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Johnston TP, Edwards G, Koulen P. Synergism of mechanisms underlying early-stage changes in retina function in male hyperglycemic db/db mice in the absence and presence of chemically-induced dyslipidemia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17347. [PMID: 37833428 PMCID: PMC10576038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to quantify retina function in a spontaneous mutation mouse model of diabetes, in which sustained dyslipidemia was induced chemically. The goal of the study was to identify if dyslipidemia in the presence of hyperglycemia resulted in either a synergistic, or a merely additive, exacerbation of retinal and visual dysfunctions in diabetes. Two cohorts of mice, male C57BL/6 and C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were divided into two groups each. One group of each strain received the triblock copolymer, poloxamer 407 (P-407), administered by intraperitoneal injection ("WT P-407" and "db/db P-407" groups) with saline as a control in the remaining two groups ("WT" and "db/db" groups). Blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels were quantified using enzyme-based colorimetric assays. Retina function was measured using electroretinography (ERG) and visual acuity was determined by behaviorally assessing parameters of the optomotor reflex. TC and TG levels were normal in both saline controls (WT) and db/db mice but were significantly elevated in the WT P-407 group (p < 0.01 for TC; p < 0.001 for TG), while levels of the same lipids were further elevated in the db/db P-407 group when compared to the WT P-407 group levels (p < 0.001 for both TC and TG). Behavioral assessment of the optomotor reflex indicated reduced visual acuity for the db/db P-407 group when compared to either the WT P-407 or the db/db groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001). ERG measurements of scotopic retina function showed a significant decline in the scotopic b-wave amplitude of the WT P-407 animals (p < 0.01) and a further reduction for the db/db P-407 group when compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Very significant, strong correlations between scotopic b-wave amplitude and implicit time to TC (r = - 0.8376, p = < 0.0001 and r = 0.7069, p = 0.0022, respectively) and TG levels (r = - 0.8554, p = < 0.0001 and r = 0.7150, p = 0.0019, respectively) were found. Dyslipidemia in the presence of hyperglycemia synergistically exacerbated the severity of retinal dysfunction in diabetes. P-407 administration significantly elevated plasma TC and TG levels in male wild-type (WT) and diabetic mice (db/db), but the resulting hyperlipidemia was more significantly pronounced in the diabetic mice. While elevated plasma lipid and blood glucose levels were individually correlated with a decline in retinal function, the combination of both exacerbated retinal dysfunction. This model of combined hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia can be used to dissect individual contributions of features of the metabolic syndrome to the pathogenesis of retinal dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Johnston
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Genea Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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2
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Zeng S, Du L, Lu G, Xing Y. CREG Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells loss and Retinal Function Impairment Against ischemia-reperfusion Injury in mice via Akt Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6018-6028. [PMID: 37402034 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The irreversible death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a secreted glycoprotein involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation, has been shown to protect against myocardial and renal ischemia-reperfusion damage. However, the role of CREG in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of CREG on RGCs apoptosis after RIRI. METHODS We used male C57BL/6J mice to establish the RIRI model. Recombinant CREG was injected at 1 day before RIRI. The expression and distribution of CREG were examined by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. RGCs survival was assessed by immunofluorescence staining of flat-mounted retinas. Retinal apoptosis was measured by the staining of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and cleaved caspase-3. Electroretinogram (ERG) analysis and optomotor response were conducted to evaluate retinal function and visual acuity. The expressions of Akt, phospho-Akt (p-Akt), Bax, and Bcl-2 were analyzed by western blotting to determine the signaling pathways of CREG. RESULTS We found that CREG expression was decreased after RIRI, and intravitreal injection of CREG attenuated RGCs loss and retinal apoptosis. Besides, the amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave, and photopic negative response (PhNR) in ERG, as well as visual function, were significantly restored after treatment with CERG. Furthermore, intravitreal injection of CREG upregulated p-Akt and Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax expression. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that CREG protected RGCs from RIRI and alleviated retinal apoptosis by activating Akt signaling. In addition, CREG also improved retinal function and visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zeng
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Du
