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Santos LD, Walker AL. The Role of Autoantibodies in Companion Animal Cardiac Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1367-1377. [PMID: 37423843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies exploring the role of autoimmune diseases in cardiac dysfunction have become increasingly common in both human and veterinary literature. Autoantibodies (AABs) specific to cardiac receptors have been found in human and canine dilated cardiomyopathy, and circulating autoantibodies have been suggested as a sensitive biomarker for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in people and Boxer dogs. In this article, we will summarize recent literature on AABs and their role in cardiac diseases of small animals. Despite the potential for new discoveries in veterinary cardiology, current data in veterinary medicine are limited and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Ashley L Walker
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 9561, USA
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Joshua J, Caswell J, O’Sullivan ML, Wood G, Fonfara S. Feline myocardial transcriptome in health and in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-A translational animal model for human disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283244. [PMID: 36928240 PMCID: PMC10019628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats, characterized by primary left ventricular hypertrophy. Feline HCM closely resembles human HCM and is suggested as translational animal model for the human disease. A genetic cause is established in humans and suspected for cats, but little is known about the gene expression and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of HCM. To investigate the myocardial transcriptome changes in HCM, RNA sequencing was conducted on left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) samples of healthy cats and cats with HCM (each n = 5; 20 samples). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to determine functional pathways, regulators, and networks. Distinct gene expression profiles were identified in the LV and LA of the feline healthy and HCM myocardium. Analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs (>2 fold; FDR < 0.01) found chamber-specific (LV vs. LA) expression in both healthy and HCM groups, with higher transcriptional activity in the LA. Genes that contribute to the distinct structure and function of each chamber in health and HCM were identified in the regional comparison. The gene expression profiles of HCM compared to healthy hearts revealed disease related genes, including THBS4 and KLHL33 (LV), FAM177B and THRSP (LA), the latter 3 have not been reported for the myocardium so far, as the top differently expressed genes in the HCM heart. Differently expressed genes and functional pathways found in the HCM heart are associated with cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, inflammation, microvascular changes, calcium signaling and cardiac metabolism, with some regional differences. RhoGDI-RhoGTPase signaling, integrin and ILK signaling pathways, the LXR/RXR pathway in the LA, and the PPARα/RXRα, HIF1α and CXCR4 pathways in the LV might be of particular importance in the HCM disease process. This study identified region-specific myocardial gene transcription patterns as well as novel genes and pathways associated with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Joshua
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Studies, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Caswell
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Lynne O’Sullivan
- University of Prince Edward Island, Department of Companion Animals, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wood
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Studies, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Colpitts ME, Caswell JL, Monteith G, Joshua J, O'Sullivan ML, Raheb S, Fonfara S. Cardiac gene activation varies between young and adult cats and in the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:38-47. [PMID: 35917592 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the difference of myocardial gene transcription in young and adult cats and how transcription is further modified in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and with left atrial (LA) thrombus formation. We hypothesized that selected factors for coagulation, endothelial activation, inflammation, and remodelling are modified with age and are activated in the hearts of cats with HCM. Left atrial and ventricular (LV) samples from 12 cats with HCM (seven without (HCMwoAT] and five with LA thrombi [HCMwAT]), and six young (YC) and six adult (AC) control cats without cardiac disease were investigated for relative expression of the following genes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction: von Willebrand factor, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif member 13, platelet activating factor, E- and P-selectin, intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules-1, ß2-integrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), heat