1
|
Ye Q, Wang J, Chen M, Nie W, Zhang H, Su X, Ling L, Liu X, Liu L, Wang C, Gao Y. Interferon-gamma FlowSpot assay for the measurement of the T-cell response to cytomegalovirus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16792. [PMID: 37360105 PMCID: PMC10285093 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We describe a new method, FlowSpot, to assess CMV-specific T-cell response by quantification of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). CMV-specific, T-cell-released IFN-γ was captured by flow beads and measured via flow cytometry. In the present study, we used FlowSpot to assess CMV-specific T-cell response in healthy individuals. The FlowSpot results were compared with those of serological analysis and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Methods Experimental results and parameter analysis were investigated by using serological, ELISpot, and FlowSpot assays. Results The levels of IFN-γ, which is released from CMV-specific T-cells, were measured, and the results and parameter analysis showed a good correlation between FlowSpot and ELISpot. However, FlowSpot was more sensitive and better reflected the strength of IFN-γ secretion than did ELISpot. Conclusions Compared to ELISpot, FlowSpot has a high sensitivity and is cost and time effective. Thus, this method can be used in wider clinical and scientific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Ye
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Weijian Nie
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxi Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Su
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuting Ling
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Longshan Liu
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davies EL, Noor M, Lim EY, Houldcroft CJ, Okecha G, Atkinson C, Reeves MB, Jackson SE, Wills MR. HCMV carriage in the elderly diminishes anti-viral functionality of the adaptive immune response resulting in virus replication at peripheral sites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1083230. [PMID: 36591233 PMCID: PMC9797693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1083230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and periodic reactivation is, generally, well controlled by adaptative immune responses in the healthy. In older people, overt HCMV disease is rarely seen despite the association of HCMV with increased risk of mortality; evidence from studies of unwell aged populations suggest that HCMV seropositivity is an important co-morbidity factor. HCMV genomes have been detected in urine from older donors, suggesting that the immune response prevents systemic disease but possibly immunomodulation due to lifelong viral carriage may alter its efficacy at peripheral tissue sites. Previously we have demonstrated that there were no age-related expansions of T cell responses to HCMV or increase in latent viral carriage with age and these T cells produced anti-viral cytokines and viremia was very rarely detected. To investigate the efficacy of anti-HCMV responses with increasing age, we used an in vitro Viral Dissemination Assay (VDA) using autologous dermal fibroblasts to determine the anti-viral effector capacity of total PBMC, as well as important subsets (T cells, NK cells). In parallel we assessed components of the humoral response (antibody neutralization) and combined this with qPCR detection of HCMV in blood, saliva and urine in a cohort of young and old donors. Consistent with previous studies, we again show HCMV specific cIL-10, IFNγ and TNFα T cell responses to peptides did not show an age-related defect. However, assessment of direct anti-viral cellular and antibody-mediated adaptive immune responses using the VDA shows that older donors are significantly less able to control viral dissemination in an in vitro assay compared to young donors. Corroborating this observation, we detected viral genomes in saliva samples only from older donors, these donors had a defect in cellular control of viral spread in our in vitro assay. Phenotyping of fibroblasts used in this study shows expression of a number of checkpoint inhibitor ligands which may contribute to the defects observed. The potential to therapeutically intervene in checkpoint inhibitor pathways to prevent HCMV reactivation in the unwell aged is an exciting avenue to explore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Davies
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mahlaqua Noor
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Y. Lim
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J. Houldcroft
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Okecha
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Atkinson
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Reeves
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sarah E. Jackson, ; Mark R. Wills,
