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Hu X, Dong C, Zou D, Wei C, Wang Y, Li Z, Duan H, Li Z. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into conjunctival epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 442:114227. [PMID: 39209142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe conjunctival damage can lead to extensive ocular cicatrisation, fornix shortening, and even ocular surface failure, resulting in significant vision impairment. Conjunctival reconstruction is the primary therapeutic strategy for these clinical conjunctival diseases. However, there have been limited studies on induced differentiation of conjunctival epithelial cells derived from stem cells. In this study, we established a chemical defined differentiation protocol from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into conjunctival epithelial cells. hES cell line H1 was used for differentiation, and RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, Periodic-acid-Schiff staining (PAS), and transcriptome analysis were employed to identify the differentiated cells. Here, to imitate the development of the vertebrate conjunctiva, hESCs were induced using a three-step process involving first chetomin was used to induce ocular surface ectoderm, then nicotinamide was used to induce ocular surface epithelial progenitor cells, and finally epidermal growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor and other factors were used to differentiate mature conjunctival epithelial cells. hESC-derived conjunctival epithelial cells expressed mature conjunctival epithelial lineage markers (including PAX6, P63, K13). The presence of goblet cells was confirmed by positive PAS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that hESC-derived conjunctival epithelial cells possessed a more naïve phenotype, and exhibited greater proliferation capacity compared to mature human conjunctival epithelial cells, suggesting their potential as alternative seed cells for conjunctival reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Hu
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250000, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chunxiao Dong
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Dulei Zou
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250000, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zongren Li
- 970 Hospital of Chinese PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zongyi Li
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250000, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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2
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Yan Y, Ji Q, Fu R, Liu C, Yang J, Yin X, Li Q, Huang R. Biomaterials and tissue engineering strategies for posterior lamellar eyelid reconstruction: Replacement or regeneration? Bioeng Transl Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Qiumei Ji
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiya Yin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ru‐Lin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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3
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Van Acker SI, Van den Bogerd B, Haagdorens M, Koppen C, Pintelon I. Immunocytochemical characterization of ex vivo cultured conjunctival explants; marker validation for the identification of squamous epithelial cells and goblet cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1024926. [PMID: 36923014 PMCID: PMC10008928 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1024926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered products are at the cutting edge of innovation considering their potential to functionally and structurally repair various tissue defects when the body's own regenerative capacity is exhausted. At the ocular surface, the wound healing response to extensive conjunctival damage results in tissue repair with structural alterations or permanent scar formation rather than regeneration of the physiological conjunctiva. Conjunctival tissue engineering therefore represents a promising therapeutic option to reconstruct the ocular surface in severe cicatrizing pathologies. During the rapid race to be a pioneer, it seems that one of the fundamental steps of tissue engineering has been neglected; a proper cellular characterization of the tissue-engineered equivalents, both morphologically and functionally. Currently, no consensus has been reached on an identification strategy and/or markers for the characterization of cultured squamous epithelial and goblet cells. This study therefore evaluated the accuracy of promising markers to identify differentiated conjunctival-derived cells in human primary explant cultures through immunocytochemistry, including keratins (i.e., K7, K13, and K19) and mucins (i.e., MUC1, MUC5AC, and PAS-positivity). Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro cellular profiles revealed that the widely used goblet cell marker K7 does not function adequately in an in vitro setting. The other investigated markers offer a powerful tool to distinguish cultured squamous epithelial cells (i.e., MUC1 and K13), goblet cells (i.e., MUC5AC and PAS-staining), and conjunctival-derived cells in general (i.e., K19). In conclusion, this study emphasizes the power alongside potential pitfalls of conjunctival markers to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of conjunctival tissue-engineered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Van Acker
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bert Van den Bogerd
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michel Haagdorens
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carina Koppen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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4