shock protein-70, and myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C. Significant differences in gene activation were found between YC and AC, and YC and cats with HCM. Compared to AC, MCP-1 and IL-6 were significantly higher in cats with HCM. The presence of an LA thrombus was associated with higher IL-6 expression. These results illustrate the relevance of age and/or lifestyle on gene expression in the feline heart. The gene transcription pattern found in AC hearts might predispose cats to their characteristic cardiac remodelling processes and thrombus formation if disease occurs. It further supports the involvement of inflammation, but not coagulation and endothelial activation, in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Colpitts
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Shari Raheb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Fries RC, Kadotani S, Stack JP, Kruckman L, Wallace G. Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Cats With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:813524. [PMID: 35359679 PMCID: PMC8964083 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.813524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo assess the prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for cardiac death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Study DesignProspective observation study.AnimalsNinety-six client-owned cats.MethodsComplete blood count samples were collected from 38 healthy and 58 cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and the NLR ratios were analyzed. All cats had echocardiographic measurements performed on the same day as blood collection. Spearman rank correlation was used to assess the relationship between echocardiographic measurements and NLR. Long-term outcome data were obtained, and time to cardiac death and variables associated with cardiac death were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.ResultsThe NLR was significantly higher in cats with confirmed congestive heart failure. When evaluating HCM patients, cats in the third NLR tertile had a significantly higher risk of cardiac death with a hazard ratio of 10.26 (95% CI: 1.84–57.14; p = 0.0001) when compared with that of patients in the first tertile. NLR was significantly associated with echocardiographic measures of left atrial size, left auricular function, the presence of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), and thrombus formation.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceIncreased NLR is a negative prognostic indicator in cats with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ryan C. Fries
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- VCA Loomis Basin Veterinary Clinic, Loomis, CA, United States
| | - Leah Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gabrielle Wallace
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Pacific Northwest Pet ER and Specialty Center, Vancouver, WA, United States
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Myocardial transcription of inflammatory and remodeling markers in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and systemic diseases associated with an inflammatory phenotype. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:484-494. [PMID: 33848803 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by macrophage-driven myocardial remodeling processes in a pro-inflammatory environment. To further investigate the mechanisms behind these processes, the myocardial transcription of cytokines and remodeling enzymes was comparatively assessed in cats with HCM and cats without cardiac diseases. Sixty-seven cats were included, 17 cats with HCM (including 5 with atrial thrombus; AT), and 50 cats without cardiac diseases. The latter comprised 10 control cats (no cardiac or relevant systemic disease), 34 cats with diseases suspected to be associated with a systemic inflammatory state of which 18 suffered from feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and 6 cats with multicentric lymphoma. Samples from atria, ventricular free walls and interventricular septum were examined using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The overall highest myocardial marker transcriptions were observed in cats with multicentric lymphoma, FIP and HCM, followed by diseases likely associated with a systemic inflammatory state, and control cats. Inflammatory marker transcription predominated in the myocardium of cats with systemic inflammatory diseases, whereas in HCM the transcription of remodeling enzymes prevailed. Sex significantly influenced the myocardial transcription of several remodeling enzymes. These results suggest a versatile myocardial response depending on the disease and illustrates the relevance of sex for the cardiac response to cardiac and systemic disease in cats. A systemic inflammatory state appears to elicit an inflammatory phenotype in the myocardium, whereas in HCM, the myocardium mediates its own remodeling. In HCM, the identified markers might be involved in the ongoing remodeling processes causing structural and functional changes.
