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Lv H, Zhang W, Zhao Z, Wei Y, Bao Z, Li Y, Hu Z, Deng D, Yuan W. The impact of oxygen content on Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenesis in ocular infection based on clinical characteristics, transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1409597. [PMID: 39050640 PMCID: PMC11266177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1409597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to delineate the etiology and prevalence of isolated pathogens, along with the clinical characteristics of endophthalmitis patients over a 9-year period at hospital in Southwest of China. Additionally, we investigating the metabolic and cellular processes related to environmental factors may offer novel insights into endophthalmitis. Methods We analyzed data pertaining to endophthalmitis patients treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University from 2015 to 2023. According to our clinical data, we conducted an experiment based on transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis to verify whether environmental factors affect behavior of S. epidermidis by culturating S. epidermidis under oxic and microoxic condition. Results In this study, 2,712 fungi or bacteria strains have been analyzed, gram-positive bacteria constituted 65.08%, with S. epidermidis being the most predominant species (25.55%). Ophthalmic trauma was the primary pathogenic factor for S. epidermidis ocular infections. Regarding fluoroquinolones, S. epidermidis exhibited the higher resistance rate to levofloxacin than moxifloxacin. Moreover, our investigation revealed that S. epidermidis in microoxic environment increase in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport. Conclusion Our findings underscore the significance of S. epidermidis as a crucial pathogen responsible for infectious endophthalmitis. It is crucial to exercise vigilance when considering Levofloxacin as the first-line drug for empiric endophthalmitis treatment. The metabolites alteration observed during the commensal-to-pathogen conversion under microoxic condition serve as a pivotal environmental signal contributing to S. epidermidis metabolism remodeling, toward more pathogenic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Yunnan Eye Institute and Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingpu Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengyilin Bao
- Yunnan Eye Institute and Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yizheng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhulin Hu
- Yunnan Eye Institute and Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Deyao Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenli Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Parrott AC, Coburn PS, Miller FC, LaGrow AL, Mursalin MH, Callegan MC. The Role of CCL Chemokines in Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:12. [PMID: 38842829 PMCID: PMC11160947 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3 impact retinal function decline and inflammation during Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Methods Experimental endophthalmitis was initiated by intravitreal injection of 5000 colony-forming units of S. aureus into the eyes of C57BL/6J, CCL2-/-, or CCL3-/- mice. At 12 and 24 hours post-infection, retinal function, bacterial load, and myeloperoxidase levels were quantified. Results During S. aureus endophthalmitis, we observed a significant improvement in retinal function in CCL2-/- mice relative to C57BL/6J mice at 12 hours but not at 24 hours. In CCL3-/- mice, retinal function was significantly improved relative to C57BL/6J mice at 12 and 24 hours. The absence of CCL2 did not alter intraocular S. aureus intraocular concentrations. However, CCL3-/- mice had significantly lower intraocular S. aureus at 12 hours but not at 24 hours. No difference in myeloperoxidase levels was observed between C57BL/6J and CCL2-/- mice at 12 hours. CCL3-/- mice had almost no myeloperoxidase at 12 hours. At 24 hours, increased myeloperoxidase was observed in CCL2-/- and CCL3-/- mice relative to C57BL/6J mice. Conclusions Although the absence of CCL2 resulted in improved retinal function retention at 12 hours, CCL3 deficiency resulted in improved retinal function at 12 and 24 hours. CCL3 deficiency, but not CCL2 deficiency, resulted in almost no inflammation at 12 hours. However, at 24 hours, the absence of CCL2 or CCL3 resulted in significantly increased inflammation. These results suggest that, although both CCL2 and CCL3 impact intraocular infection outcomes, CCL3 may have a more significant impact in S. aureus endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Parrott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Frederick C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Austin L. LaGrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Dong ZL, Jiao X, Wang ZG, Yuan K, Yang YQ, Wang Y, Li YT, Wang TC, Kan TY, Wang J, Tao HR. D-mannose alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration through glutamine metabolism. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:28. [PMID: 38711073 PMCID: PMC11071241 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a multifaceted condition characterized by heterogeneity, wherein the balance between catabolism and anabolism in the extracellular matrix of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells plays a central role. Presently, the available treatments primarily focus on relieving symptoms associated with IVDD without offering an effective cure targeting its underlying pathophysiological processes. D-mannose (referred to as mannose) has demonstrated anti-catabolic properties in various diseases. Nevertheless, its therapeutic potential in IVDD has yet to be explored. METHODS The study began with optimizing the mannose concentration for restoring NP cells. Transcriptomic analyses were employed to identify the mediators influenced by mannose, with the thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) gene showing the most significant differences. Subsequently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to demonstrate that Txnip is the key gene through which mannose exerts its effects. Techniques such as colocalization analysis, molecular docking, and overexpression assays further confirmed the direct regulatory relationship between mannose and TXNIP. To elucidate the mechanism of action of mannose, metabolomics techniques were employed to pinpoint glutamine as a core metabolite affected by mannose. Next, various methods, including integrated omics data and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, were used to validate the one-way pathway through which TXNIP regulates glutamine. Finally, the therapeutic effect of mannose on IVDD was validated, elucidating the mechanistic role of TXNIP in glutamine metabolism in both intradiscal and orally treated rats. RESULTS In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was discovered that mannose has potent efficacy in alleviating IVDD by inhibiting catabolism. From a mechanistic standpoint, it was shown that mannose exerts its anti-catabolic effects by directly targeting the transcription factor max-like protein X-interacting protein (MondoA), resulting in the upregulation of TXNIP. This upregulation, in turn, inhibits glutamine metabolism, ultimately accomplishing its anti-catabolic effects by suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. More importantly, in vivo experiments have further demonstrated that compared with intradiscal injections, oral administration of mannose at safe concentrations can achieve effective therapeutic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In summary, through integrated multiomics analysis, including both in vivo and in vitro experiments, this study demonstrated that mannose primarily exerts its anti-catabolic effects on IVDD through the TXNIP-glutamine axis. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the potential of the use of mannose in clinical applications for alleviating IVDD. Compared to existing clinically invasive or pain-relieving therapies for IVDD, the oral administration of mannose has characteristics that are more advantageous for clinical IVDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Lin Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xin Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yi-Qi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yun-Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tian-Chang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tian-You Kan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Hai-Rong Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Ahmad Z, Singh S, Lee TJ, Sharma A, Lydic TA, Giri S, Kumar A. Untargeted and temporal analysis of retinal lipidome in bacterial endophthalmitis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106806. [PMID: 38185280 PMCID: PMC10939753 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial endophthalmitis is a blinding infectious disease typically acquired during ocular surgery. We previously reported significant alterations in retinal metabolism during Staphylococcus (S) aureus endophthalmitis. However, the changes in retinal lipid composition during endophthalmitis are unknown. Here, using a mouse model of S. aureus endophthalmitis and an untargeted lipidomic approach, we comprehensively analyzed temporal alterations in total lipids and oxylipin in retina. Our data showed a time-dependent increase in the levels of lipid classes, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, sterols, and non-esterified fatty acids, whereas levels of phospholipids decreased. Among lipid subclasses, phosphatidylcholine decreased over time. The oxylipin analysis revealed increased prostaglandin-E2, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and α-linolenic acid. In-vitro studies using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages showed increased lipid droplets and lipid-peroxide formation in response to S. aureus infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that S. aureus-infection alters the retinal lipid profile, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Todd A Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/ Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Wells AE, Wilson JJ, Heuer SE, Sears JD, Wei J, Pandey R, Costa MW, Kaczorowski CC, Roopenian DC, Chang CH, Carter GW. Transcriptome analysis reveals organ-specific effects of 2-deoxyglucose treatment in healthy mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299595. [PMID: 38451972 PMCID: PMC10919611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycolytic inhibition via 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) has potential therapeutic benefits for a range of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and COVID-19, but the systemic effects of 2DG on gene function across different tissues are unclear. METHODS This study analyzed the transcriptional profiles of nine tissues from C57BL/6J mice treated with 2DG to understand how it modulates pathways systemically. Principal component analysis (PCA), weighted gene co-network analysis (WGCNA), analysis of variance, and pathway analysis were all performed to identify modules altered by 2DG treatment. RESULTS PCA revealed that samples clustered predominantly by tissue, suggesting that 2DG affects each tissue uniquely. Unsupervised clustering and WGCNA revealed six distinct tissue-specific modules significantly affected by 2DG, each with unique key pathways and genes. 