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Zhang F, Ning J, Chen C, Li B, Wei Y. Advances in the mechanisms of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in improving diabetes and its complications. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106140. [PMID: 39053745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhi-zi), which belongs to the Rubiaceae family, has been used mainly with its fry fruit for thousands of years, and it is an herb with the homology of medicine and food. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, Zhi-zi can be used for "Quench Xiaoke", meaning for therapying diabetes in modern medicine. Based on numerous pharmacological studies, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Zhi-zi), and its ingredients, mainly including iridoid glycosides and carotenoids (crocins), possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and can promote insulin secretion and sensitization, stimulate GLP-1 pathway activity, and protect islet β cells and the macro- and microvascular systems. These properties are the primary reasons why Zhi-zi and its ingredients are effective in reducing glucose levels, treating diabetes, and preventing its complications. This review aims to summarize the current situation and the advances of the studies on the mechanisms of Zhi-zi in improving diabetes and its complications, and it is expected to provide useful and systematic references for future research and clinical application of Zhi-zi and its active ingredients in the therapy of diabetes and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junhao Ning
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Boxia Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Sun RX, Zhu HJ, Zhang YR, Wang JN, Wang Y, Cao QC, Ji JD, Jiang C, Yuan ST, Chen X, Liu QH. ALKBH5 causes retinal pigment epithelium anomalies and choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration via the AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112779. [PMID: 37436898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) are predominant features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), with an unclear mechanism. Herein, we show that RNA demethylase α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) is up-regulated in AMD. In RPE cells, ALKBH5 overexpression associates with depolarization, oxidative stress, disturbed autophagy, irregular lipid homeostasis, and elevated VEGF-A secretion, which subsequently promotes proliferation, migration, and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells. Consistently, ALKBH5 overexpression in mice RPE correlates with various pathological phenotypes, including visual impairments, RPE anomalies, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and interrupted retinal homeostasis. Mechanistically, ALKBH5 regulates retinal features through its demethylation activity. It targets PIK3C2B and regulates the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway with YTHDF2 as the N6-methyladenosine reader. IOX1, an ALKBH5 inhibitor, suppresses hypoxia-induced RPE dysfunction and CNV progression. Collectively, we demonstrate that ALKBH5 induces RPE dysfunction and CNV progression in AMD via PIK3C2B-mediated activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Pharmacological inhibitors of ALKBH5, like IOX1, are promising therapeutic options for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Xu Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ye-Ran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qiu-Chen Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jiang-Dong Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Song-Tao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Qing-Huai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Liu L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Gu G, Gao R, Peng B, Wang Y, Li A, Guo J, Xu X, Shao X, Li L, Shen Y, Sun J. Updated Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Product Geniposide. Molecules 2022; 27:3319. [PMID: 35630796 PMCID: PMC9144884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the potential of natural products in new drug development has attracted more and more scientists' attention, and natural products have become an important source for the treatment of various diseases or important lead compounds. Geniposide, as a novel iridoid glycoside compound, is an active natural product isolated from the herb Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ) for the first time; it is also the main active component of GJ. Recent studies have found that geniposide has multiple pharmacological effects and biological activities, including hepatoprotective activity, an anti-osteoporosis effect, an antitumor effect, an anti-diabetic effect, ananti-myocardial dysfunction effect, a neuroprotective effect, and other protective effects. In this study, the latest research progress of the natural product geniposide is systematically described, and the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of geniposide are also summarized and discussed comprehensively. We also emphasize the major pathways modulated by geniposide, offering new insights into the pharmacological effects of geniposide as a promising drug candidate for multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qin Wu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (Q.W.); (G.G.)
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China;
| | - Guoxiang Gu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (Q.W.); (G.G.)
| | - Runan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Anbang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jipeng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xinru Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiaochen Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Lingxing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ya Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jihu Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China
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Du SW, Palczewski K. MicroRNA regulation of critical retinal pigment epithelial functions. Trends Neurosci 2021; 45:78-90. [PMID: 34753606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short, evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs that are critical for the control of normal cellular physiology. In the retina, photoreceptors are highly specialized neurons that transduce light into electrical signals. Photoreceptors, however, are unable to process visual stimuli without the support of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE performs numerous functions to aid the retina, including the generation of visual chromophore and metabolic support. Recent work has underscored how microRNAs enable vision through their contributions to RPE functions. This review focuses on the biogenesis and control of microRNAs in rodents and humans, the roles microRNAs play in RPE function and degeneration, and how microRNAs could serve as potential therapeutics and biomarkers for visual diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, CA, USA.
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