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sarah E. Jackson, ; Mark R. Wills,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chu P, Cadogan SL, Warren-Gash C. Antibodies to Human Herpesviruses and Rate of Incident Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality in the UK Biobank Infectious Disease Pilot Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac294. [PMID: 35873304 PMCID: PMC9301583 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between human herpesviruses (HHVs) and cardiovascular disease/mortality have been reported, but evidence is inconsistent. We investigated associations between 3 common herpesviruses and (1) incident stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) and (2) all-cause mortality. Methods We included participants from the UK Biobank Infectious Disease pilot study with valid serum antibody (IgG) measurements taken at cohort entry (2006-2010) for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Linked hospital and mortality records up to December 30 2019 provided information on rates of (1) incident first stroke or MI and (2) all-cause mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess relationships between (1) HHV seropositivity, (2) HHV titer and incident stroke/MI, and death outcomes. Fully adjusted models accounted for sociodemographic information (age, sex, ethnicity, education, deprivation quintile, birthplace, population density), baseline comorbidities (including diabetes and hypertension), smoking status, body mass index, and serum cholesterol. Results Of 9429 study participants (56% female, 95% White, median age 58 years), 41% were seropositive for all 3 HHVs. Human herpesvirus seropositivity was not associated with stroke/MI (fully adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: HSV1 = 0.93 [CI, 0.72-1.22], VZV = 0.78 [CI, 0.51-1.20], CMV = 0.91 [CI, 0.71-1.16]) or all-cause mortality (HSV1 = 1.21 [CI, 1.00-1.47], VZV = 0.79 [CI, 0.58-1.07], CMV = 0.90 [CI, 0.76-1.06]). Human herpesvirus titers were not associated with outcomes. Conclusions In this mostly White UK Biobank subset, neither HHV seropositivity nor titers were associated with stroke/MI or all-cause mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrina Chu
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Louise Cadogan
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Warren-Gash
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Quijada S, Del Álamo-Martínez de Lagos M, Álvarez-Llabrés M, Pérez-González L. Cytomegalovirus antibody levels and mortality among hospitalised elderly patients. Ann Med 2020; 52:497-505. [PMID: 32803995 PMCID: PMC7877968 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1811888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of cytomegalovirus infection in elderly subjects remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between humoral immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and all-cause mortality in a cohort of elderly hospitalised patients. METHODS Data were obtained from a random sample of 715 patients (≥65 years old) admitted for any cause in a third level hospital. Serum IgG antibody against CMV was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. RESULTS A total of 480 deaths occurred in seropositive patients (n = 671) during a follow-up of 7.6 years (mean, 4.6); of which 112 patients died in-hospital or within 30 days after discharge (short-term mortality). For patients with CMV IgG antibody levels in the highest quartile compared with lower quartile, fully adjusted models showed that mortality was 1.40 times (95% CI 1.05-1.86) and 2.20 times (95% CI 1.15-4.21) higher, respectively. The exclusion of patients with cardiovascular disease (angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, or stroke) increases the risk of long-term (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.36-3.62) and short-term mortality (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.40-7.24). CONCLUSIONS Increased IgG antibody levels against CMV are associated with increased short and long-term mortality in elderly hospitalised patients, especially in patients without cardiovascular disease. Key Messages The outcome of elderly hospitalised patients in relation to CMV is unknown. We demonstrate an association between increased anti-CMV IgG levels and mortality. This association is greater in elderly patients without cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
van Boven M, van de Kassteele J, Korndewal MJ, van Dorp CH, Kretzschmar M, van der Klis F, de Melker HE, Vossen AC, van Baarle D. Infectious reactivation of cytomegalovirus explaining age- and sex-specific patterns of seroprevalence. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005719. [PMID: 28949962 PMCID: PMC5630159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpes virus with poorly understood transmission dynamics. Person-to-person transmission is thought to occur primarily through transfer of saliva or urine, but no quantitative estimates are available for the contribution of different infection routes. Using data from a large population-based serological study (n = 5,179), we provide quantitative estimates of key epidemiological parameters, including the transmissibility of primary infection, reactivation, and re-infection. Mixture models are fitted to age- and sex-specific antibody response data from the Netherlands, showing that the data can be described by a model with three distributions of antibody measurements, i.e. uninfected, infected, and infected with increased antibody concentration. Estimates of seroprevalence increase gradually with age, such that at 80 years 73% (95%CrI: 64%-78%) of females and 62% (95%CrI: 55%-68%) of males are infected, while 57% (95%CrI: 47%-67%) of females and 37% (95%CrI: 28%-46%) of males have increased antibody concentration. Merging the statistical analyses with transmission models, we find that models with infectious reactivation (i.e. reactivation that can lead to the virus being transmitted to a novel host) fit the data significantly better than models without infectious reactivation. Estimated reactivation rates increase from low values in children to 2%-4% per year in women older than 50 years. The results advance a hypothesis in which transmission from adults after infectious reactivation is a key driver of transmission. We discuss the implications for control strategies aimed at reducing CMV infection in vulnerable groups. