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Lima MCDAM, Zazula MF, Martins LF, Carvalhal SR, Guimarães ATB, Fernandes LC, Naliwaiko K. How soon do metabolic alterations and oxidative distress precede the reduction of muscle mass and strength in Wistar rats in aging process? Biogerontology 2024; 25:491-506. [PMID: 38064115 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Here we investigate metabolic changes, the antioxidant system and the accumulation of oxidative damage in muscles with different fiber types during the aging process in Wistar rats and try to map how sooner the changes occur. To do so, 30 male Wistar rats were submitted to behavioral evaluation to determine voluntary strength in the 11, 15, and 19 month old rats, measuring the energy metabolism, antioxidant system, oxidative damage and structure in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. We detected structural and metabolic changes in both muscles, especially in the EDL of 15 month old rats and in the soleus of 19 month old rats. In the 15 month old rats, there was a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the fibers, and a reduction in the proportion of type I fibers, accompanied by an increase in fiber density and the amount of type IIA fibers. This change in the fiber profile was followed by an increase in the activity of anaerobic metabolism enzymes, suggesting a reduction in the oxidative capacity of the muscle. In addition, there was an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation, accompanied by a reduced antioxidant capacity. In the 19 month old rats, these disturbances got stronger. In summary, the present study demonstrated that before functional disturbances, there was an accumulation of oxidative damage and structural changes in the skeletal muscle beginning at 15 months old in the EDL and the soleus only in the biochemical parameters. Therefore, the metabolic alterations occurred at 15 months old and not before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malu Cristina de Araújo Montoro Lima
- Laboratório de Plasticidade Morfofuncional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81530-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Felipe Zazula
- Laboratório de Plasticidade Morfofuncional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81530-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins
- Laboratório de Plasticidade Morfofuncional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81530-900, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Rubiane Carvalhal
- Laboratório de Metabolismo Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81530-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães
- Laboratório de Investigações Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 1619, Jardim Universitário, Cascavel, PR, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Fernandes
- Laboratório de Metabolismo Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81530-900, Brazil
| | - Katya Naliwaiko
- Laboratório de Plasticidade Morfofuncional, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81530-900, Brazil.
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Stavely R, Ott LC, Rashidi N, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. The Oxidative Stress and Nervous Distress Connection in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1586. [PMID: 38002268 PMCID: PMC10669114 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a central player in a range of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, as well as complications stemming from therapeutic interventions. This article presents an overview of the mechanisms of oxidative stress in GI conditions and highlights a link between oxidative insult and disruption to the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls GI functions. The dysfunction of the ENS is characteristic of a spectrum of disorders, including neurointestinal diseases and conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diabetic gastroparesis, and chemotherapy-induced GI side effects. Neurons in the ENS, while essential for normal gut function, appear particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Mechanistically, oxidative stress in enteric neurons can result from intrinsic nitrosative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, or inflammation-related pathways. Although antioxidant-based therapies have shown limited efficacy, recognizing the multifaceted role of oxidative stress in GI diseases offers a promising avenue for future interventions. This comprehensive review summarizes the literature to date implicating oxidative stress as a critical player in the pathophysiology of GI disorders, with a focus on its role in ENS injury and dysfunction, and highlights opportunities for the development of targeted therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leah C. Ott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Niloufar Rashidi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
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Dietary energy restriction in neurological diseases: what's new? Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:573-588. [PMID: 36369305 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Energy-restricted diet is a specific dietary regimen, including the continuous energy-restricted diet and the intermittent energy-restricted diet. It has been proven effective not only to reduce weight and extend the lifespan in animal models, but also to regulate the development and progression of various neurological diseases such as epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis). However, the mechanism in this field is still not clear and a systematic neurological summary is still missing. In this review, we first give a brief summary of the definition and mainstream strategies of energy restrictions. We then review evidence about the effects of energy-restricted diet from both animal models and human trials, and update the current understanding of mechanisms underlying the biological role of energy-restricted diet in the fight against neurological diseases. Our review thus contributes to the modification of dietary regimen and the search for special diet mimics.