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Khan AZ, Utheim TP, Jackson CJ, Tønseth KA, Eidet JR. Concise Review: Considering Optimal Temperature for Short-Term Storage of Epithelial Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:686774. [PMID: 34485330 PMCID: PMC8416270 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.686774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of novel tissue-engineered products using cultured epithelial cells is gaining significant interest. While such treatments can readily be provided at centralized medical centers, delivery to patients at geographically remote locations requires the establishment of suitable storage protocols. One important aspect of storage technology is temperature. This paper reviews storage temperature for above-freezing point storage of human epithelial cells for regenerative medicine purposes. The literature search uncovered publications on epidermal cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, conjunctival epithelial cells, corneal/limbal epithelial cells, oral keratinocytes, and seminiferous epithelial cells. The following general patterns were noted: (1) Several studies across different cell types inclined toward 4 and 16°C being suitable short-term storage temperatures. Correspondingly, almost all studies investigating 37°C concluded that this storage temperature was suboptimal. (2) Cell death typically escalates rapidly following 7–10 days of storage. (3) The importance of the type of storage medium and its composition was highlighted by some of the studies; however, the relative importance of storage medium vs. storage temperature has not been investigated systematically. Although a direct comparison between the included investigations is not reasonable due to differences in cell types, storage media, and storage duration, this review provides an overview, summarizing the work carried out on each cell type during the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyad Zartasht Khan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine Joan Jackson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Ifocus Eye Clinic, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Kim Alexander Tønseth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Roger Eidet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Diebold Y, García-Posadas L. Is the Conjunctiva a Potential Target for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081140. [PMID: 34452098 PMCID: PMC8402183 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjunctiva is a complex ocular tissue that provides mechanical, sensory, and immune protection for the ocular surface. It is affected by many diseases through different pathological mechanisms. If a disease is not treated and conjunctival function is not fully restored, the whole ocular surface and, therefore, sight is at risk. Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed, but there are still unsolved conjunctival alterations that require more sophisticated therapeutic options. Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) comprise a wide range of products that includes cell therapy, tissue engineering, and gene therapy. To the best of our knowledge, there is no commercialized ATMP specifically for conjunctival treatment yet. However, the conjunctiva can be a potential target for ATMPs for different reasons. In this review, we provide an overview of the advances in experimental phases of potential ATMPs that primarily target the conjunctiva. Important advances have been achieved through the techniques of cell therapy and tissue engineering, whereas the use of gene therapy in the conjunctiva is still marginal. Undoubtedly, future research in this field will lead to achieving commercially available ATMPs for the conjunctiva, which may provide better treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura García-Posadas
- Ocular Surface Group, Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
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6
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Yazdani M, Shahdadfar A, Reppe S, Sapkota D, Vallenari EM, Lako M, Connon CJ, Figueiredo FC, Utheim TP. Response of human oral mucosal epithelial cells to different storage temperatures: A structural and transcriptional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243914. [PMID: 33326470 PMCID: PMC7744058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Seeking to improve the access to regenerative medicine, this study investigated the structural and transcriptional effects of storage temperature on human oral mucosal epithelial cells (OMECs). METHODS Cells were stored at four different temperatures (4°C, 12°C, 24°C and 37°C) for two weeks. Then, the morphology, cell viability and differential gene expression were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy, trypan blue exclusion test and TaqMan gene expression array cards, respectively. RESULTS Cells stored at 4°C had the most similar morphology to non-stored controls with the highest viability rate (58%), whereas the 37°C group was most dissimilar with no living cells. The genes involved in stress-induced growth arrest (GADD45B) and cell proliferation inhibition (TGFB2) were upregulated at 12°C and 24°C. Upregulation was also observed in multifunctional genes responsible for morphology, growth, adhesion and motility such as EFEMP1 (12°C) and EPHA4 (4°C-24°C). Among genes used as differentiation markers, PPARA and TP53 (along with its associated gene CDKN1A) were downregulated in all temperature conditions, whereas KRT1 and KRT10 were either unchanged (4°C) or downregulated (24°C and 12°C; and 24°C, respectively), except for upregulation at 12°C for KRT1. CONCLUSIONS Cells stored at 12°C and 24°C were stressed, although the expression levels of some adhesion-, growth- and apoptosis-related genes were favourable. Collectively, this study suggests that 4°C is the optimal storage temperature for maintenance of structure, viability and function of OMECs after two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aboulghassem Shahdadfar
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Evan M. Vallenari
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Bioscience West Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Che J. Connon
