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Somé BM, Guissou E, Da DF, Richard Q, Choisy M, Yameogo KB, Hien DF, Yerbanga RS, Ouedraogo GA, Dabiré KR, Djidjou-Demasse R, Cohuet A, Lefèvre T. Mosquito ageing modulates the development, virulence and transmission potential of pathogens. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232097. [PMID: 38166422 PMCID: PMC10762442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Host age variation is a striking source of heterogeneity that can shape the evolution and transmission dynamic of pathogens. Compared with vertebrate systems, our understanding of the impact of host age on invertebrate-pathogen interactions remains limited. We examined the influence of mosquito age on key life-history traits driving human malaria transmission. Females of Anopheles coluzzii, a major malaria vector, belonging to three age classes (4-, 8- and 12-day-old), were experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. Our findings revealed reduced competence in 12-day-old mosquitoes, characterized by lower oocyst/sporozoite rates and intensities compared with younger mosquitoes. Despite shorter median longevities in older age classes, infected 12-day-old mosquitoes exhibited improved survival, suggesting that the infection might act as a fountain of youth for older mosquitoes specifically. The timing of sporozoite appearance in the salivary glands remained consistent across mosquito age classes, with an extrinsic incubation period of approximately 13 days. Integrating these results into an epidemiological model revealed a lower vectorial capacity for older mosquitoes compared with younger ones, albeit still substantial owing to extended longevity in the presence of infection. Considering age heterogeneity provides valuable insights for ecological and epidemiological studies, informing targeted control strategies to mitigate pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M. Somé
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Biochimie, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Edwige Guissou
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Biochimie, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, BP 376 Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dari F. Da
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Quentin Richard
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Choisy
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Koudraogo B. Yameogo
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Domombabele FdS. Hien
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswende S. Yerbanga
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Georges A. Ouedraogo
- Département de Biochimie, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kounbobr R. Dabiré
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Anna Cohuet
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Martin LE, Hillyer JF. Higher temperature accelerates the aging-dependent weakening of the melanization immune response in mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011935. [PMID: 38198491 PMCID: PMC10805325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The body temperature of mosquitoes, like most insects, is dictated by the environmental temperature. Climate change is increasing the body temperature of insects and thereby altering physiological processes such as immune proficiency. Aging also alters insect physiology, resulting in the weakening of the immune system in a process called senescence. Although both temperature and aging independently affect the immune system, it is unknown whether temperature alters the rate of immune senescence. Here, we evaluated the independent and combined effects of temperature (27°C, 30°C and 32°C) and aging (1, 5, 10 and 15 days old) on the melanization immune response of the adult female mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Using a spectrophotometric assay that measures phenoloxidase activity (a rate limiting enzyme) in hemolymph, and therefore, the melanization potential of the mosquito, we discovered that the strength of melanization decreases with higher temperature, aging, and infection. Moreover, when the temperature is higher, the aging-dependent decline in melanization begins at a younger age. Using an optical assay that measures melanin deposition on the abdominal wall and in the periostial regions of the heart, we found that melanin is deposited after infection, that this deposition decreases with aging, and that this aging-dependent decline is accelerated by higher temperature. This study demonstrates that higher temperature accelerates immune senescence in mosquitoes, with higher temperature uncoupling physiological age from chronological age. These findings highlight the importance of investigating the consequences of climate change on how disease transmission by mosquitoes is affected by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Ponton F, Tan YX, Forster CC, Austin AJ, English S, Cotter SC, Wilson K. The complex interactions between nutrition, immunity and infection in insects. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245714. [PMID: 38095228 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse animal group on the planet. Their success is reflected by the diversity of habitats in which they live. However, these habitats have undergone great changes in recent decades; understanding how these changes affect insect health and fitness is an important challenge for insect conservation. In this Review, we focus on the research that links the nutritional environment with infection and immune status in insects. We first discuss the research from the field of nutritional immunology, and we then investigate how factors such as intracellular and extracellular symbionts, sociality and transgenerational effects may interact with the connection between nutrition and immunity. We show that the interactions between nutrition and resistance can be highly specific to insect species and/or infection type - this is almost certainly due to the diversity of insect social interactions and life cycles, and the varied environments in which insects live. Hence, these connections cannot be easily generalised across insects. We finally suggest that other environmental aspects - such as the use of agrochemicals and climatic factors - might also influence the interaction between nutrition and resistance, and highlight how research on these is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Ponton
