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Steiner K, Yilmaz SN, Gern A, Marksteiner J, Faserl K, Villunger M, Sarg B, Humpel C. From Organotypic Mouse Brain Slices to Human Alzheimer Plasma Biomarkers: A Focus on Microglia. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1109. [PMID: 39334874 PMCID: PMC11430359 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, and the discovery of biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis. While the analysis of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid is well accepted, there are currently no blood biomarkers available. Our research focuses on identifying novel plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. To achieve this, we employed a technique that involves coupling human plasma to mouse organotypic brain slices via microcontact prints. After culturing for two weeks, we assessed Iba1-immunopositive microglia on these microcontact prints. We hypothesized that plasma from Alzheimer's patients contains factors that affect microglial migration. Our data indicated that plasma from Alzheimer's patients significantly inhibited the migration of round Iba1-immunoreactive microglia (13 ± 3, n = 24, p = 0.01) compared to healthy controls (50 ± 16, n = 23). Based on these findings, we selected the most promising plasma samples and conducted mass spectrometry using a differential approach, and we identified four potential biomarkers: mannose-binding protein C, macrophage receptor MARCO, complement factor H-related protein-3, and C-reactive protein. Our method represents a novel and innovative approach to translate research findings from mouse models to human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Steiner
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.S.); (S.N.Y.); (A.G.)
| | - Sakir Necat Yilmaz
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.S.); (S.N.Y.); (A.G.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey
| | - Alessa Gern
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.S.); (S.N.Y.); (A.G.)
| | - Josef Marksteiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy A, Hall State Hospital, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria;
| | - Klaus Faserl
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.F.); (M.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Mathias Villunger
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.F.); (M.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.F.); (M.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.S.); (S.N.Y.); (A.G.)
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Erickson MA, Mahankali AP. Interactions of Serum Amyloid A Proteins with the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Central Nervous System Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6607. [PMID: 38928312 PMCID: PMC11204325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are highly conserved lipoproteins that are notoriously involved in the acute phase response and systemic amyloidosis, but their biological functions are incompletely understood. Recent work has shown that SAA proteins can enter the brain by crossing the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that they can impair BBB functions. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), SAA proteins can have both protective and harmful effects, which have important implications for CNS disease. In this review of the thematic series on SAA, we discuss the existing literature that relates SAA to neuroinflammation and CNS disease, and the possible roles of the BBB in these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA;
| | - Anvitha P. Mahankali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA;
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Ma L, Yuan YX, Cheng FJ, Liu Y, Wei Q, Peng YF, Wang Y. The association between blood lipids and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:1. [PMID: 38167163 PMCID: PMC10763275 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was performed to explore the association between blood lipids and cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This study included 336 patients with T2DM. Relevant clinical data including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B were collected, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score were used to assess the cognitive function in patients with T2DM. RESULTS Serum apolipoprotein A1 levels were significantly increased in T2DM patients with cognitive impairment compared with T2DM patients without cognitive impairment (p = 0.017). Serum apolipoprotein A1 levels were significantly negatively correlated with MoCA score (r = - 0.143, p = 0.009) and MMSE score (r = - 0.132, p = 0.016) in patients with T2DM. In multivariable-adjusted regression model, serum apolipoprotein A1 was independently associated with cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM (OR = 5.201, p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Serum apolipoprotein A1 is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM, but not TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, indicating that increased serum apolipoprotein A1 may be a risk factor of cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue-Xing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng-Jin Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - You-Fan Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Li X, Wang X, Guo L, Wu K, Wang L, Rao L, Liu X, Kang C, Jiang B, Li Q, Li H, He F, Lu C. Association between lipocalin-2 and mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based evidence. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101984. [PMID: 37330019 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between lipocalin-2 (LCN2) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia have gained growing interest. However, population-based studies have yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, we conducted this essential systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze and summarize the existing population-based evidence. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched until Mar 18, 2022. Meta-analysis was performed to generate the standard mean difference (SMD) of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) LCN2. A qualitative review was performed to summarize the evidence from postmortem brain tissue studies. RESULTS In peripheral blood, the overall pooled results showed no significant difference in LCN2 across Alzheimer's disease (AD), MCI and control groups. Further subgroup analysis revealed higher serum LCN2 levels in AD compared to controls (SMD =1.28 [0.44;2.13], p = 0.003), while the difference remained insignificant in plasma (SMD =0.04 [-0.82;0.90], p = 0.931). Besides, peripheral blood LCN2 were higher in AD when age difference between AD and controls ≥ 4 years (SMD =1.21 [0.37;2.06], p = 0.005). In CSF, no differences were found in LCN2 across groups of AD, MCI and controls. However, CSF LCN2 was higher in vascular dementia (VaD) compared to controls (SMD =1.02 [0.17;1.87], p = 0.018), as well as compared to AD (SMD =1.19 [0.58;1.80], p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis supported that LCN2 was increased in the brain tissue of AD-related areas, especially in astrocytes and microglia; while LCN2 increased in infarct-related brain areas and over-expressed in astrocytes and macrophages in mixed dementia (MD). CONCLUSION The difference in peripheral blood LCN2 between AD and controls may be affected by the type of biofluid and age. No differences were found in CSF LCN2 across AD, MCI and controls groups. In contrast, CSF LCN2 was elevated in VaD patients. Moreover, LCN2 was increased in AD-related brain areas and cells in AD, while in infarcts-related brain areas and cells in MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Li
