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Kunala K, Tang JAH, Bowles Johnson KE, Huynh KT, Parkins K, Kim HJ, Yang Q, Sparrow JR, Hunter JJ. Near Infrared Autofluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:27. [PMID: 38758638 PMCID: PMC11107951 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate the first near-infrared adaptive optics fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (NIR-AOFLIO) measurements in vivo of the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cellular mosaic and to visualize lifetime changes at different retinal eccentricities. Methods NIR reflectance and autofluorescence were captured using a custom adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope in 10 healthy subjects (23-64 years old) at seven eccentricities and in two eyes with retinal abnormalities. Repeatability was assessed across two visits up to 8 weeks apart. Endogenous retinal fluorophores and hydrophobic whole retinal extracts of Abca4-/- pigmented and albino mice were imaged to probe the fluorescence origin of NIR-AOFLIO. Results The RPE mosaic was resolved at all locations in five of seven younger subjects (<35 years old). The mean lifetime across near-peripheral regions (8° and 12°) was longer compared to near-foveal regions (0° and 2°). Repeatability across two visits showed moderate to excellent correlation (intraclass correlation: 0.88 [τm], 0.75 [τ1], 0.65 [τ2], 0.98 [a1]). The mean lifetime across drusen-containing eyes was longer than in age-matched healthy eyes. Fluorescence was observed in only the extracts from pigmented Abca4-/- mouse. Conclusions NIR-AOFLIO was repeatable and allowed visualization of the RPE cellular mosaic. An observed signal in only the pigmented mouse extract infers the fluorescence signal originates predominantly from melanin. Variations observed across the retina with intermediate age-related macular degeneration suggest NIR-AOFLIO may act as a functional measure of a biomarker for in vivo monitoring of early alterations in retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karteek Kunala
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Janet A. H. Tang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Kristen E. Bowles Johnson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Khang T. Huynh
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Keith Parkins
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Hunter
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Fehler N, Schneider D, Hessling M. Advancement of a RGBW-LED pen for diaphanoscopic illumination with adjustable color and intensity with tests on ex-vivo porcine eyes in terms of retinal risk and correlated color temperature. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:115-126. [PMID: 38186954 PMCID: PMC10770004 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Diaphanoscopic illumination has the disadvantage that the intraocular spectrum is red-shifted due to transmission properties of the eyewall. This red-shift should be counteracted as well as the retinal risk should be reduced with adjusting the spectral distribution of the illumination light. Likewise, the illumination spectrum has to be adapted to the eye color of the patient. With the further development of a red, green, blue and white light-emitting diode (RGBW-LED) diaphanoscopy pen, the intensities of each color can be varied. The functionality of the LED pen is tested on ex-vivo porcine eyes. By measuring the transmission of the sclera and choroidea, the photochemical and thermal retinal hazard and the maximum exposure time are determined according to the standard DIN EN ISO 15004-2:2007. With this RGBW-LED pen the intraocular space can be illuminated clearly of up to 1.5 h without potential retinal damage according to DIN EN ISO 15004:2-2007. By adjusting the illumination spectrum the red-shift can be compensated and retinal risk can be reduced. By varying the LED intensities, the correlated color temperature in the eye can also be varied from cold white to warm white appearance as comfortable to the ophthalmologist. Additionally, a simple adjustment of the illumination to the eye color of the patient is possible. Using this RGBW-LED pen, the ophthalmologist can set the desired intraocular color appearance, which he prefers for special applications. He could also adjust the illumination to the eye color as this would reduce retinal hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fehler
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Schneider
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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3
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Pan S, Shah R, Brown SC. Pancreatic Cancer Presenting to the Dermatology Clinic. Cureus 2023; 15:e49908. [PMID: 38174168 PMCID: PMC10763649 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In patients with skin of color, jaundice may present more discretely, which can lead to a delay in diagnosing underlying disease and widening racial disparity gaps. It is important for clinicians to recognize the subtleties of jaundice to achieve the most optimal outcomes for patients. Careful examination of the sclera and palms, sites where yellowing is most obvious, as well as asking patients if they have noticed any skin color changes can be beneficial. We present a case of a patient who presented to the dermatology clinic with jaundice and pruritus refractory to standard treatment, ultimately leading to a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Pan
- Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Temple, Temple, USA
| | - Radhika Shah
- Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Temple, Temple, USA
| | - Shannon C Brown
- Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Temple, Temple, USA
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Caspar KR, Hüttner L, Begall S. Scleral appearance is not a correlate of domestication in mammals. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 37248525 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerous hypotheses try to explain the unusual appearance of the human eye with its bright sclera and transparent conjunctiva and how it could have evolved from a dark-eyed phenotype, as is present in many non-human primates. Recently, it has been argued that pigmentation defects induced by self-domestication may have led to bright-eyed ocular phenotypes in humans and some other primate lineages, such as marmosets. However, it has never been systematically studied whether actual domesticated mammals consistently deviate from wild mammals in regard to their conjunctival pigmentation and if this trait might therefore be part of a domestication syndrome. Here, we test this idea by drawing phylogenetically informed comparisons from a photographic dataset spanning 13 domesticated mammal species and their closest living wild relatives (n ≥ 15 photos per taxon). We did not recover significant differences in scleral appearance or irido-scleral contrast between domesticated and wild forms, suggesting that conjunctival depigmentation, unlike cutaneous pigmentation disorders, is not a general correlate of domestication. Regardless of their domestication status, macroscopically depigmented conjunctivae were observed in carnivorans and lagomorphs, whereas ungulates generally displayed darker eyes. For some taxa, we observed pronounced intraspecific variation, which should be addressed in more exhaustive future studies. Based on our dataset, we also present preliminary evidence for a general increase of conjunctival pigmentation with eye size in mammals. Our findings suggest that conjunctival depigmentation in humans is not a byproduct of self-domestication, even if we assume that our species has undergone such a process in its recent evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Caspar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Lisa Hüttner
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Fehler N, Hessling M. Determination of Correlated Color Temperature in Ex Vivo Porcine Eyes during Intraocular Illumination. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12083034. [PMID: 37109369 PMCID: PMC10143230 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In ophthalmic surgery, white light is mostly applied to illuminate the intraocular space, and ophthalmologists are comfortable working with it. Diaphanoscopic illumination changes the spectral composition of light, resulting in a change in the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the intraocular illumination. This color change makes it difficult for surgeons to recognize the structures in the eye. CCT during intraocular illumination has not yet been measured before, and it is the aim of this study to perform such measurement. (2) Methods: CCT was measured inside ex vivo porcine eyes during diaphanoscopic illumination and endoillumination using a current ophthalmic illumination system with a detection fiber inside the eye. By applying pressure on the eye with a diaphanoscopic fiber, the dependency of CCT on pressure was examined. (3) Results: The intraocular CCT values during endoillumination were 3923 K and 5407 K for the halogen and xenon lamps, respectively. During diaphanoscopic illumination, a strong unwanted red shift was observed, resulting in 2199 K and 2675 K for the xenon and the halogen lamps, respectively. Regarding different applied pressures, the CCT did not differ considerably. (4) Conclusions: This red shift should be compensated for in the development of new illumination systems since surgeons are used to white light illumination, which also simplifies the identification of retinal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fehler
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Kuepfer L, Fuellen G, Stahnke T. Quantitative systems pharmacology of the eye: Tools and data for ocular QSP. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:288-299. [PMID: 36708082 PMCID: PMC10014063 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Good eyesight belongs to the most-valued attributes of health, and diseases of the eye are a significant healthcare burden. Case numbers are expected to further increase in the next decades due to an aging society. The development of drugs in ophthalmology, however, is difficult due to limited accessibility of the eye, in terms of drug administration and in terms of sampling of tissues for drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs). Ocular quantitative systems pharmacology models provide the opportunity to describe the distribution of drugs in the eye as well as the resulting drug-response in specific segments of the eye. In particular, ocular physiologically-based PK (PBPK) models are necessary to describe drug concentration levels in different regions of the eye. Further, ocular effect models using molecular data from specific cellular systems are needed to develop dose-response correlations. We here describe the current status of PK/PBPK as well as PD models for the eyes and discuss cellular systems, data repositories, as well as animal models in ophthalmology. The application of the various concepts is highlighted for the development of new treatments for postoperative fibrosis after glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kuepfer
- Institute for Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Aging Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Stahnke
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials e.V., Rostock, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Zhang P, Yan W, Yan H. Changes in the vitreous body after experimental vitreous hemorrhage in rabbit: An interdisciplinary study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281165. [PMID: 36745670 PMCID: PMC9901783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the changes in vitreous body after vitreous hemorrhage and assess its prognosis from the perspective of vitreoretinal interface. METHODS The experiment was performed on 32 New Zealand rabbits (64 eyes), weighing 2500-3000 g for 4 months and unlimited gender, which was injected with 0.2 mL of autologous blood into the center of vitreous cavity-the study group (right eyes), and the control one was treated in the same manner with equal volumes of saline. The rabbits were randomly and equally divided into the following four batches according to the days of observation: Days 3, 7, 14, and 30 after injection. IOP and severity grading were evaluated before rabbits' execution and eyeballs were enucleated. The anterior segment was separated to flow out the vitreous body naturally to detect the liquefaction degree and viscosity. Then, chemical composition of electrolytes, PCT and bFGF were determined by colorimetry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the incidence of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was observed after vitreous sampled. The studies were double-blind. RESULTS After injection, the extent of vitreous opacity and coagulum size decreased over time. Both the degree of liquefaction and the length of tow differed significantly between two groups at different time points (all p < 0.001). The liquefaction degree in the study group rose obviously from the Day 14, which the viscosity declined significantly on the initial time. Biochemical markers fluctuated temporarily, except for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which continued to rise and was correlated with the liquefaction degree (r = 0.658, p < 0.001). Besides, the incidence of PVD increased from the 14th day (p < 0.05), and it was highly positively correlated with the number of macrophages (r = 0.934; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION After vitreous hemorrhage, the changes of the vitreous body are relatively minor earlier (2-4 weeks), but irreversible later. Specifically, the degree of liquefaction increases with a decrease in viscosity, and the chemotaxis of macrophages and bFGF induce incomplete PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Affiliated Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, PLA, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weijia Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hong Yan
- Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Affiliated Xi’an Fourth Hospital, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Clinical Ocular Exposure Extrapolation for Ophthalmic Solutions Using PBPK Modeling and Simulation. Pharm Res 2023; 40:431-447. [PMID: 36151444 PMCID: PMC9944674 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of generic ophthalmic drug products is challenging due to the complexity of the ocular system, and a lack of sensitive testing to evaluate the interplay of physiology with ophthalmic formulations. While measurements of drug concentration at the site of action in humans are typically sparse, these measurements are more easily obtained in rabbits. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for translation of ocular exposure from rabbit to human. METHOD The Ocular Compartmental Absorption and Transit (OCAT™) model within GastroPlus® v9.8.2 was used to build PBPK models for levofloxacin (Lev), moxifloxacin (Mox), and gatifloxacin (Gat) ophthalmic solutions. in the rabbit eye. The models were subsequently used to predict Lev, Mox, and Gat exposure after ocular solution administrations in humans. Drug-specific parameters were used as fitted and validated in the rabbit OCAT model. The physiological parameters were scaled to match human ocular physiology. RESULTS OCAT model simulations for rabbit well described the observed concentrations in the eye compartments following Lev, Mox, and Gat solution administrations of different doses and various administration schedules. The clinical ocular exposure following ocular administration of Lev, Mox, and Gat solutions at different doses and various administration schedules was well predicted. CONCLUSION Even though additional case studies for different types of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and formulations will be needed, the current study represents an important step in the validation of the extrapolation method to predict human ocular exposure for ophthalmic drug products using PBPK models.