2DG predominantly affected mitochondrial metabolism in the heart, while in the small intestine, it affected immunological pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that 2DG has a systemic impact that varies across organs, potentially affecting multiple pathways and functions. The study provides insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of 2DG across different diseases and highlights the importance of understanding its systemic effects for future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Wells
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - John J. Wilson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John D. Sears
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Raghav Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Mauro W. Costa
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
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6
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Das S, Ahmad Z, Singh S, Singh S, Wright RE, Giri S, Kumar A. Oral administration of S-nitroso-L-glutathione (GSNO) provides anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects during ocular bacterial infections. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:309. [PMID: 37770649 PMCID: PMC11072052 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endophthalmitis is a severe complication of eye surgeries that can lead to vision loss. Current treatment involves intravitreal antibiotic injections that control bacterial growth but not inflammation. To identify newer therapeutic targets to promote inflammation resolution in endophthalmitis, we recently employed an untargeted metabolomics approach. This led to the discovery that the levels of S-nitroso-L-glutathione (GSNO) were significantly reduced in an experimental murine Staphylococcus aureus (SA) endophthalmitis model. In this study, we tested the hypothesis whether GSNO supplementation via different routes (oral, intravitreal) provides protection during bacterial endophthalmitis. Our results show that prophylactic administration of GSNO via intravitreal injections ameliorated SA endophthalmitis. Therapeutically, oral administration of GSNO was found to be most effective in reducing intraocular inflammation and bacterial burden. Moreover, oral GSNO treatment synergized with intravitreal antibiotic injections in reducing the severity of endophthalmitis. Furthermore, in vitro experiments using cultured human retinal Muller glia and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells showed that GSNO treatment reduced SA-induced inflammatory mediators and cell death. Notably, both in-vivo and ex-vivo data showed that GSNO strengthened the outer blood-retinal barrier during endophthalmitis. Collectively, our study demonstrates GSNO as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of intraocular infections due to its dual anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Robert Emery Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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7
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Wells AE, Wilson JJ, Sears JD, Wei J, Heuer S, Pandey R, Costa MW, Kaczorowski CC, Roopenian DC, Chang CH, Carter GW. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Organ-Specific Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose Treatment in Healthy Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.537717. [PMID: 37162857 PMCID: PMC10168223 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.537717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycolytic inhibition via 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) has potential therapeutic benefits for a range of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and COVID-19, but the systemic effects of 2DG on gene function across different tissues are unclear. METHODS This study analyzed the transcriptional profiles of nine tissues from C57BL/6J mice treated with 2DG to understand how it modulates pathways systemically. Principal component analysis (PCA), weighted gene co-network analysis (WGCNA), analysis of variance, and pathway analysis were all performed to identify modules altered by 2DG treatment. RESULTS PCA revealed that samples clustered predominantly by tissue, suggesting that 2DG affects each tissue uniquely. Unsupervised clustering and WGCNA revealed six distinct tissue-specific modules significantly affected by 2DG, each with unique key pathways and genes. 2DG predominantly affected mitochondrial metabolism in the heart, while in the small intestine, it affected immunological pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that 2DG has a systemic impact that varies across organs, potentially affecting multiple pathways and functions. The study provides insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of 2DG across different diseases and highlights the importance of understanding its systemic effects for future research and clinical applications.