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Keying Wu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Rao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyao Kang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huling Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenfen He
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Rodríguez-Arrizabalaga M, Pías-Peleteiro JM, Vázquez-Vázquez L, Camino-Castiñeiras J, Aldrey JM, Castillo J, Ouro A, Sobrino T, Romaus-Sanjurjo D. Biomarkers Assessing Endothelial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060962. [PMID: 36980302 PMCID: PMC10047803 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common degenerative disorder in the elderly in developed countries. Currently, growing evidence is pointing at endothelial dysfunction as a key player in the cognitive decline course of AD. As a main component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the dysfunction of endothelial cells driven by vascular risk factors associated with AD allows the passage of toxic substances to the cerebral parenchyma, producing chronic hypoperfusion that eventually causes an inflammatory and neurotoxic response. In this process, the levels of several biomarkers are disrupted, such as an increase in adhesion molecules that allow the passage of leukocytes to the cerebral parenchyma, increasing the permeability of the BBB; moreover, other vascular players, including endothelin-1, also mediate artery inflammation. As a consequence of the disruption of the BBB, a progressive neuroinflammatory response is produced that, added to the astrogliosis, eventually triggers neuronal degeneration (possibly responsible for cognitive deterioration). Recently, new molecules have been proposed as early biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction that can constitute new therapeutic targets as well as early diagnostic and prognostic markers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Custodia
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariña Rodríguez-Arrizabalaga
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pías-Peleteiro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Vázquez-Vázquez
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Camino-Castiñeiras
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Aldrey
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Ouro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Eruysal E, Ravdin L, Zhang C, Kamel H, Iadecola C, Ishii M. Sexually Dimorphic Association of Circulating Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Levels and Body Mass Index with Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Pathology in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1073-1083. [PMID: 36565112 PMCID: PMC10518184 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an inhibitor of fibrinolysis that is associated with adiposity, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, whether circulating PAI-1 levels are altered during preclinical AD remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To measure plasma PAI-1 levels in cognitively normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker positive and biomarker negative participants and to examine the association of plasma PAI-1 levels with CSF AD biomarkers and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, plasma PAI-1 levels were measured in 155 cognitively normal (Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR 0) non-obese older adults. 29 men and 26 women were classified as preclinical AD by previously established CSF tau/Aβ42 criteria. All analyses were sex stratified due to reported sex differences in PAI-1 expression. RESULTS Plasma PAI-1 levels were associated with body mass index (BMI) but not age in men and women. In men, plasma PAI-1 levels and BMI were lower in preclinical AD compared to control. Plasma PAI-1 levels were positively associated with CSF amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) and CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 and negatively associated with CSF tau/Aβ42, while BMI was positively associated with CSF Aβ42 and negatively associated with CSF p-tau181 and CSF tau/Aβ42. In women, plasma PAI-1 levels and BMI were similar between preclinical AD and control and were not associated with CSF AD biomarkers. For men and women, plasma PAI-1 levels and BMI were not associated with MMSE scores. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are significant sex differences in the systemic metabolic changes seen in the preclinical stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Eruysal
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Ravdin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cenai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hooman Kamel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Tomadesso C, de Lizarrondo SM, Ali C, Landeau B, Mézenge F, Perrotin A, de La Sayette V, Vivien D, Chételat G. Plasma Levels of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) in Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Links With Cognition, Brain Structure, Brain Function and Amyloid Burden. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:871214. [PMID: 35747448 PMCID: PMC9211060 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.871214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a protease known for its fibrinolytic action but is also involved in physiological and pathophysiological aging processes; including amyloid elimination and synaptic plasticity. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of tPA in cognitive and brain aging. Therefore, we assessed the links between tPA plasma concentration and cognition, structural MRI, FDG-PET and Flobetapir-PET neuroimaging in 155 cognitively unimpaired adults (CUA, aged 20-85 years old) and 32 patients with Alzheimer's disease (ALZ). A positive correlation was found between tPA and age in CUA (p < 0.001), with males showing higher tPA than females (p = 0.05). No significant difference was found between ALZ patients and cognitively unimpaired elders (CUE). Plasma tPA in CUA negatively correlated with global brain volume. No correlation was found with brain FDG metabolism or amyloid deposition. Age-related tPA changes were associated to changes in blood pressure, glycemia and body mass index. Within the ALZ patients, tPA didn't correlate with any cognitive or neuroimaging measures, but only with physiological measures. Altogether our study suggests that increased tPA plasma concentration with age is related to neuronal alterations and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Tomadesso
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Brigitte Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Florence Mézenge
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Audrey Perrotin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de La Sayette
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, PHIND, Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandy Institute, Caen, France
- *Correspondence: Gaël Chételat
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8