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Bioscience West Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco C. Figueiredo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Bioscience West Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary & Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Kitahata S, Tanaka Y, Hori K, Kime C, Sugita S, Ueda H, Takahashi M. Critical Functionality Effects from Storage Temperature on Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Suspensions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2891. [PMID: 30814559 PMCID: PMC6393435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hiPSC-RPE) cells suspension have the potential for regenerative treatment. However, practical regenerative applications with hiPSC-RPE cells require the development of simple and cost-effective non-freezing preservation methods. We investigated the effect of non-freezing temperatures on suspended hiPSC-RPE cells in various conditions and analysed mechanisms of cell death, anoikis, Rho GTPases, hypoxia, microtubule destruction, and cell metabolism. Cells stored at 37 °C had the lowest viability due to hypoxia from high cell metabolism and cell deposits, and cells preserved at 4 °C were damaged via microtubule fragility. Cell suspensions at 16 °C were optimal with drastically reduced apoptosis and negligible necrosis. Moreover, surviving cells proliferated and secreted key proteins normally, compared to cells without preservation. hiPSC-RPE cell suspensions were optimally preserved at 16 °C. Temperatures above or below the optimal temperature decreased cell viability significantly yet differentially by mechanisms of cell death, cellular metabolism, microtubule destruction, and oxygen tension, all relevant to cell conditions. Surviving cells are expected to function as grafts where high cell death is often reported. This study provides new insight into various non-freezing temperature effects on hiPSC-RPE cells that are highly relevant to clinical applications and may improve cooperation between laboratories and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kitahata
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Application Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Division of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Kanji Hori
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan
| | - Cody Kime
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sunao Sugita
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Kobe City Eye Hospital Research Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Kobe City Eye Hospital Research Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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High Throughput Screening of Additives Using Factorial Design to Promote Survival of Stored Cultured Epithelial Sheets. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:6545876. [PMID: 30581473 PMCID: PMC6276401 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6545876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to optimize storage conditions to preserve cell characteristics during transport of cultured cell sheets from specialized culture units to distant hospitals. In this study, we aimed to explore a method to identify additives that diminish the decrease in the viability of stored undifferentiated epidermal cells using multifactorial design and an automated screening procedure. The cultured cells were stored for 7–11 days at 12°C in media supplemented with various additives. Effects were evaluated by calcein staining of live cells as well as morphology. Twenty-six additives were tested using (1) a two-level factorial design in which 10 additives were added or omitted in 64 different combinations and (2) a mixture design with 5 additives at 5 different concentrations in a total of 64 different mixtures. Automated microscopy and cell counting with Fiji enabled efficient processing of data. Significant regression models were identified by Design-Expert software. A calculated maximum increase of live cells to 37 ± 6% was achieved upon storage of cell sheets for 11 days in the presence of 6% glycerol. The beneficial effect of glycerol was shown for epidermal cell sheets from three different donors in two different storage media and with two different factorial designs. We have thus developed a high throughput screening system enabling robust assessment of live cells and identified glycerol as a beneficial additive that has a positive effect on epidermal cell sheet upon storage at 12°C. We believe this method could be of use in other cell culture optimization strategies where a large number of conditions are compared for their effect on cell viability or other quantifiable dependent variables.
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9
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Conjunctival MUC5AC+ goblet cell index: relationship with corneal nerves and dry eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:2249-2257. [PMID: 30043267 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relative proportion of conjunctival MUC5AC+ and MUC5AC- goblet cells in a post-LASIK population and their association with dry eye indicators and corneal nerve morphology using a MUC5AC+ Goblet Cell Index. METHODS Twenty subjects who had undergone LASIK > 12 months previously and 20 age-matched controls were recruited. Dry eye symptoms, tear breakup time, osmolarity, meniscus area and corneal nerve morphology were examined. Conjunctival impression cytology samples were collected from inferior-temporal bulbar conjunctiva using Millicell® inserts. Total goblet cell density was determined from positive cytokeratin-7 (CK7) immunolabelling; MUC5AC+ goblet cell density was determined from both CK7+- and MUC5AC+-immunolabelled cells. The ratio of MUC5AC+ to total density was defined as the "MUC5AC+ Goblet Cell Index". Differences in variables between groups and the associations between goblet cell variables and clinical assessments were examined. RESULTS No significant differences in the total and MUC5AC+ goblet cell density and tear film parameters were found between groups, although greater ocular discomfort was reported in the post-LASIK group (P = 0.02). A higher MUC5AC+ Index was associated with worse/greater dry eye symptoms (ρ = 0.55, P = 0.01) and higher nerve tortuosity (ρ = 0.57, P = 0.01) in the post-LASIK group; lower nerve density and thickness was found in controls (ρ > -0.45, P < 0.05), but not associated with tear film parameters. CONCLUSIONS The MUC5AC+ Goblet Cell Index provides an indicator of mucin secretion for assessing the goblet cell function in dry eye. In the post-LASIK participants, we found an increased MUC5AC+ Index associated with worse dry eye symptoms and adverse changes in corneal nerve morphology.