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Fehler N, Lingenfelder C, Kupferschmid S, Hessling M. Determination of the intraocular irradiance and potential retinal hazards at various positions in the eye during transscleral equatorial illumination for different applied pressures. Z Med Phys 2022:S0939-3889(22)00122-2. [PMID: 36513575 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With diaphanoscopic illumination of the eye, the intensity of light entering its interior depends on the transmission properties of the eyewall. Light that passes through the eyewall can cause damage to the retina. Therefore, in this study, the intraocular irradiances are determined at different positions on the retina, directly behind the illuminated eyewall, the opposite eyewall and near the macula of ex-vivo porcine eyes. These irradiances are examined for their dependence on the pressure applied on the eyewall with the illuminating fiber and for the influence of the pigmentation of the eye. METHODS In total 221 ex-vivo porcine eyes were investigated. For transscleral illumination an illumination fiber with a diffusing adapter cap is pressed against the equatorial eyewall. The illumination fiber is pressed onto the eye and the pressure is measured in the anterior chamber. Three different pressures are applied, 23, 78 and 132 mmHg. A detection fiber with diffusing fiber tip is inserted into the eye at the desired position. The eyes were divided in groups with high and less pigmentation to investigate the influence of the pigmentation on the intraocular irradiance. RESULTS The intraocular irradiances Eintra increases for various increasing applied pressures with the illumination fiber on the eyewall and for various positions inside the eye. With this the irradiances weighted with the photochemical and thermal hazard weighting function, EA-R and EVIR-R, also increases. Differences in Eintra, EA-R and EVIR-R could be found for different pigmented eyes as these values are higher for less pigmented eyes than for strong pigmented ones. CONCLUSION The hazard to the retina during diaphanoscopic illumination of the eye depends on how strong the surgeon presses the illumination fiber on the eyewall. Depending on the applied pressure and the measuring position in the eye, the specified limit for the photochemical hazard to the retina is partly exceeded. The pigmentation of the eye also plays a role. The irradiance in less pigmented eyes appears to be higher than in strongly pigmented eyes. Because of this, the surgeon should be able to adjust the intensity of the light source to the color of the patient's eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fehler
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany.
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Sadiq M, Ahmad W, Bilal M, Ali M, Khan MA, Akhtar F. In-vivo inhibition of latanoprost induced iridal hyperpigmentation in rabbits- An investigational study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11485. [PMID: 36411889 PMCID: PMC9674870 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of α-methyl-DL-tyrosine on latanoprost-induced iridal hyperpigmentation in rabbits. Methods We investigated 4 groups of rabbits. Both eyes of the pink, red, and blue groups were treated with latanoprost followed by 0.5%, 1%, and 2% α-methyl-DL-tyrosine (inhibitor) in the right eyes respectively and the green group received only inhibitor. We prospectively investigated the irides, estimated quantitatively total melanin contents, and studied any histopathological changes that occurred. Results The observers favored hyperpigmentation in the left eyes while in the right eyes they noted a decrease in pigmentation as compared to the baseline. An increase in pigmentation was noted by 93.33% of observers in the left eye of the blue group. A significant difference in the mean melanin contents was noted in the blue group (Right eye = 09.560 μg/g (±0.750), Left eye = 3.730 μg/g (±1.062). There was no evidence of stromal malignant changes, Hemorrhage, mitosis, inflammation, and atypical melanocytes in all specimens. A moderate degree of pigmentation in the left eye of the red group was noted. Mild stromal-free melanin pigment was present in all samples of pink, red and blue groups. Conclusions The α-methyl-DL-tyrosine significantly inhibited latanoprost-induced iridal pigmentation without causing any histopathological changes at a 2% dose.
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Torrens I, Ganza Á, Hernández G, Gonzalo A, Zazpe A. Ocular Biodistribution of Once-Daily 0.6% Bilastine Eye Drops Reveals Highest Levels in Conjunctiva Up to 24 h Postadministration. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:617-625. [PMID: 36269652 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bilastine is a second-generation antihistamine that has been shown to be effective for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and biodistribution of 0.6% bilastine preservative-free eye drops. Methods: Bilastine was quantified in the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, iris/ciliary body, retina/choroid, crystalline lens, and plasma, following a single topical administration to male Dutch-belted rabbits. Results: Concentrations of bilastine were highest in the conjunctiva [Cmax: 2,545.04 ng/g, at 6 h postadministration; area under the concentration-time curve (AUCt): 11,382.40 ng·h/g] and cornea (Cmax: 609.11 ng/g, at 1 h postadministration; AUCt: 1,993.88 ng·h/g), followed by the iris/ciliary body, retina/choroid, aqueous humor, plasma, vitreous humor, and crystalline lens. Quantifiable bilastine concentrations were observed up to 24 h after instillation in the conjunctiva (388.45 ng/g), cornea (28.68 ng/g), iris/ciliary body (12.42 ng/g), retina/choroid (1.91 ng/g), and crystalline lens (0.12 ng/g). In plasma, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor, bilastine was detected up to 12 h postadministration (0.18 ng/mL, 0.40 ng/mL, and 0.32 ng/g, respectively). Conclusions: PKs and biodistribution of 0.6% bilastine eye drops in rabbits revealed a marked preferential distribution in the conjunctiva (target tissue), with sustained levels up to 24 h. These findings are consistent with clinical efficacy trials supporting once-daily administration of topical bilastine for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Torrens
- Research, Development and Innovation Department (R&D+i Department), Faes Farma, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Ganza
- Research, Development and Innovation Department (R&D+i Department), Faes Farma, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hernández
- Research, Development and Innovation Department (R&D+i Department), Faes Farma, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalo
- Research, Development and Innovation Department (R&D+i Department), Faes Farma, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Arturo Zazpe
- Research, Development and Innovation Department (R&D+i Department), Faes Farma, Bizkaia, Spain
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Bahrpeyma S, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Auriola S, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mechanisms of cellular retention of melanin bound drugs: Experiments and computational modeling. J Control Release 2022; 348:760-770. [PMID: 35738465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin binding of drugs is known to increase drug concentrations and retention in pigmented eye tissues. Even though the correlation between melanin binding in vitro and exposure to pigmented eye in vivo has been shown, there is a discrepancy between rapid drug release from melanin particles in vitro and the long in vivo retention in the pigmented tissues. We investigated mechanisms and kinetics of pigment-related drug retention experimentally using isolated melanin particles from porcine retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, isolated porcine eye melanosomes, and re-pigmented ARPE-19 cells in a dynamic flow system. The experimental studies were supplemented with kinetic simulations. Affinity and capacity of levofloxacin, terazosin, papaverine, and timolol binding to melanin revealed Kd values of ≈ 50-150 μM and Bmax ≈ 40-112 nmol.mg-1. The drugs were released from melanin in <1 h (timolol) or in 6-12 h (other drugs). The drugs were released slower from the melanosomes than from melanin; the experimental differences ranged from 1.2-fold (papaverine) to 7.4-fold (timolol). Kinetic simulations supported the role of the melanosomal membrane in slowing down the release of melanin binders. In release studies from the pigmented ARPE-19 cells, drugs were released from the cellular melanin to the extracellular space in ≈ 1 day (timolol) and ≈ 11 days (levofloxacin), i.e., much slower than the release from melanin or melanosomes. Simulations of drug release from pigmented cells in the flow system matched the experimental data and enabled further sensitivity analyses. The simulations demonstrated a significant prolongation of drug retention in the cells as a function of decreasing drug permeability in the melanosomal membranes and increasing melanin content in the cells. Overall, we report the impact of cellular factors in prolonging drug retention and release from melanin-containing cells. These data and simulations will facilitate the design of melanin binding drugs with prolonged ocular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bahrpeyma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergoff, Russian Federation.
