1
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Nelson PT, Fardo DW, Wu X, Aung KZ, Cykowski MD, Katsumata Y. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE-NC): Co-pathologies and genetic risk factors provide clues about pathogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:396-415. [PMID: 38613823 PMCID: PMC11110076 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) is detectable at autopsy in more than one-third of people beyond age 85 years and is robustly associated with dementia independent of other pathologies. Although LATE-NC has a large impact on public health, there remain uncertainties about the underlying biologic mechanisms. Here, we review the literature from human studies that may shed light on pathogenetic mechanisms. It is increasingly clear that certain combinations of pathologic changes tend to coexist in aging brains. Although "pure" LATE-NC is not rare, LATE-NC often coexists in the same brains with Alzheimer disease neuropathologic change, brain arteriolosclerosis, hippocampal sclerosis of aging, and/or age-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). The patterns of pathologic comorbidities provide circumstantial evidence of mechanistic interactions ("synergies") between the pathologies, and also suggest common upstream influences. As to primary mediators of vulnerability to neuropathologic changes, genetics may play key roles. Genes associated with LATE-NC include TMEM106B, GRN, APOE, SORL1, ABCC9, and others. Although the anatomic distribution of TDP-43 pathology defines the condition, important cofactors for LATE-NC may include Tau pathology, endolysosomal pathways, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. A review of the human phenomenology offers insights into disease-driving mechanisms, and may provide clues for diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Department of Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Khine Zin Aung
- Department of Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matthew D Cykowski
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Taylor HA, Przemylska L, Clavane EM, Meakin PJ. BACE1: More than just a β-secretase. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13430. [PMID: 35119166 PMCID: PMC9286785 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) research has historically focused on its actions as the β-secretase responsible for the production of β-amyloid beta, observed in Alzheimer's disease. Although the greatest expression of BACE1 is found in the brain, BACE1 mRNA and protein is also found in many cell types including pancreatic β-cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and vascular cells. Pathologically elevated BACE1 expression in these cells has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine key questions surrounding the BACE1 literature, including how is BACE1 regulated and how dysregulation may occur in disease, and understand how BACE1 regulates metabolism via cleavage of a myriad of substrates. The phenotype of the BACE1 knockout mice models, including reduced weight gain, increased energy expenditure, and enhanced leptin signaling, proposes a physiological role of BACE1 in regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis. Taken together with the weight loss observed with BACE1 inhibitors in clinical trials, these data highlight a novel role for BACE1 in regulation of metabolic physiology. Finally, this review aims to examine the possibility that BACE1 inhibitors could provide a innovative treatment for obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Taylor
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lena Przemylska
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eva M Clavane
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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3
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Taylor HA, Simmons KJ, Clavane EM, Trevelyan CJ, Brown JM, Przemyłska L, Watt NT, Matthews LC, Meakin PJ. PTPRD and DCC Are Novel BACE1 Substrates Differentially Expressed in Alzheimer's Disease: A Data Mining and Bioinformatics Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094568. [PMID: 35562959 PMCID: PMC9103286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-site Amyloid precursor protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is an extensively studied therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD), owing to its role in the production of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. However, despite numerous BACE1 inhibitors entering clinical trials, none have successfully improved AD pathogenesis, despite effectively lowering Aβ concentrations. This can, in part, be attributed to an incomplete understanding of BACE1, including its physiological functions and substrate specificity. We propose that BACE1 has additional important physiological functions, mediated through substrates still to be identified. Thus, to address this, we computationally analysed a list of 533 BACE1 dependent proteins, identified from the literature, for potential BACE1 substrates, and compared them against proteins differentially expressed in AD. We identified 15 novel BACE1 substrates that were specifically altered in AD. To confirm our analysis, we validated Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) and Netrin receptor DCC (DCC) using Western blotting. These findings shed light on the BACE1 inhibitor failings and could enable the design of substrate-specific inhibitors to target alternative BACE1 substrates. Furthermore, it gives us a greater understanding of the roles of BACE1 and its dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Katie J. Simmons
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Eva M. Clavane
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Christopher J. Trevelyan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Jane M. Brown
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Lena Przemyłska
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Nicole T. Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Laura C. Matthews
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Paul J. Meakin
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Taylor X, Cisternas P, Jury N, Martinez P, Huang X, You Y, Redding-Ochoa J, Vidal R, Zhang J, Troncoso J, Lasagna-Reeves CA. Activated endothelial cells induce a distinct type of astrocytic reactivity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:282. [PMID: 35351973 PMCID: PMC8964703 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is a universal response of astrocytes to abnormal events and injuries. Studies have shown that proinflammatory microglia can polarize astrocytes (designated A1 astrocytes) toward a neurotoxic phenotype characterized by increased Complement Component 3 (C3) expression. It is still unclear if inflammatory stimuli from other cell types may also be capable of inducing a subset of C3+ neurotoxic astrocytes. Here, we show that a subtype of C3+ neurotoxic astrocytes is induced by activated endothelial cells that is distinct from astrocytes activated by microglia. Furthermore, we show that endothelial-induced astrocytes have upregulated expression of A1 astrocytic genes and exhibit a distinctive extracellular matrix remodeling profile. Finally, we demonstrate that endothelial-induced astrocytes are Decorin-positive and are associated with vascular amyloid deposits but not parenchymal amyloid plaques in mouse models and AD/CAA patients. These findings demonstrate the existence of potentially extensive and subtle functional diversity of C3+-reactive astrocytes. Injured endothelial cells are shown to induce an A1 phenotype in astrocytes, characterized by a genetic signature associated with extracellular matrix remodeling factors (e.g. decorin and vascular Aß deposits).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Taylor