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Lu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Lee PY, Zhao D, Wong VHY, Hoang A, Tran KKN, van Koeverden AK, Afiat BC, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV. Measuring the Full-Field Electroretinogram in Rodents. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:131-140. [PMID: 37558967 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography allows for noninvasive functional assessment of the retina and is a mainstay for preclinical studies of retinal function in health and disease. The full-field electroretinogram is useful for a variety of applications as it returns a functional readout from each of the major cell classes within the retina: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells. Rodent models are commonly employed in ocular degeneration studies due to the fast throughput of these mammalian species and the conservation of the electroretinogram from the preclinic to the clinic. Here we describe approaches for in vivo electroretinography in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying Lee
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie K N Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brianna C Afiat
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Zhao D, Lee PY, Wong VHY, Nishimura T, Hoang A, Tran KKN, van Koeverden AK, Afiat BC, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV. Retinal Assessment Using In Vivo Electroretinography and Optical Coherence Tomography in Rodent Models of Diabetes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2678:37-48. [PMID: 37326704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3255-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography and optical coherence tomography imaging allow for non-invasive quantitative assessment of the retina. These approaches have become mainstays for identifying the very earliest impact of hyperglycemia on retinal function and structure in animal models of diabetic eye disease. Moreover, they are essential for assessing the safety and efficacy of novel treatment approaches for diabetic retinopathy. Here, we describe approaches for in vivo electroretinography and optical coherence tomography imaging in rodent models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Lee
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomoharu Nishimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie K N Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brianna C Afiat
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Quintero H, Shiga Y, Belforte N, Alarcon-Martinez L, El Hajji S, Villafranca-Baughman D, Dotigny F, Di Polo A. Restoration of mitochondria axonal transport by adaptor Disc1 supplementation prevents neurodegeneration and rescues visual function. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111324. [PMID: 36103832 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in mitochondrial transport are a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated whether loss of components of the mitochondrial transport machinery impinge directly on metabolic stress, neuronal death, and circuit dysfunction. Using multiphoton microscope live imaging, we showed that ocular hypertension, a major risk factor in glaucoma, disrupts mitochondria anterograde axonal transport leading to energy decline in vulnerable neurons. Gene- and protein-expression analysis revealed loss of the adaptor disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (Disc1) in retinal neurons subjected to high intraocular pressure. Disc1 gene delivery was sufficient to rescue anterograde transport and replenish axonal mitochondria. A genetically encoded ATP sensor combined with longitudinal live imaging showed that Disc1 supplementation increased ATP production in stressed neurons. Disc1 gene therapy promotes neuronal survival, reverses abnormal single-cell calcium dynamics, and restores visual responses. Our study demonstrates that enhancing anterograde mitochondrial transport is an effective strategy to alleviate metabolic stress and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heberto Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sana El Hajji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Deborah Villafranca-Baughman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Florence Dotigny
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Neuroscience Division, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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6
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Gajendran MK, Rohowetz LJ, Koulen P, Mehdizadeh A. Novel Machine-Learning Based Framework Using Electroretinography Data for the Detection of Early-Stage Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:869137. [PMID: 35600610 PMCID: PMC9115110 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.869137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeEarly-stage glaucoma diagnosis has been a challenging problem in ophthalmology. The current state-of-the-art glaucoma diagnosis techniques do not completely leverage the functional measures' such as electroretinogram's immense potential; instead, focus is on structural measures like optical coherence tomography. The current study aims to take a foundational step toward the development of a novel and reliable predictive framework for early detection of glaucoma using machine-learning-based algorithm capable of leveraging medically relevant information that ERG signals contain.MethodsERG signals from 60 eyes of DBA/2 mice were grouped for binary classification based on age. The signals were also grouped based on intraocular pressure (IOP) for multiclass classification. Statistical and wavelet-based features were engineered and extracted. Important predictors (ERG tests and features) were determined, and the performance of five machine learning-based