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Deng X, Saffari SE, Ng SYE, Chia N, Tan JY, Choi X, Heng DL, Xu Z, Tay KY, Au WL, Liu N, Ng A, Tan EK, Tan LCS. Blood Lipid Biomarkers in Early Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson's Disease with Mild Cognitive Impairment. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1937-1943. [PMID: 35723114 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid biomarkers have potential neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) and there is limited evidence in the field. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the association between comprehensive blood lipid biomarkers and PD. METHODS A total of 205 PD patients and 102 non-PD subjects were included from Early Parkinson's disease Longitudinal Singapore (PALS) cohort. We investigated 6 serum lipid biomarkers including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B). PD patients were further classified into mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal cognition (NC) subgroups. We conducted a cross-sectionals study to examine the association between lipids and PD and further explored the relationship between lipids and PD-MCI. RESULTS PD patients had significantly lower level of lipid panel including TC, TG, HDL-C, Apo A1, LDL-C, and Apo B (all p < 0.05). TC, TG, Apo A1, and Apo B levels were independent protective factors (p < 0.05) for PD in the logistic regression model. PD-MCI group had significantly higher mean TC, TG, and Apo A1 levels compared to PD-NC group. Higher TC, TG, and Apo A1 levels were independent risk factors (p < 0.05) for PD-MCI. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that PD patients had significantly lower levels of lipid biomarkers while PD-MCI patients had higher levels of TC, TG, and Apo A1. TC, TG, and Apo A1 may be useful biomarkers for PD-MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Deng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seyed Ehsan Saffari
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Yong Ern Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Chia
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayne Yi Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Choi
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dede Liana Heng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheyu Xu
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kay-Yaw Tay
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wing-Lok Au
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nan Liu
- Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adeline Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis C S Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Endres K. Apolipoprotein A1, the neglected relative of Apolipoprotein E and its potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2141-2148. [PMID: 33818485 PMCID: PMC8354123 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are multi-molecule assemblies with the primary function of transportation and processing of lipophilic substances within aqueous bodily fluids (blood, cerebrospinal fluid). Nevertheless, they also exert other physiological functions such as immune regulation. In particular, neurons are both sensitive to uncontrolled responses of the immune system and highly dependent on a controlled and sufficient supply of lipids. For this reason, the role of certain lipoproteins and their protein-component (apolipoproteins, Apo's) in neurological diseases is perceivable. ApoE, for example, is well-accepted as one of the major risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease with a protective allele variant (ε2) and a risk-causing allele variant (ε4). ApoA1, the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins, is responsible for transportation of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. The protein is synthesized in the liver and intestine but also can enter the brain via the choroid plexus and thereby might have an impact on brain lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the role of ApoA1 in Alzheimer's disease and discusses whether its role within this neurodegenerative disorder is specific or represents a general neuroprotective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Zuin M, Cervellati C, Trentini A, Passaro A, Rosta V, Zimetti F, Zuliani G. Association between Serum Concentrations of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and Alzheimer's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:984. [PMID: 34071695 PMCID: PMC8229134 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wealth of experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the main protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), may protect against Alzheimer disease (AD). To investigate this potential role, we conducted a meta-analysis of the published studies on the relationship between serum ApoA-I and AD occurrence. METHODS We screened MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, for cross-sectional studies published from inception to 1 March 2021, comparing the ApoA-I serum levels between patients with AD and cognitively normal controls. RESULTS From an initial screening of 245 articles, 5 studies, including 397 AD patients (mean age 75.0 years, 234 females) and 367 controls (mean age 69.2 years, 182 females), met the inclusion criteria. Compared to healthy controls, AD subjects had a lower ApoA-I serum level. The pooled weighted mean difference from a random-effects model was -0.31 g/L (p < 0.0001) (95% Confidence Interval: [-0.62-0.01], with high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%). The Egger's test confirmed an absence of publication bias (t = 0.62, p = 0.576). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that AD patients present lower serum levels of ApoA-I compared to cognitively normal individuals. Further studies on large population samples are required to support this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuin
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosta
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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11
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Ziliotto N, Bernardi F, Piazza F. Hemostasis components in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3177-3188. [PMID: 34041636 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased cerebrovascular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition represents the main pathogenic mechanisms characterizing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Whereas an increasing number of studies define the contribution of fibrin(ogen) to neurodegeneration, how other hemostasis factors might be pleiotropically involved in the AD and CAA remains overlooked. Although traditionally regarded as pertaining to hemostasis, these proteins are also modulators of inflammation and angiogenesis, and exert cytoprotective functions. This review discusses the contribution of hemostasis components to Aβ cerebrovascular deposition, which settle the way to endothelial and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, vessel fragility, cerebral bleeding, and the associated cognitive changes. From the primary hemostasis, the process that refers to platelet aggregation, we discuss evidence regarding the von Willebrand factor (vWF) and its regulator ADAMTS13. Then, from the secondary hemostasis, we focus on tissue factor, which triggers the extrinsic coagulation cascade, and on the main inhibitors of coagulation, i.e., tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and the components of protein C pathway. Last, from the tertiary hemostasis, we discuss evidence on FXIII, involved in fibrin cross-linking, and on components of fibrinolysis, including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPA(R), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Increased knowledge on contributors of Aβ-related disease progression may favor new therapeutic approaches for early modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziliotto
- CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piazza
- CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
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12