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10
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Utheim OA, Lyberg T, Eidet JR, Raeder S, Sehic A, Roald B, Messelt E, de la Paz MF, Dartt DA, Utheim TP. Effect of Transportation on Cultured Limbal Epithelial Sheets for Worldwide Treatment of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10502. [PMID: 30002380 PMCID: PMC6043629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cell deficiency can be treated with transplantation of cultured human limbal epithelial cells (LEC). It can be advantageous to produce LEC in centralized labs and thereafter ship them to eye clinics. The present study used transport simulations of LEC to determine if vigorous shaking during transport altered the viability, morphology and phenotype during a 4 day-long storage of LEC with a previously described serum-free storage method. Inserts with LEC cultured on amniotic membranes were sutured to caps inside air-tight containers with generous amounts of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered minimal essential medium (MEM). The containers were distributed among the following testing conditions: 6 hours with full containers, 36 hours with full containers, 36 hours with container three quarters full of medium, and 36 hours with container full of medium containing a shear-protecting agent (Pluronic-F68). Compared to stored, but non-transported controls, no statistically significant changes in viability and immunohistochemical staining were observed. The epithelial sheets remained intact. However, an air-liquid interface in the containers reduced the number of desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes compared to the controls. In conclusion, cultured LEC sheets appear to endure vigorous shaking for at least 36 hours if the container is full.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway.
| | - T Lyberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - J R Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Raeder
- Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Roald
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M F de la Paz
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T P Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Yao Q, Hu Y, Yu F, Zhang W, Fu Y. A novel application of electrospun silk fibroin/poly(l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffolds for conjunctiva reconstruction. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18372-18380. [PMID: 35541105 PMCID: PMC9080522 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospun hybrid nanofibers prepared using combinations of natural and synthetic polymers have been widely investigated in tissue engineering. In this study, silk fibroin (SF) and poly(l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) hybrid scaffolds were successfully prepared by electrospinning. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed that SF/PLCL scaffolds were composed of defect-free nanofibers with a smooth and homogeneous fiber morphology. Water contact angle measurements demonstrated that the scaffolds were hydrophilic. To assess the cell affinity of SF/PLCL scaffolds, rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells (rCjECs) were cultured on the electrospun scaffolds. Scanning electron micrographs and in vitro proliferation assays showed that the cells adhered and proliferated well on the scaffolds. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed excellent expression of CjEC genes, with reduced expression of inflammatory mediators. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that the engineered conjunctiva constructed with SF/PLCL scaffolds consisted of 2–4 layers of epithelium. Furthermore, SF/PLCL scaffolds transplanted subcutaneously exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, SF/PLCL scaffolds may find biomedical applications in conjunctival reconstruction in the near future. We present a promising scaffold with favorable mechanical and biological properties for conjunctival regeneration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of the conjunctiva is an essential part of ocular surface reconstruction. Clinically applied and experimentally tested tissue- and stem-cell-based approaches are presented and evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Current literature and our own results will be presented. RESULTS Autologous conjunctiva, mucous membrane of the mouth or nose, and amniotic membrane are routinely used for conjunctival reconstruction. Limitations are limited availability, involvement in autoimmune diseases, donor heterogeneity, and degradation in an inflamed environment. Experimentally tested matrices as tissues made from extracellular matrix proteins, synthetic polymers, temperature-sensitive culture dishes, and decellularized conjunctiva have been tested in vitro and partly in vivo. To replace conjunctival cells, cells of conjunctiva and mucous membrane of mouth and nose have been evaluated and show progenitor cell properties as well as secretory capacity (goblet cell differentiation). CONCLUSIONS Although different matrices are available for conjunctival reconstruction there is-due to specific limitations of existing tissues-a need for the development of new therapies for conjunctival replacement. Matrices produced in the laboratory have already been partly investigated in vivo and may thus be clinically applicable in the near future. Adult mucous membrane cells show many properties of conjunctival epithelium after expansion in vitro and thus are a promising cell source for conjunctival tissue engineering. Other stem cells sources require further evaluation.
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Preservation of Ocular Epithelial Limbal Stem Cells: The New Frontier in Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 951:179-189. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Eidet JR, Dartt DA, Utheim TP. Concise Review: Comparison of Culture Membranes Used for Tissue Engineered Conjunctival Epithelial Equivalents. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:1064-84. [PMID: 26690486 PMCID: PMC4695911 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjunctival epithelium plays an important role in ensuring the optical clarity of the cornea by providing lubrication to maintain a smooth, refractive surface, by producing mucins critical for tear film stability and by protecting against mechanical stress and infectious agents. A large number of disorders can lead to scarring of the conjunctiva through chronic conjunctival inflammation. For controlling complications of conjunctival scarring, surgery can be considered. Surgical treatment of symblepharon includes removal of the scar tissue to reestablish the deep fornix. The surgical defect is then covered by the application of a tissue substitute. One obvious limiting factor when using autografts is the size of the defect to be covered, as the amount of healthy conjunctiva is scarce. These limitations have led scientists to develop tissue engineered conjunctival equivalents. A tissue engineered conjunctival epithelial equivalent needs to be easily manipulated surgically, not cause an inflammatory reaction and be biocompatible. This review summarizes the various substrates and membranes that have been used to culture conjunctival epithelial cells during the last three decades. Future avenues for developing tissue engineered conjunctiva are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Roger Eidet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway.