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Baidoo N, Sanger GJ, Belai A. Effect of old age on the subpopulations of enteric glial cells in human descending colon. Glia 2023; 71:305-316. [PMID: 36128665 PMCID: PMC10087700 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Old age is associated with a higher incidence of lower bowel conditions such as constipation. Recent evidence suggest that colonic motility may be influenced by enteric glial cells (EGCs). Little is known about the effect of aging on the subpopulation of EGCs in the human colon. We assessed and compared the pattern of distribution of EGCs in adult and elderly human colon. Human descending colon were obtained from 23 cancer patients comprising of adults (23-63 years; 6 male, 7 female) and elderly (66-81 year; 6 male, 4 female). Specimens were serially-sectioned and immunolabeled with anti-Sox-10, anti-S100 and anti-GFAP for morphometric analysis. Standardized procedures were utilized to ensure unbiased counting and densitometric evaluation of EGCs. The number of Sox-10 immunoreactive (IR) EGCs were unaltered with age in both the myenteric plexus (MP) (respectively, in adult and elderly patients, 1939 ± 82 and 1760 ± 44/mm length; p > .05) and submucosal plexus; there were no apparent differences between adult males and females. The density of S100-IR EGCs declined among the elderly in the circular muscle and within the MP per ganglionic area. In the adult colon, there were more S100-IR EGCs distributed in the circular muscle per unit area than the Taenia coli. There was little or no GFAP-IR EGCs in both adult and elderly colon. We concluded that aging of the human descending colon does not result in a loss of Sox-10-IR EGCs in the MP and SMP but reduces S100-IR EGCs density within the musculature. This alteration in myenteric EGCs density with age may contribute to colonic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Baidoo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Abi Belai
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Yip JLK, Balasuriya GK, Spencer SJ, Hill-Yardin EL. Examining enteric nervous system function in rat and mouse: an interspecies comparison of colonic motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G477-G487. [PMID: 36126271 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00175.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is crucial to gut health and has been associated with different disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and postoperative ileus. Despite rat and mouse being the two animal models most widely used in gastrointestinal research, minimal studies in rats have investigated gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, our study provides a comparison of colonic motility in the mouse and rat to clarify species differences and assess the relative effectiveness of each animal model for colonic motility research. We describe the protocol modifications and optimization undertaken to enable video imaging of colonic motility in the rat. Apart from the broad difference in terms of gastrointestinal diameter and length, we identified differences in the fundamental histology of the proximal colon such that the rat had larger villus height-to-width and villus height-to-crypt depth ratios compared with mouse. Since gut motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), we investigated how colonic contractile activity within each rodent species responds to modulation of the ENS inhibitory neuronal network. Here we used Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to assess proximal colon responses to the stimulatory effect of blocking the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). In rats, the frequency of proximal colonic contractions increased in the presence of l-NNA (vs. control levels) to a greater extent than in mice. This is despite a similar number of NOS-expressing neurons in the myenteric plexus across species. Given this increase in colonic contraction frequency, the rat represents another relevant animal model for investigating how gastrointestinal motility is regulated by the inhibitory neuronal network of the ENS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice and rats are widely used in gastrointestinal research but have fundamental differences that make them important as different models for different questions. We found that mice have a higher villi length-to-width and villi length-to-crypt depth ratio than rat in proximal colon. Using the ex vivo video imaging technique, we observed that rat colon has more prominent response to blockade of major inhibitory neurotransmitter (nitric oxide) in myenteric plexus than mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L K Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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The Enteric Glia and Its Modulation by the Endocannabinoid System, a New Target for Cannabinoid-Based Nutraceuticals? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196773. [PMID: 36235308 PMCID: PMC9570628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply studied, the enteric glial cells (EGCs) have received less attention. However, these are immune-competent cells that contribute to the maintenance of the GI tract homeostasis through supporting epithelial integrity, providing neuroprotection, and influencing the GI motor function and sensation. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous classical cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), cannabinoid-like ligands (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)), enzymes involved in their metabolism (FAAH, MAGL, COX-2) and classical (CB1 and CB2) and non-classical (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR) receptors. The ECS participates in many processes crucial for the proper functioning of the GI tract, in which the EGCs are involved. Thus, the modulation of the EGCs through the ECS might be beneficial to treat some dysfunctions of the GI tract. This review explores the role of EGCs and ECS on the GI tract functions and dysfunctions, and the current knowledge about how EGCs may be modulated by the ECS components, as possible new targets for cannabinoids and cannabinoid-like molecules, particularly those with potential nutraceutical use.