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yin Xun Tan
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Casey C Forster
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Rozo-Lopez P, Londono-Renteria B, Drolet BS. Impacts of Infectious Dose, Feeding Behavior, and Age of Culicoides sonorensis Biting Midges on Infection Dynamics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070816. [PMID: 34209902 PMCID: PMC8308663 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are biological vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the U.S. Yet, little is known regarding the amount of ingested virus required to infect midges, nor how their feeding behavior or age affects viral replication and vector competence. We determined the minimum infectious dose of VSV-New Jersey for C. sonorensis midges and examined the effects of multiple blood-feeding cycles and age at the time of virus acquisition on infection dynamics. A minimum dose of 3.2 logs of virus/mL of blood resulted in midgut infections, and 5.2 logs/mL resulted in a disseminated infection to salivary glands. For blood-feeding behavior studies, ingestion of one or two non-infectious blood meals (BM) after a VSV infectious blood meal (VSV-BM) resulted in higher whole-body virus titers than midges receiving only the single infectious VSV-BM. Interestingly, this infection enhancement was not seen when a non-infectious BM preceded the infectious VSV-BM. Lastly, increased midge age at the time of infection correlated to increased whole-body virus titers. This research highlights the epidemiological implications of infectious doses, vector feeding behaviors, and vector age on VSV infection dynamics to estimate the risk of transmission by Culicoides midges more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Vector Biology Laboratory, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Vector Biology Laboratory, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: (B.L.-R.); (B.S.D.)
| | - Barbara S. Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.-R.); (B.S.D.)
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Carvajal-Lago L, Ruiz-López MJ, Figuerola J, Martínez-de la Puente J. Implications of diet on mosquito life history traits and pathogen transmission. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110893. [PMID: 33607093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment, directly and indirectly, affects many mosquito traits in both the larval and adult stages. The availability of food resources is one of the key factors influencing these traits, although its role in mosquito fitness and pathogen transmission remains unclear. Larvae nutritional status determines their survivorship and growth, having also an impact on adult characteristics like longevity, body size, flight capacity or vector competence. During the adult stage, mosquito diet affects their survival rate, fecundity and host-seeking behaviour. It also affects mosquito susceptibility to infection, which may determine the vectorial capacity of mosquito populations. The aim of this review is to critically revise the current knowledge on the effects that both larval and adult quantity and quality of the diet have on mosquito life history traits, identifying the critical knowledge gaps and proposing future research lines. The quantity and quality of food available through their lifetime greatly determine adult body size, longevity or biting frequency, therefore affecting their competence for pathogen transmission. In addition, natural sugar sources for adult mosquitoes, i.e., specific plants providing high metabolic energy, might affect their host-seeking and vertebrate biting behaviour. However, most of the studies are carried out under laboratory conditions, highlighting the need for studies of feeding behaviour of mosquitoes under field conditions. This kind of studies will increase our knowledge of the impact of diets on pathogen transmission, helping to develop successful control plans for vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carvajal-Lago
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-López
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Spain; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Hill SR, Taparia T, Ignell R. Regulation of the antennal transcriptome of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, during the first gonotrophic cycle. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:71. [PMID: 33478394 PMCID: PMC7821643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the light of dengue being the fastest growing transmissible disease, there is a dire need to identify the mechanisms regulating the behaviour of the main vector Aedes aegypti. Disease transmission requires the female mosquito to acquire the pathogen from a blood meal during one gonotrophic cycle, and to pass it on in the next, and the capacity of the vector to maintain the disease relies on a sustained mosquito population. Results Using a comprehensive transcriptomic approach, we provide insight into the regulation of the odour-mediated host- and oviposition-seeking behaviours throughout the first gonotrophic cycle. We provide clear evidence that the age and state of the female affects antennal transcription differentially. Notably, the temporal- and state-dependent patterns of differential transcript abundance of chemosensory and neuromodulatory genes extends across families, and appears to be linked to concerted differential modulation by subsets of transcription factors. Conclusions By identifying these regulatory pathways, we provide a substrate for future studies targeting subsets of genes across disparate families involved in generating key vector behaviours, with the goal to develop novel vector control tools. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07336-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rose Hill