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway.
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen 3004, Norway.
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15
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Jackson C, Eidet JR, Reppe S, Aass HCD, Tønseth KA, Roald B, Lyberg T, Utheim TP. Effect of Storage Temperature on the Phenotype of Cultured Epidermal Cells Stored in Xenobiotic-Free Medium. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:757-68. [PMID: 26398483 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1062113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cultured epidermal cell sheets (CECS) are used in the treatment of large area burns to the body and have potential to treat limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) as shown in animal studies. Despite widespread use, storage options for CECS are limited. Short-term storage allows flexibility in scheduling surgery, quality control and improved transportation to clinics worldwide. Recent evidence points to the phenotype of cultured epithelial cells as a critical predictor of post-operative success following transplantation of CECS in burns and in transplantation of cultured epithelial cells in patients with LSCD. This study, therefore assessed the effect of a range of temperatures, spanning 4-37 °C, on the phenotype of CECS stored over a 2-week period in a xenobiotic-free system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Progenitor cell (p63, ΔNp63α and ABCG2) and differentiation (C/EBPδ and CK10) associated marker expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemistry staining of normal skin for the markers p63, ABCG2 and C/EBPδ was also carried out. Assessment of progenitor cell side population (SP) was performed using JC1 dye by flow cytometry. RESULTS P63 expression remained relatively constant throughout the temperature range but was significantly lower compared to control between 20 and 28 °C (p < 0.05). High C/EBPδ together with low p63 suggested more differentiation beginning at 20 °C and above. Lower CK10 and C/EBPδ expression most similar to control was seen at 12 °C. The percentage of ABCG2 positive cells was most similar to control between 8 and 24 °C. Between 4 and 24 °C, the SP fluctuated, but was not significantly different compared to control. Results were supported by staining patterns indicating differentiation status associated with markers in normal skin sections. CONCLUSIONS Lower storage temperatures, and in particular 12 °C, merit further investigation as optimal storage temperature for maintenance of undifferentiated phenotype in CECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jackson
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway .,b Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Norway
| | - Jon R Eidet
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Kim A Tønseth
- b Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Norway .,c Department of Plastic Surgery , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway .,d Department of Pathology , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway and
| | - Borghild Roald
- b Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Norway .,d Department of Pathology , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway and
| | - Torstein Lyberg
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tor P Utheim
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway .,e Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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16
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Sehic A, Utheim ØA, Ommundsen K, Utheim TP. Pre-Clinical Cell-Based Therapy for Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:863-88. [PMID: 26343740 PMCID: PMC4598682 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6030863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is essential for normal vision by maintaining transparency for light transmission. Limbal stem cells, which reside in the corneal periphery, contribute to the homeostasis of the corneal epithelium. Any damage or disease affecting the function of these cells may result in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The condition may result in both severe pain and blindness. Transplantation of ex vivo cultured cells onto the cornea is most often an effective therapeutic strategy for LSCD. The use of ex vivo cultured limbal epithelial cells (LEC), oral mucosal epithelial cells, and conjunctival epithelial cells to treat LSCD has been explored in humans. The present review focuses on the current state of knowledge of the many other cell-based therapies of LSCD that have so far exclusively been explored in animal models as there is currently no consensus on the best cell type for treating LSCD. Major findings of all these studies with special emphasis on substrates for culture and transplantation are systematically presented and discussed. Among the many potential cell types that still have not been used clinically, we conclude that two easily accessible autologous sources, epidermal stem cells and hair follicle-derived stem cells, are particularly strong candidates for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 10, Oslo 0372, Norway.
| | - Øygunn Aass Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway.
| | - Kristoffer Ommundsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway.
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 10, Oslo 0372, Norway.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway.