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Gorny N, Kelly MP. Alterations in cyclic nucleotide signaling are implicated in healthy aging and age-related pathologies of the brain. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:265-316. [PMID: 33706951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is not only important to consider how hormones may change with age, but also how downstream signaling pathways that couple to hormone receptors may change. Among these hormone-coupled signaling pathways are the 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) intracellular second messenger cascades. Here, we test the hypothesis that dysfunction of cAMP and/or cGMP synthesis, execution, and/or degradation occurs in the brain during healthy and pathological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Although most studies report lower cyclic nucleotide signaling in the aged brain, with further reductions noted in the context of age-related diseases, there are select examples where cAMP signaling may be elevated in select tissues. Thus, therapeutics would need to target cAMP/cGMP in a tissue-specific manner if efficacy for select symptoms is to be achieved without worsening others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gorny
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michy P Kelly
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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13
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Zimetti F, Adorni MP, Marsillach J, Marchi C, Trentini A, Valacchi G, Cervellati C. Connection between the Altered HDL Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties and the Risk to Develop Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6695796. [PMID: 33505588 PMCID: PMC7811424 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is extremely fluid. The quantity and quality of protein constituents drive the multiple biological functions of these lipoproteins, which include the ability to contrast atherogenesis, sustained inflammation, and toxic effects of reactive species. Several diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the pathogenetic process are characterized by perturbation in the HDL proteome. This change inevitably affects the functionality of the lipoprotein. An enlightening example in this frame comes from the literature on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing lines of epidemiological evidence suggest that loss of HDL-associated proteins, such as lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPx-3), and paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 (PON1, PON3), may be a feature of AD, even at the early stage. Moreover, the decrease in these enzymes with antioxidant/defensive action appears to be accompanied by a parallel increase of prooxidant and proinflammatory mediators, in particular myeloperoxidase (MPO) and serum amyloid A (SAA). This type of derangement of balance between two opposite forces makes HDL dysfunctional, i.e., unable to exert its "natural" vasculoprotective property. In this review, we summarized and critically analyzed the most significant findings linking HDL accessory proteins and AD. We also discuss the most convincing hypothesis explaining the mechanism by which an observed systemic occurrence may have repercussions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma 43121, Italy
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cinzia Marchi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Sciences Department, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC State University, 28081 NC, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Wu CY, Bawa KK, Ouk M, Leung N, Yu D, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Pakosh M, Swardfager W. Neutrophil activation in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of protein markers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101130. [PMID: 32712109 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with multiple inflammatory processes implicated in its risk and progression. This review included original peer-reviewed studies measuring the cerebrospinal fluid or peripheral blood concentrations of protein markers specifically related to neutrophil activity in healthy controls (HC) and in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A total of 35 studies (NHC = 3095, NAD = 2596, NMCI = 1203) were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate between-groups standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals. In blood, concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO; NAD/NHC = 271/209, SMD = 0.41 [0.20, 0.62]; I2 = 15.7 %) and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL; NAD/NHC = 273/185, SMD = 0.30 [0.11, 0.49]; I2 < 0.005 %) were significantly higher in AD relative to HC. Peripheral blood concentrations of NGAL were also higher in MCI compared to HC (NMCI/NHC = 489/145, SMD = 0.39 [0.11, 0.67]; I2 = 38.6 %). None of the protein markers exhibited a significant difference between HC, MCI, or AD groups in the cerebrospinal fluid. The evidence suggests that peripheral neutrophil activation, as indicated by blood concentrations of NGAL and MPO, may be a pathological feature of cognitive impairment due to AD, evident at stages of MCI and AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Kritleen K Bawa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Michael Ouk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nathan Leung
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada; KITE UHN Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, ON, M4G 2V6, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- KITE UHN Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, ON, M4G 2V6, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; KITE UHN Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 347 Rumsey Rd, East York, ON, M4G 2V6, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
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15
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Sanders O, Rajagopal L. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Epidemiology with a Mechanistic Rationale. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:185-215. [PMID: 32715279 PMCID: PMC7369141 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies, clinical trials, and reviews suggest increasing 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) with phosphodiesterase inhibitors is disease-modifying in Alzheimer's disease (AD). cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling are disrupted in AD. cAMP/PKA and cGMP/PKG activate cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). CREB binds mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, inducing synaptogenesis, memory, and neuronal survival gene (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α). cAMP/PKA and cGMP/PKG activate Sirtuin-1, which activates PGC1α. PGC1α induces mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant genes (e.g.,Nrf2) and represses BACE1. cAMP and cGMP inhibit BACE1-inducing NFκB and tau-phosphorylating GSK3β. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We review efficacy-testing clinical trials, epidemiology, and meta-analyses to critically investigate whether phosphodiesteraseinhibitors prevent or treat AD. RESULTS Caffeine and cilostazol may lower AD risk. Denbufylline and sildenafil clinical trials are promising but preliminary and inconclusive. PF-04447943 and BI 409,306 are ineffective. Vinpocetine, cilostazol, and nicergoline trials are mixed. Deprenyl/selegiline trials show only short-term benefits. Broad-spectrum phosphodiesterase inhibitor propentofylline has been shown in five phase III trials to improve cognition, dementia severity, activities of daily living, and global assessment in mild-to-moderate AD patients on multiple scales, including the ADAS-Cogand the CIBIC-Plus in an 18-month phase III clinical trial. However, two books claimed based on a MedScape article an 18-month phase III trial failed, so propentofylline was discontinued. Now, propentofylline is used to treat canine cognitive dysfunction, which, like AD, involves age-associated wild-type Aβ deposition. CONCLUSION Phosphodiesterase inhibitors may prevent and treat AD.