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Huang WC, Cheng F, Chen CC, Kuo PH, Wang YJ, Yin SC, Tu CM, Wu MH, Wang WY, Chen SE. A Novel Eye Drop Formulation for Potential Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:23. [PMID: 34932116 PMCID: PMC8711013 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Drug delivery to posterior ocular tissues via topical eye drop administration is arduous due to the unique anatomy and physiology of the eye. Therefore, treatments for posterior eye disease have to be administered via intravitreal injection or systemic route, both of which have their drawbacks. Herein, the objective of this work was to demonstrate that a specially designed eye drop formulation could effectively deliver small-molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor to posterior ocular tissues for antiangiogenic therapy. Methods The unique eye drop formulation, termed ITRI AXN eye drops, was obtained from self-assembly of (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin with a VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a hydrophilic polymer, hypromellose, and a complex stabilizer, caffeine. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics studies were performed with New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits and Non Human Primates (NHP). The antiangiogenesis effect was evaluated on the Long-Evans rat with laser-induced choroidal neovascularization and pigmented Dutch-Belted rabbits with VEGF-induced retinal neovascularization. Results The successful drug transport from ocular surface to posterior ocular cavity was indicated by a drug biodistribution pattern in pharmacokinetic studies. Excellent drug exposure in the choroid and retina with the concentrations of 900- and 750-fold greater than drug IC50 0.5 hours post the eye drop administration (drug level: 0.8%) was observed on the NHP study. The obtained formulation also demonstrated a comparable antiangiogenic outcome with the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF antibody on rat and rabbit disease models. Conclusions Our eye drop formulation has demonstrated great promise in antiangiogenic therapy against retinal and choroidal neovascularization in animal models. The results suggest that the aim of this work can be successfully achieved by the novel eye drop formulation. Translational Relevance The preclinical results provide evidence that ITRI AXN eye drops could effectively deliver therapeutics to the choroid and retina for antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chia Huang
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Felice Cheng
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ching Chen
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Jen Wang
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Chan Yin
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Mu Tu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hsi Wu
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yu Wang
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sung-En Chen
- Department of Preclinical Drug Discovery Technology, Target Drug and Delivery Technology Division, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ivanova EV, Volodin PL, Guskov AV. Determination of Micropulse Modes with Targeted Damage to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Using Computer Modeling for the Development of Selective Individual Micropulse Retinal Therapy. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:107-114. [PMID: 34607475 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1962360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE When using a serial laser system for selective impact on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), there is a challenge to determine the optimal range of micropulse parameters which result in targeted damage to the RPE. This study proposes a computer model that has identified the optimal parameters to be applied. METHODS This study was conducted on 18 patients who were diagnosed with acute central serous chorioretinopathy and transparent optical media, aged 35 to 46 years old, and type 2 and 3 on the Fitzpatrick scale. Testing of the micropulse mode was performed on the Navilas 577s laser system; 864 spots were analyzed in total. Considering the probability of damage visualization at different laser power, the computer simulation of tissue heating and protein denaturation was performed to determine the micropulse modes which resulted in selective damage to the RPE. RESULTS The computer model parameter ΔE = 3.34 × 105 J/mol was determined from fitting the model predictions to the autofluorescence test results. The micropulse modes with a micropulse duration of 50-100 µs, duty cycle 2.4-4.8%, 10 ms-pulse envelope (5 micropulses), and spot diameter of 100 µm have efficiency and selectivity above 67% and correspond to the optimal therapeutic window for targeted RPE damage at a certain power. Increasing the micropulse duration, number of micropulses, and duty cycle leads to a decrease in the selective effect on the RPE and higher damage to adjacent tissues. CONCLUSION The concepts of efficiency and selectivity have been introduced to quantify the amount of damage caused. The optimal range of micropulse parameters which result in effective and selective damage on the RPE has been determined for the Navilas 577s laser system. The proposed method can be used for any other serial laser system. A comparison of the different micropulse modes, as well as the CW modes, has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Ivanova
- Department of Laser Retinal Surgery, Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel L Volodin
- Department of Laser Retinal Surgery, Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Guskov
- Department of Colliding Beams Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Molecular Strategies for Transdifferentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Amphibians and Mammals In Vivo. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Fujita A, Amari T, Ueda K, Azuma K, Inoue T, Komatsu K, Yamamoto M, Aoki N, Yamanari M, Sugiyama S, Aihara M, Kato S, Obata R. Three-Dimensional Distribution Of Fundus Depolarization and Associating Factors Measured Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34003915 PMCID: PMC7900852 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the three-dimensional distribution and associating demographic factors of depolarization, using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), to evaluate melanin pigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid in healthy eyes. Methods In total, 39 unaffected healthy eyes of 39 subjects were examined using a PS-OCT clinical prototype. The degree of depolarization, expressed as the polarimetric entropy, was assessed in the RPE, the superficial and the total choroid layer, especially in the center, the inner, or the outer areas centered at the fovea. The values and their association with the demographic data were analyzed. Near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIRAF) was also used, in the same manner, for the comparison. Twenty-eight of 39 eyes were measured twice to evaluate intrasession repeatability. Results Both the polarimetric entropy in the RPE and the gray level in NIRAF, decreased from the center to the periphery (P < 0.001). The polarimetric entropy in the RPE was significantly associated with age in each area (P ≤ 0.001). In the RPE and the superficial choroid, the polarimetric entropy was negatively associated with axial length in each area (P ≤ 0.002). The intraclass correlation coefficient of the polarimetric entropy in the same session was excellent in each area of the RPE, superficial choroid, or total choroid layer (0.94–0.98). Conclusions The distribution of fundus melanin pigment-related depolarization was evaluated using PS-OCT. The depolarization was associated with the subjects’ demographic data, such as age or axial length. Translational Relevance The presented information in healthy eyes provides an essential basis for the investigation into a variety of chorioretinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Amari
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Eguchi Eye Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Kohei Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Komatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Huang W, Wen Z, Saglam MS, Huang L, Honkanen RA, Rigas B. Phospho-Sulindac (OXT-328) Inhibits Dry Eye Disease in Rabbits: A Dose-, Formulation- and Structure-Dependent Effect. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:321-330. [PMID: 34152861 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Inflammation of the ocular surface is central to dry eye disease (DED). The anti-inflammatory agent phospho-sulindac (PS) at a high dose was efficacious against DED in a rabbit model. We assessed the dose, formulation and structure dependence of PS's effect. Methods: In rabbits with concanavalin A-induced DED we evaluated a range of PS concentrations (0.05%-1.6%) and dosing frequencies, assessed the duration of its effect with PS in 2 solution formulations and one emulsion formulation, and compared the efficacy of PS to that of sulindac, and of the structurally similar phospho-ibuprofen amide. We determined tear breakup time (TBUT) (tear stability), Schirmer's tear test (tear production), and by esthesiometry corneal sensitivity (symptoms). We also determined the biodistribution in the eye of topically applied PS. Results: PS in a solution formulation, given as eye drops q.i.d. was efficacious starting at a dose of 0.1%. The effect was apparent after 2 days of treatment and lasted at least 8 days after the last dose. Both signs (evidenced by TBUT and Schirmer's test) and symptoms (measured by corneal sensitivity) improved significantly. The best formulation was the solution formulation; a cyclodextrin-based formulation was also successful but the emulsion formulation was not. PS and its metabolites were essentially restricted to the anterior chamber of the eye. Sulindac and phospho-ibuprofen amide had no efficacy on DED. Conclusions: PS is efficacious against DED. Its effect, encompassing signs, and symptoms, are dose, formulation, and structure dependent. PS has therapeutic promise and merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyi Wen
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Muhammet S Saglam
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Liqun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Setauket, New York, USA
| | - Robert A Honkanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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18
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Decoding the Evolution of Melanin in Vertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:430-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Kim YC, Hsueh HT, Shin MD, Berlinicke CA, Han H, Anders NM, Hemingway A, Leo KT, Chou RT, Kwon H, Appell MB, Rai U, Kolodziejski P, Eberhart C, Pitha I, Zack DJ, Hanes J, Ensign LM. A hypotonic gel-forming eye drop provides enhanced intraocular delivery of a kinase inhibitor with melanin-binding properties for sustained protection of retinal ganglion cells. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:826-837. [PMID: 33900546 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While eye drops are the most common ocular dosage form, eye drops for treating diseases of the posterior segment (retina, choroid, optic nerve) have yet to be developed. In glaucoma, eye drops are used extensively for delivering intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications to the anterior segment. However, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina may progress despite significant IOP lowering, suggesting that a complementary neuroprotective therapy would improve glaucoma management. Here, we describe a hypotonic, thermosensitive gel-forming eye drop for effective delivery of sunitinib, a protein kinase inhibitor with activity against the neuroprotective targets dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper kinase (LZK), to enhance survival of RGCs after optic nerve injury. Further, binding of sunitinib to melanin in the pigmented cells in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) led to prolonged intraocular residence time, including therapeutically relevant concentrations in the non-pigmented retinal tissue where the RGCs reside. The combination of enhanced intraocular absorption provided by the gel-forming eye drop vehicle and the intrinsic melanin binding properties of sunitinib led to significant protection of RGCs with only once weekly eye drop dosing. For a chronic disease such as glaucoma, an effective once weekly eye drop for neuroprotection could result in greater patient adherence, and thus, greater disease management and improved patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Chun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Henry T Hsueh
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Matthew D Shin
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia A Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hyounkoo Han