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17
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Islam R, Jackson C, Eidet JR, Messelt EB, Corraya RM, Lyberg T, Griffith M, Dartt DA, Utheim TP. Effect of Storage Temperature on Structure and Function of Cultured Human Oral Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128306. [PMID: 26052937 PMCID: PMC4459984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose/Aims To assess the effect of storage temperature on the viability, phenotype, metabolism, and morphology of cultured human oral keratinocytes (HOK). Materials and Methods Cultured HOK cells were stored in HEPES- and sodium bicarbonate-buffered Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) at nine temperatures in approximately 4°C increments from 4°C to 37°C for seven days. Cells were characterized for viability by calcein fluorescence, phenotype retention by immunocytochemistry, metabolic parameters (pH, glucose, lactate, and O2) within the storage medium by blood gas analysis, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Results Relative to the cultured, but non-stored control cells, a high percentage of viable cells were retained only in the 12°C and 16°C storage groups (85%±13% and 68%±10%, respectively). Expression of ABCG2, Bmi1, C/EBPδ, PCNA, cytokeratin 18, and caspase-3 were preserved after storage in the 5 groups between 4°C and 20°C, compared to the non-stored control. Glucose, pH and pO2 in the storage medium declined, whereas lactate increased with increasing storage temperature. Morphology was best preserved following storage of the three groups between 12°C, 16°C, and 20°C. Conclusion We conclude that storage temperatures of 12°C and 16°C were optimal for maintenance of cell viability, phenotype, and morphology of cultured HOK. The storage method described in the present study may be applicable for other cell types and tissues; thus its significance may extend beyond HOK and the field of ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakibul Islam
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Jackson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon R. Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Edward B. Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rima Maria Corraya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Torstein Lyberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - May Griffith
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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18
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Chen J, Yan C, Zhu M, Yao Q, Shao C, Lu W, Wang J, Mo X, Gu P, Fu Y, Fan X. Electrospun nanofibrous SF/P(LLA-CL) membrane: a potential substratum for endothelial keratoplasty. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3337-50. [PMID: 26005345 PMCID: PMC4427599 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s77706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cornea transplant technology has progressed markedly in recent decades, allowing surgeons to replace diseased corneal endothelium by a thin lamellar structure. A thin, transparent, biocompatible, tissue-engineered substratum with corneal endothelial cells for endothelial keratoplasty is currently of interest. Electrospinning a nanofibrous structure can simulate the extracellular matrix and have beneficial effects for cell culture. Silk fibroin (SF) has good biocompatibility but poor mechanical properties, while poly(l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LLA-CL)) has good mechanical properties but poor biocompatibility. Blending SF with P(LLA-CL) can maintain the advantages of both these materials and overcome their disadvantages. Blended electrospun nanofibrous membranes may be suitable for regeneration of the corneal endothelium. The aim of this study was to produce a tissue-engineered construct suitable for endothelial keratoplasty. Methods Five scaffolds containing different SF:P(LLA-CL) blended ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) were manufactured. A human corneal endothelial (B4G12) cell line was cultured on the membranes. Light transmission, speed of cell adherence, cell viability (live-dead test), cell proliferation (Ki-67, BrdU staining), and cell monolayer formation were detected on membranes with the different blended ratios, and expression of some functional genes was also detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Different blended ratios of scaffolds had different light transmittance properties. The 25:75 blended ratio membrane had the best transmittance among these scaffolds. All electrospun nanofibrous membranes showed improved speed of cell adherence when compared with the control group, especially when the P(LLA-CL) ratio increased. The 25:75 blended ratio membranes also had the highest cell proliferation. B4G12 cells could form a monolayer on all scaffolds, and most functional genes were also stably expressed on all scaffolds. Only two genes showed changes in expression. Conclusion All blended ratios of SF:P(LLA-CL) scaffolds were evaluated and showed good biocompatibility for cell adherence and monolayer formation. Among them, the 25:75 blended ratio SF:P(LLA-CL) scaffold had the best transmittance and the highest cell proliferation. These attributes further the potential application of the SF:P(LLA-CL) scaffold for corneal endothelial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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19
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Jackson C, Aabel P, Eidet JR, Messelt EB, Lyberg T, von Unge M, Utheim TP. Effect of storage temperature on cultured epidermal cell sheets stored in xenobiotic-free medium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105808. [PMID: 25170754 PMCID: PMC4149437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured epidermal cell sheets (CECS) are used in regenerative medicine in patients with burns, and have potential to treat limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), as demonstrated in animal models. Despite widespread use, short-term storage options for CECS are limited. Advantages of storage include: flexibility in scheduling surgery, reserve sheets for repeat operations, more opportunity for quality control, and improved transportation to allow wider distribution. Studies on storage of CECS have thus far focused on cryopreservation, whereas refrigeration is a convenient method commonly used for whole skin graft storage in burns clinics. It has been shown that preservation of viable cells using these methods is variable. This study evaluated the effect of different temperatures spanning 4°C to 37°C, on the cell viability, morphology, proliferation and metabolic status of CECS stored over a two week period in a xenobiotic–free system. Compared to non-stored control, best cell viability was obtained at 24°C (95.2±9.9%); reduced cell viability, at approximately 60%, was demonstrated at several of the temperatures (12°C, 28°C, 32°C and 37°C). Metabolic activity was significantly higher between 24°C and 37°C, where glucose, lactate, lactate/glucose ratios, and oxygen tension indicated increased activation of the glycolytic pathway under aerobic conditions. Preservation of morphology as shown by phase contrast and scanning electron micrographs was best at 12°C and 16°C. PCNA immunocytochemistry indicated that only 12°C and 20°C allowed maintenance of proliferative function at a similar level to non-stored control. In conclusion, results indicate that 12°C and 24°C merit further investigation as the prospective optimum temperature for short-term storage of cultured epidermal cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jackson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Peder Aabel