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 54, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Tanvi Taparia
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 54, Alnarp, Sweden.,Business Unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, AA, 6700, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 54, Alnarp, Sweden
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Neff E, Dharmarajan G. The direct and indirect effects of copper on vector-borne disease dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116213. [PMID: 33302085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution is a growing concern that affects the health of humans and animals globally. Copper is an essential insect micronutrient required for respiration, pigmentation and oxidative stress protection but can also act as a potentially toxic trace element. While several studies have focused on the negative fitness effects of copper on the aquatic larvae of mosquitoes, the effects of larval copper exposure on adult mosquito fitness (i.e., survival and fecundity) and their ability to transmit parasites (i.e., vector competence) remains unclear. Here, using a well-studied model vector-parasite system, the mosquito Aedes aegypti and parasite Dirofilaria immitis, we show that sublethal copper exposure in larval mosquitoes alters adult female fecundity and vector competence. Specifically, mosquitoes exposed to copper had a hormetic fecundity response and mosquitoes exposed to 600 μg/L of copper had significantly fewer infective parasite larvae than control mosquitoes not exposed to copper. Thus, exposure of mosquito larvae to copper levels far below EPA-mandated safe drinking water limits (1300 μg/L) can impact vector-borne disease dynamics not only by reducing mosquito abundance (through increased larval mortality), but also by reducing parasite transmission risk. Our results also demonstrated that larval copper is retained through metamorphosis to adulthood in mosquitoes, indicating that these insects could transfer copper from aquatic to terrestrial foodwebs, especially in urban areas where they are abundant. To our knowledge this is the first study to directly link metal exposure with vector competence (i.e., ability to transmit parasites) in any vector-parasite system. Additionally, it also demonstrates unequivocally that mosquitoes can transfer contaminants from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. These results have broad implications for public health because they directly linking contaminants and vector-borne disease dynamics, as well as linking mosquitoes and contaminant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Neff
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Guha Dharmarajan
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, 29801, USA
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Simões RF, Wilke ABB, Chagas CRF, de Menezes RMT, Suesdek L, Multini LC, Silva FS, Grech MG, Marrelli MT, Kirchgatter K. Wing Geometric Morphometrics as a Tool for the Identification of Culex Subgenus Mosquitoes of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:E567. [PMID: 32854183 PMCID: PMC7563313 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Culex is the largest subgenus within the genus Culex that includes important vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is critical for effective control strategies. Wing geometric morphometrics (WGM) has been used to identify mosquito species alongside traditional identification methods. Here, WGM was used for eleven Culex species from São Paulo, Brazil, and one from Esquel, Argentina. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC (Centers for Disease Control) traps, morphologically identified and analyzed by WGM. The canonical variate analysis (CVA) was performed and a Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed to illustrate the patterns of species segregation. A cross-validated reclassification test was also carried out. From 110 comparisons in the cross-validated reclassification test, 87 yielded values higher than 70%, with 13 comparisons yielding 100% reclassification scores. Culexquinquefasciatus yielded the highest reclassification scores among the analyzed species, corroborating with the results obtained by the CVA, in which Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most distinct species. The high values obtained at the cross-validated reclassification test and in the NJ analysis as well as the segregation observed at the CVA made it possible to distinguish among Culex species with high degrees of confidence, suggesting that WGM is a reliable tool to identify Culex species of the subgenus Culex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli França Simões
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania;
- Applied Research Department, Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Regiane Maria Tironi de Menezes
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Lincoln Suesdek
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana Santos Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
| | - Marta Gladys Grech
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP), CONICET and UNPSJB, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Sede Esquel, Esquel 9200, Chubut, Argentina;
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; (R.F.S.); (L.S.); (F.S.S.); (M.T.M.)