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
| | - Pablo Cisternas
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nur Jury
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yanwen You
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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5
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Take Y, Chikai Y, Shimamori K, Kuragano M, Kurita H, Tokuraku K. Amyloid β aggregation induces human brain microvascular endothelial cell death with abnormal actin organization. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101189. [PMID: 34977364 PMCID: PMC8685982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a disease in which amyloid β (Aβ) is deposited on the walls of blood vessels in the brain, making those walls brittle and causing cerebral hemorrhage. However, the mechanism underlying its onset is not well understood. The aggregation and accumulation of Aβ cause the occlusion and fragility of blood vessels due to endothelial cell damage, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and replacement with elements constituting the blood vessel wall. In this study, we observed the effect of Aβ on human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) in real-time using quantum dot nanoprobes to elucidate the mechanism of vascular weakening by Aβ. It was observed that Aβ began to aggregate around hBMECs after the start of incubation and that the cells were covered with aggregates. Aβ aggregates firmly anchored the cells on the plate surface, and eventually suppressed cell motility and caused cell death. Furthermore, Aβ aggregation induced the organization of abnormal actin, resulting in a significant increase in intracellular actin dots over 10 μm2. These results suggest that the mechanism by which Aβ forms a fragile vessel wall is as follows: Aβ aggregation around vascular endothelial cells anchors them to the substrate, induces abnormal actin organization, and leads to cell death. Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates anchor human endothelial cells to the substrate. Aβ induces abnormal actin organization in human endothelial cells. Aβ induces cell death of human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushiro Take
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
- Ohkawara Neurosurgical Hospital, Hokkaido, 050-0082, Japan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Yusaku Chikai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Keiya Shimamori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuragano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurita
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tokuraku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Batson C, Gomez A, Sainbhi AS, Froese L, Zeiler FA. Association of Age and Sex With Multi-Modal Cerebral Physiology in Adult Moderate/Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Overview and Future Avenues for Personalized Approaches. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:676154. [PMID: 34899283 PMCID: PMC8652202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of age and biological sex on outcome in moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been documented in large cohort studies, with advanced age and male sex linked to worse long-term outcomes. However, the association between age/biological sex and high-frequency continuous multi-modal monitoring (MMM) cerebral physiology is unclear, with only sparing reference made in guidelines and major literature in moderate/severe TBI. In this narrative review, we summarize some of the largest studies associating various high-frequency MMM parameters with age and biological sex in moderate/severe TBI. To start, we present this by highlighting the representative available literature on high-frequency data from Intracranial Pressure (ICP), Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP), Extracellular Brain Tissue Oxygenation (PbtO2), Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturations (rSO2), Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF), Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity (CBFV), Cerebrovascular Reactivity (CVR), Cerebral Compensatory Reserve, common Cerebral Microdialysis (CMD) Analytes and their correlation to age and sex in moderate/severe TBI cohorts. Then we present current knowledge gaps in the literature, discuss biological implications of age and sex on cerebrovascular monitoring in TBI and some future avenues for bedside research into the cerebrovascular physiome after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Batson
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - A Gomez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - A S Sainbhi
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - L Froese
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - F A Zeiler
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Sasahara T, Satomura K, Tada M, Kakita A, Hoshi M. Alzheimer's Aβ assembly binds sodium pump and blocks endothelial NOS activity via ROS-PKC pathway in brain vascular endothelial cells. iScience 2021; 24:102936. [PMID: 34458695 PMCID: PMC8379508 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) may contribute to worsening of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through vascular dysfunction, but the molecular mechanism involved is unknown. Using ex vivo blood vessels and primary endothelial cells from human brain microvessels, we show that patient-derived Aβ assemblies, termed amylospheroids (ASPD), exist on the microvascular surface in patients' brains and inhibit vasorelaxation through binding to the α3 subunit of sodium, potassium-ATPase (NAKα3) in caveolae on endothelial cells. Interestingly, NAKα3 is also the toxic target of ASPD in neurons. ASPD-NAKα3 interaction elicits neurodegeneration through calcium overload in neurons, while the same interaction suppresses vasorelaxation by increasing the inactive form of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells via mitochondrial ROS and protein kinase C, independently of the physiological relaxation system. Thus, ASPD may contribute to both neuronal and vascular pathologies through binding to NAKα3. Therefore, blocking the ASPD-NAKα3 interaction may be a useful target for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sasahara