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Avelina Hemingway
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kirby T Leo
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Renee Ti Chou
- Department of Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, and Genomics, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - HyeYoung Kwon
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Matthew B Appell
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Patricia Kolodziejski
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Charles Eberhart
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ian Pitha
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Laura M Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine At the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center At Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Departments Gynecology and Obstetrics and Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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20
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Tran TM, Kim S, Lin KH, Chung SH, Park S, Sazhnyev Y, Wang Y, Cunefare D, Farsiu S, Thomasy SM, Moshiri A, Yiu G. Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Rhesus Macaques in Aging and Age-Related Drusen. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:16. [PMID: 32663290 PMCID: PMC7425688 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To employ quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) imaging in rhesus macaques to noninvasively assess retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) lipofuscin in nonhuman primates (NHPs) as a model of aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods The qAF imaging was performed on eyes of 26 rhesus macaques (mean age 18.8 ± 8.2 years, range 4–27 years) with normal-appearing fundus or with age-related soft drusen using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope with 488 nm excitation and an internal fluorescence reference. Eyes with soft drusen also underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging to measure drusen volume and height of individual drusen lesions. The qAF levels were measured from the perifoveal annular ring (quantitative autofluorescence 8 [qAF8]) using the Delori grid, as well as focally over individual drusen lesions in this region. The association between qAF levels and age, sex, and drusen presence and volume were determined using multivariable regression analysis. Results Mean qAF levels increased with age (P < 0.001) and were higher in females (P = 0.047). Eyes with soft drusen exhibited reduced mean qAF compared with age-matched normal eyes (P = 0.003), with greater drusen volume showing a trend toward decreased qAF levels. However, qAF levels are focally increased over most individual drusen (P < 0.001), with larger drusen appearing more hyperautofluorescent (R2 = 0.391, P < 0.001). Conclusions In rhesus macaques, qAF levels are increased with age and female sex, but decreased in eyes with soft drusen, similar to human AMD. However, drusen lesions appear hyperautofluorescent unlike those in humans, suggesting similarities and differences in RPE lipofuscin between humans and NHPs that may provide insight into drusen biogenesis and AMD pathogenesis.
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21
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Rimpelä AK, Garneau M, Baum-Kroker KS, Schönberger T, Runge F, Sauer A. Quantification of Drugs in Distinctly Separated Ocular Substructures of Albino and Pigmented Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121174. [PMID: 33276439 PMCID: PMC7760391 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is a commonly used species in ocular drug research. Detailed methods of separating rat ocular tissues have not been described in literature. To understand the intraocular drug distribution, we developed a robust method for the separation of individual anterior and posterior substructures of pigmented Brown Norway (BN) and albino Wistar Han (WH) rat eyes, followed by quantification of drug concentration in these substructures. A short formalin incubation, which did not interfere with drug quantification, enabled the preservation of individual tissue sections while minimizing cross-tissue contamination, as demonstrated by histological analysis. Following oral administration, we applied the tissue separation method, in order to determine the ocular concentrations of dexamethasone and levofloxacin, as well as two in-house molecules BI 113823 and BI 1026706, compounds differing in their melanin binding. The inter-individual variability in tissue partitioning coefficients (Kp) was low, demonstrating the reproducibility of the separation method. Kp values of individual tissues varied up to 100-fold in WH and up to 46,000-fold in BN rats highlighting the importance of measuring concentration directly from the ocular tissue of interest. Additionally, clear differences were observed in the BN rat tissue partitioning compared to the WH rat. Overall, the developed method enables a reliable determination of small molecule drug concentrations in ocular tissues to support ocular drug research and development.
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22
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Julien‐Schraermeyer S, Illing B, Tschulakow A, Taubitz T, Guezguez J, Burnet M, Schraermeyer U. Penetration, distribution, and elimination of remofuscin/soraprazan in Stargardt mouse eyes following a single intravitreal injection using pharmacokinetics and transmission electron microscopic autoradiography: Implication for the local treatment of Stargardt's disease and dry age-related macular degeneration. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00683. [PMID: 33164337 PMCID: PMC7649431 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in older people in the developed world while Stargardt's disease (SD) is a juvenile macular degeneration and an orphan disease. Both diseases are untreatable and are marked by accumulation of lipofuscin advancing to progressive deterioration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina and subsequent vision loss till blindness. We discovered that a small molecule belonging to the tetrahydropyridoether class of compounds, soraprazan renamed remofuscin, is able to remove existing lipofuscin from the RPE. This study investigated the drug penetration, distribution, and elimination into the eyes of a mouse model for increased lipofuscinogenesis, following a single intravitreal injection. We measured the time course of concentrations of remofuscin in different eye tissues using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). We also visualized the penetration and distribution of 3 H-remofuscin in eye sections up to 20 weeks post-injection using transmission electron microscopic (TEM) autoradiography. The distribution of silver grains revealed that remofuscin accumulated specifically in the RPE by binding to the RPE pigments (melanin, lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin) and that it was still detected after 20 weeks. Importantly, the melanosomes in choroidal melanocytes only rarely bind remofuscin emphasizing its potential to serve as an active ingredient in the RPE for the treatment of SD and dry AMD. In addition, our study highlights the importance of electron microscopic autoradiography as it is the only method able to show drug binding with a high intracellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Julien‐Schraermeyer
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
- STZ Ocutox ‐ Preclinical Drug AssessmentHechingenGermany
| | - Barbara Illing
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
| | - Alexander Tschulakow
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
- STZ Ocutox ‐ Preclinical Drug AssessmentHechingenGermany
| | - Tatjana Taubitz
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schraermeyer
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal SurgeryCentre for OphthalmologyUniversity of TuebingenTübingenGermany
- STZ Ocutox ‐ Preclinical Drug AssessmentHechingenGermany
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23
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Collins M, Awwad S, Ibeanu N, Khaw PT, Guiliano D, Brocchini S, Khalili H. Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:44-55. [PMID: 33137484 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreally injected antibody-based medicines have revolutionised the treatment of retinal disease. Bispecific and dual-functional antibodies and therapeutic proteins have the potential to further increase the efficacy of intraocular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collins
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nkiru Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David Guiliano
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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24
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Pollreisz A, Neschi M, Sloan KR, Pircher M, Mittermueller T, Dacey DM, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Curcio CA. Atlas of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Organelles Significant for Clinical Imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:13. [PMID: 32648890 PMCID: PMC7425708 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To quantify organelles impacting imaging in the cell body and intact apical processes of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including melanosomes, lipofuscin-melanolipofuscin (LM), mitochondria, and nuclei. Methods A normal perifovea of a 21-year-old white male was preserved after rapid organ recovery. An aligned image stack was generated using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and was annotated by expert readers (TrakEM, ImageJ). Acquired measures included cell body and nuclear volume (n = 17); organelle count in apical processes (n = 17) and cell bodies (n = 8); distance of cell body organelles along a normalized apical-basal axis (n = 8); and dimensions of organelle-bounding boxes in apical processes in selected subsamples of cell bodies and apical processes. Results In 2661 sections through 17 cells, apical processes contained 65 ± 24 melanosomes in mononucleate (n = 15) and 131 ± 28 in binucleate cells (n = 2). Cell bodies contained 681 ± 153 LM and 734 ± 170 mitochondria. LM was excluded from the basal quartile, and mitochondria from the apical quartile. Lengths of melanosomes, LM, and mitochondria, respectively were 2305 ± 528, 1320 ± 574, and 1195 ± 294 nm. The ratio of cell body to nucleus volume was 4.6 ± 0.4. LM and mitochondria covered 75% and 63%, respectively, of the retinal imaging plane. Conclusions Among RPE signal sources for optical coherence tomography, LM and mitochondria are the most numerous reflective cell body organelles. These and our published data show that most melanosomes are in apical processes. Overlapping LM and previously mitochondria cushions may support multiple reflective bands in cell bodies. This atlas of subcellular reflectivity sources can inform development of advanced optical coherence tomography technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Neschi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kenneth R. Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Dennis M. Dacey
- Department of Biologic Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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25
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Sustained treatment of retinal vascular diseases with self-aggregating sunitinib microparticles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:694. [PMID: 32019921 PMCID: PMC7000758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are prevalent causes of vision loss requiring frequent intravitreous injections of VEGF-neutralizing proteins, and under-treatment is common and problematic. Here we report incorporation of sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks VEGF receptors, into a non-inflammatory biodegradable polymer to generate sunitinib microparticles specially formulated to self-aggregate into a depot. A single intravitreous injection of sunitinib microparticles potently suppresses choroidal neovascularization in mice for six months and in another model, blocks VEGF-induced leukostasis and retinal nonperfusion, which are associated with diabetic retinopathy progression. After intravitreous injection in rabbits, sunitinib microparticles self-aggregate into a depot that remains localized and maintains therapeutic levels of sunitinib in retinal pigmented epithelium/choroid and retina for more than six months. There is no intraocular inflammation or retinal toxicity. Intravitreous injection of sunitinib microparticles provides a promising approach to achieve sustained suppression of VEGF signaling and improve outcomes in patients with retinal vascular diseases. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are currently treated with repeated intravitreous injections of VEGF neutralizing proteins. Here the authors develop a microparticle-loaded tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, which is effective for six months after a single injection in preclinical models.