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Almeida PPD, Thomasi BBDM, Costa NDS, Valdetaro L, Pereira AD, Gomes ALT, Stockler-Pinto MB. Brazil Nut ( Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) Retards Gastric Emptying and Modulates Enteric Glial Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 41:157-165. [PMID: 33301378 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1852981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of food and nutrients in the regulation of enteric glial cell functions is unclear. Some foods influence enteric neurophysiology and can affect glial cell functions that include regulation of the intestinal barrier, gastric emptying, and colonic transit. Brazil nuts are the most abundant natural source of selenium, unsaturated fatty acids, fibers, and polyphenols. OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of a Brazil nut-enriched diet on enteric glial cells and gastrointestinal transit. METHODS Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomized to a standard diet (control group, CG), standard diet containing 5% (wt/wt) Brazil nut (BN5), and standard diet containing 10% (wt/wt) Brazil nut (BN10) (n = 9 per group). After eight weeks, the animals underwent constipation and gastric emptying tests to assess motility. Evaluations of colonic immunofluorescence staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myenteric ganglia area were performed. RESULTS The BN5 group showed increased weight gain while the BN10 group did not (p < 0.0001). The BN10 group showed higher gastric residue amounts compared to the other groups (p = 0.0008). The colon exhibited an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity in the BN5 group compared to that in the other groups (p = 0.0016), and the BN10 group presented minor immunoreactivity compared to the CG (p = 0.04). The BN10 group presented a minor ganglia area compared to the CG (p = 0.0155). CONCLUSION The Brazil nut-enriched diet modified the gastric residual, colonic GFAP immunoreactivity, and myenteric ganglia area after eight weeks in healthy male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalia da Silva Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline D'Avila Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Moreira LS, Chagas AC, Ames-Sibin AP, Pateis VO, Gonçalves OH, Silva-Comar FMS, Hernandes L, Sá-Nakanishi AB, Bracht L, Bersani-Amado CA, Bracht A, Comar JF. Alpha-tocopherol-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles improve the inflammation and systemic oxidative stress of arthritic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:414-425. [PMID: 35747358 PMCID: PMC9209870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The present study investigated the effects of orally administered α-tocopherol-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles on the articular inflammation and systemic oxidative status of middle-aged Holtzman rats with Freund's adjuvant-induced polyarthritis, a model for rheumatoid arthritis. Intraperitoneally administered free α-tocopherol provided the reference for comparison. Experimental procedure Two protocols of treatment were followed: intraperitoneal administration of free α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg i.p.) or oral administration of free and nanoencapsulated α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg p.o.). Animals were treated during 18 days after arthritis induction. Results Free (i.p.) and encapsulated α-tocopherol decreased the hind paws edema, the leukocytes infiltration into femorotibial joints and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tibial anterior muscle of arthritic rats, but the encapsulated compound was more effective. Free (i.p.) and encapsulated α-tocopherol decreased the high levels of reactive oxygen species in the brain and liver, but only the encapsulated compound decreased the levels of protein carbonyl groups in these organs. Both free (i.p.) and encapsulated α-tocopherol increased the α-tocopherol levels and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione in these organs. Conclusion Both intraperitoneally administered free α-tocopherol and orally administered encapsulated α-tocopherol effectively improved inflammation and systemic oxidative stress in middle-aged arthritic rats. However, the encapsulated form should be preferred because the oral administration route does not be linked to the evident discomfort that is caused in general by injectable medicaments. Consequently, α-tocopherol-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles may be a promising adjuvant to the most current approaches aiming at rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Oxidative stress is systemically increased in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arthritic rats were orally treated with α-tocopherol-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles. Treatment decreased the paw edema and articular inflammation of arthritic rats. Treatment improved the oxidative stress in the liver and brain arthritic rats. The content of α-tocopherol was increased in the brain and liver of treated rats.