- Department for Brain and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, CLIK 6F 6-3-7 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- TAO Health Life Pharma Co., Ltd., Med-Pharma Collaboration Bldg, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Satomura
- Department for Brain and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, CLIK 6F 6-3-7 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- TAO Health Life Pharma Co., Ltd., Med-Pharma Collaboration Bldg, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Minako Hoshi
- Department for Brain and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, CLIK 6F 6-3-7 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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8
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Filippov MA, Tatarnikova OG, Pozdnyakova NV, Vorobyov VV. Inflammation/bioenergetics-associated neurodegenerative pathologies and concomitant diseases: a role of mitochondria targeted catalase and xanthophylls. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:223-233. [PMID: 32859768 PMCID: PMC7896239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various inflammatory stimuli are able to modify or even "re-program" the mitochondrial metabolism that results in generation of reactive oxygen species. In noncommunicable chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular pathologies, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, these modifications become systemic and are characterized by chronic inflammation and, in particular, "neuroinflammation" in the central nervous system. The processes associated with chronic inflammation are frequently grouped into "vicious circles" which are able to stimulate each other constantly amplifying the pathological events. These circles are evidently observed in Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and, possibly, other associated pathologies. Furthermore, chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues is frequently concomitant to Alzheimer's disease. This is supposedly associated with some common genetic polymorphisms, for example, Apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele carriers with Alzheimer's disease can also develop atherosclerosis. Notably, in the transgenic mice expressing the recombinant mitochondria targeted catalase, that removes hydrogen peroxide from mitochondria, demonstrates the significant pathology amelioration and health improvements. In addition, the beneficial effects of some natural products from the xanthophyll family, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, which are able to target the reactive oxygen species at cellular or mitochondrial membranes, have been demonstrated in both animal and human studies. We propose that the normalization of mitochondrial functions could play a key role in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and other noncommunicable diseases associated with chronic inflammation in ageing. Furthermore, some prospective drugs based on mitochondria targeted catalase or xanthophylls could be used as an effective treatment of these pathologies, especially at early stages of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasily V. Vorobyov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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9
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Common Protective Strategies in Neurodegenerative Disease: Focusing on Risk Factors to Target the Cellular Redox System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8363245. [PMID: 32832006 PMCID: PMC7422410 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8363245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is an umbrella term for different conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. In the last century, significant research has been focused on mechanisms and risk factors relevant to the multifaceted etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are incurable, and the treatments available only control the symptoms or delay the progression of the disease. This review is aimed at characterizing the complex network of molecular mechanisms underpinning acute and chronic neurodegeneration, focusing on the disturbance in redox homeostasis, as a common mechanism behind five pivotal risk factors: aging, oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and vascular injury. Considering the complex multifactorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases, a preventive strategy able to simultaneously target multiple risk factors and disease mechanisms at an early stage is most likely to be effective to slow/halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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10
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Scheifele HM, Ulbrich P, Garz C, Carare RO, Heinze HJ, Schreiber S, Jandke S. Retinal Vascular Pathology in a Rat Model of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:533. [PMID: 32695061 PMCID: PMC7338761 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The initial disease stages of hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), the two main forms of sporadic human cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD), are too subtle to be detectable on clinical routine imaging. Small vessel disease (SVD) is a systemic condition, affecting not only the brain, but also other organs. The retina appears as an ideal marker for the early detection of incipient CSVD. We therefore investigated the retinal microvasculature of the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHRSP), an animal model of sporadic CSVD. Materials and Methods: The brains and retinas of 26 male SHRSP (18–44 weeks) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for the presence of HA phenomena (erythrocyte thrombi, small perivascular bleeds) and amyloid angiopathy (AA). Results: CAA and AA in the retina showed a significant correlation with age (CAA: rho = 0.55, p = 0.005; AA: rho = 0.89, p < 0.001). The number of erythrocyte thrombi in the brain correlated with the severity of retinal erythrocyte thrombi (rho = 0.46, p = 0.023), while the occurrence of CAA correlated with the appearance of AA in the retina (rho = 0.51, p = 0.012). Retinal SVD markers predicted CSVD markers with good sensitivity. Conclusions: These results indicate that SVD also occurs in the retinal microvasculature of SHRSP and the prediction of cerebral erythrocyte thrombi and CAA might be possible using retinal biomarkers. This underlines the important role of the investigation of the retina in the early diagnosis of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Maximilian Scheifele
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ulbrich
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Garz
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Jandke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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12
