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Hasan M, Marzouk MA, Adhikari S, Wright TD, Miller BP, Matossian MD, Elliott S, Wright M, Alzoubi M, Collins-Burow BM, Burow ME, Holzgrabe U, Zlotos DP, Stratford RE, Witt-Enderby PA. Pharmacological, Mechanistic, and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Novel Melatonin-Tamoxifen Drug Conjugates as Breast Cancer Drugs. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:272-296. [PMID: 31221824 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is used to prevent and treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC); however, its chronic use can increase uterine cancer risk and induce tamoxifen resistance. Novel melatonin-tamoxifen drug conjugates may be promising to treat BC and may help offset the adverse effects of tamoxifen usage alone due to the presence of melatonin. We synthesized and screened five drug conjugates (C2, C4, C5, C9, and C15 linked) for their effects on BC cell (MCF-7, tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7, mouse mammary carcinoma, MDA-MB-231, and BT-549) viability, migration, and binding affinity to melatonin receptor 1 (MT1R) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). C4 and C5 demonstrated the most favorable pharmacological characteristics with respect to binding profiles (affinity for ESR1 and MT1R) and their potency/efficacy to inhibit BC cell viability and migration in four phenotypically diverse invasive ductal BC cell lines. C4 and C5 were further assessed for their actions against tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells and a patient-derived xenograft triple-negative BC cell line (TU-BcX-4IC) and for their mechanisms of action using selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1/2, MEK5, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. C4 and C5 inhibited tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells with equal potency (IC50 = 4-8 μM) and efficacy (∼90% inhibition of viability and migration) but demonstrated increased potency (IC50 = 80-211 μM) and efficacy (∼140% inhibition) to inhibit migration versus cell viability (IC50 = 181-304 mM; efficacy ∼80% inhibition) in TU-BcX-4IC cells. Unique pharmacokinetic profiles were observed, with C4 having greater bioavailability than C5. Further assessment of C4 and C5 demonstrates that they create novel pharmacophores within each BC cell that is context specific and involves MEK1/2/pERK1/2, MEK5/pERK5, PI3K, and nuclear factor κB. These melatonin-tamoxifen drug conjugates show promise as novel anticancer drugs and further preclinical and clinical evaluation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Hasan
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Mohamed Akmal Marzouk
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Saugat Adhikari
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Thomas D Wright
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Benton P Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Margarite D Matossian
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Steven Elliott
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Maryl Wright
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Madlin Alzoubi
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Bridgette M Collins-Burow
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
| | - Paula A Witt-Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (M.H., T.D.W., B.P.M., P.A.W.-E.); Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt (M.A.M., D.P.Z.); Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (S.A.); Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (M.D.M., S.E., M.W., M.A., B.M.C.-B., M.E.B.); Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Wuerzburg, Germany (U.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E.S.); and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.W.-E.)
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