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpes virus causing lifelong infection. In high-income countries, the probability of infection increases gradually with age such that at old age up to 100% of the population is infected. CMV is thought to be transmitted mainly by transfer of saliva or urine, but little quantitative evidence is available about the transmission dynamics. We analyze serological data to estimate age- and sex-specific rates of infection, re-infection, and reactivation. The analyses show that infectious reactivation (i.e. reactivation of the virus in an infected person that is sufficient for it to be transmitted to another person) is essential to explain the data. We propose that infectious reactivation in adults is an important driver of transmission of CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan van de Kassteele
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Korndewal
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H. van Dorp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kretzschmar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hester E. de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ann C. Vossen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wiedermann U, Garner-Spitzer E, Wagner A. Primary vaccine failure to routine vaccines: Why and what to do? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:239-43. [PMID: 26836329 PMCID: PMC4962729 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1093263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are 2 major factors responsible for vaccine failures, the first is vaccine-related such as failures in vaccine attenuation, vaccination regimes or administration. The other is host-related, of which host genetics, immune status, age, health or nutritional status can be associated with primary or secondary vaccine failures. The first describes the inability to respond to primary vaccination, the latter is characterized by a loss of protection after initial effectiveness. Our studies concentrate on the evaluation of immunological characteristics responsible for primary vaccine failures in different (risk) populations for which the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. Here we summarise current knowledge and findings from our studies. About 2–10% of healthy individuals fail to mount antibody levels to routine vaccines. Comparing the immune responses to different vaccines in non-responder and high-responder vaccinees revealed that hypo-responsiveness is antigen/vaccine-specific at the humoral but not at the cellular level. We found that T-regulatory as well as B-regulatory cells and the production of IL-10 are involved in non/hypo-responsiveness. Non-responsiveness increases with age and in particular vaccination to a novel vaccine in persons > 65 years is associated with a high low/non-responder rate, indicating that vaccine schedules and doses (at least for primary vaccination) should be adapted according to age. In light of the growing number of allergic but also obese people, our current studies concentrate on these risk groups to reveal whether different vaccination approaches are necessary for optimal protection compared to healthy individuals. These studies are in line with the significant paradigm shift taking place in many fields of medical research and care, and will extend the concept of personalised medicine into the field of vaccinology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Wiedermann
- a Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine; Medical University Vienna ; Vienna , Austria
| | - Erika Garner-Spitzer
- a Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine; Medical University Vienna ; Vienna , Austria
| | - Angelika Wagner
- a Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine; Medical University Vienna ; Vienna , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haloschan M, Bettesch R, Görzer I, Weseslindtner L, Kundi M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. TTV DNA plasma load and its association with age, gender, and HCMV IgG serostatus in healthy adults. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9716. [PMID: 25284090 PMCID: PMC4185385 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding immunosenescence and changes in antimicrobial immune response with age is of high importance. The association of immunosenescence with gender and persistent infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a matter of intensive research. We determined whether replication of another persistent and highly prevalent virus, Torque teno virus (TTV), is related to age, gender, and HCMV IgG serostatus of the host. TTV DNA load in plasma was assessed by real-time PCR in 313 healthy persons: 20-30 years old (young, n = 104), 50-60 years old (middle-aged, n = 101), or >80 years old (elderly, n = 108). TTV DNA loads were further associated with age-groups, gender, and HCMV IgG serostatus. TTV load was significantly higher in the elderly compared to the young group (p < 0.001; Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD)), and the higher TTV DNA levels over age were found to be gender-specific (p = 0.002; ANOVA), with young women showing the lowest TTV load compared to young men (p = 0.009, t test) and compared to the other female age-groups (middle-aged p = 0.005; elderly p < 0.001; Tukey's HSD). TTV load of HCMV IgG-seropositive persons was significantly higher than that of the HCMV IgG seronegative in the young (p = 0.005; t test) and middle-aged (p = 0.016; t test) groups. These results indicate that the host's immune control of TTV replication decreases with age and is gender-specific. Persistent HCMV infection is significantly related to higher TTV DNA loads, especially at a younger age. Therefore, the influence of gender and HCMV on immunosenescence earlier in life should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mats Haloschan