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26
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Harper DJ, Konegger T, Augustin M, Schützenberger K, Eugui P, Lichtenegger A, Merkle CW, Hitzenberger CK, Glösmann M, Baumann B. Hyperspectral optical coherence tomography for in vivo visualization of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900153. [PMID: 31334610 PMCID: PMC7065636 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies for melanin visualization in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have exploited either its absorption properties (using photoacoustic tomography or photothermal optical coherence tomography [OCT]) or its depolarization properties (using polarization sensitive OCT). However, these methods are only suitable when the melanin concentration is sufficiently high. In this work, we present the concept of hyperspectral OCT for melanin visualization in the RPE when the concentration is low. Based on white light OCT, a hyperspectral stack of 27 wavelengths (440-700 nm) was created in post-processing for each depth-resolved image. Owing to the size and shape of the melanin granules in the RPE, the variations in backscattering coefficient as a function of wavelength could be identified-a result which is to be expected from Mie theory. This effect was successfully identified both in eumelanin-containing phantoms and in vivo in the low-concentration Brown Norway rat RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Harper
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Konegger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU WienViennaAustria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kornelia Schützenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pablo Eugui
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Antonia Lichtenegger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Conrad W. Merkle
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Martin Glösmann
- Core Facility for Research and TechnologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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27
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Rogers CS, Astrop TI, Webb SM, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, McNamara ME. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy of melanosomes in vertebrates and cephalopods: implications for the affinity of Tullimonstrum. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191649. [PMID: 31640518 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening pigments are essential for vision in animals. Vertebrates use melanins bound in melanosomes as screening pigments, whereas cephalopods are assumed to use ommochromes. Preserved eye melanosomes in the controversial fossil Tullimonstrum (Mazon Creek, IL, USA) are partitioned by size and/or shape into distinct layers. These layers resemble tissue-specific melanosome populations considered unique to the vertebrate eye. Here, we show that extant cephalopod eyes also show tissue-specific size- and/or shape-specific partitioning of melanosomes; these differ from vertebrate melanosomes in the relative abundance of trace metals and in the binding environment of copper. Chemical signatures of melanosomes in the eyes of Tullimonstrum more closely resemble those of modern cephalopods than those of vertebrates, suggesting that an invertebrate affinity for Tullimonstrum is plausible. Melanosome chemistry may thus provide insights into the phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic fossils where melanosome size and/or shape are equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Rogers
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Republic of Ireland
| | - Timothy I Astrop
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Republic of Ireland
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Maria E McNamara
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Republic of Ireland
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28
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Hellinen L, Hagström M, Knuutila H, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Reinisalo M. Characterization of artificially re-pigmented ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13761. [PMID: 31551473 PMCID: PMC6760193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigment has a significant role in ocular pharmacokinetics, because many drugs bind at high extent to melanin in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Most retinal pigment epithelial cell lines lack pigmentation and, therefore, we re-pigmented human ARPE-19 cells to generate a pigmented cell model. Melanosomes from porcine retinal pigment epithelium were isolated and co-incubated with ARPE-19 cells that spontaneously phagocytosed the melanosomes. Internalized melanosomes were functionally integrated to the cellular system as evidenced by correct translocation of cellular Rab27a protein to the melanosomal membranes. The pigmentation was retained during cell cultivation and the level of pigmentation can be controlled by altering the amount of administered melanosomes. We used these cells to study melanosomal uptake of six drugs. The uptake was negligible with low melanin-binders (methotrexate, diclofenac) whereas most of the high melanin-binders (propranolol, chloroquine) were extensively taken up by the melanosomes. This cell line can be used to model pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, while maintaining the beneficial cell line characteristics, such as fast generation of cultures, low cost, long-term maintenance and good reproducibility. The model enables studies at normal and decreased levels of pigmentation to model different retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Hagström
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Knuutila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhoff, 198504 St, Petersburg, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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29
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Depot formulations to sustain periocular drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1458-1469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Dieguez HH, Romeo HE, Alaimo A, González Fleitas MF, Aranda ML, Rosenstein RE, Dorfman D. Oxidative stress damage circumscribed to the central temporal retinal pigment epithelium in early experimental non-exudative age-related macular degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:72-80. [PMID: 30502459 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (NE-AMD) represents the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The macular retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies in a high oxidative environment because its high metabolic demand, mitochondria concentration, reactive oxygen species levels, and macular blood flow. It has been suggested that oxidative stress-induced damage to the RPE plays a key role in NE-AMD pathogenesis. The fact that the disease limits to the macular region raises the question as to why this area is particularly susceptible. We have developed a NE-AMD model induced by superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) in C57BL/6J mice, which reproduces the disease hallmarks exclusively circumscribed to the temporal region of the RPE/outer retina. The aim of this work was analyzing RPE regional differences that could explain AMD localized susceptibility. Lower melanin content, thicker basal infoldings, higher mitochondrial mass, and higher levels of antioxidant enzymes, were found in the temporal RPE compared with the nasal region. Moreover, SCGx induced a decrease in the antioxidant system, and in mitochondria mass, as well as an increase in mitochondria superoxide, lipid peroxidation products, nuclear Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 levels, and in the occurrence of damaged mitochondria exclusively at the temporal RPE. These findings suggest that despite the well-known differences between the human and mouse retina, it might not be NE-AMD pathophysiology which conditions the localization of the disease, but the macular RPE histologic and metabolic specific attributes that make it more susceptible to choroid alterations leading initially to a localized RPE dysfunction/damage, and secondarily to macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán H Dieguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio E Romeo
- School of Engineering and Agrarian Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, BIOMED/UCA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Nanotools, Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences/IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos L Aranda
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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31
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Xu X, Yuan L, Gai Y, Liu Q, Yin L, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Lan X. Targeted radiotherapy of pigmented melanoma with 131I-5-IPN. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:306. [PMID: 30537980 PMCID: PMC6288928 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose There has been no satisfactory treatment for advanced melanoma until now. Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) may be a promising option for this heretofore lethal disease. Our goal in this study was to synthesize 131I-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-5-(iodo-131I)picolinamide (131I-5-IPN) and evaluate its therapeutic ability and toxicity as a radioiodinated melanin-targeting therapeutic agent. Methods The trimethylstannyl precursor was synthesized and labeled with 131I to obtain 131I-5-IPN. The pharmacokinetics of 131I-5-IPN was evaluated through SPECT imaging, and its biodistribution was assessed in B16F10 tumor models and in A375 human-to-mouse xenografts. For TRNT, B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice were randomly allocated to receive one of five treatments (n = 10 per group): group A (the control group) received 0.1 mL saline; group B was treated with an equimolar dose of unlabeled precursor; group C received 18.5 MBq of [131I]NaI; group D and E received one or two dose of 18.5 MBq 131I-5-IPN, respectively. TRNT efficacy was evaluated through tumor volume measurement and biology study. The toxic effects of 131I-5-IPN on vital organs were assessed with laboratory tests and histopathological examination. The radiation absorbed dose to vital organs was estimated based on biodistribution data. Results 131I-5-IPN was successfully prepared with a good radiochemistry yield (55% ± 5%, n = 5), and it exhibited a high uptake ratio in melanin-positive B16F10 cells which indicating high specificity. SPECT imaging and biodistribution of 131I-5-IPN showed lasting high tumor uptake in pigmented B16F10 models for 72 h. TRNT with 131I-5-IPN led to a significant anti-tumor effect and Groups D and E displayed an extended median survival compared to groups A, B, and C. The highest absorbed dose to a vital organ was 0.25 mSv/MBq to the liver; no obvious injury to the liver or kidneys was observed during treatment. 131I-5-IPN treatment was associated with reduction of expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 and cell cycle blockage in G2/M phase in tumor tissues. Decreased vascular endothelial growth factor and CD31 expression, implying reduced tumor growth, was noted after TRNT. Conclusion We successfully synthesized 131I-5-IPN, which presents long-time retention in melanotic melanoma. TRNT with 131I-5-IPN has the potential to be a safe and effective strategy for management of pigmented melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lujie Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingyao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lianglan Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yaqun Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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32