methods were evaluated.ResultsRandom forest (bagged trees) ensemble classifier provided the best performance in both binary and multiclass classification of ERG signals. An accuracy of 91.7 and 80% was achieved for binary and multiclass classification, respectively, suggesting that machine-learning-based models can detect subtle changes in ERG signals if trained using advanced features such as those based on wavelet analyses.ConclusionsThe present study describes a novel, machine-learning-based method to analyze ERG signals providing additional information that may be used to detect early-stage glaucoma. Based on promising performance metrics obtained using the proposed machine-learning-based framework leveraging an established ERG data set, we conclude that the novel framework allows for detection of functional deficits of early/various stages of glaucoma in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar Gajendran
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Landon J. Rohowetz
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Amirfarhang Mehdizadeh
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Amirfarhang Mehdizadeh
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7
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Noailles A, Kutsyr O, Mayordomo-Febrer A, Lax P, López-Murcia M, Sanz-González SM, Pinazo-Durán MD, Cuenca N. Sodium Hyaluronate-Induced Ocular Hypertension in Rats Damages the Direction-Selective Circuit and Inner/Outer Retinal Plexiform Layers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:2. [PMID: 35503230 PMCID: PMC9078050 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the changes in retinal morphology in a rat model of chronic glaucoma induced by ocular hypertension. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was surgically increased through weekly injections of sodium hyaluronate (HYA) in the anterior eye chamber of the left eye of male Wistar rats, whereas the right eyes were sham operated (salt solution). During the 10-week experimental period, IOP was measured weekly with a rebound tonometer. Retinal cryosections were prepared for histological/immunohistochemical analysis and morphometry. Results IOP was higher in HYA-treated eyes than in sham-operated eyes along the 10-week period, which was significant from the fourth to the nineth week. Ocular hypertension in HYA-treated eyes was associated with morphologic and morphometric changes in bipolar cells, ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells, ON/OFF starburst amacrine cells, and inner plexiform layer sublamina. Conclusions Serial HYA treatment in the rat anterior eye chamber results in mild-to-moderate elevated and sustained IOP and ganglion cell death, which mimics most human open-angle glaucoma hallmarks. The reduced number of direction-selective ganglion cells and starburst amacrine cells accompanied by a deteriorated ON/OFF plexus in this glaucoma model could lend insight to the abnormalities in motion perception observed in patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Noailles
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloma Mayordomo-Febrer
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Mixed Research Unit for Visual Health and Veterinary Ophthalmology CEU/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María López-Murcia
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain.,Mixed Research Unit for Visual Health and Veterinary Ophthalmology CEU/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia M Sanz-González
- OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Rohowetz LJ, Mardelli ME, Duncan RS, Riordan SM, Koulen P. The Contribution of Anterior Segment Abnormalities to Changes in Intraocular Pressure in the DBA/2J Mouse Model of Glaucoma: DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ Mice as Critical Controls. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:801184. [PMID: 35185449 PMCID: PMC8850401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.801184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of anterior segment abnormalities to the development of ocular hypertension was determined in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured non-invasively. Iris pigment dispersion (IPD) and corneal calcification were measured weekly starting at 20 weeks of age in DBA/2J and DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ mice. Thickness, surface area, auto-fluorescence intensity, and perimeter length of calcified regions were measured in postmortem corneas using confocal microscopy. DBA/2J mice developed elevated IOP between 9 and 12 months of age, but DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ mice did not. Corneal calcification was found at all ages observed and at similar frequencies in both strains with 83.3% of DBA/2J eyes and 60.0% of DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ eyes affected at 12 months (P = 0.11). Calcification increased with age in both DBA/2J (P = 0.049) and DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ mice (P = 0.04) when assessed qualitatively and based on mixed-effects analysis. No differences in the four objective measures of calcification were observed between strains or ages. At 12 months of age, DBA/2J mice with corneal calcification had greater mean IOP than DBA/2J mice without corneal calcification. IOP was not correlated with the qualitatively assessed measures of calcification. For the subset of eyes with ocular hypertension, which were only found in DBA/2J mice, IOP was negatively correlated with the qualitative degree of calcification, but was not correlated with the four quantitative measures of calcification. Differences in IOP were not observed between DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ mice with and without calcification at any age. IPD increased with age and demonstrated a moderate correlation with IOP in DBA/2J mice, but was not observed in DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ mice. In the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma, increased IPD is positively correlated with an increase in IOP and corneal calcification is present in the majority of eyes at and after age 9 months. However, while IPD causes ocular hypertension, corneal calcification does not appear to contribute to the elevation of IOP, as the control strain DBA/2J-Gpnmb+/SjJ exhibits corneal calcification similar to DBA/2J mice, but does not develop ocular hypertension. Corneal calcification, therefore, does not appear to be a contributing factor to the development of elevated IOP in DBA/2J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon J. Rohowetz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Marc E. Mardelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - R. Scott Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sean M. Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Koulen,
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9
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You M, Rong R, Zeng Z, Xia X, Ji D. Transneuronal Degeneration in the Brain During Glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:643685. [PMID: 33889083 PMCID: PMC8055862 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.643685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of all types of glaucoma, but the mechanism of pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear. RGCs are a group of central nervous system (CNS) neurons whose soma are in the inner retina. The axons of RGCs form the optic nerve and converge at the optic chiasma; from there, they project to the visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the dysfunction and death of CNS and retinal neurons caused by transneuronal degeneration of RGCs, and the view that glaucoma is a widespread neurodegenerative disease involving CNS damage appears more and more frequently in the literature. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of LGN and visual cortex neuron damage in glaucoma and possible mechanisms behind the damage. This review presents an updated and expanded view of neuronal damage in glaucoma, and reveals new and potential targets for neuroprotection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
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10
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Jnawali A, Puri S, Frishman LJ, Ostrin LA. Visual function in guinea pigs: behavior and electrophysiology. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:523-531. [PMID: 33689637 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1878827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Guinea pig visual function is characterised based on behavioural and electrophysiological measures and retinal ganglion cell density is examined to further develop the guinea pig as a model of human ocular conditions. BACKGROUND Guinea pigs are an important model of human ocular conditions. Here, guinea pig spatial frequency discrimination, pattern and full-field photopic electroretinography (ERG), and retinal ganglion cell distribution were investigated. METHODS Adult guinea pigs (n = 6) were included. Optomotor responses to square-wave gratings from 0.3 to 2.4 cycles per degree (cpd) were assessed. Pattern ERG responses were recorded using square-wave gratings from 0.025 to 0.25 cpd at 100% contrast, alternating at a temporal frequency of 1.05 Hz. Full-field ERG responses were recorded using a 10.0 cd.s/m2 flash. Ganglion cell density was determined histologically from retinal whole mounts. RESULTS Maximum spatial frequency discrimination was 1.65 ± 0.49 cpd for stimuli rotating temporally to nasally and 0.75 ± 0.16 cpd for stimuli rotating nasally to temporally. For pattern ERG, a maximum amplitude of 3.50 ± 1.16 µV for the first negative to positive peak (N1P1) was elicited with a 0.025 cpd grating, and 2.5 ± 0.1 µV for the positive to second negative peak (P1N2) was elicited with a 0.05 cpd grating. For full-field ERG, a-wave amplitude was 19.2 ± 4.24 µV, b-wave amplitude was 33.6 ± 8.22 µV, and the PhNR was 24.0 ± 5.72 µV. Peak retinal ganglion cell density was 1621 ± 129 cells/mm2, located 1-2 mm superior to the optic nerve head. CONCLUSION Guinea pigs show directional selectivity for stimuli moving in the temporal to the nasal visual field. Guinea pigs demonstrate a quantifiable PhNR in the full-field ERG and negative and positive waveforms in the pattern ERG. The visual streak is located in the superior retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudan Puri
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Caballero-Puntiverio M, Prichardt S, Klem L, Bundesen C, Vangkilde S, Andreasen JT. Gabor patterns as stimuli in a rodent visual attention task. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:134970. [PMID: 32302700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gabor patterns are defined as the product of a sinusoid function and a Gaussian envelope and are commonly used in visual and attentional research due to their ability to selectively stimulate the primary visual cortex. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Gabor patterns can be used as visual stimuli in the rodent continuous performance test (rCPT), a newly developed task to study attentional function and impulsivity. METHODS Sixteen male C57BL/6 J mice were trained in the rCPT using Gabor patterns as visual stimuli and their performance was compared to sixteen mice that were trained using traditional high-contrast pattern stimuli. Mice were compared during training, baseline, and a variable stimulus duration probe. RESULTS The Gabor pattern group required more training sessions to reach criteria than the group with high-contrast patterns. At baseline, the Gabor pattern group showed a higher false alarm rate and a lower discriminability index. As task difficulty increased during the variable stimulus duration probe, differences between groups became more pronounced. Specifically, the Gabor pattern group showed decreased hit rate and discriminability index, as well as increased false alarm rate and premature responses compared to the high-contrast pattern group. CONCLUSION This feasibility study showed that it is possible to use Gabor patterns as visual stimuli in the rCPT, although it increases task demands. We discuss the differences between Gabor patterns and high-contrast patterns in the context of translatability of animal models in visual and cognitive research and give two examples of applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caballero-Puntiverio
- Dept. of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Symptoms Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - S Prichardt
- Dept. of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Symptoms Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - L Klem
- Dept. of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Bundesen
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Vangkilde
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J T Andreasen
- Dept. of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lani R, Dias MS, Abreu CA, Araújo VG, Gonçalo T, Nascimento-Dos-Santos G, Dantas AM, Allodi S, Fiorani M, Petrs-Silva H, Linden R. A subacute model of glaucoma based on limbal plexus cautery in pigmented rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16286. [PMID: 31705136 PMCID: PMC6841973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive functional impairment and degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Current management of glaucoma is based on reduction of high intraocular pressure (IOP), one of its most consistent risk factors, but the disease proceeds in almost half of the patients despite such treatments. Several experimental models of glaucoma have been developed in rodents, most of which present shortcomings such as high surgical invasiveness, slow learning curves, damage to the transparency of the optic media which prevents adequate functional assessment, and variable results. Here we describe a novel and simple method to induce ocular hypertension in pigmented rats, based on low-temperature cauterization of the whole circumference of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage and easily accessible for surgical procedures. This simple, low-cost and efficient method produced a reproducible subacute ocular hypertension with full clinical recovery, followed by a steady loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic axons, accompanied by functional changes detected both by electrophysiological and behavioral methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lani
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana S Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Andreia Abreu
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor G Araújo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Gonçalo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana Allodi
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Fiorani
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hilda Petrs-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Quantification of Changes in Visual Function During Disease Development in a Mouse Model of Pigmentary Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2019; 27:828-841. [PMID: 30001268 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the relationship between visual parameters that are commonly affected during glaucomatous disease progression with functional measures of retina physiology using electroretinography and behavioral measures of visual function in a mouse model of glaucoma. Electroretinogram components measuring retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses were determined using the non-invasive Ganzfeld flash electroretinography (fERG) to assess RGC loss in a mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Intraocular pressure (IOP), behaviorally assessed measures of visual function, namely visual acuity and contrast sensitivity as well as fERG responses were recorded in 4- and 11-month-old male DBA/2 mice. Scotopic threshold response (STR) and photopic negative response components as well as oscillatory potentials (OPs) were isolated from fERG responses and correlated with IOP, optomotor reflex measurements, and RGC counts. RESULTS The 11-month-old DBA/2 mice had significantly elevated IOP, reduced visual performance, as assessed behaviorally, significant RGC loss, deficits in standardized fERG responses, reduced STRs, and differences in OP amplitudes and latencies, when compared with 4-month-old mice of the same strain. STRs and OPs correlated with some visual and physiological parameters. In addition, elevated IOP and RGC loss correlated positively with measures of visual function, specifically with surrogate measures of RGC function derived from fERG. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RGC function as well as interactions of RGCs with other retinal cell types is impaired during glaucoma. In addition, a later OP wavelet denoted as OP4 in this study was identified as a very reproducible indicator of loss of visual function in the glaucoma mouse model.