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16
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Shen XN, Lu Y, Tan CTY, Liu LY, Yu JT, Feng L, Larbi A. Identification of inflammatory and vascular markers associated with mild cognitive impairment. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2403-2419. [PMID: 31039131 PMCID: PMC6520012 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical processes have been associated with the pathogenesis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, including chronic inflammation, dysregulation of membrane lipids and disruption of neurotransmitter pathways. However, research investigating biomarkers of these processes in MCI remained sparse and inconsistent. To collect fresh evidence, we evaluated the performance of several potential markers in a cohort of 57 MCI patients and 57 cognitively healthy controls. MCI patients showed obviously increased levels of plasma TNF-α (p = 0.045) and C-peptide (p = 0.004) as well as decreased levels of VEGF-A (p = 0.042) and PAI-1 (p = 0.019), compared with controls. In addition, our study detected significant correlations of plasma sTNFR-1 (MCI + Control: B = -6.529, p = 0.020; MCI: B = -9.865, p = 0.011) and sIL-2Rα (MCI + Control: B = -7.010, p = 0.007; MCI: B = -11.834, p = 0.003) levels with MoCA scores in the whole cohort and the MCI group. These findings corroborate the inflammatory and vascular hypothesis for dementia. Future studies are warranted to determine their potential as early biomarkers for cognitive deficits and explore the related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Lu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Crystal Tze Ying Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling-Yun Liu
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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17
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Rivera S, García-González L, Khrestchatisky M, Baranger K. Metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3167-3191. [PMID: 31197405 PMCID: PMC11105182 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases worldwide, age-related neurodegenerative diseases will increase in parallel. The lack of effective treatment strategies may soon lead to an unprecedented health, social and economic crisis. Any attempt to halt the progression of these diseases requires a thorough knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved to facilitate the identification of new targets and the application of innovative therapeutic strategies. The metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases includes matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS). These multigenic and multifunctional proteinase families regulate the functions of an increasing number of signalling and scaffolding molecules involved in neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, protein misfolding, synaptic dysfunction or neuronal death. Metalloproteinases and their physiological inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are therefore, at the crossroads of molecular and cellular mechanisms that support neurodegenerative processes, and emerge as potential new therapeutic targets. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the role and regulation of metalloproteinases and TIMPs in four major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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18
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Begic E, Hadzidedic S, Kulaglic A, Ramic-Brkic B, Begic Z, Causevic M. SOMAscan-based proteomic measurements of plasma brain natriuretic peptide are decreased in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's dementia patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212261. [PMID: 30763368 PMCID: PMC6375605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease represents the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of progressive cognitive impairment. Predicting cognitive decline is challenging but would be invaluable in an increasingly aging population which also experiences a rising cardiovascular risk. In order to examine whether plasma measurements of one of the established biomarkers of heart failure, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), reflect a decline in cognitive function, associated with Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration, BNP levels were analysed, by using a novel assay called a SOMAscan, in 1. cognitively healthy, control subjects; 2. subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and 3. subjects with Alzheimer's disease. The results of our study show that the levels of the BNP were significantly different between the three types of diagnoses (p < 0.05), whereby subjects with mild cognitive impairment had the lowest mean BNP value, and healthy subjects had the highest BNP value. Importantly, our results show that the levels of the BNP are influenced by the presence of at least one APOE4 allele in the healthy (p < 0.05) and in the Alzheimer's disease groups of subjects (p < 0.1). As the levels of the BNP appear to be independent of the APOE4 genotype in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, the results of our study support inclusion of measurements of plasma levels of the BNP in the list of the core Alzheimer's disease biomarkers for identification of the mild cognitive impairment group of patients. In addition, the results of our study warrant further investigations into molecular links between Alzheimer's disease-type cognitive decline and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin Begic
- Department of Pharmacology, Sarajevo Medical School, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital "Prim.Dr. Abdulah Nakas", Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Suncica Hadzidedic
- Computer Science and Information Systems Department, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ajla Kulaglic
- Computer Science and Information Systems Department, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Belma Ramic-Brkic
- Computer Science and Information Systems Department, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zijo Begic
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Clinical Center, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirsada Causevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Sarajevo Medical School, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- * E-mail:
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Peña-Bautista C, Baquero M, Vento M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Omics-based Biomarkers for the Early Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis and Reliable Therapeutic Targets Development. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:630-647. [PMID: 30255758 PMCID: PMC6712290 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180926123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in adulthood, has great medical, social, and economic impact worldwide. Available treatments result in symptomatic relief, and most of them are indicated from the early stages of the disease. Therefore, there is an increasing body of research developing accurate and early diagnoses, as well as diseasemodifying therapies. OBJECTIVE Advancing the knowledge of AD physiopathological mechanisms, improving early diagnosis and developing effective treatments from omics-based biomarkers. METHODS Studies using omics technologies to detect early AD, were reviewed with a particular focus on the metabolites/lipids, micro-RNAs and proteins, which are identified as potential biomarkers in non-invasive samples. RESULTS This review summarizes recent research on metabolomics/lipidomics, epigenomics and proteomics, applied to early AD detection. Main research lines are the study of metabolites from pathways, such as lipid, amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolisms, cholesterol biosynthesis, and Krebs and urea cycles. In addition, some microRNAs and proteins (microglobulins, interleukins), related to a common network with amyloid precursor protein and tau, have been also identified as potential biomarkers. Nevertheless, the reproducibility of results among studies is not good enough and a standard methodological approach is needed in order to obtain accurate information. CONCLUSION The assessment of metabolomic/lipidomic, epigenomic and proteomic changes associated with AD to identify early biomarkers in non-invasive samples from well-defined participants groups will potentially allow the advancement in the early diagnosis and improvement of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Consuelo Cháfer-Pericás
- Address correspondence to this author at the Health Research Institute La Fe, Avda de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106; 46026 Valencia, Spain;Tel: +34 96 124 66 61; Fax: + 34 96 124 57 46; E-mail:
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Analysis of serum β-amyloid peptides, α2-macroglobulin, complement factor H, and clusterin levels in APP/PS1 transgenic mice during progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2018; 27:1114-9. [PMID: 27541273 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global health concern. Despite the availability of psychological testing, neuroimaging, genetic testing, and biochemical assays of cerebrospinal fluid, convenient and accurate blood biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and preclinical studies of AD are still lacking. The present study aims to longitudinally evaluate the feasibility of β-amyloid proteins, α2-macroglobulin (α-2M), complement factor H (CFH), and clusterin as blood biomarkers of AD. Using APP/PS1 transgenic and wild-type mice, cognitive impairment and amyloid plaque counts in the brain were evaluated over a range of ages using the Morris water maze test and immunohistochemistry methods, respectively. Serum Aβ40, Aβ42, α-2M, CFH, and clusterin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and correlated with progression of AD. APP/PS1 transgenic mice presented progressive AD characteristics at the ages of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Serum Aβ42 levels and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios increased significantly in transgenic 3- and 6-month-old mice compared with controls. Serum CFH levels decreased significantly in 3- and 6-month-old transgenic mice compared with controls. Meanwhile, serum clusterin levels increased significantly in 12-month-old transgenic mice compared with controls. The α-2M level was not significantly different between transgenic and wild-type mice. The APP/PS1 transgenic mouse is a model of familial AD. The present study indicated that the serum Aβ42 level, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and CFH level are potential biomarkers in preclinical and early stages of AD, whereas serum clusterin level is a potential biomarker in the late stage of AD.