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8
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Pandey S, Anang V, Singh S, Seth S, Bhatt AN, Kalra N, Manda K, Soni R, Roy BG, Natarajan K, Dwarakanath BS. Dietary administration of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduces endotoxemia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress: Implications in PAMP-associated acute and chronic pathology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:940129. [PMID: 37234710 PMCID: PMC10206263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.940129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like bacterial cell wall components and viral nucleic acids are known ligands of innate inflammatory receptors that trigger multiple inflammatory pathways that may result in acute inflammation and oxidative stress-driven tissue and organ toxicity. When dysregulated, this inflammation may lead to acute toxicity and multiorgan failure. Inflammatory events are often driven by high energy demands and macromolecular biosynthesis. Therefore, we proposed that targeting the metabolism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven inflammatory events, using an energy restriction approach, can be an effective strategy to prevent the acute or chronic detrimental effects of accidental or seasonal bacterial and other pathogenic exposures. In the present study, we investigated the potential of energy restriction mimetic agent (ERMA) 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in targeting the metabolism of inflammatory events during LPS-elicited acute inflammatory response. Mice fed with 2-DG as a dietary component in drinking water showed reduced LPS-driven inflammatory processes. Dietary 2-DG reduced LPS-induced lung endothelial damage and oxidative stress by strengthening the antioxidant defense system and limiting the activation and expression of inflammatory proteins, viz., P-Stat-3, NfκΒ, and MAP kinases. This was accompanied by decreased TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). 2-DG also reduced the infiltration of PMNCs (polymorphonuclear cells) in inflamed tissues. Altered glycolysis and improved mitochondrial activity in 2-DG-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells suggested possible impairment of macrophage metabolism and, therefore, activation in macrophages. Taken together, the present study suggests that inclusion of glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG as a part of the diet can be helpful in preventing the severity and poor prognosis associated with inflammatory events during bacterial and other pathogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pandey
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Vandana Anang
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Saurabh Seth
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Anant Narayan Bhatt
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Kailash Manda
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Soni
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Bal Gangadhar Roy
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - K. Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bilikere S. Dwarakanath
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Thimmappa PY, Vasishta S, Ganesh K, Nair AS, Joshi MB. Neutrophil (dys)function due to altered immuno-metabolic axis in type 2 diabetes: implications in combating infections. Hum Cell 2023:10.1007/s13577-023-00905-7. [PMID: 37115481 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and inflammatory pathways are highly interdependent, and both systems are dysregulated in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is associated with pre-activated inflammatory signaling networks, aberrant cytokine production and increased acute phase reactants which leads to a pro-inflammatory 'feed forward loop'. Nutrient 'excess' conditions in T2D with hyperglycemia, elevated lipids and branched-chain amino acids significantly alter the functions of immune cells including neutrophils. Neutrophils are metabolically active cells and utilizes energy from glycolysis, stored glycogen and β-oxidation while depending on the pentose phosphate pathway for NADPH for performing effector functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and forming extracellular traps. Metabolic changes in T2D result in constitutive activation and impeded acquisition of effector or regulatory activities of neutrophils and render T2D subjects for recurrent infections. Increased flux through the polyol and hexosamine pathways, elevated production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and activation of protein kinase C isoforms lead to (a) an enhancement in superoxide generation; (b) the stimulation of inflammatory pathways and subsequently to (c) abnormal host responses. Neutrophil dysfunction diminishes the effectiveness of wound healing, successful tissue regeneration and immune surveillance against offending pathogens. Hence, Metabolic reprogramming in neutrophils determines frequency, severity and duration of infections in T2D. The present review discusses the influence of the altered immuno-metabolic axis on neutrophil dysfunction along with challenges and therapeutic opportunities for clinical management of T2D-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yedehalli Thimmappa
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sampara Vasishta
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kailash Ganesh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Aswathy S Nair
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Singh R, Gupta V, Kumar A, Singh K. 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: A Novel Pharmacological Agent for Killing Hypoxic Tumor Cells, Oxygen Dependence-Lowering in Covid-19, and Other Pharmacological Activities. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:9993386. [PMID: 36911357 PMCID: PMC9998157 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9993386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has shown promising pharmacological activities, including inhibition of cancerous cell growth and N-glycosylation. It has been used as a glycolysis inhibitor and as a potential energy restriction mimetic agent, inhibiting pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Radioisotope derivatives of 2-DG have applications as tracers. Recently, 2-DG has been used as an anti-COVID-19 drug to lower the need for supplemental oxygen. In the present review, various pharmaceutical properties of 2-DG are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Singh