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Thaci B, Nuño M, Varshneya K, Gerndt CH, Kercher M, Dahlin BC, Waldau B. Three-dimensional aneurysm volume measurements show no correlation between coil packing density and recurrence. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05170. [PMID: 33083618 PMCID: PMC7551363 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endovascular treatment is the mainstay therapy for brain aneurysms. About 15% of patients need re-treatment within six months due to early recanalization. In this study, we investigate risk factors associated with treatment failure. Methods This retrospective cohort study includes endovascularly treated aneurysm cases between July 2012 and December 2015 at the University of California Davis Medical Center with pre-treatment and early post-treatment imaging. Thin cut 3D aneurysm volume rendering was used for morphologic analyses. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate differences between patients and clinical factors by treatment failure. Results Of the 50 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 41 (82.0%) were female, with an average age of 61 years. Most aneurysms were on the anterior communicating artery (40%) or posterior communicating artery (22.0%), and 34 (68%) aneurysms were ruptured. Early treatment failure was observed in 14 (28.0%) of endovascularly treated patients. Raymond-Roy class (RRC) was significantly associated with treatment failure (p = 0.0052), with 10 out of the 14 cases (71.4%) with early recanalization having an RRC of 3. Coil packing density did not associate with aneurysm recanalization (p = 0.61). Conclusion In our single institution series, patient characteristics, aneurysm characteristics, or coil packing density did not affect early aneurysm recanalization. RRC was the best predictor of early recanalization; however, further confirmation with additional studies are required. Although this study focused on early treatment failure, late recanalization has been shown with longer follow up. Further investigation into factors associated with late treatment failure will need further investigation. New intrasaccular devices and flow diverters will also likely play a role in reducing recurrence in the future as these treatments gain usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Thaci
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - Miriam Nuño
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Kunal Varshneya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Clayton H Gerndt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - Matthew Kercher
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - Brian C Dahlin
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - Ben Waldau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
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Malbon AJ, Fonfara S, Meli ML, Hahn S, Egberink H, Kipar A. Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis. Viruses 2019; 11:E1144. [PMID: 31835559 PMCID: PMC6949997 DOI: 10.3390/v11121144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease of cats, induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV). A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV-infected cats to develop FIP. Clinicopathological features include fever, vasculitis, and serositis, with or without effusions; all of which indicate a pro-inflammatory state with cytokine release. As a result, primary immune organs, as well as circulating leukocytes, have thus far been of most interest in previous studies to determine the likely sources of these cytokines. Results have suggested that these tissues alone may not be sufficient to induce the observed inflammation. The current study therefore focussed on the liver and heart, organs with a demonstrated ability to produce cytokines and therefore with huge potential to exacerbate inflammatory processes. The IL-12:IL-10 ratio, a marker of the immune system's inflammatory balance, was skewed towards the pro-inflammatory IL-12 in the liver of cats with FIP. Both organs were found to upregulate mRNA expression of the inflammatory triad of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in FIP. This amplifying step may be one of the missing links in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Marina L Meli
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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Kitz S, Fonfara S, Hahn S, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Consequence of Cardiomyocyte-Initiated and Macrophage-Driven Remodeling Processes? Vet Pathol 2019; 56:565-575. [PMID: 30895910 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819837717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
vHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac disease in cats. The complex pathophysiology of HCM is still far from clear, but myocardial remodeling is a key process, and cardiomyocyte disarray, interstitial fibrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and vascular dysplasia are described histopathologic features. The present study systematically investigated the pathological processes in HCM, with the aim to shed more light on its pathogenesis. Hearts from 18 HCM cases and 18 cats without cardiac disease (controls) were examined, using light and transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and morphometric approaches to identify and quantify the morphological changes. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to provide additional mechanistic data on remodeling processes. In HCM, the left and right ventricular free wall and septal myocardium exhibited a significantly reduced overall cellularity, accompanied by a significant increase in interstitial Iba1-positive cells with macrophage morphology. In addition, the myocardium of almost half of the diseased hearts exhibited areas where cardiomyocytes were replaced by cell-rich fibrous tissue with abundant small and medium-sized vessels. HCM hearts also showed significantly higher transcription levels for several inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Our findings suggest that HCM is the consequence of cardiac remodeling processes that are the result of cardiomyocyte damage and to which macrophages contribute by maintaining an inflammatory and profibrotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kitz
- 1 The Veterinary Cardiac Pathophysiology Consortium, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- 2 The Veterinary Cardiac Pathophysiology Consortium, Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley Hahn
- 3 The Veterinary Cardiac Pathophysiology Consortium, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,4 Author's current affiliation: The Veterinary Cardiac Pathophysiology Consortium, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Udo Hetzel
- 1 The Veterinary Cardiac Pathophysiology Consortium, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- 1 The Veterinary Cardiac Pathophysiology Consortium, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Nematbakhsh M. Re: D-pinitol attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Impact on proinflammatory cytokines. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:43-44. [PMID: 30222955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center/Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Fonfara S, Kitz S, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Myocardial leptin transcription in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:105-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rinaldo L, Lanzino G. Increased Age Associated with Reduced Likelihood of Recurrence After Coiling of Ruptured Aneurysms. World Neurosurg 2017; 100:381-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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