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Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by beta-amyloid plaques, Tau pathology, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Besides that, alterations in monocytes and platelets have been reported in the blood of Alzheimer patients. In the present study, we measured circulating levels of platelet-monocyte aggregates in EDTA blood of cognitively healthy participants and 40 AD patients, and examined their changes induced by stimulation with beta-amyloid peptides. We measured CD14, CD62P, and CD42a using fluorescence-activated cell scanning (FACS) analysis. Our data show that the levels of circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates were not different between healthy controls and AD patients. However, incubation with beta-amyloid-40, -42, and pyroglutamate-beta-amyloid increased the platelet-monocyte aggregation in healthy subjects, but not AD patients. Our data conclude that the interaction between monocytes and platelets is not altered in whole blood of AD patients, but their sensitivity toward beta-amyloid peptides is decreased. There might be a critical link between the interaction of platelets and monocytes in AD, which has to be explored in further studies.
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Kelly MP. Cyclic nucleotide signaling changes associated with normal aging and age-related diseases of the brain. Cell Signal 2018; 42:281-291. [PMID: 29175000 PMCID: PMC5732030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in brain function that are associated with aging and age-related diseases benefit very little from currently available therapies, suggesting a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is needed to develop improved drugs. Here, we review the literature to test the hypothesis that a break down in cyclic nucleotide signaling at the level of synthesis, execution, and/or degradation may contribute to these deficits. A number of findings have been reported in both the human and animal model literature that point to brain region-specific changes in Galphas (a.k.a. Gαs or Gsα), adenylyl cyclase, 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (HCNs), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclase, 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), protein kinase G (PKG) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Among the most reproducible findings are 1) elevated circulating ANP and BNP levels being associated with cognitive dysfunction or dementia independent of cardiovascular effects, 2) reduced basal and/or NMDA-stimulated cGMP levels in brain with aging or Alzheimer's disease (AD), 3) reduced adenylyl cyclase activity in hippocampus and specific cortical regions with aging or AD, 4) reduced expression/activity of PKA in temporal cortex and hippocampus with AD, 5) reduced phosphorylation of CREB in hippocampus with aging or AD, 6) reduced expression/activity of the PDE4 family in brain with aging, 7) reduced expression of PDE10A in the striatum with Huntington's disease (HD) or Parkinson's disease, and 8) beneficial effects of select PDE inhibitors, particularly PDE10 inhibitors in HD models and PDE4 and PDE5 inhibitors in aging and AD models. Although these findings generally point to a reduction in cyclic nucleotide signaling being associated with aging and age-related diseases, there are exceptions. In particular, there is evidence for increased cAMP signaling specifically in aged prefrontal cortex, AD cerebral vessels, and PD hippocampus. Thus, if cyclic nucleotide signaling is going to be targeted effectively for therapeutic gain, it will have to be manipulated in a brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michy P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, VA Bldg 1, 3rd Floor, D-12, Columbia, SC 29209, United States.
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Methylphenidat bei einem M.‑Alzheimer-Patienten. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 50:362-364. [DOI: 10.1007/s00391-016-1043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Meng Y, Volpini M, Black S, Lozano AM, Hynynen K, Lipsman N. Focused ultrasound as a novel strategy for Alzheimer disease therapeutics. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:611-617. [PMID: 28395123 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Volpini
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Black
- Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kara K, Mahabadi AA, Weimar C, Winkler A, Neumann T, Kälsch H, Dragano N, Moebus S, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Jokisch M. N-Terminal Pro-B Type Natriuretic Peptide is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment in the General Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:359-369. [PMID: 27636851 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaffer Kara
- Cardiovascular Center, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amir Abbas Mahabadi
- West-German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Weimar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Angela Winkler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Till Neumann
- West-German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hagen Kälsch
- West-German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nico Dragano
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martha Jokisch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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Hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:441-453. [PMID: 27770635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac function is a key player in maintaining energy homeostasis in the brain. Heart failure is closely related to higher risk of neurocognitive disorders. Recent evidence shows that this relationship might not be limited to patients with advanced heart failure, and even suboptimal cardiac functioning is associated with accelerated brain aging. Hence, hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers may provide valuable information about the risk of dementia. METHODS We provide an overview on the link between cardiac markers and cognitive function by a systematic search in five databases. Furthermore, we discuss the pathophysiological aspects of this link and highlight the pertinent clinical and public health implications. RESULTS Increasing evidence supports the associations of hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers with accelerated cognitive decline. DISCUSSION Hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers are closely linked with risk of cognitive impairment. This highlights the significance of the heart-brain connection in reducing the burden of dementia.