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Division of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon R. Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Edward B. Messelt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Lyberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus von Unge
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Division of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Clinical Research, LT Vastmanland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Eidet JR, Utheim ØA, Islam R, Lyberg T, Messelt EB, Dartt DA, Utheim TP. The impact of storage temperature on the morphology, viability, cell number and metabolism of cultured human conjunctival epithelium. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:30-9. [PMID: 24750037 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.909497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of storage temperature on the morphology, viability, cell number and metabolism of cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-day cultured HCjEs were stored at nine different temperatures between 4 °C and 37 °C for four and seven days. Phenotype was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy, morphology by scanning electron microscopy, viability and cell number by a microplate fluorometer and glucose metabolism by a blood gas analyzer. RESULTS Cultured cells not subjected to storage expressed the conjunctival cytokeratins 7 and 19 and the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Cell morphology was best maintained following four-day storage between 12 °C and 28 °C and following 12 °C storage after seven days. Assessed by propidium iodide uptake, the percentage of viable cells after four-day storage was maintained only between 12 °C and 28 °C, whereas it had decreased in all other groups (p < 0.05; n = 4). After seven days this percentage was maintained in the 12 °C group, but it had decreased in all other groups, compared to the control (p < 0.05; n = 4). The total number of cells remaining in the cultures after four-day storage, compared to the control, had declined in all groups (p < 0.05; n = 4), except 12 °C and 20 °C groups. Following seven days this number had decreased in all groups (p < 0.01; n = 4), except 12 °C storage. Four-day storage at 12 °C demonstrated superior preservation of the number of calcein-stained viable cells (p < 0.05) and the least accumulation of ethidium homodimer 1-stained dead cells (p < 0.001), compared to storage at 4 °C and 24 °C (n = 6). The total metabolism of glucose to lactate after four-day storage was higher in the 24 °C group compared to 4 °C and 12 °C groups, as well as the control (p < 0.001; n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Storage at 12 °C appears optimal for preserving the morphology, viability and total cell number in stored HCjE cultures. The superior cell preservation at 12 °C may be related to temperature-associated effects on cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon R Eidet
- Unit of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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21
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Tian L, Qu M, Wang Y, Duan H, Di G, Xie L, Zhou Q. Inductive differentiation of conjunctival goblet cells by γ-secretase inhibitor and construction of recombinant conjunctival epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2014; 123:37-42. [PMID: 24746620 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
γ-secretase inhibitor has been shown to promote intestinal goblet cell differentiation. We now demonstrated that the in vitro addition of γ-secretase inhibitor in the culture of human conjunctival epithelial cells significantly promoted the differentiation of conjunctival goblet cells with typical droplet-like phenotype, positive periodic acid-Schiff and goblet cell-specific Muc5Ac, cytokeratin 7 and Helix pomatia agglutinin lectin staining. Moreover, topical application of γ-secretase inhibitor promoted the differentiation of mouse conjunctival goblet cells in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of Notch target gene HES-1 was down-regulated during the differentiation of conjunctival goblet cells. In addition, we found that the recombinant conjunctival epithelium on amniotic membrane showed less goblet cell density and abnormal location when compared with normal conjunctival epithelium, which were improved by the addition of γ-secretase inhibitor in the final induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tian
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guohu Di
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Yan'erdao Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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22
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Optimization of Storage Temperature for Cultured ARPE-19 Cells. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013:216359. [PMID: 24251032 PMCID: PMC3819763 DOI: 10.1155/2013/216359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The establishment of future retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement therapy is partly dependent on the availability of tissue-engineered RPE cells, which may be enhanced by the development of suitable storage methods for RPE. This study investigates the effect of different storage temperatures on the viability, morphology, and phenotype of cultured RPE. Methods. ARPE-19 cells were cultured under standard conditions and stored in HEPES-buffered MEM at nine temperatures (4°C, 8°C, 12°C, 16°C, 20°C, 24°C, 28°C, 32°C, and 37°C) for seven days. Viability and phenotype were assessed by a microplate fluorometer and epifluorescence microscopy, while morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Results. The percentage of viable cells preserved after storage was highest in the 16°C group (48.7% ± 9.8%; P < 0.01 compared to 4°C, 8°C, and 24°C–37°C; P < 0.05 compared to 12°C). Ultrastructure was best preserved at 12°C, 16°C, and 20°C. Expression of actin, ZO-1, PCNA, caspase-3, and RPE65 was maintained after storage at 16°C compared to control cells that were not stored. Conclusion. Out of nine temperatures tested between 4°C and 37°C, storage at 12°C, 16°C, and 20°C was optimal for maintenance of RPE cell viability, morphology, and phenotype. The preservation of RPE cells is critically dependent on storage temperature.