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Schreiber S, Wilisch-Neumann A, Schreiber F, Assmann A, Scheumann V, Perosa V, Jandke S, Mawrin C, Carare RO, Werring DJ. Invited Review: The spectrum of age-related small vessel diseases: potential overlap and interactions of amyloid and nonamyloid vasculopathies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 46:219-239. [PMID: 31386773 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deep perforator arteriopathy (DPA) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are the commonest known cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD), which cause ischaemic stroke, intracebral haemorrhage (ICH) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). While thus far mainly considered as separate entities, we here propose that DPA and CAA share similarities, overlap and interact, so that 'pure' DPA or CAA are extremes along a continuum of age-related small vessel pathologies. We suggest blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, endothelial damage and impaired perivascular β-amyloid (Aβ) drainage are hallmark common mechanisms connecting DPA and CAA. We also suggest a need for new biomarkers (e.g. high-resolution imaging) to deepen understanding of the complex relationships between DPA and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for behavioral brain sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Wilisch-Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Assmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - V Scheumann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - V Perosa
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Jandke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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13
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Mangin G, Poittevin M, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Giannesini C, Merkoulova-Rainon T, Kubis N. Glatiramer acetate reduces infarct volume in diabetic mice with cerebral ischemia and prevents long-term memory loss. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:315-327. [PMID: 30953775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is currently the second leading cause of death in industrialized countries and the second cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke that exacerbates the severity of lesions, disability and cognitive decline. There is increasing evidence that sustained brain inflammation may account for this long-term prejudicial outcome in diabetic patients in particular. We sought to demonstrate that experimental permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) in the diabetic mouse aggravates stroke, induces cognitive decline, and is associated with exacerbated brain inflammation, and that these effects can be alleviated and/or prevented by the immunomodulator, glatiramer acetate (GA). Male diabetic C57Bl6 mice (streptozotocin IP) subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo), were treated by the immunomodulator, GA (Copaxone®) (1 mg/kg daily, sc) until 3 or 7 days post stroke. Infarct volume, brain pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, microglial/macrophage density, and neurogenesis were monitored during the first week post stroke. Neurological sensorimotor deficit, spatial memory and brain deposits of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were assessed until six weeks post stroke. In diabetic mice with pMCAo, proinflammatory mediators (IL-1β, MCP1, TNFα and CD68) were significantly higher than in non-diabetic mice. In GA-treated mice, the infarct volume was reduced by 30% at D3 and by 40% at D7 post stroke (P < 0.05), sensorimotor recovery was accelerated as early as D3, and long-term memory loss was prevented. Moreover, proinflammatory mediators significantly decreased between D3 (COX2) and D7 (CD32, TNFα, IL-1β), and neurogenesis was significantly increased at D7. Moreover, GA abrogates the accumulation of insoluble Aβ40. This work is the first one to evidence that the immunomodulatory drug GA reduces infarct volume and proinflammatory mediators, enhances early neurogenesis, accelerates sensorimotor recovery, and prevents long-term memory loss in diabetic mice with pMCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Mangin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité & CART, INSERM U965, F-75475 Paris, France
| | - Marine Poittevin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité & CART, INSERM U965, F-75475 Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Giannesini
- Service de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Nathalie Kubis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité & CART, INSERM U965, F-75475 Paris, France; Service de Physiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75475 Paris, France.
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14
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Fu L, Jiang G, Weng H, Dick GM, Chang Y, Kassab GS. Cerebrovascular miRNAs correlate with the clearance of Aβ through perivascular route in younger 3xTg-AD mice. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:92-105. [PMID: 31206909 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The "two-hit vascular hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD)" and amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer hypothesis suggest that impaired soluble Aβ oligomers clearance through the cerebral vasculature may be an initial step of the AD process. Soluble Aβ oligomers are driven into perivascular spaces from the brain parenchyma and toward peripheral blood flow. The underlying vascular-based mechanism, however, has not been defined. Given that microRNAs (miRNAs), emerging as novel modulators, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, we hypothesized that cerebrovascular miRNAs may regulate the activities of brain blood vessels, which further affects the concentration of Aβ in the AD brain. In this study, perivascular Aβ deposits, higher vascular activation, increased pericyte coverage and up-regulated capillaries miRNAs at 6 months old (6 mo) were found to correlate with the lower Aβ levels of middle AD stage (9 mo) in 3xTg-AD (3xTg) mice. It is implicated that at the early stage of AD when intracellular Aβ appeared, higher expression of vessel-specific miRNAs, elevated pericyte coverage, and activated endothelium facilitate Aβ oligomer clearance through the perivascular route, resulting in a transient reduction of Aβ oligomers at 9 mo. Additionally, ghrelin-induced upregulation of capillary miRNAs and increased pericyte coverage attenuated Aβ burden at 9 mo, in further support of the relationship between vascular miRNAs and Aβ clearance. This work suggests a cerebral microvessel miRNA may boost endothelial highly activated phenotypes to promote elimination of Aβ oligomers through the perivascular drainage pathway and contribute to AD progression. The targeting of brain vessel-specific miRNAs may provide a new rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fu
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Ge Jiang
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Hope Weng
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Gregory M Dick