- Department of Specialized Laboratories, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, SUCEN, São Paulo, SP 01027-000, Brazil;
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Supriyono S, Tan S. DNA of Brugia malayi detected in several mosquito species collected from Balangan District, South Borneo Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13:996-1000. [PMID: 32636599 PMCID: PMC7311887 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.996-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a lesser-known parasitic disease, which contributes to significant decreases in overall health. This study investigated the presence of Brugia malayi in mosquitoes collected in the South Borneo Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Mosquitoes were collected through bare leg collection methods after sunset in several areas of the Hukai and Gulinggang villages in the Balangan District. The collected mosquitoes were identified based on morphological features and dissected to find microfilaria and then pooled through species for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microfilaria detection. Results: A total of 837 female mosquitoes consisting of at least 14 species were selected; they were dissected, and no microfilariae were found. Mosquitoes were divided into 69 pools for PCR analysis. PCR revealed that 8.7% (6/69) of the pools were positive for B. malayi, including Mansonia annulifera (4 pools), Aedes albopictus (1 pool), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (1 pool). Conclusions: These results suggested that mosquito dissection was not an optimum method for finding microfilaria. M. annulifera, C. tritaeniorhynchus, and A. albopictus mosquitoes might play an important role in the transmission of LF in the Balangan District. Information from this study could be used for the prevention of transmission or vector control programs in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriyono Supriyono
- Division of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Suriyani Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Gordon CA, Jones MK, McManus DP. The History of Bancroftian Lymphatic Filariasis in Australasia and Oceania: Is There a Threat of Re-Occurrence in Mainland Australia? Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E58. [PMID: 30274454 PMCID: PMC6073764 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) infects an estimated 120 million people worldwide, with a further 856 million considered at risk of infection and requiring preventative chemotherapy. The majority of LF infections are caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, named in honour of the Australian physician Joseph Bancroft, with the remainder due to Brugia malayi and B. timori. Infection with LF through the bite of an infected mosquito, can lead to the development of the condition known as elephantiasis, where swelling due to oedema leads to loss of function in the affected area and thickening of the skin, 'like an elephant'. LF has previously been endemic in Australia, although currently, no autochthonous cases occur there. Human immigration to Australia from LF-endemic countries, including those close to Australia, and the presence of susceptible mosquitoes that can act as suitable vectors, heighten the possibility of the reintroduction of LF into this country. In this review, we examine the history of LF in Australia and Oceania and weigh up the potential risk of its re-occurrence on mainland Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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11
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Kubiak M, Tinsley MC. Sex-Specific Routes To Immune Senescence In Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10417. [PMID: 28874758 PMCID: PMC5585412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal immune systems change dramatically during the ageing process, often accompanied by major increases in pathogen susceptibility. However, the extent to which senescent elevations in infection mortality are causally driven by deteriorations in canonical systemic immune processes is unclear. We studied Drosophila melanogaster and compared the relative contributions of impaired systemic immune defences and deteriorating barrier defences to increased pathogen susceptibility in aged flies. To assess senescent changes in systemic immune response efficacy we injected one and four-week old flies with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and studied subsequent mortality; whereas to include the role of barrier defences we infected flies by dusting the cuticle with fungal spores. We show that the processes underlying pathogen defence senescence differ between males and females. Both sexes became more susceptible to infection as they aged. However, we conclude that for males, this was principally due to deterioration in barrier defences, whereas for females systemic immune defence senescence was mainly responsible. We discuss the potential roles of sex-specific selection on the immune system and behavioural variation between males and females in driving these different senescent trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kubiak
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew C Tinsley
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
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Gleave K, Cook D, Taylor MJ, Reimer LJ. Filarial infection influences mosquito behaviour and fecundity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36319. [PMID: 27796352 PMCID: PMC5087081 DOI: 10.1038/srep36319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding vector-parasite interactions is increasingly important as we move towards the endpoint goals set by the Global Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF), as interaction dynamics may change with reduced transmission pressure. Elimination models used to predict programmatic endpoints include parameters for vector-specific transmission dynamics, despite the fact that our knowledge of the host-seeking behaviour of filariasis infected mosquitoes is lacking. We observed a dynamic, stage-specific and density dependent change in Aedes aegypti behaviour towards host cues when exposed to Brugia malayi filarial parasites. Infected mosquitoes exhibited reduced activation and flight towards a host during the period of larval development (L1/L2), transitioning to a 5 fold increase in activation and flight towards a host when infective stage larvae (L3) were present (p < 0.001). In uninfected control mosquitoes, we observed a reduction in convergence towards a host during the same period. Furthermore, this behaviour was density dependent with non-activated mosquitoes harbouring a greater burden of L1 and L2 larvae while activated mosquitoes harboured a greater number of L3 (p < 0.001). Reductions in fecundity were also density-dependent, and extended to mosquitoes that were exposed to microfilariae but did not support larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gleave