- />Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Bettesch
- />Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Görzer
- />Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Weseslindtner
- />Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- />Institute for Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Amu S, Lavy-Shahaf G, Cagigi A, Hejdeman B, Nozza S, Lopalco L, Mehr R, Chiodi F. Frequency and phenotype of B cell subpopulations in young and aged HIV-1 infected patients receiving ART. Retrovirology 2014; 11:76. [PMID: 25213015 PMCID: PMC4172851 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aged individuals respond poorly to vaccination and have a higher risk of contracting infections in comparison to younger individuals; whether age impacts on the composition and function of B cell subpopulations relevant for immune responses is still controversial. It is also not known whether increased age during HIV-1 infection further synergizes with the virus to alter B cell subpopulations. In view of the increased number of HIV-1 infected patients living to high age as a result of anti-retroviral treatment this is an important issue to clarify. Results In this work we evaluated the distribution of B cell subpopulations in young and aged healthy individuals and HIV-1 infected patients, treated and naïve to treatment. B cell populations were characterized for the expression of inhibitory molecules (PD-1 and FcRL4) and activation markers (CD25 and CD69); the capacity of B cells to respond to activation signals through up-regulation of IL-6 expression was also evaluated. Increased frequencies of activated and tissue-like memory B cells occurring during HIV-1 infection are corrected by prolonged ART therapy. Our findings also reveal that, in spite of prolonged treatment, resting memory B cells in both young and aged HIV-1 infected patients are reduced in number, and all memory B cell subsets show a low level of expression of the activation marker CD25. Conclusions The results of our study show that resting memory B cells in ART-treated young and aged HIV-1 infected patients are reduced in number and memory B cell subsets exhibit low expression of the activation marker CD25. Aging per se in the HIV-1 infected population does not worsen impairments initiated by HIV-1 in the memory B cell populations of young individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0076-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ogunjimi B, Theeten H, Hens N, Beutels P. Serology indicates cytomegalovirus infection is associated with varicella-zoster virus reactivation. J Med Virol 2013; 86:812-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benson Ogunjimi
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics; Hasselt University; Hasselt Belgium
| | - Heidi Theeten
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics; Hasselt University; Hasselt Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yates JL, Racine R, McBride KM, Winslow GM. T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells generated during bacterial infection are required for IgG responses to antigen challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1240-9. [PMID: 23804710 PMCID: PMC3720767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has long considered to be harbored in B cells that express high-affinity class-switched IgG. IgM-positive memory B cells can also be generated following immunization, although their physiological role has been unclear. In this study, we show that bacterial infection elicited a relatively large population of IgM memory B cells that were uniquely identified by their surface expression of CD11c, CD73, and programmed death-ligand 2. The cells lacked expression of cell surface markers typically expressed by germinal center B cells, were CD138 negative, and did not secrete Ab ex vivo. The population was also largely quiescent and accumulated somatic mutations. The IgM memory B cells were located in the region of the splenic marginal zone and were not detected in blood or other secondary lymphoid organs. Generation of the memory cells was CD4 T cell dependent and required IL-21R signaling. In vivo depletion of the IgM memory B cells abrogated the IgG recall responses to specific Ag challenge, demonstrating that the cell population was required for humoral memory, and underwent class-switch recombination following Ag encounter. Our findings demonstrate that T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells can be elicited at high frequency and can play an important role in maintaining long-term immunity during bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Rachael Racine
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithfield, TX 78957