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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Helman AM, Siever M, McCarty KL, Lott IT, Doran E, Abner EL, Schmitt FA, Head E. Microbleeds and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in the Brains of People with Down Syndrome with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:103-112. [PMID: 30452414 PMCID: PMC6424116 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular pathology is a significant mediator in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the general population. In people with Down syndrome (DS), the contribution of vascular pathology to dementia may play a similar role in age of onset and/or the rate of progression of AD. In the current study, we explored the extent of microbleeds (MBs) and the link between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and MBs in the frontal cortex (FCTX) and occipital cortex (OCTX) in an autopsy series from individuals with DS (<40 years), DS with AD pathology (DSAD), sporadic AD, and control cases (2-83 years). Sections were immunostained against Aβ1 - 40 and an adjacent section stained using Prussian blue for MBs. MBs were both counted and averaged in each case and CAA was scored based on previously published methods. MBs were more frequent in DS cases relative to controls but present to a similar extent as sporadic AD. This aligned with CAA scores, with more extensive CAA in DS relative to controls in both brain regions. CAA was also more frequent in DSAD cases relative to sporadic AD. We found CAA to be associated with MBs and that MBs increased with age in DS after 30 years of age in the OCTX and after 40 years of age in the FCTX. MB and CAA appear to be a significant contributors to the development of dementia in people with DS and are important targets for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Helman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Morgan Siever
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katie L McCarty
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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Jandke S, Garz C, Schwanke D, Sendtner M, Heinze HJ, Carare RO, Schreiber S. The association between hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:844-859. [PMID: 30062722 PMCID: PMC8028507 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to test the hypothesis that in spontaneously hypertensive stroke‐prone rats (SHRSP), non‐amyloid cerebral small vessel disease/hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) results in vessel wall injury that may promote cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Our study comprised 21 male SHRSP (age 17–44 weeks) and 10 age‐ and sex‐matched Wistar control rats, that underwent two‐photon (2PM) imaging of the arterioles in the parietal cortex using Methoxy‐X04, Dextran and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Our data suggest that HA in SHRSP progresses in a temporal and age‐dependent manner, starting from small vessel wall damage (stage 1A), proceeding to CBF reduction (stage 1B), non‐occlusive (stage 2), and finally, occlusive thrombi (stage 3). Wistar animals also demonstrated small vessel wall damage, but were free of any of the later HA stages. Nearly half of all SHRSP additionally displayed vascular Methoxy‐X04 positivity indicative of cortical CAA. Vascular β‐amyloid deposits were found in small vessels characterized by thrombotic occlusions (stage 2 or 3). Post‐mortem analysis of the rat brains confirmed the findings derived from intravital 2PM microscopy. Our data thus overall suggest that advanced HA may play a role in CAA development with the two small vessel disease entities might be related to the same pathological spectrum of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Jandke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Garz
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schwanke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Head E, Powell DK, Schmitt FA. Metabolic and Vascular Imaging Biomarkers in Down Syndrome Provide Unique Insights Into Brain Aging and Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:191. [PMID: 29977201 PMCID: PMC6021507 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for developing Alzheimer disease (AD). Neuropathology consistent with AD is present by 40 years of age and dementia may develop up to a decade later. In this review, we describe metabolic and vascular neuroimaging studies in DS that suggest these functional changes are a key feature of aging, linked to cognitive decline and AD in this vulnerable cohort. FDG-PET imaging in DS suggests systematic reductions in glucose metabolism in posterior cingulate and parietotemporal cortex. Magentic resonance spectroscopy studies show consistent decreases in neuronal health and increased myoinositol, suggesting inflammation. There are few vascular imaging studies in DS suggesting a gap in our knowledge. Future studies would benefit from longitudinal measures and combining various imaging approaches to identify early signs of dementia in DS that may be amenable to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David K Powell
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Department of Neurology, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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18
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Gauberti M, Fournier AP, Docagne F, Vivien D, Martinez de Lizarrondo S. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Endothelial Activation in the Central Nervous System. Theranostics 2018; 8:1195-1212. [PMID: 29507614 PMCID: PMC5835930 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the central nervous system over-express surface proteins during neurological disorders, either as a cause, or a consequence, of the disease. Since the cerebral vasculature is easily accessible by large contrast-carrying particles, it constitutes a target of choice for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in molecular MRI of brain endothelial activation and focus on the development of micro-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) targeting adhesion molecules including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), P-Selectin and E-Selectin. We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for the clinical application of this technology in neurovascular disorders (ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, diabetes mellitus), neuroinflammatory disorders (multiple sclerosis, brain infectious diseases, sepsis), neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, aging) and brain cancers (primitive neoplasms, metastasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Department of diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Antoine P. Fournier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
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19