- Division Chemistry & Toxicology, WTL-Clean and Renewable Energy Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | - Vidushi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Antresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, MP 474005, India
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11
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Berber E, Sumbria D, Kokkaya S. A metabolic blueprint of COVID-19 and long-term vaccine efficacy. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023; 38:15-29. [PMID: 36166711 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligatory protein-coated units and often utilize the metabolic functions of the cells they infect. Viruses hijack cellular metabolic functions and cause consequences that can range from minor to devastating, as we have all witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. For understanding the virus-driven pathogenesis and its implications on the host, the cellular metabolism needs to be elucidated. How SARS-CoV-2 triggers metabolic functions and rewires the metabolism remains unidentified but the implications of the metabolic patterns are under investigation by several researchers. In this review, we have described the SARS-CoV-2-mediated metabolic alterations from in vitro studies to metabolic changes reported in victims of COVID-19. We have also discussed potential therapeutic targets to diminish the viral infection and suppress the inflammatory response, with respect to evidenced studies based on COVID-19 research. Finally, we aimed to explain how we could extend vaccine-induced immunity in people by targeting the immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Berber
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Deepak Sumbria
- College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Rampura Phul, Bathinda, India
| | - Serkan Kokkaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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12
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Coburn PS, Parrott AC, Miller FC, LaGrow AL, Mursalin MH, Callegan MC. The Role of C-X-C Chemokines in Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:10. [PMID: 36867134 PMCID: PMC9988700 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that the C-X-C chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10 contribute to inflammation during Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Methods S. aureus endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of 5000 colony forming units of S. aureus into the eyes of C57BL/6J, CXCL1-/-, CXCL2-/-, or CXCL10-/- mice. At 12, 24, and 36 hours postinfection, bacterial counts, intraocular inflammation, and retinal function were assessed. Based on these results, the effectiveness of intravitreal administration of anti-CXCL1 in reducing inflammation and improving retinal function was evaluated in S. aureus-infected C57BL/6J mice. Results We observed significant attenuation of inflammation and improvement in retinal function in CXCL1-/- mice relative to C57BL/6J at 12 hours but not at 24 or 36 hours postinfection with S. aureus. Co-administration of anti-CXCL1 antibodies with S. aureus, however, did not improve retinal function or reduce inflammation at 12 hours postinfection. In CXCL2-/- and CXCL10-/- mice, retinal function and intraocular inflammation were not significantly different from those of C57BL/6J mice at 12 and 24 hours postinfection. At 12, 24, or 36 hours, an absence of CXCL1, CXCL2, or CXCL10 did not alter intraocular S. aureus concentrations. Conclusions CXCL1 appears to contribute to the early host innate response to S. aureus endophthalmitis, but treatment with anti-CXCL1 did not effectively limit inflammation in this infection. CXCL2 and CXCL10 did not seem to play an integral role in inflammation during the early stages of S. aureus endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Aaron C. Parrott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Frederick C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Austin L. LaGrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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13
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Butyrate Ameliorates Intraocular Bacterial Infection by Promoting Autophagy and Attenuating the Inflammatory Response. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0025222. [PMID: 36515524 PMCID: PMC9872663 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00252-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an important link between the gut and ocular health, the role of the gut-eye axis remains elusive in ocular infections. In this study, we investigated the role of butyrate, a gut microbial metabolite, in the pathobiology of intraocular bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) infection, endophthalmitis. We found that intravitreal administration of butyrate derivatives, sodium butyrate (NaB), or phenylbutyrate (PBA) reduced intraocular bacterial growth and retinal inflammatory response. The ocular tissue architecture and retinal function were preserved in butyrate-treated eyes. In cultured mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human retinal Müller glia, NaB or PBA treatment reduced S. aureus-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. However, in vivo data showed NLRP3-independent effects of butyrate. The butyrate-treated mouse retina and cells exhibited induced expression of antimicrobial molecules CRAMP (LL37) and S100A7/A8, resulting in increased bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Moreover, butyrate treatment enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent autophagy and promoted the co-localization of CRAMP in autophagosomes, indicating autophagy-mediated bacterial killing. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy in mice revealed its role in butyrate-mediated protection. Finally, butyrate exhibited synergy with antibiotic in promoting endophthalmitis resolution. Collectively, our study demonstrated the protective mechanisms of butyrate in ameliorating bacterial endophthalmitis. Therefore, butyrate derivatives could be explored as immunomodulatory and anti-bacterial therapeutics to improve visual outcomes in ocular bacterial infections.