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Toward the practical implementation of eye-related bioavailability prediction models. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:31-44. [PMID: 23948143 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development and registration of reformulated ophthalmic products (OPs) requires eye-related bioavailability (BA) assessments. Common BA algorithms associated with other routes of application, such as the oral route, cannot be easily applied to eye-related BA testing. Here, we provide an analysis of the current literature and suggestions for further directions in the development of high-capacity, cost-effective, and highly predictive nonclinical models of eye-related drug BA. One, or a combination of these models, has the potential for routine use in research laboratories and/or the pharmaceutical industry to overcome various obstacles in reformulated OP development and registration.
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Fostad IG, Eidet JR, Shatos MA, Utheim TP, Utheim OA, Raeder S, Dartt DA. Biopsy harvesting site and distance from the explant affect conjunctival epithelial phenotype ex vivo. Exp Eye Res 2012; 104:15-25. [PMID: 23022405 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate if the number of goblet cells expanded ex vivo from a conjunctival explant is affected by the biopsy harvesting site on the conjunctiva and the distance from the explant. Conjunctival explants from six regions: superior and inferior bulbus, fornix, and tarsus of male Sprague-Dawley rats were grown in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum on coverslips for eight days. Histochemical and immunofluorescent staining of goblet (CK-7/UEA-1/MUC5AC), stratified squamous, non-goblet (CK-4), proliferating (PCNA) and progenitor (ABCG2) cells were analyzed by epifluorescence and laser confocal microscopy. Outgrowth was measured with NIH ImageJ. For statistical analysis the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rank-order correlation test were used. Cultures from superior and inferior fornix contained the most goblet cells as indicated by the presence of CK-7+, UEA-1+ and MUC5AC+ cells. Superior and inferior forniceal cultures displayed 60.8% ± 9.2% and 64.7% ± 6.7% CK-7+ cells, respectively, compared to the superior tarsal (26.6% ± 8.4%; P < 0.05), superior bulbar (31.0% ± 4.0%; P < 0.05), inferior bulbar (38.5% ± 9.3%; P < 0.05) and inferior tarsal cultures (27.7% ± 8.3%; P < 0.05). While 28.4% ± 6.3% of CK-7+ goblet cells co-labeled with PCNA, only 7.4% ± 1.6% of UEA-1+ goblet cells did (P < 0.01). CK-7+ goblet cells were located at a lower concentration close to the explant (39.8% ± 3.1%) compared to near the leading edge (58.2% ± 4.5%; P < 0.05). Both markers for goblet cell secretory product (UEA-1 and MUC5AC), however, displayed the opposite pattern with a higher percentage of positive cells close to the explant than near the leading edge (P < 0.05). The percentage of CK-4+ cells was higher near the explant compared to near the leading edge (P < 0.01). The percentage of CK-7+ goblet cells in the cultures did not correlate with the outgrowth size (r(s) = -0.086; P = 0.435). The percentage of UEA-1+ goblet cells correlated negatively with outgrowth size (r(s) = -0.347; P < 0.01), whereas the percentage of CK-4+ cells correlated positively with the outgrowth size (r(s) = 0.473; P < 0.05). We conclude that forniceal explants yield the highest number of goblet cells ex vivo and thereby seem to be optimal for goblet cell transplantation. We also suggest that CK-7+/UEA-1- cells represent highly proliferative immature goblet cells. These cells could be important during conjunctival migration as they are mostly located close to the leading edge and their density does not decrease with increasing outgrowth size.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Fostad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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