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Lapierre-Landry M, Carroll J, Skala MC. Imaging retinal melanin: a review of current technologies. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 30534199 PMCID: PMC6280494 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential to the health of the retina and the proper functioning of the photoreceptors. The RPE is rich in melanosomes, which contain the pigment melanin. Changes in RPE pigmentation are seen with normal aging and in diseases such as albinism and age-related macular degeneration. However, most techniques used to this day to detect and quantify ocular melanin are performed ex vivo and are destructive to the tissue. There is a need for in vivo imaging of melanin both at the clinical and pre-clinical level to study how pigmentation changes can inform disease progression. In this manuscript, we review in vivo imaging techniques such as fundus photography, fundus reflectometry, near-infrared autofluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and functional optical coherence tomography that specifically detect melanin in the retina. These methods use different contrast mechanisms to detect melanin and provide images with different resolutions and field-of-views, making them complementary to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Lapierre-Landry
- 1Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI USA.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,6Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- 3Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA.,4Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- 1Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI USA.,5Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI USA
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Jouberton E, Perrot Y, Dirat B, Billoux T, Auzeloux P, Cachin F, Chezal J, Filaire M, Labarre P, Miot‐Noirault E, Millardet C, Valla C, Vidal A, Degoul F, Maigne L. Radiation dosimetry of [
131
I]ICF01012 in rabbits: Application to targeted radionuclide therapy for human melanoma treatment. Med Phys 2018; 45:5251-5262. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Jouberton
- Centre Jean Perrin Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63011 France
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Yann Perrot
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS/IN2P3 Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont UMR6533 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal TSA 60026 CS 60026 63178 Aubière Cedex France
| | - Béatrice Dirat
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | | | - Philippe Auzeloux
- Centre Jean Perrin Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63011 France
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Florent Cachin
- Centre Jean Perrin Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63011 France
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Jean‐Michel Chezal
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Marc Filaire
- Centre Jean Perrin Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63011 France
| | - Pierre Labarre
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Elisabeth Miot‐Noirault
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | | | - Clémence Valla
- Centre Jean Perrin Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63011 France
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Aurélien Vidal
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Françoise Degoul
- Université Clermont Auvergne INSERM Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques UMR1240 58 Rue Montalembert 63 005 Clermont‐Ferrand CedexFrance
| | - Lydia Maigne
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS/IN2P3 Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont UMR6533 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal TSA 60026 CS 60026 63178 Aubière Cedex France
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Panzella L, Ebato A, Napolitano A, Koike K. The Late Stages of Melanogenesis: Exploring the Chemical Facets and the Application Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1753. [PMID: 29899264 PMCID: PMC6032422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the late stages of melanin biosynthesis involving the oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) have been extensively investigated. Most of the information derived from a biomimetic approach in which the oxidation of melanogenic indoles was carried out under conditions mimicking those occurring in the biological environment. Characterization of the early oligomers allowed for drawing a structural picture of DHI and DHICA melanins, providing also an interpretative basis for the different properties exhibited by these pigments, e.g., the chromophore and the antioxidant ability. The improved knowledge has opened new perspectives toward the exploitation of the unique chemistry of melanins and its precursors in cosmetic and health care applications. A noticeable example is the development of an innovative hair dyeing system that is based on the marked ease of DHI to give rise to black melanin on air oxidation under slightly alkaline conditions. The advantage of this method for a step-wise coverage of gray hair with a natural shade pigmentation on repeated treatment with a DHI-based formulation with respect to traditional dyes is presented. A variant of DHICA melanin combining solubility in water-miscible organic solvents, an intense chromophore in the UltraViolet-A UV-A region, and a marked antioxidant potency was evaluated as an ingredient for cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Atsuko Ebato
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kenzo Koike
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
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Zimmermann T, Höchel J, Becka M, Boettger MK, Rohde B, Schug B, Kunert KS, Donath F. Topical administration of regorafenib eye drops: phase I dose-escalation study in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:865-875. [PMID: 29315699 PMCID: PMC5903260 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Regorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor under investigation for use in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. In this phase I study, regorafenib eye drops were administered to healthy volunteers to provide information on safety, tolerability and systemic exposure. Methods This was a single‐centre, randomized, double‐masked, parallel‐group, dose‐escalation, placebo‐controlled study. Subjects received regorafenib eye drops (30 mg ml−1, 25 μl) as a 0.75 mg single dose (Cohort 1), 0.75 mg twice daily (bid) or thrice daily (tid) over 14 days (Cohorts 2 and 3, respectively), 1.5 mg tid unilaterally for 3 days, then bilaterally for up to 14 days (Cohort 4), or placebo. Plasma samples were taken to estimate systemic exposure. Safety and functional assessments were performed throughout the study. Results Thirty‐six subjects received regorafenib and 12 received placebo. Regorafenib was safe and well tolerated over the dose range. No pathological changes occurred in the anterior, vitreous or posterior eye compartments. Mild eyelid redness, oedema and conjunctival hyperaemia were observed across all regorafenib cohorts; these were comparable with the effects seen with placebo. Predominant symptoms were blurred vision in the active and placebo groups. Systemic safety evaluations showed no clinically relevant findings. Absolute systemic exposure after multiple administrations of regorafenib eye drops at a dose of 0.75 mg was 600–700‐fold lower than after multiple oral administration of 160 mg day−1, the dose approved in cancer indications. Conclusion These results indicate a favourable safety and tolerability profile of regorafenib eye drops up to 30 mg ml−1 tid for use in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Höchel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin and Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Becka
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin and Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Beate Rohde
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin and Wuppertal, Germany
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Collins KP, Jackson KM, Gustafson DL. Hydroxychloroquine: A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model in the Context of Cancer-Related Autophagy Modulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:447-459. [PMID: 29438998 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor being used in over 50 clinical trials either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies with HCQ have shown that drug exposure in the blood does not correlate with autophagy inhibition in either peripheral blood mononuclear cells or tumor tissue. To better explain this PK/PD disconnect, a PBPK was developed for HCQ describing the tissue-specific absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as lysosome-specific sequestration. Using physiologic and biochemical parameters derived from literature or obtained experimentally, the model was first developed and validated in mice, and then adapted to simulate human HCQ exposure in whole blood and urine through allometric scaling and species-specific parameter modification. The human model accurately simulated average steady-state concentrations (Css) of those observed in five different HCQ combination clinical trials across seven different doses, which was then expanded by comparison of the Css distribution in a virtual human population at this range of doses. Value of this model lies in its ability to simulate HCQ PK in patients while accounting for PK modification by combination treatment modalities, drug concentrations at the active site in the lysosome under varying pH conditions, and exposure in tissues where toxicity is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keagan P Collins
- School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.M.J., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.)
| | - Kristen M Jackson
- School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.M.J., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.)
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.M.J., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.)