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Ruan Q, D'Onofrio G, Sancarlo D, Greco A, Yu Z. Potential fluid biomarkers for pathological brain changes in Alzheimer's disease: Implication for the screening of cognitive frailty. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3184-98. [PMID: 27511317 PMCID: PMC5042792 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive frailty (CF) overlaps with early neuropathological alterations associated with aging-related major neurocognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fluid biomarkers for these pathological brain alterations allow for early diagnosis in the preclinical stages of AD, and for objective prognostic assessments in clinical intervention trials. These biomarkers may also be helpful in the screening of CF. The present study reviewed the literature and identified systematic reviews of cohort studies and other authoritative reports. The selection criteria for potentially suitable fluid biomarkers included: i) Frequent use in studies of fluid-derived markers and ii) evidence of novel measurement techniques for fluid-derived markers. The present study focused on studies that assessed these biomarkers in AD, mild cognitive impairment and non-AD demented subjects. At present, widely used fluid biomarkers include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), total tau, phosphorylated tau and amyloid-β levels. With the development of novel measurement techniques and improvements in understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying aging-related major neurocognitive disorders, numerous novel biomarkers associated with various aspects of AD neuropathology are being explored. These include specific measurements of Aβ oligomer or monomer forms, tau proteins in the peripheral plasma and CSF, and novel markers of synaptic dysfunction, neuronal damage and apoptosis, neuronal activity alteration, neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress, metabolites, mitochondrial function and aberrant lipid metabolism. The proposed panels of fluid biomarkers may be useful in the early diagnosis of AD, prediction of the progression of AD from preclinical stages to the dementia stage, and the differentiation of AD from non-AD dementia. In combination with physical frailty, the present study surmised that these biomarkers may also be used as biomarkers for CF, thus contribute to discovering causes and informing interventions for cognitive impairment in individuals with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Ruan
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Grazia D'Onofrio
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, I‑71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniele Sancarlo
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, I‑71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, I‑71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Zhuowei Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 Biomarker Core: A review of progress and plans. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 11:772-91. [PMID: 26194312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We describe Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Biomarker Core progress including: the Biobank; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (Aβ1-42), t-tau, and p-tau181 analytical performance, definition of Alzheimer's disease (AD) profile for plaque, and tangle burden detection and increased risk for progression to AD; AD disease heterogeneity; progress in standardization; and new studies using ADNI biofluids. METHODS Review publications authored or coauthored by ADNI Biomarker core faculty and selected non-ADNI studies to deepen the understanding and interpretation of CSF Aβ1-42, t-tau, and p-tau181 data. RESULTS CSF AD biomarker measurements with the qualified AlzBio3 immunoassay detects neuropathologic AD hallmarks in preclinical and prodromal disease stages, based on CSF studies in non-ADNI living subjects followed by the autopsy confirmation of AD. Collaboration across ADNI cores generated the temporal ordering model of AD biomarkers varying across individuals because of genetic/environmental factors that increase/decrease resilience to AD pathologies. DISCUSSION Further studies will refine this model and enable the use of biomarkers studied in ADNI clinically and in disease-modifying therapeutic trials.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a major cause of disability and institutionalization. Apart from age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, there are currently no established, clinically relevant, noninvasive markers of dementia. We conducted a literature search of recent observational epidemiological studies evaluating the relevance of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoproteins as biomarkers of future and prevalent risk of dementia. RECENT FINDINGS HDL-C and apolipoproteins, such as apoE have been suggested to play important roles in brain function and have been associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in observational studies. However, findings have been inconsistent, especially across study designs. In recent years, modern proteomic approaches have enabled the investigation of further apolipoproteins involved in the deposition and clearance of β-amyloid, a determining factor for subsequent neurodegeneration. SUMMARY Associations in cross-sectional studies are not always indicative of a prospective relationship. Large studies find that plasma HDL-C and apoE are inversely associated with dementia. Higher apoJ levels might be a marker of prevalent dementia, but were not associated with risk of future dementia. The investigation of HDL-C and apolipoproteins in relation to dementia represents an area of opportunity. Additional prospective studies that account for potential confounding factors and that explore potential effect modifiers such as APOE genotype and sex are needed to fully investigate the potential of these noninvasive measures in disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Majken K. Jensen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baird AL, Westwood S, Lovestone S. Blood-Based Proteomic Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Front Neurol 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26635716 PMCID: PMC4644785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its long prodromal phase poses challenges for early diagnosis and yet allows for the possibility of the development of disease modifying treatments for secondary prevention. It is, therefore, of importance to develop biomarkers, in particular, in the preclinical or early phases that reflect the pathological characteristics of the disease and, moreover, could be of utility in triaging subjects for preventative therapeutic clinical trials. Much research has sought biomarkers for diagnostic purposes by comparing affected people to unaffected controls. However, given that AD pathology precedes disease onset, a pathology endophenotype design for biomarker discovery creates the opportunity for detection of much earlier markers of disease. Blood-based biomarkers potentially provide a minimally invasive option for this purpose and research in the field has adopted various “omics” approaches in order to achieve this. This review will, therefore, examine the current literature regarding blood-based proteomic biomarkers of AD and its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Gorska-Ciebiada M, Saryusz-Wolska M, Borkowska A, Ciebiada M, Loba J. C-Reactive Protein, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Their Receptor in Type 2 Diabetic, Elderly Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:209. [PMID: 26578953 PMCID: PMC4625092 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate serum levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to determine the predictors (including AGEs, RAGE, and CRP levels) of having MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Two hundred seventy-six diabetics elders were screened for MCI (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: MoCA score). Data of biochemical parameters and biomarkers were collected. RESULTS Serum AGEs, RAGE, and CRP levels