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Roth S, Dreixler J, Newman NJ. Haemodilution and head-down tilting induce functional injury in the rat optic nerve: A model for peri-operative ischemic optic neuropathy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019; 35:840-847. [PMID: 29771733 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms of peri-operative ischaemic optic neuropathy remain poorly understood. Both specific pre-operative and intra-operative factors have been examined by retrospective studies, but no animal model currently exists. OBJECTIVES To develop a rodent model of peri-operative ischaemic optic neuropathy. In rats, we performed head-down tilt and/or haemodilution, theorising that the combination damages the optic nerve. DESIGN Animal study. SETTING Laboratory. ANIMALS A total of 36 rats, in four groups, completed the functional examination of retina and optic nerve after the interventions. INTERVENTIONS Anaesthetised groups (n>8) were supine (SUP) for 5 h, head-down tilted 70° for 5 h, head-down tilted/haemodiluted for 5 h or SUP/haemodiluted for 5 h. We measured blood pressure, heart rate, intra-ocular pressure and maintained constant temperature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Retinal function (electroretinography), scotopic threshold response (STR) (for retinal ganglion cells) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) (for transmission through the optic nerve). We imaged the optic nerve in vivo and evaluated retinal histology, apoptotic cells and glial activation in the optic nerve. Retinal and optic nerve function were followed to 14 and 28 days after experiments. RESULTS At 28 days in head down tilted/haemodiluted rats, negative STR decreased (about 50% amplitude reduction, P = 0.006), VEP wave N2-P3 decreased (70% amplitude reduction, P = 0.01) and P2 latency increased (35%, P = 0.003), optic discs were swollen and glial activation was present in the optic nerve. SUP/haemodiluted rats had decreases in negative STR and increased VEP latency, but no glial activation. CONCLUSION An injury partly resembling human ischaemic optic neuropathy can be produced in rats by combining haemodilution and head-down tilt. Significant functional changes were also present with haemodilution alone. Future studies with this partial optic nerve injury may enable understanding of mechanisms of peri-operative ischaemic optic neuropathy and could help discover preventive or treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Roth
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (SR), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois (SR), Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (JD), Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology (NJN) and Department of Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (NJN)
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Enlarged Optic Nerve Axons and Reduced Visual Function in Mice with Defective Microfibrils. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0260-18. [PMID: 30406200 PMCID: PMC6220594 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0260-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration that develops slowly with age. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor, although many patients develop glaucoma with IOP in the normal range. Mutations in microfibril-associated genes cause glaucoma in animal models, suggesting the hypothesis that microfibril defects contribute to glaucoma. To test this hypothesis, we investigated IOP and functional/structural correlates of RGC degeneration in mice of either sex with abnormal microfibrils due to heterozygous Tsk mutation of the fibrilin-1 gene (Fbn1Tsk/+). Although IOP was not affected, Fbn1Tsk/+ mice developed functional deficits at advanced age consistent with glaucoma, including reduced RGC responses in electroretinogram (ERG) experiments. While RGC density in the retina was not affected, the density of RGC axons in the optic nerve was significantly reduced in Fbn1Tsk/+ mice. However, reduced axon density correlated with expanded optic nerves, resulting in similar numbers of axons in Fbn1Tsk/+ and control nerves. Axons in the optic nerves of Fbn1Tsk/+ mice were significantly enlarged and axon diameter was strongly correlated with optic nerve area, as has been reported in early pathogenesis of the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Our results suggest that microfibril abnormalities can lead to phenotypes found in early-stage glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Thinning of the elastic fiber-rich pia mater was found in Fbn1Tsk/+ mice, suggesting mechanisms allowing for optic nerve expansion and a possible biomechanical contribution to determination of axon caliber.