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Song J, Choi SM, Whitcomb DJ, Kim BC. Adiponectin controls the apoptosis and the expression of tight junction proteins in brain endothelial cells through AdipoR1 under beta amyloid toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3102. [PMID: 29022894 PMCID: PMC5682657 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by excessive beta amyloid (Aβ) deposition in brain, leading to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The mechanisms of BBB disruption in AD are still unclear, despite considerable research. The adipokine adiponectin is known to regulate various metabolic functions and reduce inflammation. Though adiponectin receptors have been reported in the brain, its role in the central nervous system has not been fully characterized. In the present study, we investigate whether adiponectin contributes to the tight junction integrity and cell death of brain endothelial cells under Aβ-induced toxicity conditions. We measured the expression of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) and the alteration of tight junction proteins in in vivo 5xFAD mouse brain. Moreover, we examined the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the loss of tight junction proteins such as Claudin 5, ZO-1, and inflammatory signaling in in vitro brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3 cells) under Aβ toxicity. Our results showed that Acrp30 (a globular form of adiponectin) reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the expression of RAGE as Aβ transporters into brain. Moreover, we found that Acrp 30 attenuated the apoptosis and the tight junction disruption through AdipoR1-mediated NF-κB pathway in Aβ-exposed bEnd.3 cells. Thus, we suggest that adiponectin is an attractive therapeutic target for treating BBB breakdown in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Seong-Min Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Daniel J Whitcomb
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
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20
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Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Gurol ME, Ayata C, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2017; 140:1829-1850. [PMID: 28334869 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a common, well-defined small vessel disease and a largely untreatable cause of intracerebral haemorrhage and contributor to age-related cognitive decline. The term 'cerebral amyloid angiopathy' now encompasses not only a specific cerebrovascular pathological finding, but also different clinical syndromes (both acute and progressive), brain parenchymal lesions seen on neuroimaging and a set of diagnostic criteria-the Boston criteria, which have resulted in increasingly detected disease during life. Over the past few years, it has become clear that, at the pathophysiological level, cerebral amyloid angiopathy appears to be in part a protein elimination failure angiopathy and that this dysfunction is a feed-forward process, which potentially leads to worsening vascular amyloid-β accumulation, activation of vascular injury pathways and impaired vascular physiology. From a clinical standpoint, cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by individual focal lesions (microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, microinfarcts) and large-scale alterations (white matter hyperintensities, structural connectivity, cortical thickness), both cortical and subcortical. This review provides an interdisciplinary critical outlook on various emerging and changing concepts in the field, illustrating mechanisms associated with amyloid cerebrovascular pathology and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Edip Gurol
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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21
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Muche A, Arendt T, Schliebs R. Oxidative stress affects processing of amyloid precursor protein in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178127. [PMID: 28617802 PMCID: PMC5472258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is thought to be a key player in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been assumed that oxidative stress contributes to the ß-amyloid deposition in cerebral blood vessels. METHODS In order to prove this hypothesis, we examined the effect of oxidative stress on the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in primary endothelial cells (EC) derived from cerebral cortical tissue of transgenic Tg2576 mice. Following exposure of EC by 1 μM hydrogen peroxide for up to 48 hours, formation and secretion of APP cleavage products sAPPα and sAPPß into the culture medium as well as the expression of endothelial APP were assessed. RESULTS Oxidative stress resulted in enhanced secretion of sAPPß into the culture medium as compared to controls (absence of hydrogen peroxide), which was accompanied by an increased APP expression, induction of VEGF synthesis, nitric oxide and oxygen free radicals productions, and differential changes of endothelial phospo-p42/44 MAPK expression. CONCLUSION The data suggest that oxidative stress may represent a major risk factor in causing Aß deposition in the brain vascular system by initiating the amyloidogenic route of endothelial APP processing. The enhanced β-secretase activity following oxidative stress exposure, possibly promoted by phosphorylation of p42/44 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Muche
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schliebs
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Vascular basement membrane alterations and β-amyloid accumulations in an animal model of cerebral small vessel disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1001-1013. [PMID: 28348005 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-amyloid cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) may be interrelated through the damaged basement membranes (BMs) and extracellular matrix changes of small vessels, resulting in a failure of β-amyloid (Aβ) transport and degradation. We analyzed BM changes and the pattern of deposition of Aβ in the walls of blood vessels in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP), a non-transgenic CSVD model. In 45 SHRSP and 38 Wistar rats aged 18 to 32 weeks: (i) the percentage area immunostained for vascular collagen IV and laminin was quantified; (ii) the capillary BM thickness as well as endothelial and pericyte pathological changes were analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM); and (iii) the presence of vascular Aβ was assessed. Compared with controls, SHRSP exhibited a significantly higher percentage area immunostained with collagen IV in the striatum and thalamus. SHRSP also revealed an age-dependent increase of the capillary BM thickness and of endothelial vacuoles (caveolae) within subcortical regions. Endogenous Aβ deposits in the walls of small blood vessels were observed in the cortex (with the highest incidence found within fronto-parietal areas), striatum, thalamus and hippocampus. Vascular β-amyloid accumulations were frequently detected at sites of small vessel wall damage. Our data demonstrate changes in the expression of collagen IV and of the ultrastructure of BMs in the small vessels of SHRSP. Alterations are accompanied by vascular deposits of endogenous Aβ. Impaired β-amyloid clearance along perivascular and endothelial pathways and failure of extracellular Aβ degradation may be the key mechanisms connecting non-amyloid CSVD and CAA.