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Brugarolas P, Sánchez-Rodríguez JE, Tsai HM, Basuli F, Cheng SH, Zhang X, Caprariello AV, Lacroix JJ, Freifelder R, Murali D, DeJesus O, Miller RH, Swenson RE, Chen CT, Herscovitch P, Reich DS, Bezanilla F, Popko B. Development of a PET radioligand for potassium channels to image CNS demyelination. Sci Rep 2018; 8:607. [PMID: 29330383 PMCID: PMC5766510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) demyelination represents the pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and contributes to other neurological conditions. Quantitative and specific imaging of demyelination would thus provide critical clinical insight. Here, we investigated the possibility of targeting axonal potassium channels to image demyelination by positron emission tomography (PET). These channels, which normally reside beneath the myelin sheath, become exposed upon demyelination and are the target of the MS drug, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). We demonstrate using autoradiography that 4-AP has higher binding in non-myelinated and demyelinated versus well-myelinated CNS regions, and describe a fluorine-containing derivative, 3-F-4-AP, that has similar pharmacological properties and can be labeled with 18F for PET imaging. Additionally, we demonstrate that [18F]3-F-4-AP can be used to detect demyelination in rodents by PET. Further evaluation in Rhesus macaques shows higher binding in non-myelinated versus myelinated areas and excellent properties for brain imaging. Together, these data indicate that [18F]3-F-4-AP may be a valuable PET tracer for detecting CNS demyelination noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brugarolas
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jorge E Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Falguni Basuli
- Imaging Probe Development Center, NIH/NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Imaging Probe Development Center, NIH/NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerome J Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Dhanabalan Murali
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Onofre DeJesus
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rolf E Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, NIH/NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, NIH/NINDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Amato R, Dal Monte M, Lulli M, Raffa V, Casini G. Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Neuroprotective Substances for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:993-1003. [PMID: 28714394 PMCID: PMC6120116 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170717115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes, characterized by extensive vascular pathology leading to vision loss. Neuronal suffering and death are also present in the diabetic retina as a result of different molecular mechanisms that are compromised or modified in response to high glucose. The aim of this paper is to highlight recent data indicating that neurodegeneration is likely to play a primary role in the development of DR and that strategies based on nanomedicine may be exploited to deliver neuroprotection to the retina. METHODS An extensive analysis of the publications dealing with the role of neuroprotection in DR and with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to the retina has been conducted using PubMed, with particular attention to the most recent papers. RESULTS There are important limitations related to possible systemic side effects of neuroprotective substances and to drug bioavailability in the retina such as, for instance, the amount of drug reaching the retina, the need of keeping to a minimum the number of administrations (especially, for example, in the case of intraocular injections) and the need of assuring a long-lasting, graded intraocular drug delivery. In recent years, a variety of investigations have been aimed at the exploitation of approaches of nanomedicine to enhance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic activity of intraocularly delivered drugs. In particular, we provide some preliminary results that we have obtained about the feasibility of delivering magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with a neuroprotectant to mouse eyes through intraocular injections. CONCLUSION We propose that nanoparticles functionalized with neuroprotective substances may be used to protect the diabetic retina, thus causing an impact in the design of future pharmacologic treatments for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Casini
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 31, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; Tel: ++39-050-2211423; E-mail:
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Chung JK, Spencer E, Hunt M, McCauley T, Welty D. Ocular Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Lifitegrast in Pigmented Rabbits and Mass Balance in Beagle Dogs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:224-232. [PMID: 29267138 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lifitegrast is approved in the United States for the treatment of dry eye disease (DED). We assessed lifitegrast's ocular distribution/pharmacokinetic profile in rabbits, and 14C-lifitegrast mass balance/excretion in dogs. METHODS Female pigmented rabbits received a single topical ocular dose of lifitegrast (Formulation No. 1, n = 25; No. 2, n = 25) per eye twice daily (target, 1.75 mg/eye/dose). Blood/ocular tissues were collected on day 5. Beagle dogs received single intravenous (n = 10; target, 3 mg, 262 μCi/animal) and ocular (n = 8, target, 3 mg, 30 μCi/eye) doses of 14C-lifitegrast (∼8 weeks between doses). Blood, excreta, and cage rinse/wipes were collected. Concentrations were measured by mass spectrometry/liquid scintillation counting. Pharmacokinetic analyses (noncompartmental) included maximum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 h (AUC0-8). RESULTS In rabbits, lifitegrast Cmax and AUC0-8 were similar between formulations. Cmax was highest in ocular anterior segment tissues: 5,190-14,200 ng/g [conjunctiva (palpebral/bulbar), cornea, anterior sclera]. Posterior segment tissues had lower concentrations (0-826 ng/g). AUC0-8 followed a similar trend. Plasma concentrations were low (Cmax <18 ng/mL). Tissue/plasma tmax was ∼0.25-1 h. In dogs, after intravenous/ocular doses, 14C-lifitegrast was eliminated primarily through feces. Excreted radioactivity was mainly unchanged lifitegrast. CONCLUSIONS High exposure of lifitegrast in rabbit ocular anterior segment tissues and low exposure in posterior segment tissues/plasma suggests that lifitegrast reaches target tissues for DED treatment, with low potential for off-target systemic/ocular effects. Excretion of unchanged 14C-lifitegrast suggests minimal drug metabolism in vivo. This is consistent with lifitegrast clinical trial efficacy/safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Hunt
- 2 Covance Laboratories, Inc. , Madison, Wisconsin
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Awwad S, Mohamed Ahmed AHA, Sharma G, Heng JS, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Lockwood A. Principles of pharmacology in the eye. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4205-4223. [PMID: 28865239 PMCID: PMC5715579 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is a highly specialized organ that is subject to a huge range of pathology. Both local and systemic disease may affect different anatomical regions of the eye. The least invasive routes for ocular drug administration are topical (e.g. eye drops) and systemic (e.g. tablets) formulations. Barriers that subserve as protection against pathogen entry also restrict drug permeation. Topically administered drugs often display limited bioavailability due to many physical and biochemical barriers including the pre-corneal tear film, the structure and biophysiological properties of the cornea, the limited volume that can be accommodated by the cul-de-sac, the lacrimal drainage system and reflex tearing. The tissue layers of the cornea and conjunctiva are further key factors that act to restrict drug delivery. Using carriers that enhance viscosity or bind to the ocular surface increases bioavailability. Matching the pH and polarity of drug molecules to the tissue layers allows greater penetration. Drug delivery to the posterior segment is a greater challenge and, currently, the standard route is via intravitreal injection, notwithstanding the risks of endophthalmitis and retinal detachment with frequent injections. Intraocular implants that allow sustained drug release are at different stages of development. Novel exciting therapeutic approaches include methods for promoting transscleral delivery, sustained release devices, nanotechnology and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Abeer H A Mohamed Ahmed
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Garima Sharma
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Jacob S Heng
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
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Shu X, Li H, Dong B, Sun C, Zhang HF. Quantifying melanin concentration in retinal pigment epithelium using broadband photoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2851-2865. [PMID: 28663911 PMCID: PMC5480434 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is the dominant light absorber in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The loss of RPE melanin is a sign of ocular senescence and is both a risk factor and a symptom of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Quantifying the RPE melanin concentration provides insight into the pathological role of RPE in ocular aging and the onset and progression of AMD. The main challenge in accurate quantification of RPE melanin concentration is to distinguish this ten-micrometer-thick cell monolayer from the underlying choroid, which also contains melanin but carries different pathognomonic information. In this work, we investigated a three-dimensional photoacoustic microscopic (PAM) method with high axial resolution, empowered by broad acoustic detection bandwidth, to distinguish RPE from choroid and quantify melanin concentrations in the RPE ex vivo. We first conducted numerical simulation on photoacoustic generation in the RPE, which suggested that a PAM system with at least 100-MHz detection bandwidth provided sufficient axial resolution to distinguish the melanin in RPE from that in choroid. Based on simulation results, we integrated a transparent broadband micro-ring resonator (MRR) based detector in a homebuilt PAM system. We imaged ex vivo RPE-choroid complexes (RCCs) from both porcine and human eyes and quantified the absolute melanin concentrations in the RPE and choroid, respectively. In our study, the measured melanin concentrations were 14.7 mg/mL and 17.0 mg/mL in human and porcine RPE, and 12 mg/mL and 61 mg/mL in human and porcine choroid, respectively. This study suggests that broadband PAM is capable of quantifying the RPE melanin concentration from RCCs ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Biqin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Wilk MA, Huckenpahler AL, Collery RF, Link BA, Carroll J. The Effect of Retinal Melanin on Optical Coherence Tomography Images. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:8. [PMID: 28392975 PMCID: PMC5381330 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We assessed the effect of melanin on the appearance of hyperreflective outer retinal bands in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Methods A total of 23 normal subjects and 51 patients with albinism were imaged using the Bioptigen high-resolution spectral-domain OCT. In addition, three wild type, three albino (slc45a2b4/b4), and eight tyrosinase mosaic zebrafish were imaged with the hand-held Bioptigen Envisu R2200 OCT. To identify pigmented versus nonpigmented regions in the tyrosinase mosaic zebrafish, en face summed volume projections of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were created from volume scans. Longitudinal reflectivity profiles were generated from B-scans to assess the width and maximum intensity of the RPE band in fish, or the presence of one or two RPE/Bruch's membrane (BrM) bands in humans. Results The foveal RPE/BrM appeared as two bands in 71% of locations in patients with albinism and 45% of locations in normal subjects (P = 0.0003). Pigmented zebrafish retinas had significantly greater RPE reflectance, and pigmented regions of mosaic zebrafish also had significantly broader RPE bands than all other groups. Conclusions The hyperreflective outer retinal bands in OCT images are highly variable in appearance. We showed that melanin is a major contributor to the intensity and width of the RPE band on OCT. One should use caution in extrapolating findings from OCT images of one or even a few individuals to define the absolute anatomic correlates of the hyperreflective outer retinal bands in OCT images. Translational Relevance Melanin affects the appearance of the outer retinal bands in OCT images. Use of animal models may help dissect the anatomic correlates of the complex reflective signals in OCT retinal images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wilk