were significantly increased in MCI patients compared to controls. In group of patients with MCI, serum RAGE level was positively correlated with AGEs level and with CRP level. RAGE, AGEs, and CRP concentrations were positively correlated with HbA1c levels and negatively correlated with MoCA score. The univariate logistic regression models revealed that variables, which increased the likelihood of diagnosis of MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes were higher levels of HbA1c, RAGE, AGEs, CRP, TG, lower level of HDL cholesterol, previous CVD, HA, or use of HA drugs, hyperlipidemia, retinopathy, nephropathy, increased number of co-morbidities, older age, and less years of formal education. HA or use of HA drugs, previous CVD, higher level of RAGE and CRP, older age and less years of formal education are the factors increasing the likelihood of having MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in multivariable model. CONCLUSION In summary, serum AGEs, RAGE, and CRP are increased in the circulation of MCI elderly diabetic patients compared to controls. A larger population-based prospective study needs to be performed to further confirm the relationship between AGEs, RAGE, and the cognitive decline or progress to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Borkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Maciej Ciebiada
- Department of General and Oncological Pneumology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Jerzy Loba
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Klavins K, Koal T, Dallmann G, Marksteiner J, Kemmler G, Humpel C. The ratio of phosphatidylcholines to lysophosphatidylcholines in plasma differentiates healthy controls from patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 1:295-302. [PMID: 26744734 PMCID: PMC4700585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomic processes have been identified as being strongly linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, lipid metabolites appear to be highly useful as diagnostic substrates for the diagnosis of AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in plasma. METHODS We analyzed plasma samples from controls (n = 35), MCI (n = 33), and AD patients (n = 43) using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit (Biocrates Life Sciences), which included quantitative analysis of 40 acylcarnitines, 21 amino acids, 19 biogenic amines, 15 sphingolipids, 90 glycerophospholipids, and sum of hexoses. RESULTS We found that individual lipid metabolites can differentiate controls from MCI and AD with relevant significance. However, the ratio between PC aa C34:4 and lysoPC a C18:2 differentiates controls from MCI (P = .0000007) and from AD (P = .0000009) with greater significance. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that the ratio of these two lipid metabolites is useful for diagnosing MCI and AD with an accuracy of 82%-85%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of General and Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic of General and Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Saleem M, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Eisen R, Lanctôt KL. Inflammatory Markers in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:669-79. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahwesh Saleem
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Eisen
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista L. Lanctôt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a receptor of the immunoglobulin super family that plays various important roles under physiological and pathological conditions. Compelling evidence suggests that RAGE acts as both an inflammatory intermediary and a critical inducer of oxidative stress, underlying RAGE-induced Alzheimer-like pathophysiological changes that drive the process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A critical role of RAGE in AD includes beta-amyloid (Aβ) production and accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, failure of synaptic transmission, and neuronal degeneration. The steady-state level of Aβ depends on the balance between production and clearance. RAGE plays an important role in the Aβ clearance. RAGE acts as an important transporter via regulating influx of circulating Aβ into brain, whereas the efflux of brain-derived Aβ into the circulation via BBB is implemented by LRP1. RAGE could be an important contributor to Aβ generation via enhancing the activity of β- and/or γ-secretases and activating inflammatory response and oxidative stress. However, sRAGE-Aβ interactions could inhibit Aβ neurotoxicity and promote Aβ clearance from brain. Meanwhile, RAGE could be a promoting factor for the synaptic dysfunction and neuronal circuit dysfunction which are both the material structure of cognition, and the physiological and pathological basis of cognition. In addition, RAGE could be a trigger for the pathogenesis of Aβ and tau hyper-phosphorylation which both participate in the process of cognitive impairment. Preclinical and clinical studies have supported that RAGE inhibitors could be useful in the treatment of AD. Thus, an effective measure to inhibit RAGE may be a novel drug target in AD.
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The interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6 and alpha-2-macroglobulin serum levels in patients with early or late onset Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment or Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 283:50-7. [PMID: 26004156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (EOAD, LOAD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls were included to determine the serum interleukin-1s (IL-1α, IL-1β), IL-6 and alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) levels using ELISA. IL-6 might be a significant contributor to the inflammatory response in LOAD. The MCI data indicate that IL-1s, α2M and BDNF are somehow related, and this relationship might allow MCI patients to be more similar to the healthy controls. A correlation analysis of multiple biomarkers in different neurodegenerative disorders might be more useful than determining the levels of a single cytokine in a single disorder.
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Oh J, Lee HJ, Song JH, Park SI, Kim H. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as an early potential diagnostic marker for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2014; 60:87-91. [PMID: 25304332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in individuals over 65 years old. However, to date, no useful early diagnostic markers for AD have been discovered. We examined the utility of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as a potential biomarker for AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD, as well as in nondemented healthy controls. Plasma PAI-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in samples collected from 76 patients with MCI, 74 patients with AD, and 76 healthy controls. Our results show that plasma PAI-1 levels gradually increased as dementia progressed. The mean levels of plasma PAI-1 in patients with MCI and AD patients were significantly higher than those of in healthy controls. Consistently, neuropsychological examination (e.g., MMSE, CDR) also demonstrated significant correlations between the plasma PAI-1 levels and cognitive function. In conclusion, the level of plasma PAI-1 is a potential biomarker for the early detection and diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Oh
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ja Lee
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Song
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, South Korea
| | - Sang Ick Park
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, South Korea.
| | - Hyunyoung Kim
- Division of Brain Diseases, Center for Biomedical Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-951, South Korea.
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Fu Y, Zhao D, Yang L. Protein-Based Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:739-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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