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Simon B, Kundi M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Association of HCMV specific IgG subclass antibody levels with gender and age. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:472-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Magrone T, Perez de Heredia F, Jirillo E, Morabito G, Marcos A, Serafini M. Functional foods and nutraceuticals as therapeutic tools for the treatment of diet-related diseases. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:387-96. [PMID: 23745830 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Western societies, the incidence of diet-related diseases is progressively increasing due to greater availability of hypercaloric food and a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration are major diet-related pathologies that share a common pathogenic denominator of low-grade inflammation. Functional foods and nutraceuticals may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent or attenuate diet-related disease in view of their ability to exert anti-inflammatory responses. In particular, activation of intestinal T regulatory cells and homeostatic regulation of the gut microbiota have the potential to reduce low-grade inflammation in diet-related diseases. In this review, clinical applications of polyphenol-rich functional foods and nutraceuticals in postprandial inflammation, obesity, and ageing will be discussed. We have placed special emphasis on polyphenols since they are broadly distributed in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare 11-70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-dependent and -independent changes in the aging of the human immune system: A transcriptomic analysis. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Gkrania-Klotsas E, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ. Seropositivity and higher immunoglobulin g antibody levels against cytomegalovirus are associated with mortality in the population-based European prospective investigation of Cancer-Norfolk cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1421-7. [PMID: 23442763 PMCID: PMC3634310 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After adjustment for a range of possible confounders, cytomegalovirus seropositivity and cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G antibody levels were associated with all-cause mortality in the EPIC-Norfolk population-based cohort study. Background. The relationship between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and mortality among immunocompetent individuals is uncertain. We aimed to examine whether seropositivity for CMV and the level of CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody are associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Methods. We used data from a random sample of 13 090 participants aged 40–79 years at recruitment in 1993–1997 to the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer–Norfolk population-based cohort study. We measured baseline IgG antibody levels against CMV. Death certificates were obtained for all participants who died before 31 March 2011. Codes for the underlying cause of death were used to investigate cause-specific mortality. Results. A total of 2514 deaths occurred during a mean follow-up of 14.3 years (SD, 3.3 years). Compared to seronegative participants (age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate, 12.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 11.3–13.2] per 1000 person-years at risk), rates increased across thirds of IgG antibody levels (score test of trend P < .0001). CMV seropositivity (prevalence 59%) was associated with increased all-cause mortality (age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.16 [95% CI, 1.07–1.26]), similarly in men and women (P for interaction = .52). The association persisted after additionally adjusting for measures of socioeconomic status and possible confounders. Cause-specific analyses suggested that increased mortality from cardiovascular disease (HR, 1.06 [95% CI, .91–1.24]), cancer (HR, 1.13 [95% CI, .98–1.31]), and other causes (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.04–1.47) all appeared to contribute to the overall associations. Conclusions. Seropositivity and higher IgG antibody levels against CMV are associated with increased mortality and after adjustment for a range of potential confounders in the general population.
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith C, Khanna R. Immune regulation of human herpesviruses and its implications for human transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 Suppl 3:9-23; quiz 23. [PMID: 23347211 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, HHV6, HHV7, HHV8, Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 and varicella zoster virus (VZV) have developed an intricate relationship with the human immune system. This is characterized by the interplay between viral immune evasion mechanisms that promote the establishment of a lifelong persistent infection and the induction of a broad humoral and cellular immune response, which prevents the establishment of viral disease. Understanding the immune parameters that control herpesvirus infection, and the strategies the viruses use to evade immune recognition, has been critical in understanding why immunological dysfunction in transplant patients can lead to disease, and in the development of immunological strategies to prevent and control herpesvirus associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Aging and the physiologic decline of tissues and cells were once thought to be irreversible. However, recent studies suggest that various tissues, especially parts of the hematopoietic system, can be rejuvenated. Here we review potential mechanisms for this process and how they may be used to reverse age-related disorders and aging in general. We propose the novel hypothesis that altering the homeostatic process during cellular depletion can reverse aging in the hematopoietic system.
Collapse
|