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Current affiliation: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Alison L Huckenpahler
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Abstract
Although the fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics remain the same, ocular pharmacokinetics has its own challenges due to the uniqueness of barrier properties posed by various ocular tissues and its growing complexity with different routes of ocular administration. A thorough understanding of the barrier nature will aid in tailoring a drug or its carrier's physicochemical properties to its advantage. In order to deliver the right payload of a drug at the target site, various approaches can be taken to leverage the pharmacokinetics that includes molecular design based on desirable physicochemical properties, formulation approaches, and alternative routes of administration. In this chapter, a brief overview of the barrier properties with respect to various routes of administration is presented along with the physicochemical properties that influence the pharmacokinetics of ocular drugs. Recent advances in ocular pharmacokinetics are discussed in addition to new perspectives in interpreting existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Durairaj
- Pfizer - Clinical Pharmacology, 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Rbah-Vidal L, Vidal A, Billaud EMF, Besse S, Ranchon-Cole I, Mishellany F, Perrot Y, Maigne L, Moins N, Guerquin-Kern JL, Degoul F, Chezal JM, Auzeloux P, Miot-Noirault E. Theranostic Approach for Metastatic Pigmented Melanoma Using ICF15002, a Multimodal Radiotracer for Both PET Imaging and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. Neoplasia 2016; 19:17-27. [PMID: 27987437 PMCID: PMC5157796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: This work reports, in melanoma models, the theranostic potential of ICF15002 as a single fluorinated and iodinated melanin-targeting compound. METHODS: Studies were conducted in the murine syngeneic B16BL6 model and in the A375 and SK-MEL-3 human xenografts. ICF15002 was radiolabeled with fluorine-18 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and biodistribution, with iodine-125 for metabolism study, and iodine-131 for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). TRT efficacy was assessed by tumor volume measurement, with mechanistics and dosimetry parameters being determined in the B16BL6 model. Intracellular localization of ICF15002 was characterized by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). RESULTS: PET imaging with [18F]ICF15002 evidenced tumoral uptake of 14.33 ± 2.11%ID/g and 4.87 ± 0.93%ID/g in pigmented B16BL6 and SK-MEL-3 models, respectively, at 1 hour post inoculation. No accumulation was observed in the unpigmented A375 melanoma. SIMS demonstrated colocalization of ICF15002 signal with melanin polymers in melanosomes of the B16BL6 tumors. TRT with two doses of 20 MBq [131I]ICF15002 delivered an absorbed dose of 102.3 Gy to B16BL6 tumors, leading to a significant tumor growth inhibition [doubling time (DT) of 2.9 ± 0.5 days in treated vs 1.8 ± 0.3 in controls] and a prolonged median survival (27 days vs 21 in controls). P53S15 phosphorylation and P21 induction were associated with a G2/M blockage, suggesting mitotic catastrophe. In the human SK-MEL-3 model, three doses of 25 MBq led also to a DT increase (26.5 ± 7.8 days vs 11.0 ± 3.8 in controls) and improved median survival (111 days vs 74 in controls). CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that ICF15002 fulfills suitable properties for bimodal imaging/TRT management of patients with pigmented melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Rbah-Vidal
- UMR 990 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France; UMR 892 INSERM/6299 CNRS/Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Vidal
- UMR 990 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Arronax, CS 10112, F-44817 Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | | | - Sophie Besse
- UMR 990 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Ranchon-Cole
- UMR 1107 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, Equipe Biophysique Neurosensorielle, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Mishellany
- Centre Jean Perrin, Laboratoire d'anatomo-pathologie, F-63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yann Perrot
- CNRS/IN2P3/Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydia Maigne
- CNRS/IN2P3/Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicole Moins
- UMR 990 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Françoise Degoul
- UMR 990 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Philippe Auzeloux
- UMR 990 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, F-63005 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Shinno K, Kurokawa K, Kozai S, Kawamura A, Inada K, Tokushige H. The Relationship of Brimonidine Concentration in Vitreous Body to the Free Concentration in Retina/Choroid Following Topical Administration in Pigmented Rabbits. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:748-753. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1238941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seiko Kozai
- Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Williams AM, Perkumas KM, Perry I, Wen JC, Keeling J, Tramber M, Liton PB, Stamer WD. Successful Implementation of a Program for Increasing Donor Eyes for Research: The Duke-Miracles In Sight Program. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:145-9. [PMID: 26982653 PMCID: PMC4827310 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although essential for development of ocular therapeutics, the quality and quantity of human donor eyes for research have been on the decline. To streamline procurement protocols, provide better medical documentation of tissue, and improve freshness and number of eyes, a pilot cooperative program was undertaken between the Duke University Eye Center and Miracles In Sight Eye Bank. METHODS For research eye donors who expire at Duke University Hospital, age restrictions to procurement were lifted, access to donors' electronic medical records was granted to researchers, and eye tissue was delivered directly to scientists. The number of eye pairs received per month and the time from death to arrival in the laboratory were documented, and independent-samples t-tests were used to compare the number of paired eyes and the death-to-laboratory time before and after implementation of the program. A cost analysis of the program was also conducted. RESULTS Implementation of the program decreased the time from death to arrival in the laboratory from an average of 22.1 ± 1.5 h (n = 22) to 11.6 ± 0.8 h (n = 75) for a pair of eyes (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the number of whole eye pairs increased from 1.57 ± 0.32 to 3.26 ± 0.27 donors per month (P = 0.0019). Cost analysis indicates that our program is financially viable and sustainable for the eye bank. CONCLUSIONS The Duke-Miracles In Sight Program implemented a number of operational changes that resulted in improved quantity and quality of ocular tissue to researchers. Such a model appears feasible for adoption between other eye centers and eye banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Williams
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | - Isaac Perry
- Miracles In Sight Eye Bank, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Joanne C. Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Janet Keeling
- Miracles In Sight Eye Bank, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Kurata M, Atsumi I, Yamagiwa Y, Sakaki H. Ocular instillation toxicity study: current status and points to consider on study design and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kurata
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Ikuyo Atsumi
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hideyuki Sakaki
- Pharmacokinetics & Toxicology Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Emoto Y, Yoshizawa K, Kinoshita Y, Yuki M, Yuri T, Tsubura A. Susceptibility to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in different rat strains. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 29:67-71. [PMID: 26989305 PMCID: PMC4766522 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential role of genetic background in the susceptibility to retinal degeneration induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), female rats of the Sprague-Dawley (SD), Long-Evans (LE) and Copenhagen (CH) strains were administered 50 mg/kg MNU or saline at 7 weeks of age. Retina morphology and morphometric analysis of all rats was performed 7 days after MNU administration. Atrophy of both the peripheral and central outer retina occurred in all rat strains exposed to MNU. Decreased photoreceptor cell ratio and increased retinal damage ratio were observed. The severities of the retinal atrophy were similar among all three rat strains. In conclusion, MNU-induced photoreceptor degeneration developed consistently in all three strains regardless of the absence (SD rats) or presence (LE and CH rats) of melanin in the retina, suggesting that genetic and melanin factors did not affect photoreceptor cell death after MNU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Emoto
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
| | - Michiko Yuki
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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Shu X, Liu W, Zhang HF. Monte Carlo investigation on quantifying the retinal pigment epithelium melanin concentration by photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:106005. [PMID: 26469564 PMCID: PMC4881288 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) melanin plays an important role in maintaining normal visual functions. A decrease in the RPE melanin concentration with aging is believed to be associated with several blinding diseases, including age-related macular degeneration. Quantifying the RPE melanin noninvasively is therefore important in evaluating the retinal health and aging conditions. Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM), as an optical absorption-based imaging technology, can potentially be applied to measure variations in the RPE melanin if the relationship between the detected photoacoustic (PA) signal amplitudes and the RPE melanin concentrations can be established. In this work, we tested the feasibility of using PA signals from retinal blood vessels as references to measure RPE melanin variation using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The influences from PAOM axial resolution, the depth and diameter of the retinal blood vessel, and the RPE thickness were examined. We proposed a calibration scheme by relating detected PA signals to the RPE melanin concentrations, and we found that the scheme is robust to these tested parameters. This study suggests that PAOM has the capability of quantitatively measuring the RPE melanin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Northwestern University, Department of Ophthalmology, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Address all correspondence to: Hao F. Zhang, E-mail:
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Schopf LR, Popov AM, Enlow EM, Bourassa JL, Ong WZ, Nowak P, Chen H. Topical Ocular Drug Delivery to the Back of the Eye by Mucus-Penetrating Particles. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 26101724 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhanced drug exposure to the ocular surface typically relies on inclusion of viscosity-enabling agents, whereas delivery to the back of the eye generally focuses on invasive means, such as intraocular injections. Using our novel mucus-penetrating particle (MPP) technology, which rapidly and uniformly coats and penetrates mucosal barriers, we evaluated if such drug formulations could increase ocular drug exposure and improve topical drug delivery. METHODS Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling of topically administered loterprednol etabonate formulated as MPP (LE-MPP) was performed in rabbits and a larger species, the mini-pig. Pharmacodynamic evaluation was done in a rabbit model of VEGF-induced retinal vascular leakage. Cellular potency and PK profile were determined for a second compound, KAL821, a novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (RTKi). RESULTS We demonstrated in animals that administration of LE-MPP increased exposure at the ocular surface and posterior compartments. Furthermore using a rabbit vascular leakage model, we demonstrated that biologically effective drug concentrations of LE were delivered to the back of the eye using the MPP technology. We also demonstrated that a novel RTKi formulated as MPPs provided drug levels to the back of the eye above its cellular inhibitory concentration. CONCLUSIONS Topical dosing of MPPs of LE or KAL821 enhanced drug exposure at the front of the eye, and delivered therapeutically relevant drug concentrations to the back of the eye, in animals. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE These preclinical data support using MPP technology to engineer topical formulations to deliver therapeutic drug levels to the back of the eye and could provide major advancements in managing sight-threatening diseases.
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