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Nutraceuticals and Enteric Glial Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123762. [PMID: 34205534 PMCID: PMC8234579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, glia were considered to be a structural support for neurons, however further investigations showed that glial cells are equally as important as neurons. Among many different types of glia, enteric glial cells (EGCs) found in the gastrointestinal tract, have been significantly underestimated, but proved to play an essential role in neuroprotection, immune system modulation and many other functions. They are also said to be remarkably altered in different physiopathological conditions. A nutraceutical is defined as any food substance or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including prevention and treatment of the disease. Following the description of these interesting peripheral glial cells and highlighting their role in physiological and pathological changes, this article reviews all the studies on the effects of nutraceuticals as modulators of their functions. Currently there are only a few studies available concerning the effects of nutraceuticals on EGCs. Most of them evaluated molecules with antioxidant properties in systemic conditions, whereas only a few studies have been performed using models of gastrointestinal disorders. Despite the scarcity of studies on the topic, all agree that nutraceuticals have the potential to be an interesting alternative in the prevention and/or treatment of enteric gliopathies (of systemic or local etiology) and their associated gastrointestinal conditions.
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Gonçalves ARN, Marinsek GP, de Souza Abessa DM, de Britto Mari R. Adaptative responses of myenteric neurons of Sphoeroides testudineus to environmental pollution. Neurotoxicology 2019; 76:84-92. [PMID: 31669307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination in estuarine regions affects the local biota damaging the ecosystems and reaching humans. The gastrointestinal tract is a dynamic environment capable of obtaining nutrients and energy from food while it protects the host against harmful toxins and pathogens from the external environment. These functions are modulated by the enteric nervous system and changes in its structure can result in gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the environmental contaminants have effects on the myenteric neuronal plasticity of pufferfish Sphoeroides testudineus. Animals were collected in Barra do Una River, located at Jureia-Itatins Mosaic of Protected Areas (reference area - RA) and in the Santos Estuarine System (impacted area - IA). Morpho-quantitative analyses of the general and metabolically active myenteric neuronal populations of the proximal and distal intestine were made. Disarrangement was observed in the general organization of the myenteric plexus, with an expressive reduction of the neuronal groups (nodes) in the animals of IA. The vulnerability of the myenteric plexus was evidenced by a decrease in density and cellular profile of the general neuronal population, followed by an increase of the metabolism of the remaining neurons, which in turn was verified by a growth of the area of the cellular and nuclear profiles of the metabolically active neuronal population. Through these analyses, we concluded that animals inhabiting polluted regions present alterations in the myenteric neuronal plasticity, as a way of maintaining the functions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Pustiglione Marinsek
- São Paulo State University - Coastal Campus, Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal (LABMA), Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- São Paulo State University - Coastal Campus, Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxcologia Aquática (NEPEA), Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata de Britto Mari
- São Paulo State University - Coastal Campus, Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal (LABMA), Sao Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Vicentini FA, Barbosa MMC, Fortunato MC, Amado CAB, Comar JF, Longhini R, de Mello JCP, Natali MRM. Treatment with Trichilia catigua ethyl-acetate fraction improves healing and reduces oxidative stress in TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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da Rosa CVD, de Campos JM, de Sá Nakanishi AB, Comar JF, Martins IP, Mathias PCDF, Pedrosa MMD, de Godoi VAF, Natali MRM. Food restriction promotes damage reduction in rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199479. [PMID: 29924854 PMCID: PMC6010257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus induction but the comparison between models is scarce. Food restriction generates benefits, such as reducing oxidative stress, but there are few studies on its effects on diabetes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the differences in physiological and biochemical parameters between diabetes models and their responses to food restriction. For this, 30 male Wistar rats were distributed in 3 groups (n = 10/group): control (C); diabetes with streptozotocin and cafeteria-style diet (DE); and diabetes with streptozotocin and nicotinamide (DN), all treated for two months (pre-food restriction period). Then, the 3 groups were subdivided into 6, generating the groups CC (control), CCR (control+food restriction), DEC (diabetic+standard diet), DER (diabetic+food restriction), DNC (diabetic+standard diet) and DNR (diabetic+food restriction), treated for an additional two months (food restriction period). The food restriction (FR) used was 50% of the average daily dietary intake of group C. Throughout the treatment, physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. At