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23
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Toda N, Okamura T. Cigarette smoking impairs nitric oxide-mediated cerebral blood flow increase: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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24
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Kniewallner KM, Wenzel D, Humpel C. Thiazine Red(+) platelet inclusions in Cerebral Blood Vessels are first signs in an Alzheimer's Disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28447. [PMID: 27345467 PMCID: PMC4921929 DOI: 10.1038/srep28447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence shows an association between cerebral vascular diseases and Alzheimer´s disease (AD). In order to study the interaction of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques with brain vessels, we crossbred an AD mouse model (overexpressing amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish-Dutch-Iowa mutations, APP_SweDI) with mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the flt-1/VEGFR1 promoter in vessels (GFP_FLT1). Our data show, that only very few Aβ plaques were seen in 4-months old mice, focused in the mammillary body and in the lateral septal nucleus. The number of plaques markedly increased with age being most prominent in 12-months old mice. Thiazine Red was used to verify the plaques. Several Thiazine Red+ inclusions were found in GFP+ vessels, but only in non-perfused 4-months old mice. These inclusions were verified by Resorufin stainings possibly representing cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The inclusions were also seen in non-crossbred APP_SweDI but not in wildtype and GFP_FLT1 mice. In order to characterize these inclusions Flow Cytometry (FACS) analysis demonstrated that platelets were specifically stained by Thiazine Red+, more pronounced when aggregated. In conclusion, our data show that Thiazine Red+ inclusions representing aggregated platelets are a first pathological sign in AD before plaque development and may become important therapeutic targets in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Kniewallner
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatik, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatik, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Pirici D, Stanaszek L, Garz C, Niklass S, Heinze HJ, Kalinski T, Attems J, Schreiber S. Common Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Brain Microhemorrhages on Cerebral Aβ Pathology in SHRSP. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:169-180. [PMID: 27062392 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While chronic kidney disease seems to be an independent risk factor for cognitive decline, its impact on cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions, one hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology, has not been investigated. Utilizing 80 male nontransgenic spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP) at various ages (12 to 44 weeks), tubulointerstitial renal damage, prevalence of cerebral microhemorrhages and Aβ accumulations were quantified. Using age-adjusted general linear models we investigated the main and interaction effects of renal damage and cerebral microhemorrhages on cerebral Aβ load. In addition, using post mortem human brain tissue of 16 stroke patients we examined the co-localization of perivascular Aβ deposits and small vessel wall damage. Statistical models revealed an age-independent main effect of tubulointerstitial kidney damage on brain Aβ accumulations, which was reinforced by the consecutive presence of cerebral microhemorrhages. Moreover, cerebral microhemorrhages independently predicted brain Aβ burden in SHRSP. In up to 69% of all human cases perivascular Aβ deposits were detected in the direct vicinity of small vessel wall damage. Our results support the associations between vascular pathology and Aβ deposition, and demonstrate a relationship between chronic kidney disease and cerebral Aβ pathology. Hence, our data suggest that prevention of chronic renal damage may reduce cerebral Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pirici
- Department of Research Methodology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares Street 2, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, Pawińskiego 5, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Cornelia Garz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Solveig Niklass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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26
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Chao AC, Lee TC, Juo SHH, Yang DI. Hyperglycemia Increases the Production of Amyloid Beta-Peptide Leading to Decreased Endothelial Tight Junction. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:291-7. [PMID: 26842741 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, is generated from sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. Hyperglycemia in diabetes may compromise barrier integrity in endothelial cells (ECs). However, the roles of endothelial APP in response to high glucose (HG) remain to be delineated. The aims of this study were to test whether HG may increase Aβ secretion, thereby leading to heightened paracellular permeability in ECs. METHODS We determined the effects of HG on production of Aβ, expression of full-length APP, intercellular permeability, and expression levels of specific junctional proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS HG at 30 mM significantly stimulated expression of full-length APP accompanied by heightened secretion of Aβ1-42, increased paracellular permeability, and attenuated expression of zona occluden-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-C in HUVECs; all of which were abolished by the γ-secretase inhibitor BMS299897. Exogenous application of Aβ1-42, but not the reverse peptide Aβ42-1, was sufficient to downregulate the expression of the same junction proteins. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia enhances APP expression with increased Aβ production, which downregulates junctional proteins causing increased intercellular permeability in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Ching Chao
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Chi Lee
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Suh-Hang Hank Juo
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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27
