ADAM-9, ADAM-15, TNF-alpha-converting enzyme and decysin) by chondrocytes (human, porcine and bovine) from fresh cartilage and in cartilage explant cultures and isolated cells cultured in monolayer or in agarose gels. Such cultures were maintained in the presence or absence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) or all-trans-retinoic acid, two agents which promote cartilage matrix degradation in vitro. Whereas transcripts for all metalloproteinases examined were detected in chondrocytes from human osteoarthritic cartilage in monolayer cultures, mRNAs for ADAM-15 and decysin were not present in fresh osteoarthritic human cartilage or explant cultures. Similarly, expression of porcine and bovine metalloproteinase mRNAs varied with different culture conditions. Novel cDNA sequences obtained for porcine and bovine MMP-3 and MMP-13, porcine ADAM-10, porcine and bovine ADAM-9 and porcine TACE confirmed expression of mRNAs for these molecules by articular chondrocytes. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to determine the effects of IL-1 and retinoic acid on metalloproteinase mRNA levels in human chondrocytes cultured in monolayer and in porcine chondrocytes cultured in agarose. For the MMPs, IL-1 treatment resulted in an approximately two to threefold increase in human and porcine MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNAs, while retinoic acid treatment caused a statistically significant increase in human MMP-3 mRNA levels, but no significant change in transcript levels for porcine MMP-3 nor human or porcine MMP-13. The mRNA levels for ADAM-15 were elevated in human monolayer chondrocytes exposed to IL-1 or retinoic acid, while transcripts levels for TNF-alpha converting enzyme were increased in response to retinoic acid. In contrast, ADAM-9 mRNA levels were decreased in human monolayer chondrocytes exposed to IL-1 or retinoic acid. The results demonstrate that chondrocyte metalloproteinase expression can vary dependent on cell environment in situ and in vitro, and information on chondrocyte MMP and ADAM gene expression following cytokine (IL-1) or retinoid stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Flannery
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
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48
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Hughes CE. Patient selection, planning, and marking in ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty. Clin Plast Surg 1999; 26:279-82; ix. [PMID: 10327268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The ideal ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty candidate differs little from the ideal candidate for traditional lipoplasty. This ideal candidate is within 20% of their ideal body weight (as determined by the insurance company statistics; i.e., 100 lbs for 5 feet in height, and 10 pounds for each inch above 5 feet). These patients were thought to be the only patients acceptable for lipoplasty when liposuction was first begun in the early 1980s. Innovative techniques, improved equipment, advances in superficial liposuction, syringe method, ultrasonic lipoplasty, external ultrasound assist, and other factors have served to expand the potential patient population greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hughes
- Plastic Surgery Section, Indianapolis Institute for Plastic Surgery, St. Francis Hospital and Health Centers, Indiana, USA
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Caterson B, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB. Mechanisms of proteoglycan metabolism that lead to cartilage destruction in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Drugs Today (Barc) 1999; 35:397-402. [PMID: 12973442 DOI: 10.1358/dot.1999.35.4-5.552213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms and agents involved in cartilage matrix destruction are poorly understood and at present there are no means of therapeutic intervention that halt or slow the degradative processes that result in tissue loss, joint space narrowing and the eventual need for surgery with total joint replacement. In recent years our laboratory has pioneered the development and use of monoclonal antibody (MAb) technologies for the study of changes in cartilage matrix metabolism in health and disease. In this chapter we have summarized results coming from our recent studies examining the mechanisms of cartilage proteoglycan (aggrecan) catabolism that precedes cartilage destruction in arthritis. This research has used two approaches. The first is our access to a panel of MAbs that recognize both constitutive structural epitopes and catabolic neoepitopes on cartilage proteoglycan metabolites. These antibodies have allowed us to determine whether the unknown proteolytic agent 'aggrecanase' or known matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the increased aggrecan catabolism that is observed in arthritis. Secondly, we have used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques to profile the expression of members of the MMP family or ADAMs (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase) that are potentially involved in this degenerative process. Collectively, these investigations have established that aggrecanase is the major proteolytic activity responsible for aggrecan loss in the early stages that lead to cartilage degradation in arthritis. In addition, our studies have allowed us to determine many important biochemical properties of aggrecanase without knowing the identity of the enzyme. Our data also calls into question the role that MMPs may play in the early stages of cartilage destruction that lead to surface fibrillation. However, MMPs may be involved in later stages where collagen degradation is prevalent. The role that ADAMs play is still unknown, although they are postulated to play an important role in shedding or activation of different classes of matrix proteases. Furthermore, we have observed changes in the patterns of cartilage expression in fresh tissue and model culture systems. This work has indicated clearly that there are several different classes of enzyme that can be targeted for innovative therapies which could slow or halt cartilage destruction in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Schumacher BL, Tudor D, Aydelotte MB, Kuettner KE, Caterson B. Articular cartilage superficial zone protein (SZP) is homologous to megakaryocyte stimulating factor precursor and Is a multifunctional proteoglycan with potential growth-promoting, cytoprotective, and lubricating properties in cartilage metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 254:535-41. [PMID: 9920774 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have performed cDNA sequencing and homology analyses to elucidate the complete amino acid composition for a superficial zone protein (SZP) from human and bovine cartilage which has previously been shown to be a proteoglycan specifically synthesized by chondrocytes located at the surface of bovine articular cartilage and also some synovial lining cells. The results of this study indicate that cartilage SZP is homologous with a glycoprotein first described as the precursor protein of a megakaryocyte stimulating factor (MSF). Sequence comparisons and analyses indicate that (i) the amino acid composition of SZP is highly conserved between bovine and human species, (ii) SZP contains structural motifs at the N- and C-termini which are similar to those found in vitronectin and which may impart cell-proliferative and matrix-binding properties to the molecule, and (iii) SZP contains large and small mucin-like repeat domains composed of the sequences KEPAPTTT/P (76-78 repeats) and XXTTTX (6-8 repeats), respectively, which occur within a large central region of approximately 940 amino acids. The mucin-like domains are likely to be substituted with O-linked oligosaccharides which would impart lubricating properties to SZP which in part accumulates at the articular cartilage-synovial fluid interface. Additionally, we have shown that interleukin-1 inhibits the biosynthesis of chondrocyte SZP, while TGF-beta and IGF-1 increase its biosynthesis, and that in pathological (osteoarthritic) human articular cartilage SZP mRNA can be expressed as an alternatively spliced variant lacking exons 4 and 5 which encode a potential heparin binding domain. The occurrence of different SZP alternative splice variants and the differential expression of SZP in the presence of cytokines and growth factors suggest that SZP may play an important cytoprotective role by preventing cellular adhesion to the articular cartilage surface in normal cartilage metabolism. Modifications to the structure of SZP, coupled with inhibition of SZP synthesis during inflammation, may account for the attachment and invasion of pannus observed in inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Flannery
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, PreClinical Buildings, Cardiff, Wales, CF1 3US, United Kingdom.
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