the end of the treatment, serum biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and insulin were evaluated. Both diabetic models produced hyperglycemia, polyphagia, polydipsia, insulin resistance, high fructosamine, hepatic damage and reduced insulin, although only DE presented human diabetes-like alterations, such as dyslipidemia and neuropathy symptoms. Both DEC and DNC diabetic groups presented higher levels of protein carbonyl groups associated to lower antioxidant capacity in the plasma. FR promoted improvement of glycemia in DNR, lipid profile in DER, and insulin resistance and hepatic damage in both diabetes models. FR also reduced the protein carbonyl groups of both DER and DNR diabetic groups, but the antioxidant capacity was improved only in the plasma of DER group. It is concluded that FR is beneficial for diabetes but should be used in conjunction with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabela Peixoto Martins
- Department of Biotechnology, Cell Biology and Genetics State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Lushchak VI. Time-course and intensity-based classifications of oxidative stresses and their potential application in biomedical, comparative and environmental research. Redox Rep 2016; 21:262-70. [PMID: 26828292 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2015.1126940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We propose some clues for classification of oxidative stresses based on their intensity and time-course. BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is studied for more than three decades and it is clear that it may differ on the parameters of interest. But up to now there is no any system for formal discrimination between different types of the stress. Such approach can provide important benefits at description of experimental data. METHOD We briefly review information on oxidative stresses and show that the theoretical concept is actually poorly developed since introduction of the first definition in 1985 by H. Sies. We argue that the stresses can differ on their intensities and time-curses, but there was no theoretical basis for discrimination between them. RESULTS On the basis of these analyses, we propose two systems of classifications of oxidative stresses enabling their description taking into account their intensity and time-course. We analyze essential biomarkers of oxidative stress to be used for classification such as levels of modified by reactive oxygen species proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and low molecular mass compounds. Finally, we describe potential applications of the proposed classifications to biomedical, comparative and environmental research. CONCLUSION The proposed classifications of oxidative stress may facilitate description of experimental data and their comparison between different organisms and methods of induction of oxidative stresses. Additionally this work may provide some clues to develop quantitative approaches for formal categorization of oxidative stresses. APPLICATION Most applications of the classifications proposed are theoretical and applied studies where oxidative stress takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr I Lushchak
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University , 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018 , Ukraine
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Shang B, Shi H, Wang X, Guo X, Wang N, Wang Y, Dong L. Protective effect of melatonin on myenteric neuron damage in experimental colitis in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:117-27. [PMID: 26787455 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710004 Shaanxi Province China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the impact of ageing on the gastrointestinal tract, including effects on the absorption of nutrients and drugs and the gastrointestinal tract defence system against ingested pathogens. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications support earlier observations of an age-related selective decline in gut function including changes in taste, oesophageal sphincter motility, gastric emptying, and neurons of the myenteric plexus related to gut transit which may impact the nutritional status. Ageing is also associated with structural and functional mucosal defence defects, diminished abilities to generate protective immunity, and increased incidence of inflammation and oxidative stress. A number of gastrointestinal disorders occur more frequently in the elderly population. SUMMARY Alterations in gut function with ageing have particular implications for oesophageal, gastric, and colonic motility. Older individuals are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, postprandial hypotension, dysphagia, constipation, and faecal incontinence. Decrease in the number of nerve cells of the myenteric plexus that impact digestive absorption and the surface area of the small intestine because of degeneration of villi may lead to blunted absorption of nutrients. Impairment of the intestinal immune system as a result of ageing, including the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract, appears to be a significant contributor to the age-related increase in the incidence and severity of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Soenen
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC), Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia, Australia