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Pin1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and amyloid-β form a feedback signaling loop involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Muche A, Bürger S, Arendt T, Schliebs R. Hypoxic stress, brain vascular system, and β-amyloid: A primary cell culture study. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 18:1-11. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513z.000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Amyloid-β may be released from non-junctional varicosities of axons generated from abnormal tau-containing brainstem nuclei in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a hypothesis. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:303-6. [PMID: 23824268 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Winocur G, Thompson C, Hakim A, Greenwood C. The effects of high- and low-risk environments on cognitive function in rats following 2-vessel occlusion of the carotid arteries: a behavioral study. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:144-56. [PMID: 23742800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective study of environmental factors affecting cognitive recovery from stroke, adult male rats were reared for 3 months in a high-risk (relatively isolated, low activity, high-fat diet, high-stress) or low-risk (social, healthy diet, low-stress, physically active) environment. They then received cognitive testing to assess various aspects of learning and memory before undergoing 2-vessel occlusion (2VO) of the carotid arteries, or sham surgery. Rats were returned to their respective environments post-operatively. Relative to pre-operative levels, 2VO rats exhibited significant cognitive losses that were consistently greater in the high-risk group than its low-risk counterpart. As well, the high-risk 2VO group was impaired, relative to the low-risk 2VO group on tests of new learning introduced post-operatively. At 3-month follow-up testing, rats that had undergone 2VO surgery exhibited further decline on some tests but recovery on others, with recovery generally slower in the high-risk 2VO group. The high-risk environment also affected rats' pre-operative cognitive performance and, to a lesser extent, their performance following sham surgery. Overall, the study shows that rats experiencing cerebral ischemia are more likely to experience severe cognitive deficits if exposed to a high-risk environment and recover more slowly than ischemic rats in a more favorable environment. The results underscore the importance of lifestyle factors with respect to the impact of stroke on cognition and in assessing prospects for recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada.
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31
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D'Angelo OM, Dooyema J, Courtney C, Walker LC, Heuer E. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in an aged sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys). Comp Med 2013; 63:515-520. [PMID: 24326228 PMCID: PMC3866990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A 26-y-old male sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) was found at necropsy to have a moderate degree of cerebral amyloid β (Aβ) angiopathy in superficial and parenchymal blood vessels of the brain. Senile (Aβ) plaques were absent, as were neurofibrillary tangles and other signs of neurodegeneration. Affected blood vessels were arterial, capillary, and, less frequently, venous in nature. Histologically, the Aβ40 isoform was more prevalent than was Aβ42. As in humans but unlike in squirrel monkeys, the density of lesions in this mangabey increased along a rostral-to-caudal gradient. Therefore mangabeys appear to conform to the general tendency of nonhuman primates by developing cerebral Aβ angiopathy in the absence of other indices of Alzheimer-type neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric Heuer
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii
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32
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Thal DR, Grinberg LT, Attems J. Vascular dementia: different forms of vessel disorders contribute to the development of dementia in the elderly brain. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:816-24. [PMID: 22705146 PMCID: PMC3470831 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) describes a group of various vessel disorders with different types of vascular lesions that finally contribute to the development of dementia. Most common forms of VaD in the elderly brain are subcortical vascular encephalopathy, strategic infarct dementia, and the multi infarct encephalopathy. Hereditary forms of VaD are rare. Most common is the cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Sporadic forms of VaD are caused by degenerative vessel disorders such as atherosclerosis, small vessel disease (SVD) including small vessel arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and lipohyalinosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Less frequently inflammatory vessel disorders and tumor-associated vessel lesions (e.g. angiocentric T-cell or angiotropic large cell lymphoma) can cause symptoms of dementia. Here, we review and discuss the impact of vessel disorders to distinct vascular brain tissue lesions and to the development of dementia in elderly individuals. The impact of coexisting neurodegenerative pathology in the elderly brain to VaD as well as the correlation between SVD and CAA expansion in the brain parenchyma with that of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology is highlighted. We conclude that "pure" VaD is rare and most frequently caused by infarctions. However, there is a significant contribution of vascular lesions and vessel pathology to the development of dementia that may go beyond tissue damage due to vascular lesions. Insufficient blood blow and alterations of the perivascular drainage mechanisms of the brain may also lead to a reduced protein clearance from extracellular space and subsequent increase of proteins in the brain parenchyma, such as the amyloid β-protein, and foster, thereby, the development of AD-related neurodegeneration. As such, it seems to be important for clinical practice to consider treatment of potentially coexisting AD pathology in cognitively impaired patients with vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Neuropathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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