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Darren Cook
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Lisa J Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Hillyer JF. Insect immunology and hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:102-18. [PMID: 26695127 PMCID: PMC4775421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Pigeault R, Nicot A, Gandon S, Rivero A. Mosquito age and avian malaria infection. Malar J 2015; 14:383. [PMID: 26424326 PMCID: PMC4589955 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system of many insects wanes dramatically with age, leading to the general prediction that older insects should be more susceptible to infection than their younger counterparts. This prediction is however challenged by numerous studies showing that older insects are more resistant to a range of pathogens. The effect of age on susceptibility to infections is particularly relevant for mosquitoes given their role as vectors of malaria and other diseases. Despite this, the effect of mosquito age on Plasmodium susceptibility has been rarely explored, either experimentally or theoretically. Methods Experiments were carried out using the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum and its natural vector in the field, the mosquito Culex pipiens. Both innate immune responses (number and type of circulating haemocytes) and Plasmodium susceptibility (prevalence and burden) were quantified in seven- and 17-day old females. Whether immunity or Plasmodium susceptibility are modulated by the previous blood feeding history of the mosquito was also investigated. To ensure repeatability, two different experimental blocks were carried out several weeks apart. Results Haemocyte numbers decrease drastically as the mosquitoes age. Despite this, older mosquitoes are significantly more resistant to a Plasmodium infection than their younger counterparts. Crucially, however, the age effect is entirely reversed when old mosquitoes have taken one previous non-infected blood meal. Conclusions The results agree with previous studies showing that older insects are often more resistant to infections than younger ones. These results suggest that structural and functional alterations in mosquito physiology with age may be more important than immunity in determining the probability of a Plasmodium infection in old mosquitoes. Possible explanations for why the effect is reversed in blood-fed mosquitoes are discussed. The reversal of the age effect in blood fed mosquitoes implies that age is unlikely to have a significant impact on mosquito susceptibility in the field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0912-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Nicot
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS, 5290, Montpellier, France. .,CEFE, UMR CNRS, 5175, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Ana Rivero
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS, 5290, Montpellier, France.
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Sikulu MT, Monkman J, Dave KA, Hastie ML, Dale PE, Kitching RL, Killeen GF, Kay BH, Gorman JJ, Hugo LE. Proteomic changes occurring in the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi during aging. J Proteomics 2015; 126:234-44. [PMID: 26100052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The age of mosquitoes is a crucial determinant of their ability to transmit pathogens and their resistance to insecticides. We investigated changes to the abundance of proteins found in heads and thoraces of the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi as they aged. Protein expression changes were assessed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and the identity of differentially expressed proteins was determined by using either matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry or capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a linear ion-trap (LTQ)-Orbitrap XL hybrid mass spectrometer. Protein biomarkers were validated by semi quantitative Western blot analysis. Nineteen and nine age dependent protein spots were identified for A. stephensi and A. gambiae, respectively. Among the proteins down-regulated with age were homologs of ADF/Cofilin, cytochome c1, heat shock protein-70 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5a). Proteins up-regulated with age included probable methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel and fructose bisphosphate aldolase. Semi quantitative Western blot analysis confirmed expression patterns observed by 2-D DIGE for eIF5a and ADF/Cofilin. Further work is recommended to determine whether these biomarkers are robust to infection, blood feeding and insecticide resistance. Robust biomarkers could then be incorporated into rapid diagnostic assays for ecological and epidemiological studies. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we have identified several proteins with characteristic changes in abundance in both A. gambiae and A. stephensi during their aging process. These changes may highlight underlying mechanisms beneath the relationship between mosquito age and factors affecting Plasmodium transmission and mosquito control. The similarity of changes in protein abundance between these species and the primary dengue vector Aedes aegypti, has revealed conserved patterns of aging-specific protein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggy T Sikulu
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - James Monkman
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Keyur A Dave
- The Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Marcus L Hastie
- The Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Patricia E Dale
- Environmental Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Roger L Kitching
- Environmental Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian H Kay
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jeffery J Gorman
- The Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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