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Toris CB, Gelfman C, Whitlock A, Sponsel WE, Rowe-Rendleman CL. Making Basic Science Studies in Glaucoma More Clinically Relevant: The Need for a Consensus. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:501-518. [PMID: 28777040 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive, and debilitating optic neuropathy that causes retinal damage and visual defects. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of glaucoma remain ill-defined, and there is an indisputable need for contributions from basic science researchers in defining pathways for translational research. However, glaucoma researchers today face significant challenges due to the lack of a map of integrated pathways from bench to bedside and the lack of consensus statements to guide in choosing the right research questions, techniques, and model systems. Here, we present the case for the development of such maps and consensus statements, which are critical for faster development of the most efficacious glaucoma therapy. We underscore that interrogating the preclinical path of both successful and unsuccessful clinical programs is essential to defining future research. One aspect of this is evaluation of available preclinical research tools. To begin this process, we highlight the utility of currently available animal models for glaucoma and emphasize that there is a particular need for models of glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure. In addition, we outline a series of discoveries from cell-based, animal, and translational research that begin to reveal a map of glaucoma from cell biology to physiology to disease pathology. Completion of these maps requires input and consensus from the global glaucoma research community. This article sets the stage by outlining various approaches to such a consensus. Together, these efforts will help accelerate basic science research, leading to discoveries with significant clinical impact for people with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Toris
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - William E Sponsel
- 3 WESMD Professional Association , San Antonio, Texas.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,5 Department of Vision Sciences, University of the Incarnate Word , San Antonio, Texas
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Mead B, Tomarev S. Evaluating retinal ganglion cell loss and dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:96-106. [PMID: 27523467 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) bear the sole responsibility of propagating visual stimuli to the brain. Their axons, which make up the optic nerve, project from the retina to the brain through the lamina cribrosa and in rodents, decussate almost entirely at the optic chiasm before synapsing at the superior colliculus. For many traumatic and degenerative ocular conditions, the dysfunction and/or loss of RGC is the primary determinant of visual loss and are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies. To actually measure these endpoints in rodent models, techniques must ascertain both the quantity of surviving RGC and their functional capacity. Quantification techniques include phenotypic markers of RGC, retrogradely transported fluorophores and morphological measurements of retinal thickness whereas functional assessments include electroretinography (flash and pattern) and visual evoked potential. The importance of the accuracy and reliability of these techniques cannot be understated, nor can the relationship between RGC death and dysfunction. The existence of up to 30 types of RGC complicates the measuring process, particularly as these may respond differently to disease and treatment. Since the above techniques may selectively identify and ignore particular subpopulations, their appropriateness as measures of RGC survival and function may be further limited. This review discusses the above techniques in the context of their subtype specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Stanislav Tomarev
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Bone Marrow-Derived Cells as a Therapeutic Approach to Optic Nerve Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5078619. [PMID: 26649049 PMCID: PMC4663341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5078619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following optic nerve injury associated with acute or progressive diseases, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of adult mammals degenerate and undergo apoptosis. These diseases have limited therapeutic options, due to the low inherent capacity of RGCs to regenerate and due to the inhibitory milieu of the central nervous system. Among the numerous treatment approaches investigated to stimulate neuronal survival and axonal extension, cell transplantation emerges as a promising option. This review focuses on cell therapies with bone marrow mononuclear cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which have shown positive therapeutic effects in animal models of optic neuropathies. Different aspects of available preclinical studies are analyzed, including cell distribution, potential doses, routes of administration, and mechanisms of action. Finally, published and ongoing clinical trials are summarized.
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