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14
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Ahmed I, Verma A, Umar S, Papineni RVL. 2-deoxy-D-glucose mitigates Citrobacter rodentium and dibenzazepine-induced gastrointestinal damage and colitis: novel implications of 2-DG polypharmacopea. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:681-691. [PMID: 35946994 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Citrobacter rodentium (CR) infection coupled with blocking Notch/Wnt signaling via γ-secretase inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ) disrupts the gastro-intestinal (GI) barrier and induces colitis, akin to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced GI-injury. We investigated the effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) to ameliorate the CR-DBZ-induced GI damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS NIH:Swiss outbred mice were inoculated with 109CFUs of CR orally. DBZ was administered intraperitoneally (10 μM/kg b.wt; for 10 days 2 days post-CR infection). Mice were fed with 0.4% 2-DG (w/v) daily in drinking water. For microbiota depletion, antibiotics (Abx), 1 g/l metronidazole, and 0.2 g/l ciprofloxacin were administered for 10 days in drinking water. Oxidative stress, survival assay, colonic crypt hyperplasia, Notch/Wnt downstream signaling, immunomodulation, and bacterial dysbiosis were measured. RESULTS We show that real-time visualization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is similar during CR-induced colonic infection and IR-induced GI-damage. The histology revealed that dietary 2-DG mitigates CR + DBZ-induced colitis and improves survival compared with CR + DBZ alone. These changes were phenocopied in Abx-treated mice. Both 2-DG and Abx reduced dysbiosis, increased proliferation, inhibited pro-inflammatory response, and restored Hes-1 and β-catenin protein levels, in the crypts. CONCLUSION The energy disruptor 2-DG mitigates bacterial infection and its responsive hyperplasia/colitis, indicating its utility as a mitigator of infection/IR-induced GI-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rao V L Papineni
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- PACT & Health LLC, Branford, CT, USA
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15
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Dey S, Murmu N, Mondal T, Saha I, Chatterjee S, Manna R, Haldar S, Dash SK, Sarkar TR, Giri B. Multifaceted entrancing role of glucose and its analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose in cancer cell proliferation, inflammation, and virus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Das S, Singh S, Satpathy S, Bhasin M, Kumar A. Transcriptomic and systems biology identifies non-antibiotic drugs for treatment of ocular bacterial infection. iScience 2022; 25:104862. [PMID: 36034221 PMCID: PMC9399287 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens often results in treatment failure for blinding infections such as endophthalmitis. Hence, newer therapeutics is needed to combat multidrug-resistant infections. Here, we show a drug repurposing approach using a connectivity map based on temporal transcriptomics of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infected mouse retina. The analysis predicted three non-antibiotic drugs, Dequalinium chloride (DC), Clofilium tosylate (CT), and Glybenclamide (Glb) which reversed the SA infection signatures. Predicted drugs exhibited anti-inflammatory properties in human retinal cells against sensitive and resistant strains of SA. Intravitreal administration of all drugs reduced intraocular inflammation in SA-infected mouse eyes while DC and CT also reduced bacterial burden. Drug treatment improved visual function coinciding with reduced Caspase-3 mediated retinal cell death. Importantly, all drugs exhibited synergy with vancomycin in improving disease outcomes. Overall, our study identified three non-antibiotic drugs and demonstrated their therapeutic and prophylactic efficacies in ameliorating intraocular bacterial infection. CMap analysis predicted three drugs to reverse Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis signature Drugs attenuated MRSA and MSSA induced inflammatory response in retinal cells Drug treatment ameliorated experimental S. aureus endophthalmitis Predicted drugs exhibited adjunct therapeutic potential with antibiotic
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sarthak Satpathy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author
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17
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Schmiedeknecht K, Kaufmann A, Bauer S, Venegas Solis F. L-lactate as an indicator for cellular metabolic status: An easy and cost-effective colorimetric L-lactate assay. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271818. [PMID: 35867690 PMCID: PMC9307176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent times, the study of metabolic pathways has become inevitable and predominant for a variety of research fields as cancer biology and immunology. L-lactate as a product of anaerobic glycolysis has shown to be an important indicator of the cellular metabolic status and can be associated with diverse cellular effects. For this reason, L-lactate assay kits are of high demand when metabolic effects need to be considered. Nevertheless, commercially available kits are not affordable if multiple samples must be evaluated. Principal finding In this work, we develop an easy and cost-effective colorimetric assay for quantification of L-lactate suitable for cells with low or high L-lactate production based on LDH activity and suitable for 96 well-plate format. Using different metabolic regulators, we demonstrate the capacity of the assay to detect and quantify L-lactate from the supernatant of HeLa cancer cell line. Furthermore, we validate the assay against a commercially available kit by demonstrating no significant difference between both assays. Finally, we show that the assay is capable of quantifying L-lactate in primary cells such as hPBMCs that were stimulated with toll-like receptor ligands and treated with different metabolic regulators. Conclusion We herein present an easy custom assay that is suitable for cells with low and high L-lactate production at very low cost compared to commercially available kits. These advantages of the custom assay can simplify the research in the field of metabolism and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Schmiedeknecht
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, BMFZ, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaufmann
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, BMFZ, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, BMFZ, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Soon MY, Allen PJ, Dawkins RC. Cytokine Expression in Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Endophthalmitis. Biomed Hub 2022; 7:88-98. [PMID: 35950012 PMCID: PMC9294960 DOI: 10.1159/000525330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Endophthalmitis is an infection of ocular tissues, often with devastating outcomes for vision. Immunomodulation is an emerging avenue for therapeutic intervention in endophthalmitis, with the expression of cytokines central to potential mechanisms. This literature review with a systematic approach characterizes the cytokine expression in both animal and human staphylococcal and streptococcal endophthalmitis. <b><i>Method and Results:</i></b> Four online databases were searched for studies profiling cytokine levels in animal models or human populations with staphylococcal and/or streptococcal endophthalmitis. Of the 1,060 articles identified, 14 studies were included in this review comprising eight animal models and six human populations. Mouse, rat, and rabbit models of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, and <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> endophthalmitis had elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-8, with earlier peaks observed in <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> infection. Human endophthalmitis demonstrated significantly increased mediator levels compared to controls for a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Several associations were established between cytokine concentrations and both initial visual acuity and visual prognosis, with no consistent correlations across trials. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> It may be that virulence factors and the combinations of toll-like receptors activated influence the pathogen-specific visual outcomes observed in endophthalmitis. Furthermore, disease severity and potential therapeutic targets may be dependent on synergistic and compensatory cytokine pathways and the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. Future research should aim to better characterize the roles of inflammatory mediators and solidify associations between pathogens, inflammation, and endophthalmitis outcomes. This has exciting implications for the prevention and treatment of endophthalmitis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Y. Soon
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penelope J. Allen
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie C.H. Dawkins
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- *Rosie C.H. Dawkins,
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Essential Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mediating IL-1β Production and the Pathobiology of Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0010322. [PMID: 35404106 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal endophthalmitis is one of the leading causes of blindness following ocular surgery and trauma. Dysregulated inflammation during bacterial endophthalmitis causes host-induced inflammatory damage and vision loss if it remains unchecked. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammasome plays a critical role in regulating innate immunity in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of the inflammasome in endophthalmitis remains elusive. Here, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus (S) aureus endophthalmitis, we show that NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signaling regulates IL-1β production in endophthalmitis. We also show that S. aureus and its cell wall components and toxins induce the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex in mouse eyes. Moreover, we found that both infiltrating neutrophils and retinal microglia contribute toward NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production in S. aureus-infected eyes. Furthermore, our data using NLRP3-/- and IL-1β-/- mice revealed that NLRP3 and IL-1β deficiency leads to increased intraocular bacterial burden and retinal tissue damage. Altogether, our study demonstrated an essential role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in regulating innate immune responses in bacterial endophthalmitis.