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Yamamoto K, E S, Hatakeyama Y, Sakamoto Y, Tsuduki T. High-fat diet intake from senescence inhibits the attenuation of cell functions and the degeneration of villi with aging in the small intestine, and inhibits the attenuation of lipid absorption ability in SAMP8 mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 57:204-11. [PMID: 26566305 PMCID: PMC4639591 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of a high-fat diet from senescence as a means of preventing malnutrition among the elderly. The senescence-accelerated mouse P8 was used and divided into three groups. The 6C group was given a normal diet until 6 months old. The 12N group was given a normal diet until 12 months old. The 12F group was given a normal diet until 6 months old and then a high-fat diet until 12 months old. In the oral fat tolerance test, there was a decrease in area under the curve for serum triacylglycerol level in the 12N group and a significant increase in the 12F group, suggesting that the attenuation of lipid absorption ability with aging was delayed by a high-fat diet from senescence. To examine this mechanism, histological analysis in the small intestine was performed. As a result, the degeneration of villi with aging was inhibited by the high-fat diet. There was also a significant decrease in length of villus in the small intestine in the 12N group and a significant increase in the 12F group. The high-fat diet from senescence inhibited the degeneration of villi with aging in the small intestine, and inhibited the attenuation of lipid absorption ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shuang E
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yu Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yu Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsuduki
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Decreased lipid absorption due to reduced pancreatic lipase activity in aging male mice. Biogerontology 2014; 15:463-73. [PMID: 25033985 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition due to aging is partly caused by decreased absorption of nutrients by the gastrointestinal tract. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear and changes in lipid absorption with aging are poorly understood. In this study, changes in lipid absorption with aging were examined in mice aged 3 and 25 months. After overnight fasting, blood samples were collected from snipped tails and then soybean oil was administered orally. Three hours later, mice were sacrificed by decapitation and the liver, pancreas, small intestine and blood were collected. The increase in serum triacylglycerol after soybean oil administration was significantly lower in the older mice, indicating a decrease in lipid absorption with aging. Measurement of mRNA levels for triacylglycerol absorption-related genes showed that mRNA for pancreatic lipase tended to decrease in 25-month-old mice. There was no significant difference in the protein level of pancreatic lipase, but the enzyme activity showed a significant decrease in the older mice. To examine this mechanism, expression levels of mRNA for protein turnover-related genes in the pancreas were measured. The level of a proteasomal mRNA showed a significant decrease in 25-month-old mice. This suggests that the ability to degrade unfolded protein decreases in the aging pancreas, and that this leads to reduction of pancreatic lipase activity and a decrease in lipid absorption.
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Sharkey KA. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the stalk-median eminence and posterior pituitary is inactivated only during the plateau phase of the preovulatory prolactin surge. Endocrinology 1989; 125:918-25. [PMID: 25689252 DOI: 10.1172/jci76303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the stalk-median eminence (SME) and posterior pituitary (PP) during the preovulatory PRL surge. Immature female rats were injected with PMSG on day 28. Blood PRL levels were low on the morning of day 30, rose to a peak from 1400-1600 h, remained at a lower plateau from 1800-2400 h, and declined to basal levels on the morning of day 31. SME, PP, and striatum were removed from PMSG-treated rats at selected times during the periovulatory period and from age-matched control rats. TH activity was determined in tissue homogenates by a coupled hydroxylation-decarboxylation assay. Apparent Km and maximum velocity values with respect to 6-methyl tetrahydropterine were estimated from substrate saturation curves. The kinetic parameters for TH in either the SME or the PP of control rats were similar at 1100 and 1800 h on day 30. However, the apparent Km in both tissues was significantly lower than that in the striatum. The affinity of TH in the SME and PP was unchanged before and during the peak phase of the PRL surge, reduced significantly during the late plateau, and returned to presurge levels in the morning of day 31. TH activity in the striatum was similar at all times examined. To determine the state of activation of the enzyme, tissue homogenates were preincubated with cAMP, ATP, and magnesium. TH activity in the SME during the peak phase was unchanged by cAMP, and that in the PP was modestly increased. The relatively inactive enzyme in both tissues during the plateau phase was markedly activated by a cAMP-dependent mechanism. The low affinity of striatal TH was greatly increased by cAMP at both times. These data suggest that TH in the SME and PP exists in an activated state most of the time and is transiently inactivated during the plateau phase of the PRL surge. In contrast, TH in the striatum is relatively inactive in the basal state and is not affected by hormonal changes induced by PMSG. We conclude that the peak PRL surge occurs in spite of active dopamine (DA) neurons, suggesting that it is generated by a nondopaminergic mechanism. Decreased TH activity in DA neurons in the SME and PP may prolong the PRL surge during the plateau phase, whereas increased DA activity coincides with the termination of the surge.
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