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20
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Das S, Singh S, Kumar A. Bacterial Burden Declines But Neutrophil Infiltration and Ocular Tissue Damage Persist in Experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis Endophthalmitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:780648. [PMID: 34869079 PMCID: PMC8635919 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.780648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), including Staphylococcus (S) epidermidis, are responsible for ~70% of all post-surgical endophthalmitis, a potentially blinding eye infection. However, the pathobiology of CoNS endophthalmitis is limited to epidemiological and clinical case studies with few experimental studies. Here, we report both in vitro and in vivo models to study the pathobiology of S. epidermidis endophthalmitis in mice. We found that S. epidermidis is rapidly cleared from mouse eyes, and a relatively higher dose (i.e., 107 CFU/eye) was needed to cause endophthalmitis. Our time-course study revealed that bacterial load peaked at 24 h post-infection followed by a gradual decline up to 72 h. A similar time-dependent decrease in levels of inflammatory mediators and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression was also observed. In contrast, neutrophil infiltration continued to increase up to 72 h coinciding with significant retinal tissue damage and loss of visual function. In vitro, S. epidermidis induced the activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways (i.e., NF-kB, ERK, and P38) and the production of both cytokines and chemokines in mouse BMDMs, human RPE, and retinal Muller glia. Altogether, we show that bacterial burden is reduced in S. epidermidis endophthalmitis, while tissue damage and visual function loss continue. Thus, our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of CoNS endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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21
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Singh S, Singh PK, Jha A, Naik P, Joseph J, Giri S, Kumar A. Integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics identifies itaconate as an adjunct therapy to treat ocular bacterial infection. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100277. [PMID: 34095879 PMCID: PMC8149370 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The eye is highly susceptible to inflammation-mediated tissue damage evoked during bacterial infection. However, mechanisms regulating inflammation to protect the eye remain elusive. Here, we used integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics to show that the immunomodulatory metabolite itaconate and immune-responsive gene 1 (Irg1) are induced in bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus)-infected mouse eyes, bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and Müller glia. Itaconate levels are also elevated in the vitreous of patients with bacterial endophthalmitis. Irg1 deficiency in mice led to increased ocular pathology. Conversely, intraocular administration of itaconate protects both Irg1-/- and wild-type mice from bacterial endophthalmitis by reducing inflammation, bacterial burden, and preserving retinal architecture and visual function. Notably, itaconate exerts synergistic effects with antibiotics. The protective, anti-inflammatory effects of itaconate are mediated via activation of NRF2/HO-1 signaling and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, our study demonstrates the Irg1/itaconate axis is a regulator of intraocular inflammation and provides evidence for using itaconate, along with antibiotics, to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alokkumar Jha
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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22
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Rottmann BG, Singh PK, Singh S, Revankar SG, Chandrasekar PH, Kumar A. Evaluation of Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice During Candida albicans Endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:31. [PMID: 32940660 PMCID: PMC7500134 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Candida remains the leading cause of fungal endophthalmitis. However, the pathobiology and innate immune responses in this disease are not well characterized. Here, we developed two murine models of candida endophthalmitis and evaluated their disease susceptibility and differential immune response. Methods Endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice by intravitreal injection of Candida albicans (CA). Disease progression was monitored by slit-lamp examination and clinical scoring, followed by retinal function assessment using electroretinography (ERG). Enucleated eyes were used to estimate fungal burden and retinal tissue damage by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining. The level of inflammatory mediators were determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas neutrophil infiltration was assessed by flow cytometry and immunostaining. Results Intravitreal injection of CA at 6500 colony-forming units resulted in sustained (non-resolving) ocular inflammation in both B6 and BALB/c mice as evidenced by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) and chemokine (CXCL2/MIP-2). In both mouse strains, fungal burden peaked at 24 to 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and decreased by 72 to 96 hpi. CA-infected eyes exhibited increased polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) infiltration and retinal tissue damage. Overall retinal function declined rapidly, with a significant reduction in ERG response at 12 hpi and near-total loss by 24 hpi. Differential analyses revealed increased pathology in BALB/c versus B6 mice. Conclusions C. albicans was able to cause endophthalmitis in mice. Although BALB/c mice were found to be more susceptible to CA endophthalmitis, both BALB/c and B6 models could be used to study fungal endophthalmitis and test therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Rottmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sanjay G. Revankar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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